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Nuclear Power and Sustainable Development Power and Sustainable Nuclear Development Nuclear Power and Sustainable Nuclear and Sustainable Power Development Development INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY VIENNA ISBN 978-92-0-107016-6 NUCLEAR POWER AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency: AFGHANISTAN GEORGIA OMAN ALBANIA GERMANY PAKISTAN ALGERIA GHANA PALAU ANGOLA GREECE PANAMA ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA GUATEMALA PAPUA NEW GUINEA ARGENTINA GUYANA PARAGUAY ARMENIA HAITI PERU AUSTRALIA HOLY SEE PHILIPPINES AUSTRIA HONDURAS POLAND AZERBAIJAN HUNGARY PORTUGAL BAHAMAS ICELAND QATAR BAHRAIN INDIA REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA BANGLADESH INDONESIA ROMANIA BARBADOS IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF RUSSIAN FEDERATION BELARUS IRAQ RWANDA BELGIUM IRELAND SAN MARINO BELIZE ISRAEL SAUDI ARABIA BENIN ITALY SENEGAL BOLIVIA, PLURINATIONAL JAMAICA SERBIA STATE OF JAPAN SEYCHELLES BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA JORDAN SIERRA LEONE BOTSWANA KAZAKHSTAN SINGAPORE BRAZIL KENYA SLOVAKIA BRUNEI DARUSSALAM KOREA, REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA BULGARIA KUWAIT SOUTH AFRICA BURKINA FASO KYRGYZSTAN SPAIN BURUNDI LAO PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC SRI LANKA CAMBODIA REPUBLIC SUDAN CAMEROON LATVIA SWAZILAND CANADA LEBANON SWEDEN CENTRAL AFRICAN LESOTHO SWITZERLAND REPUBLIC LIBERIA SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC CHAD LIBYA TAJIKISTAN CHILE LIECHTENSTEIN THAILAND CHINA LITHUANIA THE FORMER YUGOSLAV COLOMBIA LUXEMBOURG REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA CONGO MADAGASCAR TOGO COSTA RICA MALAWI TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO CÔTE D’IVOIRE MALAYSIA TUNISIA CROATIA MALI TURKEY CUBA MALTA TURKMENISTAN CYPRUS MARSHALL ISLANDS UGANDA CZECH REPUBLIC MAURITANIA UKRAINE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC MAURITIUS UNITED ARAB EMIRATES OF THE CONGO MEXICO UNITED KINGDOM OF DENMARK MONACO GREAT BRITAIN AND DJIBOUTI MONGOLIA NORTHERN IRELAND DOMINICA MONTENEGRO UNITED REPUBLIC DOMINICAN REPUBLIC MOROCCO OF TANZANIA ECUADOR MOZAMBIQUE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA EGYPT MYANMAR URUGUAY EL SALVADOR NAMIBIA UZBEKISTAN ERITREA NEPAL VANUATU ESTONIA NETHERLANDS VENEZUELA, BOLIVARIAN ETHIOPIA NEW ZEALAND REPUBLIC OF FIJI NICARAGUA VIET NAM FINLAND NIGER YEMEN FRANCE NIGERIA ZAMBIA GABON NORWAY ZIMBABWE The Agency’s Statute was approved on 23 October 1956 by the Conference on the Statute of the IAEA held at United Nations Headquarters, New York; it entered into force on 29 July 1957. The Headquarters of the Agency are situated in Vienna. Its principal objective is “to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world’’. NUCLEAR POWER AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY VIENNA, 2016 COPYRIGHT NOTICE All IAEA scientific and technical publications are protected by the terms of the Universal Copyright Convention as adopted in 1952 (Berne) and as revised in 1972 (Paris). The copyright has since been extended by the World Intellectual Property Organization (Geneva) to include electronic and virtual intellectual property. Permission to use whole or parts of texts contained in IAEA publications in printed or electronic form must be obtained and is usually subject to royalty agreements. Proposals for non-commercial reproductions and translations are welcomed and considered on a case-by-case basis. Enquiries should be addressed to the IAEA Publishing Section at: Marketing and Sales Unit, Publishing Section International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna International Centre PO Box 100 1400 Vienna, Austria fax: +43 1 2600 29302 tel.: +43 1 2600 22417 email: [email protected] http://www.iaea.org/books © IAEA, 2016 Printed by the IAEA in Austria September 2016 STI/PUB/1754 IAEA Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Names: International Atomic Energy Agency. Title: Nuclear power and sustainable development / International Atomic Energy Agency. Description: Vienna : International Atomic Energy Agency, 2016. | Includes bibliographical references. Identifiers: IAEAL 16-01066 | ISBN 978–92–0–101716–6 (paperback : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Nuclear energy — Economic aspects. | Nuclear power plants — Environmental aspects. | Sustainable development. Classification: UDC 621.311.25: 502.131.1 | STI/PUB/1754 FOREWORD In September 2015, all Member States of the United Nations adopted a development agenda for the next 15 years to end extreme poverty, fight inequalities and injustices, and protect the planet. At the core of the agenda are the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which address the most important challenges of our time. Producing and using energy in ways that support human development over the long term, in all its social, economic and environmental dimensions, is at the core of the SDG dedicated to energy. Nuclear power has a long record of contribution to a diversified energy supply by providing electricity in a resilient and sustainable manner. The accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in March 2011 revived anxiety about nuclear power and reminded the world that safety can never be taken for granted. Long term actions and near term measures were undertaken to ensure the resilience of nuclear power plants to external hazards and to strengthen overall nuclear safety. More than five years after the accident, it is clear that nuclear energy will remain an important option for many countries. Countries choosing nuclear power as part of their sustainable energy strategies note that it broadens the resource base, expands electricity supplies, is ahead of other energy technologies in internalizing externalities, increases the world’s stock of technological and human capital, and avoids air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Nuclear power has a place among other solutions and needs to be accessible to countries interested in making it part of their sustainable energy strategies. Nuclear power is a choice that rests with sovereign countries together with the responsibility to use it safely and securely. The IAEA provides assistance and information to countries that wish to introduce nuclear power. It also provides information for broader audiences engaged in energy, environmental and economic policy making. This publication explores the possible contribution of nuclear energy to addressing the issues of sustainable development through a large selection of indicators. It is a substantially revised edition relative to the 2006 information booklet in terms of structure and content. In the new edition, the sections are written in connection with the SDGs across the main dimensions of sustainable development: the economic, environmental and social dimensions. CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................ 1 2. THE CONTEXT FOR NUCLEAR POWER IN SUSTAINABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT ................................ 3 2.1. The concept of sustainable development................... 3 2.2. The scope for energy in sustainable development............ 8 2.3. The scale of the energy challenge ........................ 14 2.3.1. Historical patterns of energy use ................... 15 2.3.2. Projected trends in energy use ..................... 18 2.4. Towards a sustainable energy system ..................... 23 3. THE ECONOMIC DIMENSION............................. 25 3.1. Resource adequacy . 25 3.2. Energy return on investment ............................ 30 3.3. Generation cost ...................................... 33 3.4. Financing nuclear power ............................... 39 3.5. Energy supply security ................................ 44 3.6. Other economic considerations .......................... 47 4. THE ENVIRONMENTAL DIMENSION ...................... 49 4.1. Climate change impacts................................ 49 4.2. Impacts on ecosystems ................................ 53 4.3. Waste generation ..................................... 57 4.3.1. Waste characteristics of selected nuclear fuel cycles.... 63 4.4. Water use impacts .................................... 64 4.5. Land use impacts ..................................... 68 4.6. Other environmental aspects: A nexus approach............. 71 5. THE SOCIAL DIMENSION ................................ 73 5.1. Impacts on human health............................... 73 5.2. Employment......................................... 80 5.3. Other social impacts .................................. 86 5.4. Considerations related to nuclear energy................... 90 5.4.1. Intergenerational issues of radioactive waste disposal .. 90 5.4.2. Public perception ............................... 92 5.4.3. Safety and non-proliferation ...................... 95 6. CONCLUSION........................................... 99 REFERENCES ............................................... 105 1. INTRODUCTION Since the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development held in Rio de Janeiro, there has been a growing recognition of the importance of energy in achieving the goals of sustainable development. None of the 40 chapters contained in the Agenda 21 document [1] adopted unanimously by 178 countries at that conference was dedicated to energy. Energy was not included in the United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) for 2000–2015. The Commission on Sustainable Development addressed energy for the first time during its ninth session in 2001. Over the subsequent decade, however, energy has become increasingly acknowledged as one of the key issues in sustainable development, culminating in the declaration by the United Nations General Assembly of 2012 as the International Year of Sustainable Energy for All. In September 2015, the international community approved the post-2015 development agenda with a new set of sustainable development goals (SDGs), fully
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