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Au Boulot! Reference Grammar Book (Pdf) Au boulot! 1lEFERENCE GRAMMAR OFFRENCH Revised Edition _ .....-,_fi'> - _.__ �-- .j .. -� -- ;·· . -,,...,.� �� � l' .- , �� r \ . - DaviaA. Dinneen Hope Cbris,tiansen Madeleine Kernen Herve Pensec Au boulot! REFERENCE GRAMMAR OFFRENCH David A. Dinneen Universityo/Kansas Hope Christiansen Universityof Arlcamas Madeleine Kernen SouthwestKISSOllri State Un;hlsity Herve Pensec SL OlafCollege Custom Editor: Peter Nowka © 1995 Dinneen, Christiansen, Kernen, & Pensec This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non-commercial 4.0 ​ ​ International License (CC-BY-NC 4.0). ​ You are free to: ● Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format ​ ● Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material ​ Under the following terms: ● Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and ​ ​ ​ ​ indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but ​ not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. ● NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes. ​ ​ ​ ​ No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological ​ ​ ​ measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits. ​ The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms. Au Boulot! First-Year French and all affiliated supplementary content available at ​ http://hdl.handle.net/1808/15572 were conventionally published by Houghton Mifflin. ​ Upon going out of print, the rights reverted back to the authors, who subsequently worked with KU Libraries to openly license and make them available in KU ScholarWorks as open educational resources (OER). TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. vu The plan of the te:s:t . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. vin PartI. The Structural Units Found in Sentences .. .. .. .. I THEN OUN PHRASE . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3 1.0 NP: Pronouns . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3 1.1 Pronouns: PersonalPronouns. .. .. .. 3 l.l.l Personal Pronouns: Subject . .. .. 3 1.1.2 PersonalPronouns: Direct Object . .. .. .. 4 l.l.3 PersonalPronouns: IndirectObject . .. .. .. 7 l.l .4 PersonalPronouns: Reflexi ves . .. .. .. .. .. 9 1.2 Pronouns: Disjunctive Pronouns . .. .. .. .. .. 9 1.3 Pronouns: Adverbial Pronouns/PronominalAdverbs . .. .. .. .. .. 11 1.4 Pronouns: Indefinite"Demonstrative" Pronouns. .. .. .. .. .. 13 1.5 Pronouns: Demonstrative Pronouns. .. .. .. .. .. 15 1.6 Pronouns:lnterrogativePronouns........... .. ................ ............. 16 1.6.l Interrogative Pronouns: QUI-type.. .. .. .. .. 16 1.6.2 InterrogativePronouns: LQL-type . .. .. .. .. 18 l . 7 Pronouns: PossessivePronouns . .. .. 20 (See also RelativePronouns, 14.2) 2.0 NP: CommonNoun Phrase .......... ... ........ .............................. 21 2.1 COIDD10llNP: CommonNouns .... ............ ... .......................... 21 2.1.l CommonNouns: Gender . .. .. .. .. .. 21 2.1.2 CommonNouns: Number . .. .. 22 2.2 CommonNP: Determiners.. .........- . ................. ..... .......... .... 22 2.2.1 Determiners: The IndefiniteArticle . ....... ................................ 23 2.2.2 Determiners: The DefiniteArticle . .. .. .. .. .. 24 2.2.3 Determiners:The PartitiveArticle . .. .. .. 26 2.2.4 Determiners:The PossessiveAdjective . .. 29 2.2.5 Determiners: The DemonstrativeAdjective . .. .. .. 31 2.2.6 Determiners: TheInterrogative Adjective . .. ... 32 2.3 CommonNP: Quantifiers. .. .. 33 2.3.1 Quantifiers: The Numerals ..................... ......................... 33 2.3.2 Quantifiers:Indefinite . .. .. .. .. .. .. 34 2.4 CommonNP : (Desaiptive/Qualifying) Adjectives. ............. .............. 35 2.4.l Adjectives: Gender. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 35 2.4.2 Adjectives:Number . .. .. .. .. .. 36 2.4.3 Adjectives: Order(Position) . .. .. .. .. .. 36 2.4.4 Adjectives: Comparison.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 38 iii 3.0 NP: Proper Nouns . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. · · · .. · · · · · · · 40 4.0 NP: Sentences andInfinitive Clauses asNoun Phrases 41 THEVERB PHRASE ......................... 42 5.0 VP: Parts of the Coostructioo .. 42 6.0 THE VERB: Tc:o.sc .................... 43 6.1 Present Tc:o.sc ............................... 44 6.2 PastTense . .. .. ..... 4S 6.2.1 Past Tense: Compound Past ......................................... 4S a. Compound Past: "A.voir"verbs ...................................... 46 b. COtDpOUDd Past: "Eire"verbs ...................................... 47 c. Compound Past: Reflexiveverbs ................................. .. 49 6.2.2 Past Tc:o.sc: Imperfect .......................................... so 6.2.3 Past Tc:o.sc: SimpleP ast (Preterite) ............................... SI 6.2.4 PastTense : Pluperfect .......................................... S2 6.2.S PastTc:o.sc: Immediate Past ......................................... S2 6.3 Future Time ........................................................ S3 6.3.1 FutmcTense: Simple Future ........................................ S3 6.3.2 Future Tc:o.sc: Compound Future ...................................... S4 6.3.3 FutureTense: Immediate Future .................................... ss 6.4 Cooditiooal Tcosc .................................................. ss 6.4.1 ConditionalTcosc: Simple Cooditional ............................... ss 6.4.2 ConditionalTc:o.sc: Compound Cooditiooal .......................... S1 7.0 TheVerb: Mood . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. S8 7.1 Mood: Indicative Mood . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. S8 7.2 Mood: hnpcrative Mood . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. S9 7.3 Mood: Subjunctive Mood . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 60 7.3.1 Subjunctive Mood: Tensesand Forms . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 60 7.3.2 Subjunctive Mood: Functions, Coodition.sof Use........... .. .. .. .. 62 a. General Comments,Basic Rule . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 62 b. Verbsthat Take the Subjunctive .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 62 c. Impersonal V crbs thatTake the Subjunctive . .. .. .. .. .. 64 d. Impersonal Expressions with ltre+ ADJECTIVE . .. .. .. 6S e. Persooal Expressions with ltre+ ADJECTIVE .. .. .. .. 66 f. Optiooal Subjunctive . .. .. .. .. .. .. 66 g. Coojuncaioosthat Take the Subjunctive . .. .. .. .. .. 67 7.3.3 Subjunctive Mood: Altcmati\'e Coostructioos . .. .. .. .. .. 68 8.0 The Verb: Voice ...................................................... 8.1 Voice: Active 69 . ..... ........ ........ ... ... ........ ..... .... ... , 8.2 Voice: Passive 69 ..... ..... ... ....... ........ ....... .... ........ 69 9.0 The Verb: Reflexive Verbs . ... .......... ... ... ............. .... ..... 71 iv 10.0 The Verb: Impersonal Constructions ........................................... 73 I 1.0 The Verb: Present Participle .................................................. 74 12.0 The Verb: Infinitive .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 76 12.1 Infinitive: Present Infinitive.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 76 12.1.1 Verbsthat Take a with ComplementaryInfinitive ........................... 77 12.1.2 Verbsthat Take de with ComplementaryInfinitive .......................... 78 12.1.3 Verbsthat Take No Particle with Comp.Inf .... ............................ 79 12.2 Infinitive: Past Infinitive . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 80 13.0 The Verb: Causative Constructions ............................................ 81 14.0 The Relative Clause . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 82 14.I Relative Clause: General . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 82 14.2 Relative Clause: Relative Pronouns . .. .. .. .. .. .. 83 14.3 Relative Clause: Compound Relative ...................................... 86 15.0 The Prepositional Phrase ..................................................... 87 15.l Prepositions with Geographical Locations .................................. 87 15.2 Prepositions ofLocation (not Geographical) ................................. 89 16.0 The Adverbial Modifiers ..................................................... 92 16.l Adverbs .............................................................. 92 16.1 .1 Adverbs: Comparative and Superlative .. .. .. .. .. .. 93 16.2 Adverbial Phrases ...................................................... 93 16.3 (Function) Modifying Adjectives orother Adverbials ..... ..................... 93 16.4 (Function) Modifyingthe Verb ........................................... 94 16.5 (Function) Modifyingthe VP, Pred.,whole clause .. .......................... 94 16.6 Interrogative Adverbs ................................................... 95 PartII. lbeOrder of Major Constituentsin Sentences . .. 97 17. 0 Affirmative Declarative Sentences. .. .. .. 99 18.0 Negative Declarative Sentences.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 99 18.l Simple Negative . .. .. .. .. .. .. 99 I 8.2 ComplexNegative .. .. .. .. .. .. .. I 00 a. Fully Negative Constructions.. .. .. .. .. .. .. I 00 b. Privative (PartiallyNegative) Constructions.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 101 19.0 Interrogative Sentences ...................................................... 102 19.I "Yes/No"Questions . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. I 02 a. Intonation . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. I 02 b. Est-ceque. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 102 c. N'est-cepas ?... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 103 d. Inversion.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 103 V 19.2 Infonnaticn-Rcquestmg <Wh-) Questions 104 a. Est-ee que . 105 b. Inversion.... I0S 19.3 Intcrrogativc-Negati,·c 106 20. Imperative Sentences .. I07 Part Ill. MisceUaoea 109 21.0 The VerbalExpress1oos ii ya. w,1c,. w,1/a 111 21.1 llya .. 111 21.2 VmcJ/ Voila . 111 22.0 Ccntractioo aod Elision 112 22. l Contraction . 112 22.2 Elisioo ......... 113 23.0 llestmdC'est. 114 23. I General Comments ........................ 114 23.2 llest!C'est + reh�arimalitylp-c4 1 oa ...... I l S 23.3 TheUICI ofc'est .......................... 116 23.4 TheUICI of ti estand ,i,elk est .......... 117 23.S IIest/C'est +ADJ+ a or de+lNF ............ 118 24.0 ClockTime .... 119 2S.0 /)ev,oir . 120 26.0 T<1Mt • • • • • • • • . • . •. • • . • • • • . •. • • • • . • . •. •. 122 26 .I The.adjective t011t . • . •. • • . ..
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