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One of five key areas to where progress is possible with the resources and at our disposal today. Indicators for Development

Energy is essential to economic and social develop- the August 2002 World Summit on Sustainable ment and improved quality of life. However, much of Development (WSSD), calls on countries at the the world’s energy is currently produced and used in national level and international governmental and ways that may not be sustainable in the long term. In non-governmental organizations at the international order to assess progress towards a sustainable level to develop the concept of indicators of energy future, energy indicators that can measure sustainable development in order to identify such and monitor important changes will be needed. indicators.

Agenda 21, which was agreed to at the 1992 Earth Despite some progress, no comprehensive set of Summit in Rio de Janeiro and is a central focus of indicators for sustainable energy development exists. In 1999, the International Energy expenses often take the biggest bite out Atomic Energy Agency of the budgets of the poor (IAEA) brought together representatives from seven international organizations

25 000 100% and eight countries to review existing relevant indicators and develop a

20 000 80% provisional set of indica- 1998 Private Consumption per Capita tors for sustainable energy Energy Expenditures in % Share of Energy Expenditure development. These indi- cators were informally field 15 000 60% tested in 15 countries (including Argentina, , Cuba, Indonesia, Mexico, 10 000 40% Pakistan, Turkey, countries 31% in Eastern and Western 24% 20% , the Russian 18% 5 000 16% 20% Federation, and the USA) 9% 10% to assess data quality and Per Capita Private Consumption US $ (1998) 7% availability. A final set of 0 0% 41 indicators was then Germany Estonia Kazakhstan Nigeria USA Russia Bangladesh defined incorporating both the test results and criteria Fig. 1. Energy expenditures as share of consumption per capita used by the ’ ongoing (Source: World Bank 2000). Programme on Indicators of Sustainable Development

Towards Improved Quality of Life / Energy Impact from Social State Energy Sector

Driving Forces from Social Dimension

Driving Forces from Economic Dimension

(disparity in income and energy) Responses of Institutional Dimension

Institutional State State of Impact from Energy Sector Energy Sector Economic Environmental State State Driving Forces from Energy Sector of Economic Dimension

Fig. 2. Interrelations between dimensions of the .

(WPISD). An interim report describing this stage of the and to make good use of energy related environmental project was presented at the Ninth Session of the models developed by the Organization for Economic Commission for Sustainable Development (CSD9) in Co-operation and Development (OECD), the April 2001. European Commission (EC) and the International Energy Agency (IEA) of the OECD. The extended framework incorporates three pillars of sustainable The set of 41 indicators in the interim report started development — social, economic, and environmental from the Driving Force/ State/Response (DSR) frame- — together with institutional considerations. It work devised by the United Nation’s WPISD and now provides a systematic scheme for identifying the widely applied for indicators. The DSR framework cross linkages among different indicators. was extended to be better tuned to the energy sector

The 41 resulting indicators are list- In some developing countries, the share of ed in Box 1. Those in bold (a total non-commercial energy use (e.g., fuelwood, of 23) were identified as “core indi- agriculural residues) continues to increase cators”, meaning that they are either specific to energy or espe- cially important, given the interest 90 in working with the most compact, 1980 but still meaningful, number of 80 1998 indicators possible. The annota- 70 tions indicate overlap with existing

60 indicator sets. Overlap means that, although no existing indicator 50 set covers all the ground neces- 40 sary for energy indicators, there is

Share in % a substantial existing foundation 30 for this partnership initiative to 20 build on.

10 The IAEA has officially registered a 0 “Type 2” Partnership Initiative on Indonesia Brazil Pakistan Guatemala Cameroon Madagascar Indicators for Sustainable Energy Fig. 3. Share of non-commercial in total primary , Development (ISED) at the World Summit on 1980–1998. Sustainable Development (WSSD). Box 1. List of ISED — Compact Form (core ISED are in bold font, ISED which correspond to ISD in the UN-CSD Working list/Core list are in green font)

1. Population: total, urban 21. Fraction of disposable income/private consumption spent on fuel and by: 2. GDP per capita average population; group of 20% poorest population 3. End-use energy prices with and without tax/subsidy 22. Fraction of households: heavily dependent on non-commercial energy; without electricity 4. Shares of sectors in GDP value added 23. Quantities of air pollutant emissions

5. Distance travelled per capita: total, by urban (SO2, NOx, , CO, VOC) public transport mode 24. Ambient concentration of pollutants in urban

6. Freight transport activity: total, by mode areas: SO2, NOx, suspended particulates, CO, ozone 7. Floor area per capita 25. Land area where acidification exceeds critical load 8. value added by selected energy intensive industries 26. Quantities of emissions

9. Energy intensity: manufacturing, transporta- 27. Radionuclides in atmospheric radioactive tion, , commercial and public discharges services, residential sector 28. Discharges into water basins : waste/storm 10. Final energy intensity of selected energy water, radionuclides, oil into coastal waters intensive products 29. Generation of waste 11. Energy mix: final energy, , primary 30. Accumulated quantity of solid wastes to be managed 12. Energy supply efficiency: efficiency for electricity generation 31. Generation of

13. Status of deployment of abatement 32. Accumulated quantity of radioactive wastes technologies: extent of use, average awaiting disposal performance 33. Land area taken up by energy facilities and 14. Energy use per unit of GDP

15. Expenditure on energy sector: total invest- 34. Fatalities due to accidents with breakdown ments, environmental control, by fuel chains exploration and development, RD&D, net energy import expenses 35. Fraction of technically exploitable capability of currently in use 16. per capita 36. Proven recoverable fossil fuel reserves 17. Indigenous energy production 37. Life time of proven fossil fuel reserves 18. Net energy import dependence 38. Proven reserves 19. Income inequality 39. Life time of proven uranium reserves 20. Ratio of daily disposable income/private consumption per capita of 20% poorest 40. Intensity of use of forest resources as fuelwood population to the prices of electricity and major household 41. Rate of deforestation The Partnership Initiative groups include the International Center for Theoretical Physics (Italy), the Center for (Russian The overall objective is to develop a set of indicators Federation), and the Center for Energy-Environment that can guide necessary modifications to relevant Research & Development (Thailand). databases and /evaluation models (and then be incorporated into those databases and The partnership initiative takes the form of an IAEA models) to make them more responsive to sustain- “Co-ordinated Research Project” (CRP) entitled able energy development issues. For the IAEA, which “Historical Evolution of Indicators of Sustainable provides assistance to Member States — particularly Energy Development (ISED) and the Use of this developing countries — in formulating coherent Information for Designing Guidelines for Future forward-looking energy strategies, an additional Energy Strategies in Conformity with the Objectives objective is capacity building in these Member of Sustainable Development.” This CRP formally States in the tools and techniques of planning for began in May 2002 with a first training workshop and sustainable energy development. research co-ordination meeting that brought together the key potential users of ISED in statistical offices More specific targets are the inclusion of the ISED and institutions within each participating country. system in national databases and in on-going energy Three further workshops will be conducted in the next analysis and the effective use of the ISED system in three years. Further sources are being sought for addi- assessing energy priority issues, in evaluating current tional countries to join the project and be incorporated policies and programmes, in formulating energy policies into the process. to ensure progress towards sustainable energy devel- opment, and in helping countries to monitor their The immediate tasks are to compile historical data on progress. The project is currently planned for three ISED in participating countries, to further refine the years, although there is the possibility of a three-year indicator set to reflect experience gained in compiling extension to continue monitoring progress and to add data, and to demonstrate the utility of ISED in energy additional countries that might be interested in the policy assessment. Ultimately, these countries will partnership. benefit by using ISED to formulate sustainable energy strategies and monitor their progress towards their The current initiative is led by the IAEA with govern- national energy objectives. mental partners from Brazil, Cuba, Lithuania, Mexico, the Russian Federation and Slovakia, and inter- governmental organization partners from the IEA, Information about the initiative and other activities in Eurostat, the Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) energy indicators for sustainable development is also and the Department of Economic and Social Affairs available on the IAEA website: (DESA) of the UN Division for Sustainable http://www.iaea.org/worldatom/Programmes/Energy/ Development and Statistics Division. Other supporting pess/ISED.shtml

For additional information contact:

Mr. Ivan Vera Planning and Economic Studies Section International Atomic Energy Agency Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100 A-1400 Vienna, Austria Tel: +43-1-2600-22773 International Atomic Energy Agency Information Series Fax: +43-1-2600-29598 Division of Public Information E-mail: [email protected] 02-01570 / FS Series 2/02/E