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German Grammar in English for International Students

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German Grammar in English for International Students German Grammar in English for International Students Version 2.6 Prof. Dr. Russell Block FK 13 – General Studies University of Applied Sciences – München Winter Semester 2013 © 2013 Contents: Introduction: .............................................................8 Chapter 1: The Sound of German ............................................9 1 Standard German .....................................................9 2 The standard dialect ...................................................9 3 Overview of the German consonants .....................................9 3.1 Tense vs. lax .................................................11 3.2 The final devoicing rule .........................................11 3.3 Comments on individual consonants . 11 3.3.1 Vogel-V ...............................................11 3.3.2 The origin of <w> .......................................12 3.3.3 The problem of /h/ .......................................12 3.3.4 Ach-Laut – ich-Laut ......................................12 3.3.5 The pronunciation of final <g> . 12 3.3.6 The strange case of /s/ ....................................13 3.3.7 r-peculiarities ...........................................13 3.3.8 Affricates ..............................................13 3.3.9 Foreign sounds ..........................................13 3.3.10 The Glottal Stop ///......................................14 4 Vowels ............................................................14 5 The German vowels ..................................................15 5.1 Vowel length .................................................15 6 Accentuation and rhythm ..............................................16 6.1 Accentuation of foreign words....................................16 6.2 Accentuation and pitch .........................................17 6.3 Stress timing..................................................17 Chapter 2: Noun phrase – Gender, Number, Case ..............................18 1 The German noun phrase (NP) .........................................18 2 Gender, number and case..............................................18 3 Number ...........................................................19 4 Case ..............................................................20 4.1 Physical case .................................................21 4.2 Metaphoric case ...............................................23 4.3 Beginners guide to case and prepositions . 23 4.3.1 Prepositions with the genitive . 24 4.3.2 Prepositions with the Dative ...............................25 4.3.3 Prepositions with the accusative . 26 4.3.4 Prepositions with dative or accusative . 27 4.3.4.1 Simple verbs indicating goal or location . 27 4.3.4.2Static and dynamic verbs ............................28 4.3.4.3Ellipsis of the verb .................................28 4.3.4.4 Prepositional case with adjectives and nouns . 28 4.3.4.5 Perfective verbs with a prefix . 28 4.3.4.6With expressions of time ............................29 4.3.4.7Beyond time and space..............................30 4.4 Case without prepositions .......................................30 4.4.1 Nominative.............................................30 4.4.2 Genitive ...............................................31 4.4.3 Dative.................................................32 4.4.4 Accusative .............................................33 5 Gender ............................................................33 5.1 Natural and grammatical gender ..................................33 5.2 Determining gender ............................................34 5.3 Semantic classes...............................................35 5.4 Formal criteria for gender .......................................36 5.6 Gender from source language ....................................40 5.7 Gender from other sources.......................................40 5.8 Words with two genders ........................................41 5.9 Gender mobility ...............................................43 5.10 Gender with specific vs. generic reference . 44 5.11 Gender mobility through the adjective declension . 45 6.1 Nouns – seven ways to form the plural ...................................46 6.2 Using the dictionary............................................46 6.3 The genitive singular -s .........................................48 6.4 The dative -e .................................................48 6.5 The dative plural -n ............................................48 6.8 Neuters ......................................................48 6.9 Feminine nouns ...............................................49 6.10 s-Plural ......................................................50 Chapter 3: The Noun Phrase II - The Rule of Clitics ............................51 1 Pronoun, determiner, adjective ...................................51 1.1 Pronouns and clitics ............................................51 1.2 The anaphoric pronoun .........................................52 1.3 What to do without a clitic.......................................53 1.4 Comparison of adjectives........................................53 2 Relative pronouns ...................................................54 3 Interrogative pronouns ................................................55 -3- Chapter 4: Personal Pronouns, Demonstratives, Quantifiers and Numbers .........56 1 Personal pronouns ...................................................56 1.1 Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns . 56 1.2 Substitutes for the pronoun ......................................57 1.3 The possessive pronoun .........................................57 1.4 This, that, the former, the latter ...................................57 1.5 Determiners - articles, demonstratives and quantifiers . 58 2 Numerals ..........................................................62 2.1 The ordinals ..................................................63 2.2 Fractions.....................................................64 2.3 Multiplicatives ................................................64 2.4 Time and date.................................................64 Chapter 5: Adverbs: ......................................................66 1 What is an adverb....................................................66 2 Formation of adverbs .................................................66 2.1 Comparison of adverbs .........................................67 2.2 Adverbs of place ..............................................68 2.3 Adverbs of degree .............................................69 3 Getting negative .....................................................69 3.1 Kein and nicht ................................................70 3.2 The position of nicht in the sentence ...............................70 3.3 Never more...................................................71 3.4 Double negatives ..............................................71 3.5 Tag questions .................................................72 3.6 Negating the negation ..........................................72 Chapter 6: The Verbs .....................................................74 1.1 The primary and secondary verbs .................................74 1.2 The primary (strong) verbs.......................................74 1.2.1 Group I................................................75 1.2.2 Group II ...............................................75 1.2.3 Group III...............................................75 1.2.4 Group IV ..............................................75 1.2.5 Group V ...............................................75 1.2.6 Group VI ..............................................75 1.2.7 Group VII..............................................75 1.2.8 The preterite presents.....................................76 2 Weak verbs.........................................................77 2.1 Rückumlaut verbs .............................................77 -4- 3 Tense .............................................................77 4 The subjunctive .....................................................77 5 The verb endings ....................................................78 6 The imperative ......................................................80 7 The compound tenses.................................................80 7.1 The future with werden .........................................80 7.2 Preterite and present perfect......................................80 7.2.1 Present perfect with sein and haben ..........................80 7.3 The forms of the auxiliaries haben und sein .........................81 7.4 The conditional ...............................................82 7.5 Colloquial use of the tenses ......................................84 7.6 The subjunctive ...............................................84 7.7 Indirect discourse ..............................................84 7.8 Overview: the use of the German tenses . 85 7.8.1 The present.............................................85 7.8.2 The past or preterite ......................................85 7.8.3 The present perfect.......................................86 7.8.4 The past and future perfect.................................87 Chapter 7: Syntax ........................................................88 1 The vastness of syntax ................................................88 2 The V-II rule .......................................................88 3 Brackets ...........................................................89 4 Scrambling .........................................................90
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