DOCSLIB.ORG

The German Teacher's Companion. Development and Structure of the German Language

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The German Teacher's Companion. Development and Structure of the German Language DOCUMENT RESUME ED 285 407 FL 016 887 AUTHOR Hosford, Helga TITLE The German Teacher's Companion. Development and Structure of the German Language. Workbook and Key. PUB DATE 82 NOTE 640p. PUB TYPE Guides - Classroom Use - Guides (For Teachers) (052) -- Reference Materials General (130) EDRS PRICE MF03/PC26 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Comparative Analysis; Contrastive Linguistics; Diachronic Linguistics; English; *German; *Grammar; Language Teachers; Morphology (Languages); *Phonology; Reference Materials; Second Language Instruction; *Syntax; Teacher Elucation; Teaching Guides; Textbooks; Workbooks ABSTRACT This complete pedagogical reference grammar for German was designed as a textbook for advanced language teacher preparation, as a reference handbook on the structure of the German language, and for reference in German study. It systematically analyzes a d describes the language's phonology, morphology, and syntax, and gives a brief survey of its origins and development. German and English structures are also compared and contrasted to allow understanding of areas of similarity or difficulty. The analysis focuses on insights useful to the teacher rather than stressing linguistic theory. The materials include a main text/reference and a separate volume containing a workbook and key. The workbook contains exercises directly related to the text. (MSE) *********************************************************************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * * from the original document. * *********************************************************************** THE GERMAN TEACHER'S COMPANION Development and Structure of the German Language Helga Hosford University of Montana NEWBURY HOUSE PUBLISHERS, INC. ROWLEY, MASSACHUSETTS 01969 ROWLEY LONDON TOKYO 1 9 8 2 3 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Hosford, Helga, 1937 - The German teacher's companion Bibliography p Includes index. 1.German language- Grammar -1950- 2.German language-History. I Title PF3105.H67 1982 435 82-8238 ISBN 0-88377-275-2 Cover design hr Barbara Fral e NEWBURY HOUSE PUBLISHERS, INC. atiLanguage Science Language Tea,lung Language Learning ROWLEY, MASSACHUSETTS 01969 ROWLEY LONDON TOKYO Copyright © 1982 by Newbury House Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Publisher. First printing. October 1982 Printed in the U S A 5 4 3 2 1 4 THE GERMAN TEACHER'S COMPANION ERRATA p.6 1.31 line 13 OHG helpfardes last line spirants *la, *4, *t p.9 1.4 line 7 (Platt-, Niederdeutsch) p.20 1.51 line 16 Tag p.25 1.53 line 7 la P.39 1.82 line 42 Aritga/ p.41 1,82 line 13 Leib p.50 2.31 line 19 labio-dental (1)+(6) p.55 2.331 line 14 /hjaq/ p.63 2.334 line 17 lieben /liben/ p.65 2.42 item # 5 Rute Buhle Ruhni Sure p.66 2.42 line 8 pairs p.72 2.43 line 3 /9/ and /4/ p.99 3.1351 line 2 dUrfen p.107 3.161 line 3 r Indikativ p.144 3.231 line 4 the subject is usually incapable.. p.150 3.314 line 4 Diese Nachricht p.186 4.122 in chart der: EXCEPTIONS e Nummer, Oper s Wasser, Kloster PLURAL line above k214a p.186 4.122 in chart die: PLURAL line below -nen p.187 4.122 in chart die: EXCEPTIONS s Spalier p.206 4.144 line 15 Inflected p.207 4.144 line 2 vorn vorder-vorderst- p.244 4.164 line 1 s Indefinitpronomen p.248 4.165 line 13 Warum arbeitet er? p.251 4.211 line 17 delete: sion). p.275 5.222 entry (1) with impersonal predicates p.303 1.3 entry 2 Philologie p.312 3.22 entry 1 Modalitatsverben p.321 5.32 entry 11 Vorschlage FOR MY BILL WITH LOVE 6 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS No study of German, one of the most extensively des- cribed languages of the world, can be original or inde- pendent of other works. This book was prompted by the belief that German teachers need a comprehensive handbook, and itcom'Jines the methods and findings of Innumerable studies u.all aspects of the German language. In Chapter One,I am indebted to john T. Waterman's A History of the German Language (1976) and to WilliamG. Moulton's succinct essayThe German Language" (1974). Since itis impossible to improve on William G. Moulton's The Sounds of English and German ;(1962), Chapter Two owes a great GaTto that superb work. The rest of the volume is & composite of experiences gained in many years of teaching German, English and Lin- guistics, utilizing not only the approaches of teaching German as a foreign language in Germany, but also of a great many textbooks of German in America, as well as of the descriptions of German in handbooks and Journals. My friends and colleagues Robert B. Hausmann and O.W. Rolfe,, who unsparingly advised, encouraged and helped me in so many ways,, have my sincere gratitude., I thank my colleagues Gertrud Lacks.hewitz and Ward H. Powell for their patient reading of successive stages of the manuscript and for the valuable suggestions they gave me, I am grateful to my students, among them especially Keith Edgerton,, my reliable typist, and Valorie J. Ellison, for their willingnecc to experiment with me on different approaches. Their cooperation and lesponse have always been gratifying. INTRODUCTION THE GERMAN TEACHER'S COMPANION was designed witle three purposes in mind. Primarily, itis a textbook for advanced university classes which prepare future teachers of German such as "Applied German Linguistics," "The Struc- ture of Modern German," or "The Teaching of German." To permit amplification and practice, the volume is accom- panied by a WORKBOOK. The second, but not necessarily secondary, purpose of this work is to provide a reference handbook on the struc- ture of the German language for ali persons interested in German, and specifically for German teachers in the pro- fession. For this reason,ii has a detailed table of con- tents and all structures are extensively cross-referenced with one another and with the index. Because of these characteristics, THE GERMAN TEACHER'S COMPANION and WORKBOOK can be used, thirdly, in indepen- dent or auto-didactic studies and for individual reviews of the German language. THE GERMAN TEACHER'S COMPANION is a pedagogical grammar of contemporary German which not only systematically analyzes and describes its phonology, morphology and syntax, but also gives a brief survey of its origin and development. At the same time, German and English struc- tures are compared and contrasted to allow insights into areas of similarity or difficulty. Ps a pedagogical grammar, 11? corpus is by necessity se- lective. The choice of material is based on the most fre- quently used structures and on those that are usually taught during the firstfour years at the university level, The descriptive method of THE GERMAN TEACHER'S COMPANION focuses on developing insights useful to the teEcher, rather than stressing linguistic theory. The methodology of linguistic science is applied eclectically, and the use of structural, transformational, or diachronic approaches is determined by the nature of the individual structure and its optimal presentaon. Grammatical analysis for pedagogical purposes is viewed as a short-cut and a system of abbreviations which collapses the inventory of lan- guages under certain rubrics and permits generalizations, Simplifications are considered legitimate, provided they give insights into the function of structural units and do not foster misapplication. For this reason, particular at- tention was paid tc clear definitions and delimitations and to surveys summarizing related phenomena, as well as to descriptive terminology., The intentof THE GERMAN TEACHER'S COMPANION is to help teachers of German increase their own mastery of the German language and to provide a detailed background of teaching materials, as well as to guide teachers towards clear presentations of German in the classroom. However, the work is not partial to any particular method of foreign language instruction. Discussions about language can become sterile and lifeless un ess the language is used. The use of all structures and a wealth of supplementary material are provided in the WORKBOOK which expands, enhances, and practices all items discussed In THE GERMAN TEACHER'S COMP,VION. Atthe same time, the exercises give examples of how to practice cer- t in in the classroom. The KEY permits verifi- cation of all answers to he problems and exercises in the WORKBOOK. vi 9 CONTENTS Acknowledgments iv Introduction CHAPTER ONE 1.. ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF GERMAN 1 1.1 Common Origin of English and German 1 1.2 Indo-European 2 1.3 Germanic 4 1.31 Germanic Stress Accent 5 1.32 Germanic Consonant Shift 6 1.33 Germanic Vowels 1.34 7 Germanic Structural Innovations 8 1.35 Germanic Vocabulary 8 1,4 Old Saxon and Old High German 9 1.41 Old Saxon 10 1.42 Old High German 10 1.421 Old High German Consonant Shit 11 1.422 Old High German Vowels 13 1.423 Old High German Structure 14 1,424 Old High German Vocabulary 17 1.5 Middle High German 19 1,51 MiedleHigh German Sounds 20 1.S2 Middle High German Structure 22 1.53 Middle High German Vocabulary 24 1.6 Early New High German 26 1.61 Rise of the Standard Language 26 1.62 Early New High German Syntax 28 1.63 Early New High German Vocabulary 29 1.7 New H..gh German 31 1.71 Refinementof the Standard Language 32 1.8 Modern German 34 1.81 Modern Standard German 1.82 35 Modern German Dialects 37 1.9 Descriptions of the German Language 41 1.91 Early German Grammars Z1 1.92 Descriptions of Modern German 43 vii 1 0 CHAPTER TWO 2.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Intermediate German: a Grammar and Workbook / by 2 Anna Miell & Heiner Schenke 3 P
    111 INTERMEDIATE GERMAN: 2 3 A GRAMMAR AND WORKBOOK 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 1 2 13 4111 5 Intermediate German is designed for learners who have achieved basic 6 proficiency and wish to progress to more complex language. Its 24 units 7 present a broad range of grammatical topics, illustrated by examples which 8 serve as models for varied exercises that follow. These exercises enable 9 the student to master the relevant grammar points. 2011 1 Features include: 2 3 • authentic German, from a range of media, used throughout the book to 4 reflect German culture, life and society 5 6 • illustrations of grammar points in English as well as German 7 • checklists at the end of each unit for consolidation 8 9 • cross-referencing to other grammar units in the book 3011 • glossary of grammatical terminology 1 2 • full answer key to all exercises 3 4 Suitable for independent learners and students on taught courses, 5 Intermediate German, together with its sister volume, Basic German, forms 6 a structured course in the essentials of German. 7 8 Anna Miell is University Lecturer in German at the University of Westminster 9 and at Trinity College of Music in Greenwich and works as a language 4011 consultant in London. Heiner Schenke is Senior Lecturer of German at the 1 University of Westminster and has published a number of language books. 2 3 41111 111 Other titles available in the Grammar Workbook series are: 2 3 Basic Cantonese 4 Intermediate Cantonese 5 Basic German 6 7 Basic Italian 8111 Basic Polish 9 Intermediate Polish 1011 1 Basic Russian 2 Intermediate
    [Show full text]
  • The Assignment of Grammatical Gender in German: Testing Optimal Gender Assignment Theory
    The Assignment of Grammatical Gender in German: Testing Optimal Gender Assignment Theory Emma Charlotte Corteen Trinity Hall September 2018 This dissertation is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The Assignment of Grammatical Gender in German: Testing Optimal Gender Assignment Theory Emma Charlotte Corteen Abstract The assignment of grammatical gender in German is a notoriously problematic phenomenon due to the apparent opacity of the gender assignment system (e.g. Comrie 1999: 461). Various models of German gender assignment have been proposed (e.g. Spitz 1965, Köpcke 1982, Corbett 1991, Wegener 1995), but none of these is able to account for all of the German data. This thesis investigates a relatively under-explored, recent approach to German gender assignment in the form of Optimal Gender Assignment Theory (OGAT), proposed by Rice (2006). Using the framework of Optimality Theory, OGAT claims that the form and meaning of a noun are of equal importance with respect to its gender. This is formally represented by the crucial equal ranking of all gender assignment constraints in a block of GENDER FEATURES, which is in turn ranked above a default markedness hierarchy *NEUTER » *FEMININE » *MASCULINE, which is based on category size. A key weakness of OGAT is that it does not specify what constitutes a valid GENDER FEATURES constraint. This means that, in theory, any constraint can be proposed ad hoc to ensure that an OGAT analysis yields the correct result. In order to prevent any constraints based on ‘postfactum rationalisations’ (Comrie 1999: 461) from being included in the investigation, the GENDER FEATURES constraints which have been proposed in the literature for German are assessed according to six criteria suggested by Enger (2009), which seek to determine whether there is independent evidence for a GENDER FEATURES constraint.
    [Show full text]
  • Bericht Überwachungsergebnisse Fische 2006 Bis 2014
    Überwachungsergebnisse Fische 2006 bis 2014 Biologisches Monitoring der Fließgewässer gemäß EG-Wasserrahmenrichtlinie Überwachungsergebnisse Fische 2006 bis 2014 Biologisches Monitoring der Fließgewässer gemäß EG-Wasserrahmenrichtlinie BEARBEITUNG LUBW Landesanstalt für Umwelt, Messungen und Naturschutz Baden-Württemberg Postfach 100163, 76231 Karlsruhe Referat 41 – Gewässerschutz Uwe Bergdolt STAND Dezember 2015 Nachdruck - auch auszugsweise - ist nur mit Zustimmung der LUBW unter Quellenangabe und Überlassung von Belegexemplaren gestattet. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 5 1 EINLEITUNG 7 2 AUSGANGSLAGE 8 2.1 Das fischbasierte Bewertungsverfahren fiBS 8 2.1.1 Fischökologische Referenzen 8 2.1.2 Fischereiliche Bestandsaufnahme 9 2.1.3 Bewertungsalgorithmus 10 2.1.4 Bewertungsergebnisse im Bereich von Klassengrenzen 12 2.2 Vorarbeiten bis 2010 13 2.2.1 Allgemeine Hinweise 13 2.2.2 Entwicklung des Messnetzes und des Fischmonitorings 14 3 FISCHBASIERTE FLIEßGEWÄSSERBEWERTUNG IN BADEN-WÜRTTEMBERG 16 3.1 Monitoringstellen-Bewertung 16 3.1.1 Zeitraum der fischBestandsaufnahmen 16 3.1.2 Plausibilisierung der Rohdaten 16 3.1.3 Monitoringstellen in erheblich veränderten und künstlichen Wasserkörpern 19 3.1.4 Ergebnisse 19 3.2 Wasserkörper-Bewertung 21 3.2.1 Aggregationsregeln 21 3.2.2 Ergebnisse 24 4 ERLÄUTERUNGEN ZU DEN BEWERTUNGSERGEBNISSEN 27 4.1 Umgang mit hochvariablen Ergebnissen 27 5 KÜNFTIGE ENTWICKLUNGEN 28 5.1 Feinverfahren zur Gewässerstrukturkartierung 28 5.2 Monitoringnetz 28 5.3 Zeitraster der Fischbestandsaufnahmen 30 LITERATUR- UND QUELLENVERZEICHNIS 31 ANHÄNGE 34 Zusammenfassung Im vorliegenden Bericht werden die von der Fischereiforschungsstelle des Landwirtschaftlichen Zentrums für Rinderhaltung, Grünlandwirtschaft, Milchwirtschaft, Wild und Fischerei Baden-Württemberg im Auftrag der LUBW bis zum Sommer 2014 in Baden-Württemberg durchgeführten Arbeiten zur ökologischen Fließ- gewässerbewertung auf Grundlage der Biokomponente Fischfauna gemäß EG-Wasserrahmenrichtlinie (WRRL) erläutert und dokumentiert.
    [Show full text]
  • Features of Indo European Languages Lexicon Phonology
    Lexicon morphology (Cognate) (Inflection) Features of Indo European Languages Phonology Syntax Cognate Words In The Indo- European Languages • Words of a similar structure and of similar or in many instances identical meanings in various languages of the Indo-European group. • Cognate means common origins (Lat. co- and gantus which means ‘born together’) The Verb ‘bear, carry’ Sanskrit Greek Latin Ghothic Old English bhar pher fer bair ber Are all the development of the Indo-European word ‘bher’ Cognate Words • Cognate words DO not necessarily look much alike: their resemblance may be disguised by sound shifts that have occurred in the various languages of the Indo-European group. • English ‘work’ and Greek ‘ergon’ , for example, are superficially unalike, but they both developments of Indo-European ‘wergom’ and therefore are cognates. Cognate Words • Numerals from one to ten; the word meaning the sum of ten tens ( Latin “cntum,” Avestan “satem,” English “hundred”) • Words for certain bodily parts (heart, lung, head, foot) • Words for certain natural phenomena (air, night, star, snow, sun, moon, mind) • Certain plant and animal names (beech, corn, wolf, bear) • Certain cultural terms (yoke, mead, weave, sew) • monosyllables that pertain sex and excretion (e.g. modern English “fart” likely derived from Indo-European “perd”. • Non-Germanic: Latin, Greek, Welsh • Germanic: English, Icelandic, Dutch • Non-Germanic d corresponds to Germanic t • Non-Germanic t corresponds to Germanic θ Inflection in The Indo-European Languages • All the Indo-European Language are inflective— that is, all are characterized by grammatical system based on modifications in the form of words, by means of inflection (that is, endings and vowel changes) (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of English in Pennsylvania German Development
    Southern Illinois University Carbondale OpenSIUC Publications Department of Anthropology Spring 1999 The oler of English in Pennsylvania German development: best supporting actress? Janet M. Fuller Southern Illinois University Carbondale Follow this and additional works at: http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/anthro_pubs Copyright © 1999 by the American Dialect Society Published in American Speech, Vol. 74, No. 1 (Spring 1999). Recommended Citation Fuller, Janet M. "The or le of English in Pennsylvania German development: best supporting actress?." (Spring 1999). This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Anthropology at OpenSIUC. It has been accepted for inclusion in Publications by an authorized administrator of OpenSIUC. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE ROLE OF ENGLISH IN PENNSYLVANIAGERMAN DEVELOPMENT: BEST SUPPORTING ACTRESS? JANET M. FULLER Southern Illinois University, Carbondale THE PRESENTSTUDY addresses the interaction between internal and exter- nal factors in language change in bilingual settings. The data for this research come from Pennsylvania German, and the two features examined are variation in past participle forms and restrictions on separable prefix verbs. These particular structures have not been discussed in previous research and provide a new perspective on the interaction among factors in language change. Two patterns of interaction between internal and external forces in diachronic processes will be discussed here.1 First, surface ambiguity may become more salient in language contact situations, and this promotes internally motivated linguistic change. Second, the tendency toward trans- parency in form-function mapping may lead to a preference for semanti- cally transparent loanwords over more complex native elements.
    [Show full text]
  • Organizing Knowledge: Comparative Structures of Intersubjectivity in Nineteenth-Century Historical Dictionaries
    Organizing Knowledge: Comparative Structures of Intersubjectivity in Nineteenth-Century Historical Dictionaries Kelly M. Kistner A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment for the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2014 Reading Committee: Gary G. Hamilton, Chair Steven Pfaff Katherine Stovel Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Sociology ©Copyright 2014 Kelly M. Kistner University of Washington Abstract Organizing Knowledge: Comparative Structures of Intersubjectivity in Nineteenth-Century Historical Dictionaries Kelly Kistner Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Gary G. Hamilton Sociology Between 1838 and 1857 language scholars throughout Europe were inspired to create a new kind of dictionary. Deemed historical dictionaries, their projects took an unprecedented leap in style and scale from earlier forms of lexicography. These lexicographers each sought to compile historical inventories of their national languages and were inspired by the new scientific approach of comparative philology. For them, this science promised a means to illuminate general processes of social change and variation, as well as the linguistic foundations for cultural and national unity. This study examines two such projects: The German Dictionary, Deutsches Worterbuch, of the Grimm Brothers, and what became the Oxford English Dictionary. Both works utilized collaborative models of large-scale, long-term production, yet the content of the dictionaries would differ in remarkable ways. The German dictionary would be characterized by its lack of definitions of meaning, its eclectic treatment of entries, rich analytical prose, and self- referential discourse; whereas the English dictionary would feature succinct, standardized, and impersonal entries. Using primary source materials, this research investigates why the dictionaries came to differ.
    [Show full text]
  • C BINGO HOUSE HALE M6ASSAD0R Itanrlfffittr Leuttititg Mrraui
    1; WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 27, 1968 . PAGE K)URTEEN • w . iianrh^Bti^r lEtipttttts Iffralb Manchester Stores Open Tonight for Christmas Shopping Memb«m o t John Mather a member of Me financing com­ Chapter, Orter o f DeMolay, will mittee and olMinman o f the In- About Town have a coffee and doc^hnut Knight Head J u st ssy: utand tomonrowr at Keith's vestment oammiAtM. He ia ohe A memorial Mara lor the late of the original membeta of the Avwrngt Dafly Net PrsM R rii The Weather ParWng area from 9 am . imtil JProaMant, John f . KennedjH .CktiBens Advisory Oouncfl of "Charts It, PUass* For the Week B aM Fcreceet of U. 8. Weather B m e u after the road race. AS pro­ Of Kiwani& win be celebrated at noon Fri­ the Manoheeter Coeniminlty Neveraber 16, IMS day at the Cathedral of St. ceeds will be donated to the at Wlfidy tonight. Rein teperlng muscular dyatrophy reaearch N. WiUlem Knight o f 66 OoUege. He le currently eendng Joeeph, Hartford, at the requeet as ita oorreepoodlng secretary, off to .bower*. Low In SO* by haid. White St. was eleoM preailent of Mm Connecticut Federation of treaeurer and chairman of the 13,891 morning. 8etarday rionSy, windy Democratic Women’* Olube. of the KtwanU Club of Man­ itanrlfffitTr lEuTtititg MrraUi flnanoe committee. end eolder with eeettered enow Mynttc Review, Women’s chester yesterday. He le a vice ^ Mepiber ef the AnSIt Knight ie ateo a treasurer of B un ea eC OtrealettMi Annie*. Opm houM, In honor of the BaneAt Aenodaition, will have president of the Connecticut MdneheUer" A City of Village Charm Wth wedding annlverrary of Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • Genotoxicity and Mutagenicity of Suspended Particulate Matter of River Water and Waste Water Samples
    Reifferscheid and v. Oepen: Particulate Matter of River Water /Waste Water TheScientificWorld (2002) 2, 1036–1039 Short Communication Analysis, Toxicity and Biodegradation of Organic Pollutants in Groundwater from Contaminated Land, Landfills and Sediments TheScientificWorldJOURNAL (2002) 2, 1036–1039 ISSN 1537-744X; DOI 10.1100/tsw.2002.206 Genotoxicity and Mutagenicity of Suspended Particulate Matter of River Water and Waste Water Samples Georg Reifferscheid* and Britta v. Oepen Department of Environmental and Molecular Gentoxicity (AMMUG), University of Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 63, D-55101 Mainz, Germany Received November 13, 2001; Revised March 6, 2002; Accepted March 10, 2002; Published April 18, 2002 Suspended particulate matter of samples of river water and waste water treatment plants was tested for genotoxicity and mutagenicity using the standardized umu assay and two versions of the Ames microsuspension assay. The study tries to determine the entire DNA-damaging potential of the water samples and the distribution of DNA-damaging substances among the liquid phase and solid phase. Responsiveness and sensitivity of the bioassays are compared. KEY WORDS: genotoxicity, mutagenicity, suspended particulate matter, umu test, Ames test, river water, waste water DOMAINS: environmental chemistry, environmental toxicology, molecular genetics INTRODUCTION It has been well-documented that a number of hydrophobic compounds are adsorbed to suspended particulate matter (SPM) and sediments of rivers[1,2,3,4]. Among them, PAHs, HCB, PCBs, and chlorinated benzenes were found in concentrations up to 2 mg per kg dry weight[5]. At least in the case of PAHs, genotoxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic potentials are evident[6]. Genotoxicological and carcinogenic evaluation of the remainder compounds is difficult, mainly due to their cytotoxicity in bioassays.
    [Show full text]
  • German and English Noun Phrases
    RICE UNIVERSITY German and English Noun Phrases: A Transformational-Contrastive Approach Ward Keith Barrows A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF 3 1272 00675 0689 Master of Arts Thesis Directors signature: / Houston, Texas April, 1971 Abstract: German and English Noun Phrases: A Transformational-Contrastive Approach, by Ward Keith Barrows The paper presents a contrastive approach to German and English based on the theory of transformational grammar. In the first chapter, contrastive analysis is discussed in the context of foreign language teaching. It is indicated that contrastive analysis in pedagogy is directed toward the identification of sources of interference for students of foreign languages. It is also pointed out that some differences between two languages will prove more troublesome to the student than others. The second chapter presents transformational grammar as a theory of language. Basic assumptions and concepts are discussed, among them the central dichotomy of competence vs performance. Chapter three then present the structure of a grammar written in accordance with these assumptions and concepts. The universal base hypothesis is presented and adopted. An innovation is made in the componential structire of a transformational grammar: a lexical component is created, whereas the lexicon has previously been considered as part of the base. Chapter four presents an illustration of how transformational grammars may be used contrastively. After a base is presented for English and German, lexical components and some transformational rules are contrasted. The final chapter returns to contrastive analysis, but discusses it this time from the point of view of linguistic typology in general.
    [Show full text]
  • M4rnlnguttl ~Nut41y Con Tinning LEHRE UND WEHRE MAGAZIN FUER EV.-LUTH
    Qtnurnr~itt m4rnlnguttl ~nut41y Con tinning LEHRE UND WEHRE MAGAZIN FUER EV.-LUTH. HOMlLETIK THEOLOGICAL QUARTERLY-THEOLOGICAL MONTHLY Vol. V June, 1934 No.6 CONTENTS p ~ e Die rechte Mitte in der Liturgie und Ordnung des Gottes­ dienstes. L. Fuerbringer. • . • • • • • • • . • • • • • . • • • • • . .• 417 The Story of the German Bible. P. E. Krel mann . • ••••.•• , 425 Zur Lehre von der Reue. Th. E n~ ,lder .• . ••.•.••••••.••• 445 Der Pastor in seinem Verhaeltnis zu seintn Amtsnachbarn. \V'1. H e' ne . • . • • . • • •• 4~ 6 Sermons and Outlines ... 466 Theological Observer. - Kirchlich -Zeitgeschichtliches . .. 478 Book Review. - Literatul' .................... ...... , 489 Eln Prediger m.. nlcbt .nelo IDtidma, £3 lot keln Din!:. daa die Leute lIIehr aJeo d er dj~ Scbafe unterweise, wle bel d.r KU'cbe bebaelt denn dl~ CUI4 lie recllte ObrlRm 1O!!e:: ..10, IOndem Pr' dll'(l;. - .Apowou • .Art. !.t. .nch danebi'tl d... WoeltfD tofhrm, daaa lie die Scba1e nlcht angrellen 1DId mit It tb~ trumpet rive UI IIDC<'mln 1OUIId, falacber Lehre ftrluebren und latun) eln· who ili~U p~ ... hllM'!lf to the battle t fuebm!. - lA,tw. i Ofn'. U , 8. Published for the Ev. Luth. Synod of Missouri, Ohio, and Other States OONOORDU PUBLISHING BOUSE, St. Louis, Mo. ~ ARCHIV:- The Story of the German Bible. 425 drink." "The colored stole is both the badge of pastoral attthority and the symbol of the yoke of righteousness." ~oIdje 2ru~fpriidje finb iuoljI nidjt tedjt liebadjt, geljen jebodj liliet bie tedjte Iutljetif dje Wlitte ljinau~ .13) 2tliet luit modjten in ber niidjften mummer nodj einige @elitiiudje unb @imidjtungen .bet ti.imifdjen S'\:irdje liefptedjcn, bie burdj ntutgifdje ~etuegungen audj in an.bete S'\:irdjen @ingang finben, unb bamit biefe 2lrtifeheilje alifdjfie13et1.
    [Show full text]
  • German Grammar Articles Table
    German Grammar Articles Table Is Tedd fornicate when Franky swivelling railingly? Douglis plucks his prefigurations promised saucily, but powerless Elwood never faxes so pronto. Traumatic and unassisted See hydrogenized his gatecrasher retrogrades jewel cross-legged. And the gender is it is important to get if available in german grammar table for each noun is spoken among the german article, we have to tell you to In German there's a lawn more to determining which article to crank than just. German Grammar Indefinite articles Vistawide. And crash the nouns with both definite article in the key below as first. German Grammar Songs Accusative and Dative Prepositions. Experienced German teachers prepared easy articles and simple conversations in German for. German grammar Nouns Verbs Articles Adjectives Pronouns Adverbial phrases Conjugation Sentence structure Declension Modal particles v t e German articles are used similarly to the English articles a crawl the film they are declined. Why by a fresh male a fit female exit a window neutral in German Though these might. Because as these might be already discovered German grammar is. General sites Helpful articles about teaching grammar Animated German Grammar Tutorials. The German definite article d- with growing its forms is getting essential tool. A new wrath of making chart German is easy. German Nominative and Accusative cases audio. How To our Understand The Frustrating Adjective Italki. Contracted Preposition-Determiner Forms in German Tesis. German language Kumarika. German Definite Articles Der Die Das Everything may Need. To give table above certain adjectival pronouns also talking like the background article der. You dig insert a 'k-' in front seven any voyage of 'ein-' in the constant of the against to.
    [Show full text]
  • EFAS Upgrade for the Extended Model Domain
    EFAS upgrade for the extended model domain Technical documentation 2019 This publication is a Technical report by the Joint Research Centre (JRC), the European Commission’s science and knowledge service. It aims to provide evidence-based scientific support to the European policymaking process. The scientific output expressed does not imply a policy position of the European Commission. Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use that might be made of this publication. JRC Science Hub https://ec.europa.eu/jrc JRC Ispra: European Commission, 2019 © European Union, 2019 Reuse is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. The reuse policy of European Commission documents is regulated by Decision 2011/833/EU (OJ L 330, 14.12.2011, p. 39). For any use or reproduction of photos or other material that is not under the EU copyright, permission must be sought directly from the copyright holders. How to cite this report: L. Arnal, S.-S. Asp, C. Baugh, A. de Roo, J. Disperati, F. Dottori, R. Garcia, M. Garcia- Padilla, E. Gelati, G. Gomes, M. Kalas, B. Krzeminski, M. Latini, V. Lorini, C. Mazzetti, M. Mikulickova, D. Muraro, C. Prudhomme, A. Rauthe-Schöch, K. Rehfeldt, P. Salamon, C. Schweim, J.O. Skoien, P. Smith, E. Sprokkereef, V. Thiemig, F. Wetterhall, M. Ziese, EFAS upgrade for the extended model domain – technical documentation, EUR 29323 EN, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2019, ISBN 978-92- 79-92881-9, doi: 10.2760/806324, JRC111610. All images © European Union 2019 Contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................ 2 1 Introduction .....................................................................................................
    [Show full text]