PRIMITIVE SOCIET'Y

BY ROBERT H. LOWIE, PH.D.

ASSOCIATE CURATOR, , AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY. AUTHOR OP CuUUTt and Ethnoloyu.

LoNDON: GEORGE ROUTLEDGE & , LTD., BROADWAY HousB. 68-74. CARTER LAMB; E.C.

1921 Printed io Great BritaiD by

MACKAY II; Co., LTD, CHATHAM. PREFACE

NTHROPOLOGISTS are hard put to It when asked to A recommend a book that shall give the layman a brief .umrr.ary of what iB now known regarding their Bcience as a whole or anyone of its branches. They are usually obliged to ronfcss that such an up-to-date synthesis ~s is likely to satisfy the questioner does not exist. In no department of anthropology hus the wallt of a modern summary made itself more painfully felt than in that of social organization. Sociologists, historians, and students of comparative I u risprudence all require the data the unthropologist might supply, but for lack of a general guide they have been content to Hnd inspiration in Morgan's Ancient Sotiety, a book written when scientiflc ethnography was in its infuncy. Since 1877 anthropologists have not merely amassed a wealth of concrete material but have developed new methods and points of view thut render Morgan hopelessly antiquated. His work remains an important pioneer elTort by a man of estimable Intelligence and exemplary industry, but to get one's knowledge of primitive society therefrom nowadays is like getting one's biology from some pre-Darwinian naturalist. It is em­ phlltico\ly a book for the historian of anthropology and not for the goneral reader. As I discovered during a year's lerturing at the Vniversity of COliforni", Ule college student who takes anthropological courses "ulTors o.s grievollslYfrom the want of an introductory statement on primitive social organization as the interested layman or the investigator of neighboring branches of knowledge. It is the VI PREFACE

requirements of these three classes of readers that I have had in mind in the preparation of the present volume, which purports to present the pOSition of modern American workers. I am naturally under obligations to more of my colleagues than can conveniently be named here. Above all I must acknowledge my indebtedness. to my preceptor, Professor Franz Boas, tbe champion of scientific method in all anthropological research. To Dr. Clark 'Vissler of the American Museum of Natural History lowe abundant and varied field experience among North American Indians and a great deal of stimulation in our com· mon field of specialist investigation, the Plains area. To Pro· fessor A. L. Kroeber I am indebted for the opportunity to lecture at the University of California during the academic year of 1917·18, which led to a systematization of my views on primitive society and thus indirectly to the present volume. Among many of my Berkeley associates from other departments I found quite unexpectedly a most encouraging interest in anthropological theory. More particularly, I was stimulated by my friend, Pro· fessor Francis S. Philbrick, now of Northwestern University, whose broad knowledge of comparative jurisprudence helRed greatly to enlarge my own vision of primitive law. Finally, I must express my obligations to my friend, Mr. Leslie Spier, of the American Museum of Natural History, for reading and acutely Criticising the typescript of cl:iapters II to VIII before setting out on a field trip; and to Miss Bella \"\ieilmer for the competent preparation of the index. ROBERT H. LOWIE. CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. 13 Marriage Prohibitions. Means of Acquiring a. Mate. Preferential Mating.

Ill. POLYG,IMY . . Sexual Communism. Hypothetical Sexual Communism.

IV. THE 60 The' Bilateral Kin Group. Looseness of the Family Unit. Matrilocal and Patrilocal Resi­ dence. Sexual Division of Labor. Segregation of Unmarried. Sexual Segregation. . Summary.

V. USAGES ;>6 's Bnd 's Kin. -in-law Taboo. Other Taboos. Privileged Familiarity.' Taboo and License. Teknonymy.

VI. THE SIB lOS Types of Sib organization. Unity or Diversil.y of Origin. Sibs 01 Higher Order. Totemism.

VII. HISTORY OF THE SIB 139 Priority of the Family. Origin of the Sib. The Sib and the Dakota Tenninolo/!'Y. Mother-Sibs a.nd Father-Sibs.

\'III. THE POSITION OP WOMKN 177 Theory and Practice. The .. Matriarchate." . The Economic Inu-rprela­ lion. Correlatiolls with Stage. of Chil~.ation_ VIll CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE IX. PROPERTY 195 Primitive Communism. Tenure of Land. Chattels. Incorporeal Property. .

X. ASSOCIATIONS 245 Andaman Islands. Australia. Masai. Banks Islands. Pueblo Indians. Crow. Hidatsa.

XI. THEORY OF ASSOCIATIONS 284 Schurtz's Scheme. Sex Dichotomy. Age-Classes. Varieties of Associations. The Plains Indian Ag ... Societies. General Conclusions. XII. RANK Bravery. Shamanism. Wealth. Caste. Con­ clusion.

XIII. GOVERNMENT 344 Australia. Polynesia and Micronesia. Melanesia. and New Guinea. Africa. North America. D ... mocracy and Primitive Organizations. Tribal and Territorial Organization.

XIV. JUSTICE 383 Collective Responsibility. Criminal Motive. Were­ gild. Evidence. Australil)- Ifugao. Eskimo. Plains Indians. Polynesia.' Africa. Conclusion.

XV. CONCLUSION 414 BIBLIOGRAPHY 431 INDEX 441 BIBLIOGRAPHY

NOTE.-This Bibliography include! all theliterature cited in this work. The following abbreviations are used to designate serial pu blications :

Amer. Anth. American Anthropologist Amer. Anth .• Mem. Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association A.M,N .1I. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History A.M.N .H., Bull. Bulletin 01 the American Museum of Natural History A.M.N.H., Hd. Handbook Series of the American Museum of Natural History A.M.N.H., Mem. Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History B.A.E. Annual Report of the Bureau of (American) Ethnology B.A. E., Bull. Bulletin, Bureau of American Ethnology Can. Geol. Sur., Mem. Memoir. Canada Department of Mines, Geological Survey Can, Geo!. Sur•• Mus. Museum Bulletin, Canada Department of Mines, Geological Survey Can. Sum. Rept. Summary Report of the Geological Survey, Canada i'icld Mus. Anthropological Series, Field Museum of Natural History J.A.F.L. J ouma! of American Folk-Lore J.A.1. Journal of the (Royal) Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland . Reports Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition U Cal. University of California Publicatioll5 in American Archaeology and Ethnology Z. vgl 11.. Z.itschrift fUr vorgleichende Rechtswissenschaft 432 ~RIMITIVE SOCIETY

Adair, J. 1775. The History of the American Indians. London. Alldridge, T. J. 19[0. A Transformed Colony: Sierra Leone. London. Annual Archaeological Report. Toronto, 1906. Baden-Powell, B. H. 1896. The Indian Village Community. 'London. Bandelier, A. 1878. On the Distribution and Tenure of Lands and the Customs with respect to Inheritance, among the Ancient Mexicans. Reports of the Peabody Museum, II, No.2, 385-448. Barrett, S. A. 1917. Ceremonies of the Pomo Indians. U. Ca1., XII, 397-441. Barton, R. F. 1919. Ifugao Law. U. Cal., xv, 1-127. Bleek, W. r., and Lloyd, L. C. 19I1. Specimens of Bushman Folklore. London. Boas, F. 1888. The Central Eskimo. 6 B.A.E., 409.669. 1897. The Social Organization and Secret Societies of the Kwakiutl Indians. Report of the U.S. National Museum for 1895. 3'5-733. 1907. The Eskimo of Baffin Land and Hudson Bay. A.M.N.H., Bull., xv. ]911. The Mind of Primitive Man. New York. 1916 (a). Tsimshian Mythology. 31 B.A.E. 19]6 (b). The Origin of Totemism. Amer. Anth. XVIII, 319-326. Brown, A. R. 1913. Three Tribes of Western Australia. J.A.I., XLIII, 143-194. Castren, M. A. ]853. Reiseerinnerungen aus den Jahren 1838-1844. St. Petersburg. Codrington, R. H. 189J. The Melanesians: Studies in their Anthropology and Folk-Lore. Oxford. Cole, F. C. 1913. The \Vild Tribes of Davao District. Field. Mus. XII. '19-203. eunow, H. 1894. Die Verwandtschafts-Organisationen der Austra1neger. Stuttgart. I91:1. Zur Urgeschichte der Ehe uod Familie. Stuttgart. BIBLIOGRAPHY eraoz, D. 1765. Historie von GrOniaod. Barby. Czaplicka, M. A. 1914. Aboriginal Siberia. Oxford. Dixon, R. B. 1905. The Northern Maidu. A.M. N.H .• Bull. XVII, II9-346. 1907' The Shasta. Ibid., 381-498. Dorsey, J. O. 1884. Omaha Sociology. 3 B.A.E.. 2"-370. Ellis, A. B. 1890. The Ewe-speaking Tribes of the Slave Coast of West Africa. London. Ellis, Wm. 1831. Polynesian Researches. London. Erdland, P. A. J914. Die MarsbaU-Insulaner. Anthropos-Bibliothek. MUnster i. W. FcrguRon, W. S. 1918. The Zulus and the Spartans. Harvard African Studies. II, 197-234. Fletcher, A. and La Flesche, F. 19II. The Omaha Tribe. 27 B.A.E. Frater, J. 1892. The Aborigines of New South Wales. Sydney. Frazer, J. G. 1910. Totemism and . .. vols. London. 1911. Tho Golden Bough. 3d. ed., pt. II. London. 1912. Psyche's Task. London. Franciscan , The. 1910, An Ethnologic Dictionary of the Navaho Language. St. Michaels. Frcirc-Marrcco, D. 1914. Tcwa Kinship Terms from the Pueblo of Hano. Amer. Anth., XVI, 26<)-2.87. Freud, S. -, 19U, 191.1. Ueber eini~e Uebereinstimmungen im Seclen1eben der \Vilden uod der Neurotikci. Imago, 17-33; 213-227; 1913. 1-2.1, 357-408. Frobcnius, L. 1913. Und Afrika Spracb. I, Bcrlin-Cbarlottenburg. FF 434 PRIMITIVE SOCIETY

Gifford, E. W. 1916. Miwok Moieties. U. Cal., XII, 139-194. 1918. and Moieties in Southern California. U. Cal.. XIV, I55-2Ig. Goddard, P. E. 1903. Life and Culture of the Hupa, U. Cal., [, [-88. [9[3. Indians of the Southwest. A.M.N.H., Hd. Goldenweiser, A. A. [9[0. Totemism; an Analytical Study. J.A.F.L., XXIII, [79-293. 1912. On Iroquois Work .. Can. Sum. Rept., 464-475. 19[3. On Iroquois Work. Can. Sum. Rept., 365-373. 1918. Form and Content in Totemism. Amer. Anth. xx, 280-295 Gurdon, P. R. T. [907. The Kh;>sis. London. Hahn, Ed. 1905. Das Alter der wirtschaftlichen Kultuf der Menschheit. Heidelberg. Hartland, E. S. [9[7. Matrilineal Kinship and the Question of its Priority. Amer. Anth. Mem., IV, 1-g0. Hawkes, E. W. 1913. The" Inviting-in" Feast of the Alaskan Eskimo. Can. Geol. Sur., Mem. 45. 1916. The Labrador Eskimo. Can. Geol. Sur., Mem. 91. Hearne, S. -1795. Journey from Prince of Wales Fort in Hudson's 'Bay to the Northern Ocean. London. Hobhouse. L. T. 1915. Morals in Evolution. London. Hocart, A. M. 1913_ The Fijian Custom of Tauvu. J.A.I., XLIII, 101-108. 1915. Chieftainship and the 's in the Pacific. Amer. Anth., 63[-646. Hodson, T. C. 1911. The Naga Tribes of Manipur. London. Hollis, A. C. [905. The Masai. Oxford. [909. The Nandi. Qxf9rd. Howitt, A. W. [904, The Native Tribes of SOuth-east Australia. London. BIBLIOGRAPHY

Jesuit Relations and AlHcd Documents. 1896·1901. Edited by Reuben Gold Thwaites. 71 volumes. J ocbelson, W. 1908. Material Culture and Social Organization of the Koryak. A.M.N.H., Mem. x. 1910. The Yukaghir and the Yukaghirized Tungus. A.M.N.H .• Mem., XIII. Junod, H. A. 1912. The Life of a South African Tribe. 2 vols. Neucbate1. KeysscT, Ch. 1911, Aus clem Leben der Kailcute, j" Neuhaus!, R., Deutsch Ncu·Guinea, Ill. Berlin. 1-2'fz. Kingsley, M. H. I904.Travels in West Africa. London. Kohler, J. .897. Urgeschicbte der Ebe. Z. vgl. R, XII. l{rAmer. A. 1902. Die Samoa-Inscln .. Stuttgart. ]{rause. A. 188S. Die Tlmkit-Indianer. Jena. ]{roeber, A. L. 1904.The Ampaho. A.M.N.H .• Bull., XVIII, \-229. :79-454. 1908. Ethnology of the Gros Ventre, A.M.N.H., I, 145-281. 1917 (a). Zufti Kin and . A.M.N.H., XVUI, 39-205. 1917 (b). The Tribes of the Pacific Coast of North America. XIX International Congress of Amcricanists. 385-401. Lang, Andrew . • 885. Custom and Myth. London. Laufer. B. 1900. Preliminary Nob's on Explorations among the Amoor Tribes. AmC'r. Anth., 297-338. 1917. The Beginnings of Porcelain in China. Field Mus., XV., 79-'77· Lehnor, St. 19I1. Bukaua, 'II Neuhauss, Deutsch Neu-Guinea. III, 397"485. Berlin. Lowic, R. H. 1912. Social Life of the Crow Indians. A.M.N.H., IX, 179-248. 1913. Socit"tit"s of the Crow, Hidatsa and Mandan Indians. A.M.N.H., X,, '45-358. 1915. Exogamy and the Classificatory System of Relationship. Amer. Anth., 223-239. 436 PRIMITIVE SOCIETY

1916. Plains Indian Age-Societies: Historical and Comparative Summary. A.M.N.H., XI, 877-984. 1917 (a). Notes on the Social Organizations and Customs of the Mandan. Hidatsa and Crow Indians .. A.M.N .H., XXI. 1-99· 1917 (b). Culture and Ethnology. New York. 1919 (a). The Matrilineal Complex. U. Cal., XVI, 29-45. 1919 (b). Family and Sib. Amer. Anth .. 28-40. Maclean. Colonel. 1858. A Compendium of Kafir Laws and Customs. Printed for the Government of British Kafraria. Mount Coke. Maine, H. 1861. .-'\ncient Law. London. Malinowski, B. 1913. The Family among the Australian Aborigines.London. Man., E. H. 1883. On the Aboriginal Inhabitants of the Andaman Islands. London. Marett, R. R. 1912. Anthropology. Home Uruversity Library. Markham, Clements . . 1892. A History of Peru. Chicago. Martin, R. IgoS. Die Inlandstamme der Malayischen Halbinsel. Jena. Merker. M. 19[0. Die Masai. Berlin. Mooney, J. 1907. The Cheyenne Indians. Amer. Anth., Mem., I, 361-442. Morgan, L. H. 1871. Systems of Cansanguinity and of the Human Family. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge. XVII. 1877. Ancient_Society. New York. Murdoch, J. 1892. Ethnological Results of the Point Barrow Expedition. 9 B.A.E., 19-441. Nelson, E. W. ,899. The Eskimo about Bering Strait. 18 B.A.E.. 19-5,8. Parkinson, R. . 1907. Dreissig Jahre in der Slidsee. Stuttgart. Parsons, E. C. 1916. Avoidance jn Melanesia. J.A.F.L., XXIX, 282-292. Philbrick, F. S. . . 1918. (Tran3Iator) Huebner, R. A History of Germanic Private Law. Boston. . BIBLIOGRAPHY

POWCrA, S. 1877. Tribes of California. Contributionl to North American Ethnology, Ill. Radloff, W, 1893. Aus Sibirien. I. Leipzig. RCBtrepo, Vicente. 189S. Los Chibchaa antes de la conquista espaflo}a. Bogota. Radin, P. 1911. The Ritual and Significance of the Winnebago Medicine Dance. J.A.F.L., XXIV, 149-208. 1915. The Social Organization of the Winnebago Indians, an Interpretation. Can. Geol. Sur., Mus., No. 10. Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Tones Straits, Vois. v. and VI. Cambridge, 1904. 1908. Rivers, W. H. R. 1906. The Todas. London. 1914 (a). Kinship and Social Organization. London. 1914 (b). The History ot Melanesian Society. 3 vals. Cambridge.

1915. Of Marriage"; in Ha.... tmgs·. Encyclopaedia of Rebgion and Ethics. VIII. Rockhill, W, W. 1891. The Land of the Lamas. New York. Roscoe, J. 1907. The Bahima: a Cow Tribe of Enkole in the Uganda Protectorate, J.A.I., 9)-1I8. 1911. The Baganda. London. Roth, W. E, 1903. North Queensland Ethnography. Bulletin 5. Brisbane. 1906. North Queensland Ethnography. Bulletin 8. Brisbane. 1915. An Inquiry into the Animism and Folk-Lore of the Guiana Indians. 30 B.A.E., 1I7-384. Routledge, W. S. and K. 1910. With a Prehistoric People. London. Ru"""ll, F, 1908. The Phn3 Indians. 26 B.A. E., 17-389. Sapir, E. 191 I. Some Aspects of Nootka Language and Culture. Amer. Anth., J5-28. 1913. A 's Puberty Ceremonial among the Nootka Indians. Transactions, Royal Society of Canada, 3d series, 67-80. 1915. The Social Organization of the West Coast Tribes. Ibid., 355-374· Schinl, \V. 1891. Dcutscb·SUdwest-Afrikn. Oldenburg. 438 PRIMITIVE SOCIETY

Schmidt, M. 1905. Indianerstudien in Zentralbrasilien. Berlin. Schultze, L. 1907. Aus Namaland und Kalahari. lena. Scburtz, H. 190~. Altersklassen und MannerbUnde. Berlin. Seligmann, C. G. and B. Z. 19II. The Veddas. Cambridge. Skeat, W. W., and Blagden, C. O. 1906. Pagan Races of the Malay Peninsula. -a vols. London. Skinner, A. 19[3. Social Life and Ceremonial Bunlies of the Menomini Indians. A.M.N.H., XIII, 1-165. Speck, F. G. 1909. Ethnology. of the Yuchi. University of Pennyslvania. Anthropological Publications of the University Museum I. 1-154. 1915. (a) Family Hunting Territories. Can. Geol. Sur. Mem., 70. 1915. (b) The Family Hunting Band as the Basis of AlgoD.k:ian Social Organization. Amer. Anth., 289-305. [918. Kinship Terms and the Family Band among the North­ eastern Algonkians, Amer. Anth., 143 s8tJ. Spencer, B., and Gillen. F. J. 1899. The Native Tribes of Central Australia. London. 1904. The Northern Tribes of Central Australia.. London. Spieth, J. 1906. Die Ewe-Stamme. Berlin. Spinden, H. J. 1908. The Nez Perc~ Indians. Amer. Anth., Mem., II, 165-274. 1917. Ancient Civilizations of MBXico and Central America. A.M. N.H., Hd. Stack, E .. and Lyall. C. 1908. The Mikirs. London. Stair, J. B. 1897. Old Samoa. Oxford. Stevenson. M. C. 1909. The Zuni Indians. 23 B:A.E. Swa.nton, J. R. 1905 (a). Contributions to the Ethnology of the Haida; A.M.N.Ji., Mem .• VIII. 19.)5 (b). The Social Organization of American Tribes. Anth., 663-673- 1906. A Reconstruction of the Theory of Social Organization. Boas Anniversary Voh~me. 166-178. New York. BIBLIOGRAPHY

1908. Social Condition, Beliefs, and Linguistic Relationship of the Tlingit Indians. 26 B.A.E., 391-485. 1911. Indian Tribes of the Lower. Mississippi Valley. B.A.E., Bull. 43. 1912. A Foreword on the Social Organization of the Creek Indians. Amer. Anth., 593-599. Tafel, A. 1914. Meine Tibetreise. Stuttgart. Talbot, P. A. 1912. In the Shadow of tbe Bush. London. Tegg.rt, F. J. 1918. The Proces!leS of History. New Haven. Teil, J. 1900, The Thompson Indians of British Columbia. A.M.N.H. Mem.,II. 1909. The Shuswap. Ibid" IV. Thalbit:r:cr, W. 1914. The Ammassalik Eskimo. Copenhagen. Theal, G. Me. Ig07. History and Ethnolography of Africa South of the Zambesi. London. Thomson, Basil. 1908. The Fijians. London. Thumwald, R. 1910. Das Rechtsleben der Eingeborenen der deutscben SUd .. sceinseln. Berlin. 1911. Ermittlungen Ubcr Eingeborenenrechte der Sildsee. Z. vgl. R. XXIII, 309-364. Torday, E., and Joyce, T. A. 1910. Lcs Bushongo. Brussels. Tregear, E, 1904. The Maori Race. Wangani. Turner, B, 1884. Samoa, London. Tylor, E. B. I 88l), On a Method of InveStigating the Development of Institutions; applied to Laws of Marriage and Descent. J ,A, I., XVIII, 245-272. The Matriarchal Family System. Nineteenth Century, XL, 81-96. Von den Steinen, 1(, 1~7' Unter den NaturvOlkern Zentral-Brasiliens. Berlin, WaitE. Th" and Gerland, G. IS7l. AnUlropologie der NaturvOlker. VI. Leipzig. PRIMITIVE SOCIETY

Webster. H. 1908. Primitive Secret Societies. New York. Weule, K. ' 1908. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse meiner ethnographiscben Forschungsreise in den Siidosten Deutsch-Ostafrikas. Berlin. WhiffeD, T. 1915. The Northwest Amazons. New York. Wilson, G. L. 1917. Agriculture of the Hidatsa Indians. University of Minnesota. Studies in the Social Sciences, NO.9. Minneapolis. Wissler, C. 1911. The Social Life of the Blackfoot Indians. A.M.N ,H., VII, ,-64· Zahn, H. . Die Jabim. in Neuhauss, Deutsch Neu-Guinea, III, 289-394. INDEX

Adolescent ceremonies, for , Zealand, 326 : in primitive. 30S· society, 340. See Caste. Adoption, Andaman Islands and Associations, 245-321, 371)-81: in Torres Straits, 158; of children, Andamans, 247 seq.; co·existing 74; part played in Sib member­ with Sibs among Crow, 412 seq.: ship, 101)-110. dcfined, 245; historical survey Adultery, punishment for, 401-402, of, 245-247; rarity in Asia, 297 ; 410. relation to political organization, Age.classc9, 300-306, and four 380 f.; relation to Sibs, 245, class system, 256; Cunow on, 250; theory of, 284-323: varie­ 245; Hidatsa, 280. 281; Masai, ties of, 306-310: women's 259, 260·261, 261-:163, 280-281 : Hidatsa, 281-282: women's, in Omaha., 308: Plains Indian, 320- North America, 292. 321; in Schurtz's scheme, 285- Autocracy, African rulers, 361, 287. 289, 301-306; secondary, 362; Natchez, 368. 30S-309, 315, 318, Avoidance, Frazer's interpretation Age, factor, in African and Ameri­ of rules of, 86, 88, 91"2; parent­ can tribes, 301-302; factor in in-law, Tylor's interpietation of, Australian organization, 252,303; 81)-92; psychoanalytc motiva­ factor, Dakota Comrades, 306; tion in parent·in-law taboo, 86- factor, within the family, 301; 89. factor Plains military societies, , 237; defined, 77-80; 309 : grading by, Andaman and cross- marriage, 163; Islands, 247: purchase and rank, examples of usages connected in Plains Indian societies, 3 Il- with, 78-,9: and matrilineal and 31 5. patrilineal descent, 162-164; in Age.grades, A ustralian class system, Oceania, 169: and privileged 256-258; Hidatsa, 278. familiarity, 95. Ago·groupings, plains societies, 310- 3n. Bachelor's Kraals, Masai, 260-261. Age-societies, Plains Indian, 310- Bachelors segregated, Andamans, 321: interpreted 320 f. See also 247. 302 f.; Australia, 252: Age-classes. Bororo. 41; Masai. 47. 259; Agriculturo and horticulture, 184. North America, 304; Zulu, 303, 18S, 187-188; division of labor 360• in, 11; woman's share in, 152, Baden-Powell, on joint ownership 169. 174-175. 208. • of land in India. 221 f. Allia.nces, between North American Bandolier. on Mexican land tenure, tribes, 373-374. 208_ f. . Animo.l no.'lnes for Sibs, Admiralty Betrothals, infant, 11, 49 . hlands. 114; Buin, 114. 130- Bilateral family, universality of, 131: Iroquois, 135-136-: Winne­ 74· bago, I U : Northwest Coast Bilateral kin group, 61-64. moieties. 121. Blood feuds, 354, 386, 390, 400. Aristocracy, basis among Plains Blood·kin, prohibition against Indians. 326-327: basis. New marriage of, 14-15. HI 442 INDEX

Blood-money. 390. ship 01, 220-227; privileges, Boas. on totemism, 132, 137; on transfer and ownership of, 228- Tripartite organization of North­ 232. west Coast tribes. 129-130. Ceremonies, for absolution from Borough-English. See Junior- taboos, Adamans, 24&-249 ; right. women's position in, 187-188. Bravery, influence on prestige, Chattels, laws relating to, 222-224. Bagobo, 328; Masai. 327-328; Chiefs, Africa, 2 10-2 II, 336, 356 New Zealand, 327; Plains Indian, seq., 409, 410; Algonkian. 370; 3 2 5. Australia, 346; California, 328- Bride-price. and . in North 32 9 • 390; Crow, 370-371 ; America, 19-2 I; Kai. 19; in­ Dieri, 248; Marshall Islands, fluence of patrilocal and matri­ 351-352 ; Melanesia. 353; local residence, 68-70; influence Natchez, 337-339, 368-369 ; New of practice of , 40; Guinea, 355; New Zealand. 217. Thanga. 19-20. 331-332, 34S-350; North Bride-purchase in Siberia, 168-169. America, 370-373; Northwest -in-law and sister-in-law, Coast of North America, 339, privileged familiarity between, 36S-369; Oceania, 214-218, 331 95,96. seq., 348 seq.; Plains Indian, Brother-sister marriage, 14. 325; Polynesia, 214, 331 ; Brown, on Australian family, 63- Samoa, 333. 349-351; Solomon 64; on Australian kinship usages, Islands, 354-355. 76-77; aD Australian four-class Chieftaincy, succession of, Buin, system. 256. 115· Bull-roarer, 253-254. 298-299; its Children, adoption of, 74; individ­ equivalent, 267. ual ownership of property, 222- Bundles, ceremonial, Hidatsa, 282, 223 ; relations with maternal 292. , 7&-79; relations with Burial customs, influence on rules paternal kin, 79-80; status, in of inheritance. 233. matrilocal . 67, 68 ; status, in matrilocal and patri­ Caste, 331-341; affects prestige, local residence, 150; status in 327, 331 seq., 338 seq., 34S-353; patrilocal household. 67, 68; affects property rights, 223 ; tendency to stabilize marriage. system, Marshall Islands, '2 I 6, 66. 351-352. Chronology, family and Sib, 139- Caste. system., 331-341; affects 142. 157; levirate, sororate and prestige, 327. 331 seq .. 353 seq .. sib. 155-.66; matrilineal and 34S-353; affects property rights, patrilineal stages of culture, 223; Africa. 335-339; Maori, 160-174. 331-333; Marshall Islands, 217, Civil law, Kafir. 4°&-410; paucity 351-352; Natchez, 337-339; of, 383. New Zealand, 327; Northwest Circumcision. Masai initiation. 259- Coast, 339-341; Polynesia, 331 ; .261. . Samoa, 333-335. Clans. defined. lOS. See Mother­ Ceremonial chambers, Pueblo, 295; Sibs. functions of Sibs, Il3-II4, 120: Classes, distinction of, by primitivl!: life, Hidatsa, parental kin in, 62 ; man, 324; social. Africa, 335- objects, ownership and tran'Sfer 337; New Zealand, 332-333; of, 228; organisations, Zuiii, 269- Northwest Coast, 339-354 ; 270 ; paraphernalia, 260, 266, Samoa, 333-335. 277; privileges, individual owner- C)ass system, AustIalia, Z54-258. INDEX 443

Clubs. graded. Banks Islands. 263- Crimes, Australian methods of 26S ; graded, Oceania. 303 ; dealing with. 393-395; collect­ military. Crow, 275-278: in ive responsibility for, 385-387; Schunz.'s scheme, 287: secular. expiation for, 393-394; recog­ Crow. 274-275. See also Men's nized, in Austra.lia, 394-395: Clubs, Secret Societies, Men's recognized by Omaha, 402; and Tribal SocIety. torts, 384, 387 seq., 408; volun... Collateml inheritance, 238 f., 357. tary and involuntary. 387-388. Collective ownership, of property, Criminal law, Kafir, 408-4[0; Hidatsa, 208. motive, 387-388. Collective responsibility. for crime, Crdss--cousin, defined, 24; marriage, 385-386: Africa, 404. 408; in distribution, 24-27; marriage, Australia, 393; lfugao. 397-399. discussion of origin of. 26-29; Communal bunting. Plains Indians, marriage, and the avunculate, 370-37 . [63; marriage, influence on Communism,' primitive, 19$-200: classificabon of kinship. 29-30: ba.scd on communal solidarity, marriage, and sib exogamy. 140; 198; co-existcnt with individual· privileged familiarity between. ism, 199 t., 206, 2U; connected 94· with food, 200; distinguished eunow, on age-classes. 245. 254; from joint ownership. 196; dis· on Austrahan class system, 255- tinguished from hospitality and 258 ; on Hawaiian kinship moral obligations, 197: as to systems, 55-56. land, :U8-222. Compensation, for crimes, 389-390. Dance organizations, Omaha. 308. 4°9. Democracy. East African, 265; Composition. See were gild. Masai, 336: in North America. Comrades, Dakota, a fonn of 209-2'0. 324-325. 337. 368. 370; association. 306. and primitive society. 314-376. Consanguine family. 53-55. Descent, Khasi, 18[; Maori, 331- Convergence, 420 f.; junior right. 332 : matrilineal influence on a case of, 242. position of women, [80; matri­ Convergent evolution, 242: Siber~ lineal and patrilineal, 157-175: inn parent~in·law taboo, 98--99; Melanesian. 379-380; Plains in teknonymy, 103 j in totemism, Indians. IIS-Jl9: rules of. 168: '33· rules of. influence on inheritance, Council, governing, Africa, 358, 164. 236: rnles of, sib systems 362 f.; America. 372 f. j Austra­ east of the Mississippi. 116-117: lia, 343. 344 f.; Central Australia, rules of, and transmission of 345-346 j as Court. 407; Dieri. property. 158-159. 344-345; Ewe, 363; IroquoiS, Despotism. Africa, 213, 356, 359' 373; Natchez, 368; Northwest 363 seq.; Hawaii and Marshall Coast, 369; Omaha, 402; Samoa Islands. 216, 351 f. 349; ThonRa. 35~359. Diffusion, 421 f.; age-societies, Court etiquette, Ewe, 363; pro~ 31S; and the avuDculate, [62- cedure. ~06 $8q.; Thonga. 359• 163: of culture, explanation of . Court~, Uganda, 411. theory of, 8-12; of resemblances Cousin,. cla::osification into parallel in sib systems east of MissiSsippi, or cross, 127. 116-117 : importance in aU Cousin-marriage, 14-17. problems. 289; influence on Couvade, 165-166. cultured traits, 167; influence on Crests, Northwest Coast tribes, 131- elaboration of graded aeries of 12a. lOcieties. 3[5-319: junior-right 4H INDEX

usage, 242; levirate, sororate, Familiarity. privileged. 93-94. and sib, 155-156 ; parent-in~ Family. the. 60-73: bilateral char­ law taboos. 80-83. 84-87. 88- acter of, 60-61, 105. 139: indi~ 89 : and Schartz's scheme. 389; vidual, a social unit, 63 ; influence of teknonymy, 102. of avunculate on, 78-79; life, Devination. 392. 408. influence of kinship usages on, Divorce, 18, 65. 66, 67. 77: polygynous, 41-420; priority Domestication of animals. a mascu- of the, 139-148: and sib, dis­ line achievement, 71, 174-175. tinction between, 106-107; unit. ,85. looseness of. 64-65. Dual organization, and Dakota Fatherhood, determination of. in . 127. 128: fraternal polyandry. 44-45. defined. IIZ; simplest conceiv­ Father-sibs, defined, 106; develop­ able, 128; Southwestern sib ment of, in Siberia, 169; exo­ system, 120. gamous, II 2, II4. 129. 167. Father's sister, social relations with nephew, 79. Economic, basis of marriage, 61- Feasting societies, O_naha, 308. 63 ; conditions, influence on Feuds, Eskimo, 400; lfugao, 397. matrilocal Of , Fines. 395 seq .• 387-388. 409. 4'0. 68, 6g; interpretation, of woman's Four-class system, Australia, 255_ position, 184-191 ; interpretation Fraternities, Zufii and Hopi, 270- criticised, 341. 273, 322. Elder's class, Australia, rule of, 345. Frazer, on the levirate, 58; on , defined; tribes having, rules of avoidance, 86, 88, 92; 15-16, 152. on social behaviour of relatives Endogamous, groups, 28; moieties, by blood and marriage. 95-96; 1'25-126, 129. on teknonymy, 102; on totem.. Environment, examples of adapt­ ism. 133-135. ation to, 7-8. Friere-MatTeco, on Pueblo fa.mily Ethics. and law, differences between, life. 67. Plains Indians, 197-198. Freud, on psycho-analytic motiva~ Evidence. 388. 39'-393. tion of parent-in-law taboos, Evolutionary doctrine, influence on 86-89. theories of social phenomena. Fruit trees, special ownership law 52-53· in Africa. 213; in Oceania, 21,5. Exogamy, effect on marriage customs, 140: Blackfoot. II9- , Polynesian, 332. 120; Crow, 107; defined. 15; Gentes, defihed, 105. See father­ and endogamy. not mutually sibs. exclusive, examples, 16;: Gros Gerontocracy, Australia. 345-346. Ventre, 119: Hupa, 106; Ghost~organizations, Banks Islands, Iroquois. 107; law of. 107-108; 265. 294-295. 349· and lesser and greater sibs, 125; Gifford. on Miwok Cross-cousin Melanesia. 100: Miwok. 107; . marriage. 26. 28-29; Miwok and the sib system. 108: in sibs kinship terms. 38; on sib sys-­ east of Mississippi, 116; and tems of California, 121. totemism, 133-134: Zufii sibs, Goldenweiser, on totemism, 132':" 120. '34. '35· Exogamous groups, Northwest Government, Africa, 355-368 ; Coast tribes. 123: quarters, Australia. 345-347; democracy Northwest Coast tribes, 122. . and primitive organizations, 374 Expiatory combat. 393-394. .seq.; Melanesia and New Guinea, INDEX 445

353-355; North America, 36S- Individual ownership, of chattels, 314; Polynesia and Micronesia, 222-223; in general, 195-200, 347-353· 222, 224. 232; Hottentot, 205; Gra.des, of age-series explained, incorporeal pr.operty, 224 seq.; in 31S seq.; of Masai men, 259; India, 221 f.; Kirgiz, 206; of of Melanesian club. 263 seq.: land, Africa, 2]0-21 I; Australia, Melanesia and Hidatsa com­ 204; Fiji, 215-216; Northeast pared, 278 f. See also ~ge .. Algonkians. 200: Torres Straits, classes. 215-216; Vedda, 204; Zufti,207. Group, marriage, 38, 46, 51, 57- Industrial occupation, sexual divis­ 59; ownership of property, 196. ion of labor in, 71, Guilds, Cheyenne women's, 292. Infanticide, female. 44, 45-46 ; influence on polyandry, 44. 45. Hartland, on priority of matrony.. Inheritance, 232-244; ceremonial mic system, 162. privileges. III ; chieftancy. Headman, california tribes, 3a8, Solomon Islands. 354; collateral, 329. '1.38-239; conjugal, 234; and Historical method, in ethnology, descent, 158-160,239: fraternal, 4-7· Arapaho, 339; fraternal, Thonga, Hobhouse. on bride-buying peoples, 357-358; hereditary and acquired 24; on maternal-paternal des­ property, '1.32; Hidatsa., 23Z- cent, 171-173; on pa.storal life 233; Hopi, 207; hunting and woman's status, 184' grounds, Algonkians, 203; in­ Hollis, on East African sibs, 130. corporeal property, 226-2.28, 231; House ownership, Hopi women, influence on marriage customs, 206-207· 234; influence of sib on rules of, Hunting territories, joint and indi­ 234-236; land in Melanesia, 214- vidual ownership of, 201-205: 216; Kai, '1.3z, 233; multiple, owned by Hopi sibs, III. 235 f., 239; Northwest Coast, 340; in Oceania,' 170-171; In-Breeding, primitive repugnance Ostyak, IC)O-I91, 234; primo­ for, 14-IS. geniture, 4137 f.; property, Ewe Incest. crime in Australia, 394-395 ; women, 19; reindeer herds, 234 ; funda.mental social law preclud­ rules, Chukchi and Koryak. 168; ing. 99-100; result of sophisti­ rules, cross- a cated civilization, 55; universal result of, 28-29; rules. Eskimo. taboo aga.inst. 14-16. 241-242; sib. 234 f.: Torres Incorporeal property, 224. 232; Straits Islands. 217. 232; by Andamans, 225; hereditary and women, 233. non-hereditary, 227, 228 f.; and Initiation rites. Andamans, 247- individual ownership, 231 : 249; Arunta, 304; Australia, Korya.k. 225; Nootka, 227; 252-254; Banks Islands. 263, Plains Indians, '1.27 s~q.: Torres 266-268; boys. Solomon Islands, Straits. 215. 256; and bull-roarer, 297-300; Independent development, 341. Crow Tobacco societies, 273- 419; Blackfoot-Gros Ventre sib 275: difiusion of, 300: Masai, scheme: 119; castes in Polynesia 259-263, 305; Melanesia, 263, and the Northwest Coast, 340- 353; not tribal in North America. 341; cross-cousin marriage. :&3- 304: Zufti, a6g. 29; examples of, in various Instability of family unit, 64-66. phrasea of culture, C)-U: name taboo, 84: theory explained, Joint ownership, of property. 196. 8-u. Joking·relative., 370-37" 446 INDEX

Joking-relationship, Crow and Kroeber. analysis of Southwe!tern Hidatsa, 95, 96. . sib system, 120; on Pacific Coast Junior levirate. distribution, 30- separations, 372-373; on Pueblo 31; parallel to, in the sororate, ceremonial organization, 270. 34-35; taboos connected with. 269-73; on Pueblo matrilocal 97, 98, 99; theory of origin, 33. units, 70; on sibs and societies, Junior-right, 239-243; and COD­ 270 seq. vergence, 243 ; with primo­ geniture, 239 f. Justice, Africa, 304-411 ; Australia, Labor, sexual division of, 63, 70- 393-395 ; Eskimo, 399-401 ; 71, 152-153, 178-179, 189, 192- Ifugae, 395-399; Plains Indians, 193; Andamans, 250; import­ 401-403; Polynesia, 403-404. ance in social history of mankind, 174; Kirgiz, 73; Thonga, 73; Kin, alignment, in matrilocal resi ... Toda,7J. dence, 67-69; 182-184; in Land, African tribes, ownership patrilocaJ residence, 66-67 ; of, 211-215; Australian attitude mother's and father's, 77-80. toward ownership, 203-204 ; com­ Kings, 335, 351, 356 s"1'; Africa, munal ownership of, 196. 220; 336; Dahomi. 366-367; Ewe, division of conquered, New 362-363, 364; Hawaiian, 403; Zealand. 217-218; hereditary, powers of. 345; supreme judge, 214-215; joint ownership of, 403, 410; Thonga, 357-358; 218-219, 220, 221; joint owner­ Yoruhaland, 367; Zulu"359-361. ship. Ifugao, z18; ownership, in Kinship. avunculate a definite type ancient Mexico, 208--209; owner­ of, 163-164; basis of the sib, ship by sib denied, 206-207; 105 ; classification, influence on ownership in South America. cross-cousin marriage, 30; group, 209-210; tenure, 201-222; as judicial body, 383; Hidatsa, tenure, Africa, 211-215; tenure 62, 80; and law, lfugao. 377- in America, 200-210; tenure, 378. 395-399: organization, see feudal, 214. 217; tenure among sib; and political organization. hunting tribes, 201-205; tenure, 381 ; among , 108 ; Ifugao, 218-220; tenure. systems, distinguishing linea.! and India, 220-222 ; tenure, indi­ collateral kin, 147; Hawaiian, vidual or communaL 20 I seq., 55-56; influence of sib organiz­ 218-222; tenure, among pastoral ation upon, 154; terminology, peoples, 205 f., tenure in Australian. 257; Dakota, 57, Oceania. ZI5-2I8; tenure, 58, 108-109: Dakota and the among tillers, 206-222; transfer, sib. 127. 153. 157;~ Crow. 57;' in Africa generally. 211; trans­ Crow sib-mates, 111; as evidence fer, among Ewe, 213; transfer, of universality of the family' Fiji. 216; transfer, Ifugao. 219- unit, 61; factor in marriage pro­ 220; transfer, impossible in hibitions, IS; Hawaiian, 54. Mexico. 209. 144-145; Hidatsa, 57; inftuenc­ Laufer, on primitive ceramics, 71- ed by levirate and sororate, 35- . 72; on Chinese family life, 72. 36; influence of sib, 107; Miwok Laws, civil, 383; criminal, 383- Paviotso, IS; Siberian, 98; 385; Ewe, 363; fundamental, Yahi, 34-35; Wishram, 34; precluding incest, 100; socia­ reciprocal. 258; Thonga, .6L; .logical and historical. see unilinear Torres Straits Islanders, 62; evolution; underlying civiliza- usages, 76-104. . tiOD. 4-6. Kohler, on . 57. l:-gue of the Iroquois, 373-374' INDEX H7 ugends, local, proprietorship of, Masked Dancer Society, Zuni, 2-25· 269-270. Legislative functions, primitive Mate, means of acquiring, 16-24. communities, 343. Maternal uncle, relations with Levirate, 148, 165; Crow. 97: nephew. 7F>-19. defined. 18; distribution of, Mating, preferential, 24-36. 30-34; Frazer interprets as a Matriarchate. the, 180-182 : relic of group marriage, 58; Iroquois, 181; among Kha.sJ., Hidatsa. ao ; in6uence on lBo, 181; Dot consequence of Dakota terminology, 108; in­ mother-sibs, ISo f,; Pueblo, fluence on kinship classifications, 181. 57, 154-156; influence of Matrilineal descent, influence of marriage by purchase. 32; in­ property rights upon. 151; Hopi. fluence on social relations. 77. .67; Northwest Coast tribes. , importance in the North­ 121; Zulli, 120. west Coast, 339-341. Matrilineal groups, 159. Licensed stealing, 64-65. Matrilineal kinship group, influence Live stock. property rights in con­ of matrilocal residence on, ISO- nection WIth. 223-224, 151. Magic formulas, individual Matrilocal marriage, influence on ownership of, 225. parent-in-law taboos, 89, 91. Matrilocal residence, 150: causal Majority vote, absence of. 355, 372. connection with teknonymy. 102, Maine, comparison of rude and 103; Eskimo, 6g; Hidatsa. 68 j mature jurisprudence: Crimes Hopi, 40, ISS; in6uence on and torts, 383 seq.; on collective kinship system, 155; influence ownership, 196: historical on practice of polygyny, 40; method. 433; on inheritance of Kai, 97 ~ Khasi, 68; Ovambo, land, 232 i on joint ownership, 68; Pueblo, 183; and woman's especially of land. 196, 220; on position, 182-183; Yukaghir. political organization of society, 68-69•• 69 •• 83· 376-377· Matrilocal tribes, 66-68. Maitland. on diffusion and socio­ Matronymic groups, 61-62. logical laws, 422. McLennan, on Hawaiian kinship Mamage, 13-30; on the Amazon, system. 56. 156-157; Australian, 254-256; Men's clubs, Crow, 274; Melanesia, by capture. :12-23; economic 263-26i ; see also military basis of, 01-04: by exchange, societies, Associations, secret 16; form of, Dieri. 49-52; societies. Hups, 60-68; individual. not Meo's clubhouse. Banks Islands, intluenced by sexual communism, 263-264 ; genetic connection 47, 48, 49; Kai, 78; Karicra, with bachelor's dormitory, 245. 163; Koryak. :n; Makonde. Men's bouse, 18?-I88, 286, 293. 78; by mutua,l consent, 22-23: 29i. 295. 30'-303. 30i. 354; Natchez, 338; prohibitions, 14- in Schurtz's scheme. 286. 16 i by' purchase, 16. 18-:.10, Men's tribal society, in Australia. ;11-23; bstyak, 190-191; Rein· 2S I; Melanesia, 263; Pueblo deer Chukchi. 190; regulations, Indians, 26g. Australian, 100 ; regulations, Menstruation, primitive borror of, Melanesia, 100; regulations for '93· relatives, by Bo-9:1: Thonga, Merker, on African sibs, 130. 78; Tibetan. 44; transfer of Military associations, Crow. 27.5- property in, 95; Zulu, 360; 378; Hidatsa, 27cr28:z; clubs. 448 INDEX

Hidatsa, 230 : orga.nisations, exogamous, Crow, IIO ; and Hidatsa, 278-279; renown, quest father-sibs, 157-175; Hopi, 110, for, Bagobo. 327; Masai. 328; II I; relative priority of, in New Zealand, 327; Plains Oceania, 170. Indians, 325. 327; societies, Motive. criminal, 387 f. Crow, 275. 278; societies, Murder, not always a crime, 394; Hidatsa, 279 seq., 328 seq. in the Plains. 401; punishment Moieties, Australian, 254-255; and for. 391, 400-401, 402, 403. Dakota type of kinship nomen­ clature, 127; defined. 112; Names, animals, for sibs, 130-131 : Eastern North America, and a voidance of use of, of those plains sibs, II 8-II9; exogamous under taboo, 81-84; Eastern patrilineal, . Miwok. 113; exo­ North American sibs, lIB; indi­ gamous and non-exogamous, 125- vidual ownership of, 129, 130; 126 ; group, sibs east of the individual and personal, Iroquois Mississippi. II6-II7; Iroquois, sibs, 135-136; ,Miwok moieties, 125; Northwest Coast tribes, 113; Mohegan sibs, 124; per­ 129-130; theory of origin of. sonal, Miwok. II3; sibs, Crow, 128-130; VVUrrnebago, 112. _ 124; sibs, Hopi, III; sibs, east Monarchical government, Africa. of the Mississippi, II6, II7; 355-356; Congo. Ewe. 362- taboos, 85-86, 100-101; Winne­ 366; Thonga. 356-359; Yoruha­ bago father-sibs, 112-113. land. 367-368; Zulu. 353-355. Naming customs, 79. So, II3. Monarchy. and land law, 211, 214. Nicknames for social units, 110, 119. See Kings, Despotism, Chiefs. , Andamans, 158; Eskimo, 39; Hopi, 40; Rai, 40; Oaths, 391. 392; Ewe, 407-408. Kikuyu. 39 ; Kirgiz, 40 ; Ordeals, 391, 392, 398, 404. 405. Yukaghir. 40; Zuni, 40. 408; Australian initiation. 253 ; Morgan, atomistic theory of society. Banks Islands, 268, 269; Ewe, 405-406; Hawaii, 404; Masai, 245. 32~ 37~ 4'4; cf. .nth Schurtz, 288 seq.; criticism of his 404; Masai, 259: Thonga, 408. theories on the family and the Orphans, status among primitive sib, .139-143; on democracy. peoples, 10-11. 341, 374: on descent and trans­ mission of property. 160: on Parallel . 27; defined, 24; development of human marriage, marriage tabooed between, 157. 52-59; on development of lesser Parellelism. See Independent and greater sibs, 123-124; on the development. exogamic sib, 139-140; on group Parent-in·law taboos, occurrence marriage, 57-58; inadequacy of in different regions, 81-82, 83, his scheme of organisation of 84. 88--89. 9B--99, 100-101. primitive society. 245; on the Parsons, rejects Frazer's theory of levirate. 58; on marriage, 52- social taboos, 99; on telmonymy,' 58: on origin of sib organisation, . 250. • 116; on primitive democracy. Pastoral life, women's status in, 324.336-337.374-375; on primi­ 184, 186, 189· ,. tive political organisation, 376. Paternal kin, usages connected 377; on priority of matrilineal .nth. 77. 7

Patrilocal, groups, of women, 151- economic conditions, 38, 40, 43. 153; residen(:e, 67-70; residence Polygyny, 195; analysis among on the Amazon, 156; residence, Reindeer Koryak, 41-42; defined among the Australians, 152-153 ; 38; distribution, 38-39, 41, 42, reaidcnce, Eskimo, 69; residence, 46 ; economic conditions in­ Hupa, 106, 148-150.; residence, fluenced, 41-42; limitation by Koryak, 68-69; residence, in­ matrilocal residence, 68-69 ; fluence on parent-in-law taboo, motives for, 40-42. 9o-ql; residence, among matri­ Population, proportion of male and lineal people, 150; residence, in female, Eskimo, 38-39; Toda, Oceania" 171; residence, Siberia, 44-45· 169; tribes, 67-68. Potential mates, licensed familiarity Patronymic groups, 60-61, 62. between, 97. Pawnill~, of la.nd, 219; of person, Preferential mating, distribution, 22"~-.l.l4· 16-17. Pcar~on, on sociological laws, 4, Primogeniture, 237-244; Maori, 4 2 3. 331; New Zealand, 330, 348; Penalties, exacted for crimes, 386- Nootka, 340, 341; Samoa, 335; 87, 403. Thonga, 357-358. Phill>rick. on the sib. 105. Privileged familia.rity, 94-96, 98. Plundering expeditions, against Progress, 424 seq. criminal, 403-404. Prohibitions, marriage, 14-16. Polke organiza.tion, Plains Indians, Property, 195-244; collective 371-372, 401 f. ownership of, 196; concepts, Pohtical functions. Ostyak sibs, 113- basis of levirate, 32-33; con­ 114; Winnebago, sibs, I I 2, 114- veyance, by Ewe, 213; and 1J.5. cross-cousin marriage, 29; Crow, Politil'll.l organizations, 344 ; 159; Hidatsa, 159; and the ACnea, 210-215. 355-368; Hopi sib, III; individualowner­ America, 210; and associations, Ship of, 198; inheritance of. 180, ]80 f.; Australia, 345-347; 181; infiuencc aD rank on North­ H1\kuba., 36~367; co-existence west Coast, 340; Navaho, 159; with !ooibs, 378 seq.; Dahomi, ownerShip by woman, 152, 153; 3h5-366: dclinC'd, 344-345; Ewe ownership, Yuchi. 207; owner­ 36:l-jh4; lack of, among !fugao, ship. ZunI, 207; rights, Banks 376-377; Maine's and Morgan's Island Club, 264-265; rights, tlwory of, 375. 376; Melanesia influence on establishment of and New Guinea, 353-355 ; unilateral lines of kin, 156-157; Natchez. 36<}; Nrw Zealand, rights. influence of sib orga-niza· 34tl-34<), 3.51; Northwest C6ast, tion. 234-237; rights, New 309-370; in Oceania.. 21; Samoa, Zea.land, 217-218; rights of 218, 349-353; Thonga, 3.5~ women, 192; sale of, Ewe, 213: 3.5<); Yorubaland. 367; Zulu, transmission of, means of estab· .H9-363· lishing unilateral descent, J 48-151, Pohtkal society. Schurtz on origin' 158; transmission of Morgan's of, 31lo-38l. theories, on, 157; transmission, Polyandry~ 43-46, IQ6: Chukchi. among patrilineal and matri­ 50; distribution of, 43; econ­ lineal tribes, J 58-I 59. omic influence on, 43-44; fra.­ Psychologica.l interpretation for ternal VIl.ricty, 44-46; l'oda. 47. cultural data, 88-89. 15M. Puberty, in North America, 304· Pohgamv. 3tl-S9, 19.5: defined, 305; coincident with initiation, 3M; influenn'cJ by bloJoGical and 249. 1.97. See Initiation. GG 450 INDEX

Public opinion. in primitive society. Sex dichotomy, 187, ,188. 251, 2~3, force of. 370-37'. 384. 393. 395. 290-300, 303; In Australia, seq. 246; Banks Islands, 263. Punishment for crimes, lfugao. Sexes, segregation of. 292-293, 399; Uganda, 411. 294 ; Africa, 297; Andaman Purchase, ceremonial privileges, Islands, 247, 303-304; Australia, plains age-societies, 314: COD­ 251, 297; California, 294: Chip­ cept, in marriage, 20-21, 22; ewyan, 295 ; ldasai, 259 : of foreign societies, infiuence on Melanesia, 297. graded systems in the plains, Sexual communism, 47-52; Aus­ 315-317; importance in entrance tralia, 49-52; Bororo, 47, 48; to Hidatsa military organisations, Chukchi. 48-49. 5' ; hypo­ 27S-279; 280; membership in thetical. 52-59; Masai. 47-78; club, 231, 264. 273. 278-279. Toda,51. .87. 310. Shamanism, 328-331; in Australia, 395; in North America, 394- Rank. 334-34'. 395· Reciprocal services, between Sibs, 105-138; Australia, 148, 378- moieties, 126-127. 379; Crow, 123; and Dakota Relations, social, relatives by blood terminology, 153-157; defined, and marriage, 76-77. 105-106, 149; and democracy , Religious functions, Ostyak sibs, in primitive organisations, 374- tI 3-1I 4. 376; diffusion in Australia, 144; Ritualism, Hopi, influence on sib diffusion in North America, 115- system, I I I; importance of 123. 142, 144. 167: distribution Iroquois woman in, 187-188; of, 140; distribution in Asia, Toda women excluded from. 178. l.4.3; diversity of functions of, Rituals, individual ownership of, 115-116; exogamous matrilineal, 226. Buin, 1I4; exogamous, Morgan's Rivalry. Crow military associations, theories concerning, 139-140: '77--'278. exogamous patrilineal, 114-115; Rivers, on Dakota type of kinship fundamental units of Crow social tenninology and the sib system, organisations, 124; of higher 108; on kinship usages. 77. 79; order, 123-130; history of the, on Polynesian and Melanesian 139-175; inferior, 33~337. 375- sib systems, 146; theory of 376; Iroquois, 135, 373-374; origin of cross-cousin marriage. Kariera., association with plants 28; on Toda exogamous mar~ and animals, 131; linked, 120. riages, 129. 123. 124: Masai, 258-259; mem­ Royalty. Africa. 335 f.; in North bership in, influence of marriage America, 337 f.; and ownership on, 109; organisation, Blackfoot. of lands. 210-211, 213-214;' 1I8; organisation. California, Polynesia. 332-333. 121; organisation, Gros Ventre. 18; organisation, influence on. Sapir, on influence of sororate transmission of property. 196: and levirate on kinship. 34-35. organisation, lacking among Schurtz. on associations, 245; com­ Fuegians, 143; ol:ganisation pared with Morgan as to method, Masai, 258-259, 263; organisa­ 288 seq.; criticised, 291 seq.: tion, in North America. lIS-II 7 ; his scheme expounded, :184 ·seq. : organisation, and kinship systems, on politioal organisation, 380- 154; origin of lesser organization, . 381 . tripartite. ~ohegan, 124; organ~ Segregation of unmarried, 72-73. isation. relation to Pueblo fratem- INDEX 451

nitics, 270-272; organisation, culture, 424 sNJ.; Hiciatsa, 278- Siberia, 264-266: organisation, 282; inter-relations of various types of. JlO-lJ 5; organisation, aspects of, 13; intricate, found unity or diversity of origin, IIS- with rude cultures, 141; Ma.sa.i, 123; patrilineal, California, 12 I ; '58->63; Pueblo india.ns, '69- and greater units, 123-125. 148- 4 153; as proprietary unit, 206 50'7cta1 , progress, d"Istmguls , hi ng leC/..; 213. 234; restricted dis­ stages of, in Australia, 252. tnbution of unilateral, J 39 ; Social relations, influence of kinship and secret societies, 270; surviv~ usages on, 76-77. at after contract with Caucasians, Social restrictions, connection with 145· sexual restrictions, 97. Sib system, Admiralty Islands, IJ4- Social status, stages of, Masai, II 5; alleged effects on marriage definite usages linked with, 259- sy!:ltcm, 140; Blackfoot, Ilcr .60, no; Buin, Il3-II4; California, Social usages, importance of mater­ J.H-146; correlation with nal and paternal kin in, 62. Da.kota. type of kinShip termi­ Social and sexual taboos, psycho­ noJn~y, 142; Crow, 110-111; logical interpretation of, 99. 100. distribution in Africa, 143-144; Societies, graded, Plains, 312-318; diversity in North America. 119; women's, Africa, 296-297. ea!rl: of the Mississippi, 1l~1I7; Societies. secret, Africa., 296. 367, Gros Ventre, history of, IJS-Jl9; 405-406; Banks Islands, 265- Hopi, II I ; independent dcvelop­ 268 ; California, 393. 394 : m('nt throughout the world, 12:2 ; Central Algonkian, 292; Hidatsa. Kariera, 114-115; Ja.cking in the 28z; Melanesia, 265 seq., 322: Andaman Islands, 143; Melan­ Omaha, 306; Pueblo, 269; in esia, 113-114; northwestern Schum's scheme, 287. plains of North America, 117- Society membership, form of I 18; northwt"st Coast of North property, 2:29, 230 f. • . Am('rica, I2I-U2; in the South­ Songs, individual ownership of, W('st, 120; Winnebago, 112; 2:24-:225. Zuili, 120. Sorcery. Ewe. 405-406; Thonga, 408. Siblin~!I, dl'fined, 24-25; restriction Sorora.te, Crow, 97; defined. 17; of intimacy 'J:xotwt"t"n, 97; usages distribution of, 30-35; Hidatsa, connected with fa.ther's, 80. 41-42; influence on Dakota. Sin~inR cont('sts. Eskimo, 399. type of terminology. 108; in­ Sin~, nnd crimes, 385, 400. fluence on kinship tenninology Sisterl'l, exchnnRe of, in mating, 17. and classification, 57-58, 154- SlaVl'ry. 33:2 f., 336, 339. 342; ISS; influ('uce on social relations, Africa, a:u, 339; Ma.ori, 333; 77; Kariera, 17; M.organ inter­ Nnrthwl'st Coast, 339. prets as a relic of group marriage, Smith, G. Elliot. theory of origio 58, of totl'mism. 131. Speck on individually owned bunt­ Social. Rrouping, Banks Islands, ing grounds, 1.50, 153. 201 f. 26J-2b04; Masai, :i5Q. Spinsters segregated, Andamans. Sod". int~rcourst.'. restrictions in, 247· Q.I-904· , status of. in matrilocal Social orRanisation, Andaman and patrilocal residence, b~7. hland!!. 246, 247-250; Australia. 68-6<), :Z.IIju-258; Banks Islands, 263- Status tenns, in Andamao';, 247.' 2b8: Crow, 273-278; evolution 250; in Australia, 252: Masai. compared with that of material '59, 452 INDEX

Suitor's test, Arawak. 21-22 ; Trade unions, Cheyenne, 292; Koryak, 22-23. Samoan, 334. Supernatural experiences, common Tribal organisation. See Political associations based on, Plains orga.nisation, sib, 376-381 ; Indians, 306--307. Ifuga.o. 377-378. Swanton, on cross-cousio marriage. Tripartite division of society. 246. 29; on the sib. in North America, 247, 249-250, 285_ 142. TyIor, on cross-cousin ma.rriage. 27-28; on Dakota type of kin­ Taboos, barring social intercourse, ship terminology and sib system, 92-94 ; food, Australian, 252- 108; interpretations of parent­ 253; food, Toda. 71; against in-law avoidance. 89-92; on the incest, universal, 14; connected levirate, 30, 31-32, 33-34; matri­ with initiation in the Andam.a.ns. lineal and patrilineal stages of 248. 249; against killing or eating culture, 160, 175; on matrilocal totem animals, 132; kinship. residence, 150-151; on primitive 92-93 ; and license. 96--102; marriage, 33; on teknonymy. New Zealand, 348--349; Oceania 102-104. generally, 349; parent-in-law, 80-<)2, 102; Polynesian chief's Unilateral, descent, most effective prerogative, 348 f.; protection means of establishing, 148-149; of property. 266-267, 349; social reckoning of kinship, 152-153- and se,-,.-uai, correlation between, Unilinear evolution. 288 seq., 320, 99; transgression of, punishment 3zz f .• 417 f. for. 400. Teggart. on political organisation, Vision. importance of influence on 379-380. plains societies, 318; ownership Teknonymy, defined, 102 ; examples .-/ of privileges secured through, of practice, 102-1°4; explana­ 227; quest of, an individual tion of, 250; and status terms, affair in the Plains, 304-305. 250. Visionary experiences, individual Territorial organisation, Australia, character of proprietary rights, 378-379; Melanesia. 378-379. 231. See Political Organisation. Territorial rights, jealousy regard­ \Vealth. 328-331; conception of. ing. 397-380. among various peoples, 329-330; Theft, punishment for, 410. determines penalties, 388; in­ Three-class division of society, fluence on prestige, 264. 329. Ifugao. 388. 354· Thurnwald, on Buin sib system, Webster. on associations, 245. II4· Weregild. 388-391. Tobacco. planting, Crow, ownership . Wife-stealing, licensed. Crow. 65· and transfer of privilege, 229- Witchcraft and justice, 400, 405 f. 231 ; society, 273; society. , abduction of. Crow. 277- women's place in, 292. 278: exchange of, 48-49 i sur-, Torts, 384 seq. . render of. 47. Totemism, 130-138, 252; Arunta. Woman, excluded from attivities of 131; British Columbia. 132; men, 70, 71, 72; excluded from Central Australian type of, 132- mysteries, 251. 266-267; Von 133; diffusion of. 131; Golden.­ den Steinen's and Radin's explan­ weiser on, 132-133; Iroquois, ation, 291; as herd owner, 192- 135-136; theories of origin of. 193; as house owner, 181, 206, 131-132; and the sib, 134. 235; individual ownerShip of INDEX 453

property by, 222-224; inferiority influence of maternal sibs, ISo of, differences in character among seq.; influence of matrilocal Chukchi, Ostyak, and Oceanians, residence, 182; influence of 187; as inheritor, 192, 234; pastoral life, 184-186; influence isolation of, Banks Islands, 73: of stage of civilisation,· 192-194: as land owner, 204, 208. 214; influence on teknonymy, 103; as owner of chattels, 222, 234; Iroquois. 192; Kai, 19; Kirgiz, and property rights in Africa, 18; legal and real status of, 214-215; sC'grcgation of, 188; 177-178, 179; maritime and scgregation during menstruation, Reindeer Chukchi, 190-191 ; 193-194. Ostyak, 191; and property Woman, position of, 70-72, 173- rights, 192-193; in social organi­ 194; Andamans, [78-179, 184, zation, 290-300: Siberia, 178- 1(,12: Australia, ISo, 193. 251; 179: Thonga, 19; Toda, 178; Africa, 180; Bantu, 192; Central Vedda, 184, 192. Asia, 178, 192; Chinese, 179, Women's societies, African, 296; 192; Ewe. 18; influence of Cheyenne, 292; Hidatsa, 281- economic conditions, 184 s~.; 282; Pueblo, 292.