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GIPE-004993-Contents.Pdf PRIMITIVE SOCIETY PRIMITIVE. SOCIETY BY ROBERT H. LOWIE, PH.D. A8SOCIATB CURATOR, ANTHROPOLOGY, AMERICAN MUSEUM OP NATURAL HISTORY. AUTHOR ov Culture a11d Elhnologu. LoNDON : GEORGE ROUTLEDGE & SONS, LTD., BROADWAY Housa, 68-7 4• CARTBR LAMs, E. C. 1921 Printed i.a Great Britain by MACKAY & Co., LTD, CHATHAM, PREFACE NTHROPOLOGISTS are hard put to it when asked to A recommend a book that shall give the layman a brief •ummary of what is now known regarding their science as a whole or any one of Its branches. They are usually obliged to ronfess that such an up-to-date synthesis as is likely to satisfy the questioner does not exist. In no department of anthropology has the want of a modem summary made itself more painfully felt than in that of social organization. Sociologists, historians, and students of comparative jurisprudence all require the data the anthropologist might supply, but lor lack of a general guide they have been content to find Inspiration in Morgan's Ancient " SociettJ, a book written when· scientific ethnography was in its infancy. Since 1877 anthropologists have not merely amassed a wealth of concrete material but have developed new methods and points of view that render Morgan hopelessly antiquated. ~is work remains an Important pioneer etrort by a man of estimable intelligence and exemplary industry, but to get one's knowledge of primitive society therefrom nowadays is like getting one's biology from some pre-Darwinian naturalist. It is em­ phatically a book lor the historian of anthropology and not for the general reader. As I discovered during a year's lecturing at the University of California, the college student who takes anthropological courses sutrers as grievously from the wiUlt of an introductory statement on primitive social organization as the interested laymiUl or the investigator of neighboring branches of knowledge. It is the Printed ill Great Britaia. by M.o\CKAY II Co., LTD, CHATHAM. PREFACE NTHROPOLOGISTS are hard put to it when asked to A recommend a book that shall give the layman a brief Pununary of what Is now known regarding their science as a whole or any one of Its branches. They are usually obliged to ~onfess that such an up-to-date oyntbeaia as ia likely to aatisfy the questioner does not exist. In no department of anthropology has the want of n modern summary made Itself more painfully felt than In that of soclul organization. Sociologists, historians, and students of comparative jurisprudence all require the data the anthrnpologlst might supply. but for luck or a general guide they hnve boon content to find Inspiration in Morgan's Ancient Societu, a book written when scientific ethnography was In its in laney. 8ince 1877 anthropologists have not merely amassed a WPnlth of concrete muteri11l but h11ve developed new methods and points of view that render Morgan hopelessly antiquated. .His work remnins nn Important pioneer ell'ort by a man of estimable Intelligence and exemplary Industry, but to get one's knowl"dHe of primitive society therefrom nowadays is like getting one's biology from some pr&-Dnrwlninn naturalisl It is em­ phatically n book for the historian of anthropology and not for the general render. As I discovered during a year's lerluring at the University of Cruifornln, U1e coll•ge student who takes anthropological courses sull'crs o.a grievously from the want of an introductory statement on primitive social organization as the interested layman or the Investigator of neighboring branches of knowledge. It is the VI PREFACE requirements of these three classes of readers that I have had in mind in the preparation of the present volume, which purports to present the position of modern American workers. I am naturally under obligations to more {)f my colleagues than can conveniently be named here .. Above all I must acknowledge my indebtedness to my preceptor, Professor Franz Boas, the champion of scientific method in all anthropological research. To Dr. Clark Wissler of the American Museum of Natural History I owe abundant and varied field experience among North American Indians and a great deal of stimulation in our com­ mon field of specialist investigation, the Plains area. To Pro­ fessor A. L. Kroeber I am indebted for the opportunity to lecture at the University of California during the academic year of 1917-18, which led to a systematization "of my views on primitive society and thus indirectly to the present volume. Among many of my Berkeley associates from other departments I found quite unexpectedly a most encouraging interest in anthropological theory. More particulafly, I was stimulated by my friend, Pro­ fessor Francis S. Philbrick, now of Northwestern University, whose broad knowledge of comparative jurisprudence helped greatly to enlarge my own vision of primitive law. Finally, I must express my obligations to iny friend, Mr. Leslie Spier, of the American Museum of Natural History, for reading and acutely criticising the typescript o( chapters II to VITI before setting out on a field trip; and to Miss Bella \Yeitzner for the competent preparation of the index. ROBERT H. LOWIE. CONTENTS C.RAPT:IR PAGE J. INTRODUCTION 1 II. MAntUAGE IJ M11rriage Prohibitions. Means of Acquiring a Mate. Preferential Mating. /_, j Ill. POLYGAMY Polygyny. Polyandry. Sexual Communism. Hypothetical Sexual Communism. J?.;.'l IV. THI! FAMILY 6o The Bilateral Kin Group. Looseness of the Family Unit. Matrilocal and Patrilocal Resi­ denre. Sexuol Division of Labor. Segregation of Unmarried. Sexual Segregation. Adoption. Summary. KINSHIP USAGES " v. Mother's and Father's Kin. Parent-in-law Toboo. Other Taboos. Privileged Familiarity. Taboo a.nd License. Teknonymy. .: . \'1. THE SIB IOS Types of Sib organization. Unity or Diversity of Origin. Sibs nf Higher Order. Totemism. VII. lhsTOHY OP THK SIB 139 Prinrity of the Family. Origin of the Sib. The Sib and the Dakota TerminolofrY. Mother.Sibs and Father-Sibe. "" \'Ill. TH& PosmnN or WoMEN 177 Tiulnry and Practice. The " Matriarchate." Matrilocal Residence. The Economic Interpreta­ tion. Correlations with Stages of Civilization. Vlll CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE IX. PROPERTY 195 Primitive Communism. Tenure of Land. Chattels. Incorporeal Property. Inheritance. X. AssociATIONS 245 Andaman Islands. Australia. Masai. Banks Islands. Pueblo Indians. Crow. Hidatsa. XI. THEORY OP AssoCIATIONS 284 Schurtz's Scheme. Sex Dichotomy.~ Age-Classes. Varjeties of Associations. The Plains Indian Ag&- Societies. General Conclusions. XII. RANI: 3Z4 Bravery. Shamanism. Wealth. Caste. <.:on­ elusion. XIII. GOVERNMENT 344 Australia. Polynesia. a.nd Micronesia.. Melanesia. and New Guinea.. Africa. North America. D&­ mocra.cy and Primitive Organizations. Tribal and Territorial Organization. /XIV .. JUSTICE 383 Collective Responsibility._ Criminal Motive. Wei:-6- gild. Evidence. Australia. Ifugao. Eskimo. Platns Indians. Polynesia. Africa. Conclusion. XV. CoNCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX BIBLIOGRAPHY Nor11.-This Bibliography includes all the literature cited in thia work. The following abbreviations are used to designate serial publications: Amcr. Anth. American Anthropologist Amer. Anth., Mem. Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association A.M.N .H. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History A.M.N.H., Bull. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History A.M.N.H., Hd. Handbook Series of the American Museum of Natural History A.M.N.H., Mem. Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History B.A.E. Annual Report of the Bureau of (American) Ethnology D. A. E., Bull. Bulletin, Bureau of American Ethnology Can, Geol. Sur.• Mem. Memoir, Canada Department of Mines, Geological Survey Can. Gcol. Sur., Mus. Museum Bulletin, Canada Department of Mines, Geological Survey Can. Sum. Rept. Summary Report of the Geological Survey, Canada Field Mua. Anthropological Series, Field Museum of Natural History J.A.F.L, Journal of American Folk-Lore J.A.I. Journal of the (Royal} Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland R('ports Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition U Cal, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology Z. V!!L R. · Zeitschrift fUr vergleichende Rechtswissenschaft 432 PRIMITIVE SOCIETY Adair, J. 1775· The History of the American Indians. London. Alldridge, T. J. xgxo. A Transformed Colony: Sierra Leone. London. Annual Archaeological Report. Toronto, 1906. >( Baden-Powell, B. H. t8g6. The Indian Village Community. London. Bandelier, A. 18]8. On the Distribution and Tenure of Lands and the Customs with respect to Inheritance, among the Ancient Mexicans. Reports of the Peabody Museum, II, No. 2, 385-448. Barrett, S. A. 1917. Ceremonies of the Porno Indians. U. Cal., xn, 397-441. Barton, R. F. 1919. Ifugao Law. U. Cal., xv, I-12]. Bleek, W. I .. and Lloyd, L. C. 1911. Specimens of Bushman Folklore. London. Boas, F. 1888. The Central Eskimo. 6 B.A.E., 409-669. 1897. The. Social Organization and Secret Societies of the Kwakiutl Indians. Report of the U.S. National Museum for I8gs. 3•5-733· 1907. The Eskimo of Baffin Land and Hudson Bay. A.M.N.H., Bull., XV. tgn. The Mind of Primitive Man. New York. 1916 (a). Tsimshian Mythology. 31 B.A.E. 1916 (b). The Origin of Totemism. Amer. Anth. XV1II, 319-326. Brown, A. R. 1913. Three Tribes of Western Australia. J.A.I., XLIII, 143-194· Castren, M. A. 1853· Reiseerinnerungen aus den Jahren I8J8-I84-f. St. Petersburg. Codrington, R. H. t8gr. The Melanesians: Studies in their Anthropology and Folk-Lore. Oxford. Cole, F. C. 1913. The 'Vild Tribes of Davao District. Field Mus. xn. 49·20J. Cunow, H. 1894· Die Verwandtschafts-Organisationen der Australne£:er Stuttgart. Ign. Zur Urgeschichte der Ebe und Fam.ilie. Stuttgart. BIBLIOGRAPHY 433 Cranz, D. 1765. J:fistorie von GrOnland. Barby. Czaplicka, M. A. 1914. Aboriginal Siberia. Oxford.' Dixon, R. B. 1905. The Northern Maidu. A.M.N.H., Bull. xvu, II9-346. 1907. The Shasta. Ibid., 381-498. Dorsey, J.
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