Summary of Engineering Research
This pdf file is part of the larger 2002 Summary of Engineering Research, available on the Web at http://www.engr.uiuc.edu/Publications/engineering_research/ and on CD-ROM. The Summary of Engineering Research represents the extensive engineering research program at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. The efforts of faculty, professional staff, and graduate students working on more than 1,600 projects during the calendar year 2000 are summarized in individual reports for each of 12 departments and 3 laboratories as well as the bioengineering program. This companion report introduces researchers who joined the faculty in 2001 and provides an overview of their research interests and activities.
Detailed statistics about research in the College of Engineering are included in the Directory of Engineering and Engineering Technology Programs and Research, published by the American Society for Engineering Education.
How to use the Summary of Engineering Research: Research projects are listed by title, followed by the names of the investigators and the sponsoring agencies. Projects are sorted by major topic areas. Project descriptions are brief. Additional information on each project may be obtained from the investigator in charge (denoted by an asterisk). Mailing addresses are provided on the introductory pages to each department or laboratory.
How to obtain publications: Information about technical reports is available from the Engineering Documents Center, 157 Grainger Engineering Library Information Center, 1301 West Springfield Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801 USA; http://www.library.uiuc.edu/grainger/.
Ph.D. theses can be found at the University of Illinois Library, http://www.library.uiuc.edu/. Ph.D. theses may be purchased from University Microfilms, 300 Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106 USA; http://www.umi.com.
The Summary of Engineering Research is produced by the Office of Engineering Publications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering
M. B. Bragg, Head 306 Talbot Laboratory Aerodynamics 104 S. Wright St., MC-236 Urbana, IL 61801-2958 Effect of Large-Droplet Ice Accretions on 217-333-2651 • http://www.aae.uiuc.edu Airfoil and Wing Aerodynamics and Control M. B. Bragg,* A. P. Broeren, R. Arakoni Aerospace engineering requires depth in the engineering Federal Aviation Administration, DTFA MB 96-6-023 sciences and systems integration of technology contained in vehicles for commercial aviation, space flight, and The objective of this research is to study the effect of ice national defense. Accordingly, research activities in the accretion on subsonic aircraft aerodynamics and control. Department of Aeronautical and Astronautical Ice accretion can occur in supercooled large-droplet icing Engineering encompass a wide range of technical areas in as well as in smaller droplet clouds at temperatures near aerospace engineering and related engineering disciplines. freezing. Using icing wind tunnels, ice accretions are Through its research program, the department maintains a obtained for airfoils with and without ice protection prominent position in the rapidly changing environment systems. Wind tunnel tests at Illinois and in NASA of aerospace technology while educating future engineers facilities using simulated ice accretions on an airfoil with for leadership roles in aerospace. a simple flap determine the sensitivity to ice size, shape, Active research programs include applied aerodynamics, and location as well as the role of airfoil geometry. composites, aircraft icing research, structural dynamics, Experimental results to date have explained why certain dynamic fracture, aeroelasticity, stochastic dynamics, airfoil designs are more sensitive to these ice accretions. combustion, computational fluid dynamics, chemical propulsion, electric propulsion, chemical lasers, optimal Experimental Study of Iced orbit analysis, optimal spacecraft trajectories, two-phase Airfoil Aerodynamics flow, systems and control, and wind energy. The M. B. Bragg* department promotes a strong interaction with aerospace industries and government agencies, which sponsor many NASA Glenn Research Center of its research projects. The department also maintains close cooperation in research and education with other Understanding the relationship between ice accretion departments and research laboratories in the College of geometry and the resulting aerodynamic penalty is Engineering. important for many applications, including establishing Supercomputer access, departmental workstations, and procedures to determine the most critical ice accretion high-speed networking provide new opportunities for shape for aircraft certification. Research is being computational research activities in various areas, conducted under this grant to improve our ability to including fluid dynamics, structural analyses, vehicle accurately measure and predict airfoil performance with performance simulation, space mission analyses, and simulated ice. The presence of the simulated ice causes optimization of high-energy lasers. Current major research large regions of unsteady separated flow that make initiatives include smart meso flaps for aeroelastic measurement of the aerodynamic performance and transpiration, self-healing composites, and research for the computational predictions difficult. First, this study is Center for Simulation of Advanced Rockets in the areas of using detailed measurements of the turbulent wake and a fracture problems, crack propagation, and the combustion reevaluation of the wake-survey method to improve wake processes of a solid propellant rocket system. measurement for airfoils with large unsteady wakes. Unsteady pressure measurements and PIV techniques are being used to understand the flowfield over an iced airfoil near stall.
2 * Denotes principal investigator. Laminar Airfoil Flow Control Yaw Control of a Lifting Body Reentry M. Bragg,* A. Broeren Vehicle at High Angle of Attack EideticsI M. B. Bragg,* J. Merret NASA Johnson Space Center Flow control can be used to enhance turbulent boundary layer attachment and enable longer runs of laminar flow The analysis of the yaw control of a lifting body reentry on highly optimized low-drag airfoils. Airfoils are vehicle at high angles of attack is studied. As the angle of designed and tested to develop this capability. attack of a lifting body approaches 90 degrees, asymmetric vortex shedding from the nose begins to occur, which Smart Icing Systems causes undesirable side forces on the body. This M. B. Bragg,* A. Broeren, S. Lee, J. Merret, experimental study will analyze the effect of the vortex K. Hossain, E. Whalen shedding on the control of the vehicle and develop flow NASA Glenn Research Center control strategies. A six-component balance, oscillating model mount, hot wires, and surface flow visualization This part of the larger interdisciplinary and will provide details on the flow separation and side forces interdepartmental research program addresses the created by the asymmetric vortex shedding. aerodynamic and flight mechanics research required to develop a smart icing system for aircraft. A smart icing Wind Tunnel Experiments on Meso Flaps system would sense the effect of ice accretion on the for Shock Boundary Layer Interaction aircraft performance and handling qualities and use this E. Loth,* J. C. Dutton information to provide information to the flight crew, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, operate ice protection systems, provide envelop protection, F49620-98-1-0490 and possibly adapt the flight control. The research conducted here involves developing robust aerodynamic A novel meso flap system is designed and constructed to and flight mechanic models of aircraft in icing conditions, relieve the separated flow region caused by normal shock detecting icing through changes in aircraft performance interactions on a supersonic turbulent boundary layer. and control inputs, and sensing ice accretion through The project is in cooperation with simultaneous testing to broad-area aerodynamic sensors. Fundamental research is be conducted at the Glenn and Langley NASA Research being conducted in these and other areas in support of Centers. Experimental techniques include pressure- the overall Smart Icing Systems Research Program. sensitive paint, MHz cinematic photography, and LDA Flight testing using a NASA aircraft is conducted to measurements. The meso flaps are fabricated from both develop and test the methods. conventional metal alloys and active smart materials.
Unsteady Flow about an Iced Airfoil 3-D Influence Correction Scheme M. B. Bragg,* H. Gurbacki for Application to 2-D Design NASA Glenn Research Center M. S. Selig,* M. D. Soso Ford Motor Co. The prediction of the aerodynamic performance of airfoils and wings with ice accretion is complicated by the Two-dimensional airfoils designed for racecar applications unsteady flow that exists near maximum lift. A major undergo significant performance changes when their low feature of this flow is the large separation bubble that aspect ratio, 3-D counterparts are used in the real occurs aft of the leading-edge ice horn. This experimental situation. To compensate for these changes, endplates are study will characterize the unsteady behavior of this attached to both ends of the wings. Research is being bubble using a specially constructed wind tunnel model. carried out to develop a 3-D influence correction scheme High-response pressure transducers will provide surface that incorporates the effective aspect ratio of the endplates pressures and unsteady forces while PIV, surface hot films, into the initial 2-D airfoil design. This should allow closer and hot wires in the flowfield will provide information on matching of the initial design characteristics with the flow reattachment and details of the vortex structures. final product.
* Denotes principal investigator. 3 Blade Geometry Optimization for implemented in an inverse/direct design method to the Design of Wind Turbine Rotors generate highly efficient juncture geometries for a wide M. S. Selig,* P. Giguère range of applications. National Renewable Energy Laboratory Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine Performance A computer program is being developed to facilitate the Prediction/Model Development blade design of horizontal axis wind turbines in which M. S. Selig* considerations are given to aerodynamics, structures, National Renewable Energy Laboratory noise, and cost. Given a set of design requirements and constraints, the program provides optimum blade Noticeable discrepancies exist between wind turbine field geometries for minimum cost of energy. To capture the test data and predicted power output from the blade design trade-offs between competing objectives, the element/momentum methods. Power is typically program has a multiobjective optimization capability. underpredicted at high wind speeds and overpredicted at The program relies on a genetic algorithm-based low wind speeds. These discrepancies can be attributed to optimization method and uses the PROPID code for induced effects that are not properly accounted for by the rotor performance analysis. Overall, the proposed classical Prandtl tip-loss model. A more accurate and method is an efficient engineering tool to retrofit or computationally efficient tip-loss model will be developed design new wind turbine blades. based on results from two state-of-the-art vortex-method rotor codes and recent field test data. The new model will Correcting Inflow Measurements then be integrated into existing performance prediction from Wind Turbines methods used in design. M. S. Selig* National Renewable Energy Laboratory Hybrid Wing Design to Simulate Full-Scale Ice Accretion In order to provide accurate performance data for wind M. S. Selig,* S. V. Uppuluri turbine design codes, 3-D field data must be tabulated in NASA Glenn Research Center terms of sectional angles of attack. A 3-D lifting-surface inflow correction method (LSIM) is being developed, Aircraft wing ice accretion depends on several factors, but using a vortex panel code, to correct the measured local the most important is the airfoil leading-edge geometry flow angles to angles of attack. The method has been where the ice first accretes. Owing to myriad scaling tested using hypothetical 3-D data, based on field issues, full-scale tests are highly desirable, but the costs are measurements from the National Renewable Energy often prohibitive. An approach has been devised for Laboratory (NREL) and wind tunnel data from the airfoils (2-D) that has the advantages of full-scale tests Technical University of Delft. LSIM has been used to without the associated costs. In particular, the full-scale correct 3-D data from the combined experiment rotor leading edge is tested along with a foreshortened aft at NREL. section. This methodology is being extended to wings whereby a modified portion of the wing can be tested at Development of a Method for the Design conditions that simulate those of the full scale at a fraction of Aerodynamically Efficient Juncture of the cost of full-scale testing. Geometries M. S. Selig,* B. A. Broughton Low Reynolds Number Airfoil Private gifts Design and Wind Tunnel Testing M. S. Selig,* B. A. Broughton, C. A. Carroll The design of junctures such as wing/fuselage intersections Private gifts has traditionally followed a trial-and-error approach, which does not always guarantee an optimal juncture This research deals with enhancing the performance of geometry. It is believed that a design method based on a airfoils for operation at low Reynolds numbers. For such solid understanding of the physics of the juncture flow airfoils, boundary-layer transition takes place through a could lead to significant drag reductions in these areas. laminar separation bubble that forms as the laminar The current research is aimed first toward a better boundary layer first separates, then becomes unstable, understanding of the drag-producing mechanisms in transitions to turbulent flow, and reattaches to the airfoil juncture flows through experimental and numerical to form the bubble. High drag produced by the bubble is studies. Second, the knowledge gained will be the principal cause for the performance degradation at low
4 * Denotes principal investigator. Reynolds numbers. Wind tunnel tests are being performed to validate newly developed low Reynolds number airfoil Aerospace Vehicle design philosophies aimed at mitigating the adverse Flight Simulation bubble effects.
Wind Turbine Post-Stall Icing Encounter Flight Simulator Performance Prediction M. S. Selig,* J. A. Scott, B. Sehgal M. S. Selig* NASA Glenn Research Center National Renewable Energy Laboratory, XCX-7-16466-01 Several groups at the University of Illinois are involved in The aim of this research is to develop a post-stall the NASA Smart Icing Systems project. One aspect of this model for design and analysis of wind turbines. project is to develop a PC-based pilot-in-the-loop, The aerodynamics of wind turbine blades changes real-time, reconfigurable flight simulator capable of significantly due to 3-D rotational effects on the flow modeling the system, including aerodynamic and control over the blades. The model being developed needs to effects caused by aircraft icing. Such a simulator is being incorporate these effects to enable accurate prediction of developed to model a typical commuter aircraft with and power. The preliminary model assumed a decrease in drag without ice while incorporating various ice accretion of the blade. Three key parameters associated with stall models. The simulator will be used to perform virtual delay were identified. Further investigations into flight tests of icing encounters so as to further develop experimental and computational results revealed and refine the overall smart icing system as well as the shortcomings in the drag model. An improved individual components. model is now nearly complete and is being tested. Astrodynamics Aerospace Systems Design Minimum-Fuel Recovery of Satellites that Fail In-Space Technology Assessment and to Achieve Geostationary Transfer Orbit Low-Thrust Trajectory Analysis B. A. Conway* R. L. Burton,* V. L. Coverstone* University of Illinois Marshall Space Flight Center/ Science Applications International Corp, GS-23F-0107J In 1995, a partial failure of a launch vehicle upper stage [email protected], [email protected] left the Koreasat 1 spacecraft in an orbit 6351 km lower than the planned geostationary transfer orbit (GTO). This research develops a comprehensive systems approach A Lockheed-Martin company team performed a rescue to the design of powered spacecraft for cislunar, planetary, that put the satellite on station but consumed about half and interstellar scientific space missions. The analysis of the satellite’s fuel supply for attitude control and station includes chemical and low-thrust propulsion (for such keeping. The sequence of maneuvers used was not uses as electric or solar sails); low-thrust trajectory analysis, determined optimally. There have been several subsequent including planetary gravitational assist; and structural, failures of spacecraft to reach GTO. In this research, safety, and cost analysis. The goal is to provide a model scientists are developing an algorithm to find optimal, for the design and selection of NASA space science intermediate-thrust trajectories for such spacecraft, so that missions beginning in the 2010 time frame. they may be recovered using minimum fuel and thus, maximizing their lifetime.
Optimal Control for Atmospheric Reentry B. A. Conway* University of Illinois; NASA Langley Research Center
The problem of optimal control for atmospheric reentry is examined with the objective of minimizing the number and size of the controllers. For example, the trajectory of a future Space Shuttle type of vehicle might be determined
* Denotes principal investigator. 5 in such a way as to simultaneously minimize the fuel each while simultaneously eliminating their respective required for reentry and the size of flight control surfaces weaknesses. This optimization technique is applied to such as ailerons, elevators, and rudder needed for the interplanetary missions. Trade studies involving minimum vehicle to maneuver in the atmosphere. The DCNLP transfer time and maximum delivered mass are being (direct collocation with nonlinear programming) method performed. Preliminary results show that parallel will be used to convert the continuous problem into a recombinative simulated annealing combines the speed discrete problem. and parallel nature of genetic algorithms with the probabilistic hill-climbing ability, selectivity, and Optimal Low-Thrust Trajectories for guaranteed convergence of simulated annealing. Asteroid Interception and Rendezvous B. A. Conway* Earth Escape Using a Solar Sail The Boeing Company V. Coverstone,* J. E. Prussing,* J. W. Hartmann NASA/Caltech Jet Propulsion Laboratory The recent NEAR spacecraft mission demonstrated dramatically the feasibility of asteroid rendezvous and The feasibility of escaping Earth orbit using a solar sail is landing. Asteroids are interesting bodies in their own investigated. Starting in geosynchronous transfer orbit, right, but also pose concern regarding future impact of an the very small solar sail force per unit mass (less than asteroid with the Earth. Researchers must know much 1 mm/s/s) can be used to gradually accelerate the more about Earth-approaching asteroids in order to spacecraft over several months until escape energy is develop hazard mitigation strategies. This team has attained. Optimal orientation of the sail at each point in already developed a tool for optimal low-thrust asteroid the orbit is required to achieve the desired performance. interception. In this research, optimal low-thrust Several constraints are important for an actual trajectories will be developed for two scenarios: the implementation, such as shadowing and sail spacecraft is to be placed in orbit about the asteroid, or attitude/angular rate constraints. the spacecraft is to land on the surface of the asteroid. Optimal Constellation Design Optimal Very-Low-Thrust Orbit Raising through Genetic Algorithms B. A. Conway* V. Coverstone,* W. Mason The Boeing Company University of Illinois
Electric propulsion may soon be used for spacecraft Modern satellite systems have started using large maneuvering in low Earth orbit because of its very high constellations; however, little investigation has been efficiency. Approximate analytical solutions exist for very performed to optimize their configuration. Historically, low thrust accelerations (< 100 micro-g’s) for the circular continuous global coverage has been the only orbit to circular orbit case. But there are no analytical consideration, but launch cost, manufacturing difficulty, solutions for elliptical orbit to elliptical orbit cases; and payload and communications performance are all numerical methods must be used. In this research, the issues directly affected by the choice of orbital method of direct collocation with nonlinear programming configuration. A general tool for constellation design is used, with an improved, sparse NLP problem solver, to optimization is being developed which includes software find optimal trajectories for such cases and to determine that uses a genetic algorithm with flexible cost the lower bound on thrust acceleration for which such considerations and indicators of merit. problems are tractable. Optimal Control of a Multibody Application of Parallel Recombinative Spacecraft Using Averaging Theory Simulated Annealing to Propellant V. Coverstone,* W. T. Cerven Minimizing Low-Thrust Trajectories University of Illinois; National Science Foundation V. Coverstone,* J. Hartmann, W. Mason University of Illinois The problem of reorienting multibody spacecraft through joint motion is addressed. The multibody space system Parallel recombinative simulated annealing is a hybrid presents a nonholonomic underactuated mechanical computer algorithm combining both simulated annealing system. It is shown that, for small periodic controls, the and genetic algorithm concepts and attempts to nonlinearity of the system results in a secular variation of incorporate and augment the traditional strengths of the states. This secular variation provides a mechanism to
6 * Denotes principal investigator. reorient the multibody spacecraft to any arbitrary attitude. Optimal Spacecraft Trajectories via Optimal control theory is then applied to determine an Higher Order Differential Inclusions analytic control algorithm that minimizes the required V. Coverstone,* J. Hargens control effect. This control law is developed for a general University of Illinois; Spectrum Astro Inc.; U.S. Air Force four-body spacecraft system actuated by three Phillips Laboratory revolute joints. Higher order differential inclusions is a new modeling Optimal Interplanetary Spacecraft technique that is applied to the modeling and Trajectories via a Pareto Genetic Algorithm optimization of spacecraft trajectories. The spacecraft V. Coverstone,* J. Hartmann equations of motion are mathematically manipulated into University of Illinois; NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory differential constraints that remove explicit appearance of the control variables (thrust direction and magnitude) A Pareto genetic algorithm is applied to the optimization from the problem statement. These constraints are of low-thrust interplanetary spacecraft trajectories. transformed into a nonlinear programming problem by A multiobjective, nondominated sorting algorithm is using higher order approximations for the derivatives developed following existing methodologies. Verification of the states. The new method is applied to of expected performance is accomplished through three-dimensional propellant-minimizing low-Earth application of the algorithm to a suite of multiobjective orbit to geosynchronous Earth orbit spacecraft transfer. test functions. A hybridized scheme is designed which Comparisons are made with results that were obtained integrates the Pareto genetic algorithm with a calculus-of- using established modeling and optimization techniques. variations-based trajectory optimization algorithm. “Families” of Pareto optimal trajectories are generated Trajectory Modeling and Optimization for the cases of Earth-Mars flyby, Earth-Mars rendezvous, for Future Space Systems and Earth-Mercury rendezvous trajectories. V. Coverstone* University of Illinois; Spectrum Astro Inc.; U.S. Air Force Optimal Orbit Transfer Analysis Phillips Laboratory for Advanced Space Systems V. Coverstone,* J. Hargens, J. Hartmann, W. Mason In an effort to minimize the cost of deploying and University of Illinois; Spectrum Astro Inc.; NASA Goddard operating space systems and to increase competitiveness, Space Flight Center mission planners are examining a variety of new technologies for boosting space systems into orbit and for Techniques for effectively optimizing orbit transfers of performing propulsive maneuvers to achieve and maintain advanced space systems employing low-thrust propulsion mission orbits. In addition, spacecraft builders are are investigated. The techniques of collocation and parallel producing smaller bus designs to allow for the use of shooting are used to solve boundary-value problems that smaller launch vehicles and for multiple launches result from applying the calculus-of-variations to optimal aboard a single launch vehicle. Research into developing control problems. Genetic algorithms allow for the mathematical and computational modeling and optimal selection of discrete parameter values such as optimization techniques to effectively perform the thruster on/off cycles. The orbit transfer dynamics are needed mission analysis and operational planning is modeled using variational equations based upon modified being performed. equinoctial elements. This model includes third-body, solar radiation pressure and shadowing effects. The Trajectory Optimization of a Solar Sail techniques will be used to optimize low-thrust planetary Spacecraft in a Three-Body System orbit insertion and escape trajectories, low-thrust transfers V. Coverstone,* J. Hartmann from a planetary orbit to natural satellite orbit, and University of Illinois low-thrust transfers to liberation point orbits. Propulsion of a spacecraft using a solar sail is an old concept that has recently gained popularity due to an industry drive for a cost-effective propulsion system. Most of the research to date has studied the effect of a solar sail on the position and stability of the equilibrium points in three-body systems, such as the Earth-Sun spacecraft or Earth-Moon spacecraft. This research computes a variety
* Denotes principal investigator. 7 of trajectories for a solar sail. Total flight time, solar array size, and payload capacity are varied to establish a trade Combustion space for mission-planning purposes. Effects of Nonuniform Flows Optimal Continuous-Thrust on Propellant Flames Escape Trajectories J. Buckmaster* J. E. Prussing,* M. C. Tanzillo U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, University of Illinois F49620-96-1-0031; DOE Center for Simulation of Advanced Rockets Two types of continuous-thrust escape trajectories are investigated: constant-thrust acceleration and power- Researchers are examining propellant flames supported limited. For constant-thrust acceleration, maximization of by heterogeneous propellants in which time-periodic the instantaneous rate of energy increase is obtained by nonuniform flows are applied to simulate the effect of thrusting along the velocity vector. However, a larger acoustic and turbulent disturbances in the rocket flow. energy increase in a specified time (equivalent to These flows distort the flame structure, affect the mixing, minimum time for a specified energy increase) can be and have a substantial influence on the heat flux to the achieved using the optimal thrust direction obtained from propellant surface. This, in turn, affects the propellant primer vector theory. For power-limited trajectories, the regression rate. optimal thrust direction is along the velocity vector. The existence of conjugate points on these optimal Holes in Diffusion Flames trajectories is also being investigated. J. Buckmaster,* T. L. Jackson (CSAR) U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, Second-Order Necessary and Sufficient F49620-96-1-0031 Conditions for Optimal Control Problems J. E. Prussing* In turbulent nonpremixed combustion, eddies can tear University of Illinois holes in the flame. The subsequent history of these holes (whether they close or get larger) is important in any A procedure is derived and applied to test second-order understanding of the combustion field. Researchers have necessary and sufficient conditions for a weak local devised a model to examine holes and their propensity to minimum of the Bolza optimal control problem. For a close or open. A closely related problem is that of a system with n state variables, an improved method is used flame-isola, an isolated region of burning, and its to transform a test for the unboundedness of an n x n propensity to expand or shrink. matrix (indicating a conjugate point) into a test for a scalar being zero. The procedure is being applied to Oscillating Edge Flames various spacecraft trajectories that satisfy first-order J. Buckmaster,* Y. Zhang necessary conditions. U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, F49620-96-1-0031; National Aeronautics and Space Second-Order Necessary and Sufficient Administration, NAG 3-1704 Conditions for Optimal Impulsive Spacecraft J. E. Prussing,* B. S. J. Jea The edge of a flame spreading over liquid fuel beds at University of Illinois subflash temperatures will sometimes pulsate. Similar pulsations are seen in a candle flame burning under Primer vector theory for optimal (minimum-fuel) microgravity conditions. An edge flame model has been spacecraft trajectories involves only first-order necessary developed to study this phenomenon, which researchers conditions. This theory is being extended to include believe is a Lewis number effect. second-order necessary conditions and sufficient conditions. A practical test is sought for determining locally minimizing solutions. These second-order conditions may also lead to more efficient iteration algorithms.
8 * Denotes principal investigator. Sublimit Combustion and Flame Strings J. Buckmaster,* M. Short (Theoret. & Appl. Mech.) Computational Fluid Dynamics U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, F49620-96-1-0031; National Aeronautics and Aeroelastic Design of Smart Meso Flaps for Space Administration, NAG 3-1704 Aeroelastic Recirculation Transpiration (SMART) Edge flames are constructed by cutting a flame placed in a P. Geubelle,* E. Loth;* D. Tortorelli* premixed fresh/fresh counterflow of reactants to form (Mech. & Indus. Engr.); L. Ozhkaya semi-infinite flame sheets. The edge of these sheets Computational Science and Engineering Program; Defense propagates in a wave-like fashion and defines the edge Advanced Research Projects Agency, F49620-98-1-0490 flame. When the Lewis number of the deficient reactant is [email protected] small, the flame structure behind the edge is unstable and http://ssm7.aae.uiuc.edu/PHG_GROUP breaks up into flame strings, cylindrical flames that have been observed in microgravity experiments. The strings The preliminary computational design of a smart bleeding can survive straining rates that quench a one-dimensional system for a supersonic inlet is performed through flame and are sublimit structures. detailed 2-D aeroelastic simulations using the finite- element method. Recent developments in the use of the The Effects of Convective Flows finite-element method in optimization problems are on Premixed Edge-Flames incorporated to achieve the bleeding system design J. Buckmaster* resulting in optimal flow performance. Special emphasis U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, is placed on the numerical study of the flutter of the F49620-96-1-0031 proposed meso flap system.
A simple edge-flame model is examined for which the Aerodynamic Design Optimization underlying one-dimensional system defines a deflagration. Using Parallel Computing It is shown that edge oscillations can be induced by the K. D. Lee,* M. Damodaran, J. Chung imposition of an on-edge convective flow. On the other University of Illinois hand, imposition of an off-edge flow tends to suppress oscillations. Researchers developed an aerodynamic design technique that combines CFD analysis with numerical optimization. Two-dimensional Smolder Waves It is based on high-level flow modeling to improve the J. Buckmaster,* Y. Zhang reliability of designs. The Navier–Stokes equations are U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, solved on refined grids to simulate the flowfield accurately. F49620-96-1-0031 This implies that the design process requires large memory and long computing time. Those requirements are the A great deal of work has been done on one-dimensional primary factors that limit practical applications because of smolder waves in which the area of the smolder front is the high equipment and computing costs and slow fixed. Researchers are concerned with what happens when turn-around time. A solution to this problem is the use of smolder is initiated in a restricted domain so that not only parallel computing. In this study, the design code will be does it have the opportunity to move forward, it has the ported to the parallel computing environment, and a opportunity to move sideways, enlarging the area of the parametric study will be conducted to improve the smolder front. Calculations are designed to explain what performance of parallel computing. controls the sideways spread and what can prevent it from occurring. Aerodynamic Shape Design with Stochastic Optimization K. D. Lee,* J. Kwon University of Illinois
The objective is to investigate the feasibility of aerodynamic design using a number of variants of genetic algorithm and stochastic optimization methods. It is motivated by the availability of efficient computational prediction methods and cheap, powerful computing
* Denotes principal investigator. 9 resources. The flow is modeled with high-level physics to process. The results will be used to understand how to produce reliable designs. The project addresses the design accomplish drag control with microbubbles (for example, efficiency issue by measuring performance gain with using micro-bubbles from surface ships or underwater, design cost. It is also aimed at overcoming the local unmanned vehicles). minimum issue in the optimization of nonlinear problems. Simulation of Aeroelastic Transpiration for Shock Boundary Block-structured Grid Technology for the E. Loth* Analysis of Icing Effects on Airfoils Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, K. D. Lee,* J. Shim F49620-98-1-0490 NASA Glenn Research Center, NAG 3-2236 This study involves simulation of a novel concept to The objective is to develop a semiautomatic grid control shock boundary layer interaction. The system technology for the analysis of icing effects on single- and consists of a passive bleed/blowing cavity with a matrix of multi-element airfoils. It will consist of perimeter small flaps that deflect to optimize transportation, but discretization adaptive to the ice shape, automatic domain revert to a flat plate in subsonic flow. The turbulent flow decomposition using multiblocks, structured grid is investigated with numerically coupled aeroelasticity generation in each block, grid-quality improvement within deforming flaps using an unstructured finite-element blocks and across block boundaries, and integration with a method throughout. This technology has possible flow solver. It will be furnished with a local regridding applications in supersonic inlets and option to locally reinforce grid density or quality to transonic aerodynamics. accommodate flow features and be complemented with an interactive grid tool, SmaggIce of NASA Glenn. Simulations of Ice Shape Induced Airfoil Separation Characteristics Shape Optimization for Transonic E. Loth,* M. B. Bragg Compressors Based on Navier–Stokes Federal Aviation Administration, 99-DOT-B/L-1230 Physics K. D. Lee,* J. Chung A 3-D Navier–Stokes methodology is used to investigate NASA Lewis Research Center, NAG 3-1983 the effects of ice-shaped protuberances on airfoil aerodynamics. The separated flow regions are studied by The objective of this research is to develop an automated both steady and unsteady approaches. Results indicate that CFD-based shape optimization tool for high-speed large changes in the drag, lift, aerodynamic moment, and compressor designs. It will be based on Navier-Stokes pressure distributions can occur for upper surface ice physics with proper turbulence modeling and shapes with sizes on the order of 1% of the chord length. computational grids to produce reliable designs at operation conditions. It is to provide an inverse capability Virtual Icing Research Tunnel to find geometries that produce improved performance at E. Loth* various operating ranges. Constraints will be imposed to NASA Glenn Research Center, NAG 3-2623 prevent downgrading of other performance characteristics while enforcing design objectives. This two-pronged approach seeks to simulate the two-phase flow of the NASA Icing Research Tunnel and MEMS-based Microbubble to develop an effective Virtual Reality environment for Dispersion in Boundary Layers understanding and interaction with the numerical E. Loth* solutions. The first objective focuses on properly Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, predicting the uniformity of the liquid water content MDA 972-01-C-0042 produced by spray bars in the NASA Glenn Icing Research Tunnel used to simulate clouds for icing tests. There is little knowledge of how microbubbles disperse A computational fluid dynamics methodology is being within the near-wall turbulence in a boundary layer. developed that treats the droplets in Lagrangian form and This study is intended to document and understand the tunnel aerodynamics in Eulerian form. The second bubble dispersion caused by the eddy structures. Direct objective employs advanced graphical techniques to render Numerical Simulations are used to model bubble a stereoscopic image with CAVE type facilities. convection and to optimize a MEMS-based injection
10 * Denotes principal investigator. Rarefied Gas Dynamics Global Behavior of Nonlinear Aeroelastic S. M. Yen,* K. D. Lee* Flat Panels in Supersonic Flow University of Illinois N. Sri Namachchivaya,* S. Choi, A. Demir U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, 96-1-0265 A Monte Carlo simulation technique is applied to solve directly the Boltzmann equation for rarefied gas problems The interaction of aerodynamic forces with a flexible encountered in modern aerospace vehicle design. structure such as a panel can create complicated The solution procedure involves two explicit iterative vibrational effects that may adversely affect overall aircraft steps. First, the collision integrals are evaluated at each performance. Large-amplitude flutter, buckling, and computational node to define source terms in the fatigue failure are all possible results of the flow-induced Boltzmann equation. The source terms are then used to dynamics. Researchers investigate the effect of integrate the time-dependent multidimensional nonlinearities on the global dynamics of flat panels in Boltzmann equation for the distribution function at the supersonic flow. The first part involves modeling the next time step. Steady-state solutions are achieved as a aerodynamic forces and moments that act on the flight time asymptote. This integration scheme is well-suited to vehicle and the nonlinearities that are inherent in the present-day supercomputers, which employ vectorization panel. The second part is concerned with the effects of and parallel processing. The method is being validated for boundary-layer turbulence on the panel dynamics. cases of simple geometry, and solutions are to be compared with those from the continuum approach Nonlinear Dynamics of (Navier–Stokes solutions). Flexible Spinning Discs N. Sri Namachchivaya,* N. Ramakrishnan National Science Foundation, DMS-96-10456 Dynamical Systems Under consideration are the transverse dynamics of a high-speed spinning disc, clamped at its inner radius and Delay-Differential Equations rotating with a time-varying spin rate, such as found in N. Sri Namachchivaya,* H. Van Roessel* turbine rotor systems and computer memory storage (Univ. of Alberta) devices. Dynamical disturbances from time-varying spin University of Illinois; University of Alberta; Electric Power rates, interactions with external dynamical systems, and Research Institute, WO-8033-01 inherent nonlinear effects may lead to disc instability. Such instabilities reduce the performance of the rotating Unlike systems modeled by o.d.e.’s, mechanical systems system and can, in extreme cases, lead to failure. modeled by delay-differential equations are, in some sense, To examine these phenomena, the equations of motion of infinite-dimensional. In this infinite-dimensional setting, the system will be derived in detail. The effects of the Hopf bifurcation theorem is not an elementary geometry, material characteristics, and aerodynamic exercise, but requires some new ideas and some interactions on disc displacement will be included. Local sophisticated mathematical machinery for its and global bifurcation analyses will then be implemented. implementation. Researchers are studying the stability and bifurcations associated with delay-differential equations Nonlinear Dynamics of Parametrically with multiple delays. In addition, a goal of this project is Excited Gyroscopic Systems to examine the stability and bifurcations associated with N. Sri Namachchivaya,* R. McDonald, L. Vedula stochastic time-delay systems. For a certain class of affine U.S. Department of Energy, DE-FG02-97ER14795 delay equations researchers obtain Lyapunov exponents. However, for general second-order systems with delay, Gyroscopic systems occur in many areas of engineering. researchers apply Lyapunov-like functions and the theory Some examples are pipes conveying fluid, axially loaded of differential inequalities in order to obtain stability in rotating shafts, and systems subjected to Lorenz forces. the pth mean. Because of the widespread usage of gyroscopic systems, their stability characteristics are important in engineering application. Often the required stability analysis is complicated by parametric excitations. The effects of such excitations upon the stability of gyroscopic systems will be investigated through application of local and global stability analysis to discretized equations of motion
* Denotes principal investigator. 11 incorporating the effects of symmetry breaking and linear only considered the linear equations. Researchers propose and nonlinear dissipation. The results will be applied to to develop a low-dimensional nonlinear model for such several systems, analytically and numerically, and will be systems to analytically study the stability, bifurcations, and verified using a rotating shaft experimental apparatus. chaos that may exist in these nonlinear systems. These analytic results will then be compared to numerical Nonstandard Dimensional solutions to validate the low-dimensional model. Reduction of Noisy Systems N. Sri Namachchivaya,* R. B. Sowers* (Mathematics) Stochastic Bifurcations University of Illinois N. Sri Namachchivaya,* L. Arnold* (Univ. of Bremen), N. Ramakrishnan This project is concerned with certain methods of National Science Foundation, DMS-96-10456 dimensional reduction of nonlinear systems with symmetries and small noise. In the presence of a In this study, stochastic bifurcation implies either separation of scales, where the noise is asymptotically qualitative changes to the invariant measures that can be small, one exploits symmetries to use well-known methods observed by examining the Fokker-Planck equation, or the to find an appropriate lower-dimensional description of appearance of a new invariant measure which is, at the system. The interest of this project is when classical present, generated numerically through the forward and methods fail because the lower-dimensional description backward solutions of the stochastic differential equations. has singularities. Researchers examine various concepts to describe stochastic bifurcations, namely the P-bifurcation and Sample Stability of Stochastic D-bifurcation. The analysis is carried out through Dynamical Systems studying a noisy Duffing-van der Pol oscillator which N. Sri Namachchivaya,* H. Van Roessal* exhibits a variety of co-dimension one bifurcations along (Univ. of Alberta), N. Ramakrishnan, L. Vedula with certain global bifurcations in the absence of noise. National Science Foundation, DMS-96-10456; U.S. Department of Energy, DE-FG02-97ER14795 Flight Vehicle Synthesis Lyapunov exponents are a generalization of the characteristic Floquet exponents so that more general nonperiodic orbits can be characterized. The spectrum of Computerized Flight Vehicle Synthesis Lyapunov exponents provides the average exponential H. H. Hilton* rates of divergence or convergence of nearby orbits in phase space. In addition, the Lyapunov exponents An overall systems concept using an integrated approach characterize the almost-sure stability of dynamical systems incorporating basic aerodynamic, guidance, control, perturbed by noise. Furthermore, the moment Lyapunov propulsion, and structural principles is being used to exponent describes the moment stability of such systems. develop comprehensive generalized simulation computer Asymptotic expansions of these exponents are constructed programs for flight vehicle synthesis. The purpose is to for stochastic dynamical systems when the noise (white or develop educational and research tools to be used in the colored) is small. These results are used to understand teaching of and research in flight vehicle synthesis and stability and bifurcation characteristics of stochastic optimization. Current capabilities include space vehicle systems and are applied to various practical dynamical flight programs, airplane missions, various structural systems. programs to determine minimum weight and optimum construction, and printed and terminal graphical output Stability of Tethered Spacecraft on Calcomp. Interactive plotting programs for graphical N. Sri Namachchivaya,* R. McDonald display of computational results have been developed and University of Illinois are operational.
Tethered spacecraft systems (TSS) have many applications ranging from the generation of electric power for a spacecraft to providing microgravity environments for experiments. The equations of motion governing the three dimensional motion of a two-body tethered system are highly nonlinear, yet most research on such systems has
12 * Denotes principal investigator. Human-Powered Watercraft Effect of Probe Beam Mode Structure on S. White* Measurement of Zero Power Gain University of Illinois; Society for Advanced L. H. Sentman,* A. C. Duus, R. G. Wright, J. F. Padilla, Materials and Process Engineering G. L. Detweiler TRW A human-powered watercraft is being designed and built to break the world speed record for this class of vehicle, The objective of this study was to determine the effect which currently stands at 18.5 knots (23.4 miles per of the mode structure of the probe beam on the hour). The vehicle is a hydrofoil, and composite materials measurement of the zero power amplification ratios of a are being used extensively in its construction. A systems cw HF chemical laser. There was good agreement type of engineering approach, drawing on principles of between the amplification ratios measured as a function of propulsion, aero/hydrodynamics, structural mechanics, vertical position using a single line, single longitudinal biomechanics, and materials, has been used to design the mode, TEM00 probe beam and those measured using a vehicle. New types of materials, manufacturing multiline, multiple longitudinal mode, multiple transverse techniques, and components are being utilized to push mode probe beam. This agreement showed the the speed of the vehicle above the 20-knot barrier. measurement of zero power amplification ratios is independent of the mode structure of the probe beam. Lasers Feasibility of HF Chain Laser Operation L. H. Sentman,* G. L. Detweiler TRW Bench Top Cylindrical Laser L. H. Sentman* The data on cw HF chain laser operation are being Schafer Corp. reviewed and modeled to understand the reasons for the observed performance. This understanding will be used Preliminary estimates indicate that, using four discharge to determine the feasibility of increasing cold reaction tubes, it may be possible to operate a bench top cw HF laser performance by operation at conditions cylindrical HF laser with an outer ring diameter of conducive to the occurrence of the hot reaction. 6 inches with a 30-cm. gain length using the existing University of Illinois vacuum system. This design is HF Kinetic Rate Investigation being pursued to determine its feasibility. L. H. Sentman,* J. F. Padilla TRW Compound Wave Effects in Ring Resonators L. H. Sentman,* R. G. Wright, J. F. Padilla HF kinetic rates are being reviewed and updated to Schafer Corp. improve the agreement between laser simulations and measured gain and power spectral distributions. An analytical model developed for TRW indicates that a reverse wave with as little as one part in 104 to 106 of the An Experimental Investigation output power of a ring resonator may have a large effect of the ELECTRICOIL Laser on the output power of the ring resonator. A ring W. C. Solomon,* M. Sexauer, J. Verdeyen, B. resonator, which duplicates the resonator used in the Woodard, S. Zimmer analytical model as closely as is practical experimentally, AFRL/CU Aerospace will be set up on the University of Illinois cw supersonic [email protected] HF laser. The effect of the reverse wave on the performance of the ring resonator will be characterized Research into the potential for development of a new as a function of the strength of the reverse wave. hybrid chemical laser and electric laser concept has provided a significant advance in the field. Basic electric discharge physics and chemical laser technology are being combined to produce a new kind of device. This has the potential to provide high-power laser energy at the 1.3 micrometer wavelength for a variety of applications.
* Denotes principal investigator. 13 High-Energy Laser Systems Technology Dimensional Stability of Composites: W. C. Solomon,* M. Sexauer, J. Verdeyen Process Simulation and Optimization AFRL; Prime Contractors P. Geubelle,* S. White,* C. Tucker III* (Mech. & Indus. Engr.), Q. Zhu This work involves research into the operation of a National Science Foundation, CMI 96-10382 large-scale COIL laser for commercial applications. [email protected] A new laboratory has been constructed for establishing a http://ssm7.aae.uiuc.edu/PHG_GROUP commercial technology for high-energy lasers. The initial project is the development of a prototype system to be The objective of this project is to better understand the used in laser processing of metals. This problem involves effect of the manufacturing process in the dimensional the development of a new laser technology, demonstration stability of composite parts. Of particular interest is the at a scaleable power level, and materials processing of importance of capturing the evolution of the matrix lasers operating near 1 micrometer wavelength. Operation material throughout the cure cycle on the final shape of of the system demonstrated a kilowatt at 25% chemical the composite part. This particular project combines efficiency and is being employed to devise new technology detailed 3-D coupled thermal, chemical, and mechanical solutions to a variety of laser problems. finite-element simulations of the manufacturing process with optimization techniques to predict the final shape of Large-Scale Simulations of Chemical Lasers the manufactured part. W. C. Solomon,* D. Stromberg ARA/CU Aerospace, AFRL, NASA Space Grant Dynamic Fiber Pull-Out [email protected] in Polymeric Composites P. Geubelle,* J. Lambros, X. Bi Large 3-D simulations of chemical laser flowfields are National Science Foundation, CMS-9712291 being conducted to determine the most efficient [email protected] configurations of hardware and software for the next http://ssm7.aae.uiuc.edu/PHG_GROUP generation of computing. Verification of experimental data and earlier, less complex computations is complete, When a composite structure fails and a crack propagates and the system performance is being assessed. The work is perpendicularly to the fiber direction, a substantial being conducted using the reacting flow model provided amount of energy is dissipated in the progressive by the BLAZE and GASP CFD simulations on a variety debonding and sliding on the fibers. Preliminary of parallel and high-speed processors. experimental investigations have shown that these two processes can be quite different under high strain rate conditions than in a quasi-static situation. In this Materials and Structures combined experimental and analytical research program, the dynamic failure of a model composite is examined using a specially adapted version of the Split Hopkinson 3-D Dynamic Failure of Composite Materials Bar apparatus and a special form of the finite-element P. Geubelle,* C. Hwang scheme. DOE/ASCI Center for the Simulation of Advanced Rockets [email protected] High-Performance Computing for 3-D http://ssm7.aae.uiuc.edu/PHG_GROUP/ Dynamic Fracture Problems P. Geubelle,* M. Breitenfeld In this project, researchers develop a numerical scheme, DOE/ASCI Center for the Simulation of Advanced Rockets referred to as the spectral scheme, specially designed to [email protected] tackle the complex phenomena associated with the http://ssm7.aae.uiuc.edu/PHG_GROUP delamination of fiber reinforced composite laminates. Special emphasis is placed on capturing with great detail The numerical simulation of 3-D dynamic fracture events the three-dimensional effects associated with the is one of the most challenging computational issues in orthotropy of the surrounding medium. The issue of the solid mechanics, due to the extreme refinement needed to existence of a limiting crack speed under both tensile capture continuously evolving geometries (as the fracture and shear loading condition is addressed. surface extends) and rapidly moving stress waves. The objective of this project is to develop and implement high-performance numerical tools used to simulate a
14 * Denotes principal investigator. variety of spontaneous dynamic fracture events, (for which Mechanics of Live Propellant Failure the crack path is not specified a priori but is part of the P. Geubelle,* C. Hwang, M. S. Breitenfeld, solution itself). Great emphasis is put on the R. Fiedler, A. Haselbacher implementation of the dynamic fracture codes on DOE/ASCI Center for the Simulation of Advanced Rockets massively parallel computing platforms. [email protected] http://www.csar.uiuc.edu/ High-Speed Grinding of Ceramic Materials: Process Simulation and Damage Assessment The initiation and propagation of one or more cracks in P. Geubelle,* S. Maiti the solid propellant (SP) or along the grain/case interface National Science Foundation CAREER, CMS-9734473 can have dramatic repercussions on the rocket [email protected] performance. By creating additional burning surfaces in http://ssm7.aae.uiuc.edu/PHG_GROUP the SP, the propagation of one or more cracks can greatly affect the pressure history in the rocket chamber. In some Many applications of structural ceramics require high cases, this can lead to the complete failure of the rocket. dimensional accuracy and/or surface finish, and grinding Using 2-D and 3-D fully coupled explicit aeroelastic is often required at the end of the manufacturing process. finite-element/finite-volume codes, researchers are However, the brittle granular nature of ceramics renders investigating various accident scenarios associated with the the surface machining process more complicated than in presence of pre-existing cracks at various locations in the metals, and surface cracks are often found to extend well solid booster, with special emphasis on SP/liner into the ceramic part. High-speed machining has been interfacial failures. proposed recently to reduce the grinding-induced subsurface damage. Researchers are using a special Role of the Cohesive Failure Model in finite-element-based numerical scheme to simulate the Quasi-Static and Dynamic Fracture grinding process, with special emphasis on the associated P. Geubelle,* Y. Huang* (Mech. & Indus. Engr.), intergranular fracture process. This project involves D. Kubair collaboration with Professor Ghatu Subhash from DOE/ASCI Center for Simulation of Advanced Rockets Michigan Tech. This research group is conducting [email protected] detailed experiments on the topic. http://ssm7.aae.uiuc.edu/PHG_GROUP
Intersonic Crack Propagation under Cohesive failure models are often used in the analytical Shear-dominated Loading Conditions and numerical study of spontaneous crack propagation. P. Geubelle,* Y. Huang* (Mech. & Indus. Engr.), These simple models have been shown to capture some D. Kubair important dynamic fracture effects, such as maximum DOE/ASCI Center for the Simulation of Advanced Rockets crack speed, crack branching, and unsteady crack [email protected] energetics. The primary objective of this research project is http://ssm7.aae.uiuc.edu/PHG_GROUP to gain a better understanding of the importance of the often ignored rate-dependent effect on the spontaneous The issue of limiting crack speeds in dynamically failing propagation behavior of a crack. The numerical tool used structures is still an active topic of research. While it is in this study is a spectral form of the boundary integral accepted that the Rayleigh wave speed constitutes the formulation of the elastodynamic relations, which allows theoretical limit under tensile (mode I) conditions, for the incorporation of a wide range of cohesive models. recent observations of dynamic failure in homogeneous specimens subjected to shear-dominated loading Analytical Determination of Optimum conditions indicated that intersonic crack motion (that is, Viscoelastic Material Properties higher than the shear wave speed but lower than the H. H. Hilton,* C. E. Beldica* dilatational wave speed) is possible. The objective of this University of Illinois; National Center for Supercomputing project is to investigate the subsonic-to-transonic Applications, DAHC94-46-C-0005 (HPCMP-PET) transition process using a specially developed spectral scheme. The influence of complex modulus shapes and parameters on creep, relaxation, and damping is being investigated. These moduli will be used to solve dynamic and static problems, such as bending, torsion, and flutter of lifting surfaces. The results will yield a categorization of
* Denotes principal investigator. 15 viscoelastic material behavior in its relation to creep, Fracture Mechanics of Crystalline relaxation, and damping. Both isotropic and anisotropic Aluminosilicate Oxides materials are being considered. Such an analytical catalog J. Lambros,* Z. Wang, R. F. Lobo (Univ. of Delaware) of material behavior then can be employed to fabricate Mobil Inc.; W.R. Grace and Co. real materials to conform to such modulus specification. [email protected] Selection of these materials has direct application in the http://www.aae.uiuc.edu/Profs/Lambros/index.html design of soundproofing, shock absorbers, composites, and helicopter blades. Zeolites are porous structures that are used in numerous industries, including the oil industry, as catalysts in Probabilistic Minimum Weight Analysis reactive flows. It has been observed that upon continued H. H. Hilton* use their catalytic ability diminishes. This is believed to be University of Illinois a consequence of mechanical loads on the zeolites. This particular project is focused on the determination of An analytical method has been developed for designing elastic and failure properties of such zeolites. Since the structures having a prescribed probability of failure so that catalyst particles are usually of small size and primarily the overall weight is minimal under combined loads. undergo compressive loading by contact with other The solution is obtained for structures consisting of particles, it was decided to test as small a zeolite crystal as components having normal, Weibull beta-distributed possible in compression. A compressive load frame was applied and failure stresses, and is applicable to combined custom built using a stepper motor actuator. Zeolite loading conditions. The loading conditions are such that crystals were synthesized in the laboratory to facilitate general relations can be used to relate the mean stresses to testing. The average crystal size was around 500 microns the cross-sectional area. Weight comparisons with standard and contained pores of the order of 5 nm. It was seen that design procedures based on the margin of safety concept the crystals are extremely brittle and are prone to excessive are made and indicate the possibility of substantial microcracking under continued compressive fatigue weight savings. loading.
Random Viscoelastic Material Effects Fracture of Polymeric Matrix Composites H. H. Hilton* J. Lambros,* S. Prabhu University of Illinois; National Center for Supercomputing University of Delaware Research Foundation Applications, DAHC94-46-C-0005 (HPCMP-PET); [email protected] DOE Center for Simulation of Advanced Rockets, 3341494 http://www.aae.uiuc.edu/Profs/Lambros/index.html (ASCI) The use of polymeric matrix fiber reinforced composites is Analytical studies are presented which extend the elastic- constantly increasing in the aerospace industry. viscoelastic analogies to stochastic processes caused by Such materials may provide several benefits, including random linear viscoelastic material properties. Separation significant weight savings and corrosion resistance, over of variable as well as integral transform correspondence traditional structural materials. However, because of their principles is formulated and discussed in detail. multiphase nature the failure processes composites The statistical differential equation of the moment undergo are considerably more complex than those in characteristic functional is derived, but rather than solving more traditional solids. This project deals with the the highly complex functional equation, the solutions are numerical and experimental investigation of quasi-static formulated in terms of the first- and second-order fracture of polymeric matrix long fiber reinforced statistical properties. Gaussian, Weibull, and beta composites. Finite element simulations are used to distributions are considered for the probability density determine the extent and amount of three dimensional distributions of creep and relaxation functions, and their deformation regions in cracked thick composite plates. effectiveness is evaluated. Experimental confirmation of the numerical simulations is done by using full-field lateral shearing interferometric techniques to image the near-tip region in the cracked composite plates. The experiments are also used to determine regions of dominance of anisotropic asymptotic crack-tip fields and extract values of the composite fracture toughness. A study of the effects of fiber direction and applied load mixity is also performed.
16 * Denotes principal investigator. Fundamental Problems in Numerical and Experimental Modeling Dynamic Fracture Mechanics of a Cellulose Cutting Process J. Lambros,* J. Kimberley J. Lambros,* M. Kompella National Science Foundation CAREER award, Hercules Inc. CMS-9874775 [email protected] [email protected] http://www.aae.uiuc.edu/Profs/Lambros/index.html http://www.aae.uiuc.edu/Profs/Lambros/index.html Cellulose is a plant-based polymer that has found This project deals with the fundamental understanding of widespread use in many applications ranging from dynamic debonding in homogeneous and bimaterial toothpaste and drugs, to packaging and paints. In most systems that exhibit planes of preferential crack growth. cases cellulose is used in particle form (for example as a Of particular interest is the effect of applied loading moisture retention agent). Thus, controlling the particle mixity in the development of contact regions aft of the size while cutting raw cellulose is critical to its usefulness. propagating crack tip. In addition, limiting crack growth The present project is concerned with determining speeds in bimaterial and homogeneous material systems micromechanical properties of cellulose fibers and using are investigated. The study is performed using optical these properties in numerical simulations that accurately interferometry in conjunction with high-speed predict cellulose fiber failure. The fibers are about 2mm to photography to image in real time the deformation 3mm in length and 50 microns in width. A special fields surrounding the propagating crack tip. microtensile tester device, using a stepper motor for actuation and a high precision load cell for load High Strain Rate Properties of Advanced measurement, was designed and constructed in-house. Materials for Use by the U.S. Navy The microtensile tester was successfully used to measure J. Lambros,* D. Heisig, Z. Li, J. R. Vinson elastic and failure properties of wood- and cotton-based (Univ. of Delaware) cellulose fibers. The statistical distribution of fiber Office of Naval Research, N00014-97-10638 strength measured experimentally was then fit to a [email protected] Weibull strength distribution model. http://www.aae.uiuc.edu/Profs/Lambros/index.html Quasi-static Fracture of Accurately determining the high strain rate mechanical Functionally Graded Materials response of polymers and polymeric matrix composites is J. Lambros,* J. Abanto-Bueno of interest in this work. Dynamic experiments are National Science Foundation, CMS-9712831 conducted using either a compression or tension split [email protected] Hopkinson bar. The bars provide a real-time signal of http://www.aae.uiuc.edu/Profs/Lambros/index.html stress and strain in the sample. For a complete characterization of sample response, however, independent Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are materials that measurement of temperature is required. For this purpose, exhibit a spatially continuous variation of mechanical simultaneously with stress and strain, sample surface properties (graded metal-ceramic structures, for example). temperature is measured in real time using an HgCdTe Such materials would possess the benefits of metals high- speed infrared radiation detector array. The (conductivity, ductility, and so forth) on one side and measured heat emitted during deformation is then related those of ceramics (including hardness, insulation, and to the amount of mechanical work imparted in the sample stiffness) on the other side, without the adverse effects of during loading. For ductile polymers, such as an interface between the two solids being present. polycarbonate, the amount of plastic work converted to Understanding the fracture response of such graded heat is found to be around 50%. That is much less than microstructures is critical in developing design procedures occurs in most metallic materials (about 95%). For brittle for their beneficial use. In this work, researchers perform systems, such as PlexiglasTM and composites, significant macroscopic fracture experiments on a model polymer- damage-induced heating is also seen to occur. based functionally graded material. The full-field optical technique of digital image correlation is used to visualize the displacement field of an edge crack propagating in the FGM under remote loading. The experimental results are then used to extract values of the stress intensity factor and thus construct resistance curves for crack growth in FGMs. It is seen that FGMs possess a “built-in” fracture
* Denotes principal investigator. 17 resistance curve by requiring constantly increasing proportional to the applied stress. The location of cracks is amounts of energy to be supplied to the crack tip. detected by local peaks in magnetic signature. The effect of the amount and orientation of material gradient is also investigated. Design and Manufacture of Adaptive Structures Thermomechanical Effects During Dynamic S. White,* J. Berman Fracture of Glassy Polymers University of Illinois J. Lambros,* T. Bjerke [email protected] Adaptive structures and materials sense their environment http://www.aae.uiuc.edu/Profs/Lambros/index.html and react to these sensory inputs in some logical fashion. The sensor/actuator materials for these applications can When a crack propagates rapidly through a solid, take many forms: shape-memory alloy wires, piezoelectric significant amounts of heat generation may occur. For the patches, fiber optics, and so forth. This research case of metals, the temperature increase surrounding a investigates the design and manufacture of shape-memory dynamically growing crack has seen to be of the order of alloy composites, piezoelectric composites, and hybrids several hundreds of degrees. For polymeric materials this is combining the two sensor/actuators. The approach builds expected to be less, but such materials are much more upon investigations at the microlevel (interfacial bonding, susceptible to even small temperature variations than residual stresses) to the macrolevel (structural mechanics metals. This project deals with the experimental and of beams/tubes, process modeling). These types of analytical investigation of heat generation during dynamic materials have wide-ranging applications in the civil fracture of polymers. An HgCdTe high-speed infrared infrastructure, aerospace, and automotive industries. radiation detector array is used to measure in real time the temperature generated during dynamic crack growth in a Design, Manufacture, and Testing nominally ductile polymer, polycarbonate, and a of Polymer Composite Bridges nominally brittle one, PlexiglasTM. Both symmetric S. White,* D. Parsons* (Civil & Environ. Engr.), (mode I) and predominately antisymmetric (mode II) J. Bignell crack growth is investigated. It is found that the National Academy of Sciences, NCHRP-63 temperature increase may be of the order of the glass transition temperature in both polymers and is Polymer composite materials are particularly well suited substantially more for the shear dominated case. for use in civil infrastructure applications due to their high A cohesive failure-based formulation is used to specific strength and stiffness and resistance to theoretically predict the amount of heat generated at the environmental degradation. A unique design has been dynamically propagating crack and to understand the developed for large vehicular bridges based on integrated partition of fracture energy into elastic deformation, composite shells manufactured by filament winding. Scale plastic deformation, new surface generation and models (1/10) of a 60-ft span bridge are manufactured heat emission. and tested in static and dynamic loading conditions.
Damage Detection in Composite Materials Magnetic Domain Imaging of Using Magnetostrictive Tagging Magnetostrictive Materials Subject S. White,* J. Li to Coupled Field Loading U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory S. White,* J. Kamphaus (CERL), DACA88-97-K-0001 U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (CERL), DACA88-97-K-0001 Knowledge of the health of a material or structure is critical for timely maintenance and repair of components. Magnetostrictive materials such as TERFENOL-D are This is especially difficult for composites because composed of small magnetic domains. The domains are subsurface flaws are hidden from visual inspection. distinguished by alignment of magnetic dipoles within By incorporating smart material tags into the matrix of a regions of the material. The magnetostrictive behavior of polymer composite and then interrogating these tags, the TERFENOL-D arises through changes in the magnetic state of health of a composite structure can be qualified domains under the influence of stress and magnetic field. throughout its processing and service life. TERFENOL- Magnetic force microscopy (MFM) is used to visualize the D, a magnetostrictive material, is used for tagging. magnetic domains of TERFENOL-D while applying The tagged material emits a magnetic signature that is magnetic and mechanical loads.
18 * Denotes principal investigator. Manufacture and Testing of Composite Self-Healing Composite Materials Couplings for Building Systems S. White,* N. Sottos* (Theoret. & Appl. Mech.), S. White;* D. Parsons,* K. Hjelmstad* J. Moore* (Chem.), P Geubelle, * M. Kessler, E. Brown, (Civil & Environ. Engr.); S. Singamsethi S. Sriram, D. Therriault National Science Foundation, CMS-9978588 U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, F49620-00-1-0094 The use of composite materials in civil infrastructure applications such as building superstructures is currently Self-healing polymer composites are obtained by storing limited by the ability to connect composite components a repair agent in microcapsules that are dispersed together. Standard fastening techniques, such as bolts, throughout the matrix. Triggering of the repair process welding, and rivets, are not suitable for use with polymeric occurs when the cracks encounter an embedded composites. A novel type of fastener utilizing composite microcapsule and break the shell material open. materials formed into sleeves that nest with structural The repair agent stored inside the capsule is released into components has been designed. Manufacturing the crack plane and a rebonding of the fracture plane is techniques suitable to high-speed, low-cost production are initiated. Experiments are conducted to assess the being developed using liquid molding processes. capability of several candidate polymers for self-healing The novel fasteners are tested for mechanical potential. The kinetics of the repair process are assessed performance under various types of loads. and modeled, and the formulation of optimal repair agents is sought. Process Optimization for Dimensional Accuracy for Polymer Composites: Shape-Memory Microflaps Experimental Characterization of Warpage for Active Flow Control S. White,* D. O’Brien S. White,* E. Loth,* P. Geubelle,* Q. Li, J. Kamphaus National Science Foundation, DMI 96-10382 Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, F49620-98-1-0490; U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific The residual stresses induced during processing of Research, F49620-98-1-0381 polymer matrix composites manifest themselves as warpage in the finished structure. The overall objective is Conventional bleeding of the boundary layer for to develop models that can be used to predict these supersonic inlet ducts utilizes fixed holes with active- processing-induced deformations so that molds and curing passive transpiration. Improvement in efficiency can be schedules can be designed to account for warpage in the obtained by using an active flow control device based on final structure. Experiments are being conducted to the development of shape-memory microflaps that open measure the processing-induced warpage in both flat plate and close under certain operating conditions. Shape- and complex curvature geometries. memory composites and bilayers are proposed to be used to fabricate these microflaps. This project entails Process Optimization for Dimensional significant experimental characterization of the constituent Accuracy for Polymer Composites: Material materials, analytical modeling of the constitutive and Characterization and Micromechanical structural behavior, and mechanical-wind tunnel testing Modeling of performance. S. White,* P. Geubelle;* C. Tucker III* (Mech. & Indus. Engr.): D. O’Brien Use of Corn Byproducts for National Science Foundation, DMI 96-10382 Structural Composite Materials S. White,* N. Sottos (Theoret. & Appl Mech.), Residual stresses developed during the manufacture of T. Mackin (Mech. & Indus. Engr.) composites have a strong influence on the final shape of University of Illinois the manufactured part. A precise understanding of the phenomena leading to the appearance of these residual Two important issues have gained national priority in stresses is the primary objective of this project, in which recent years: the development of alternative markets for special emphasis is placed on characterizing the polymeric corn and its byproducts and the revitalization of the U.S. matrix composite during the manufacturing process. civil infrastructure. These two issues are synthesized in the A full experimental characterization of the viscoelastic current project that focuses on the development of mechanical properties during cure is necessary in order to cheaper composite materials for civil engineering develop appropriate micromechanical models. applications by using corn byproducts as reinforcements
* Denotes principal investigator. 19 in polymer matrix composites. Husks, fiber stalks, kernels, Flows in Star-Grained Propellants and fiber silks are mechanically tested both individually J. Buckmaster* and as embedded reinforcements in several different U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, polymer matrices. Once a reasonable database has been F49620-96-1-0031, ASSERT F49620-97-0464; established for the mechanical properties of corn DOE Center for the Simulation of Advanced Rockets byproducts, their potential for structural composites will be evaluated. The flow in a solid propellant rocket chamber is essentially inviscid, albeit rotational. In this study, researchers are concerned with the flow in the arms of star-grained propellants. Results are also applicable to the Propulsion and Combustion flow in propellant cracks, an important issue in accident scenarios. Analysis of Mean Flow and Turbulence Effects on Acoustic Response Threshold Homogenization Issues in Modeling in Solid Propellant Rockets Heterogeneous Propellants R. A. Beddini,* Y. Lee J. Buckmaster* California Institute of Technology, CIT subcontract Center for Simulation of Advanced Rockets; Air Force from ONR Office of Scientific Research
Nonlinear combustion stability theories require and In modeling the combustion of heterogeneous propellants, depend strongly on what is traditionally termed a velocity strategies are needed to account for oxidizer particles that response function. Through computational solutions of a are too small to resolve numerically. These particles are turbulence and combustion model, prior work has shown homogenized with the fuel binder, to form a mixture in that a significant source of response to solid rocket which the larger resolvable particles are imbedded. aeroacoustics can result from the interaction between The properties of the mixture (that is, heat conduction acoustically induced turbulence and combustion processes. coefficient) have to be determined from the properties of This research effort undertakes an approximate analysis of the individual components and the characteristics of the the effects of mean and oscillatory flow on the velocity small particles, which is the goal of this project. response threshold condition using linear, hydrodynamic stability theory. Recent results include the prediction of Ignition Models for Solid the threshold condition and the discovery of a new, Propellant Rocket Motors parametrically excited vortex instability mode. J. Buckmaster;* P. Alavilli, T. L. Jackson (CSAR); M. Short (Theoret. & Appl. Mech.) Stability of Flows through Porous U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, Media at Large Reynolds Number F49620-96-1-0031; DOE Center for the Simulation R. A. Beddini,* C. Low of Advanced Rockets University of Illinois Solid propellant rocket motors are ignited by a flux of hot Porous walls are often used for the surfaces of rocket gases from an igniter at the head of the chamber. chambers and their experimental simulators. It has been Modeling of the subsequent transients is an important experimentally observed that as the Reynolds number of issue, for if they are too violent the integrity of the motor the flow based on pore size becomes of the order 10 or can be compromised. Researchers are developing ignition more, the flow becomes unstable, with large magnitude models for inclusion in the large numerical code being nonuniformities. These disturbances are observed to be developed within Center for the Simulation of Advanced nearly random spatially, but temporally steady. This is a Rockets for the complete simulation of the rocket. “pseudo-turbulence” phenomenon that has not been analytically addressed in the literature. The mechanism is related to the nonlinear drag terms in the equations of motion. Linear instability techniques are being employed to analyze the flow.
20 * Denotes principal investigator. Toward a Numerical Simulation of the Combustion Layer in a Solid-Propellant Structural Dynamics Rocket Motor J. Buckmaster;* T. L. Jackson, J. Hoeflinger (CSAR) Damping in Bolted Joints U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, L. A. Bergman,* A. F. Vakakis* (Mech. & Indus. Engr.), F49620-96-1-0031; DOE Center for the Simulation C. J. Hartwigsen, Y. Song of Advanced Rockets Sandia National Laboratories, DOE SNL BF-0162 [email protected] The Center for the Simulation of Advanced Rockets is concerned with the simulation of an entire solid Mechanical joints are recognized to be responsible for propellant rocket system, the combustion, the gas flow much of the uncertainty in the behavior of otherwise and acoustics, the structure, and the material behavior. linear structures. Two mechanisms that have been Different groups in various departments of the college are identified as both present and important are microslip in responsible for different ingredients in this study. the vicinity of connectors, such as bolts, and slap between This research team is concerned with the combustion adjacent parts of a structure, particularly at high processes that occur near the surface of the solid frequencies. Analysis and experiments have been used to propellant and their detailed numerical simulation. characterize the behavior of two beams connected by a bolted lap joint, with work continuing on the Multipass Herriot Cell for Density development of predictive models. Diagnostics in Pulsed Thrusters R. L. Burton,* E. Antonsen Dynamics and Control of Highway Bridges U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory, F04700-98-W-1204 L. A. Bergman,* Y. Song, C. Bilello, A. Pesterev [email protected] (Russian Academy of Sciences) National Science Foundation, CMS 98-00136 The low neutral density in the exhaust of a pulsed plasma [email protected] thruster (PPT) can be measured if the optical path length is sufficiently long. This measurement, requiring at least In this project, various strategies for extending the life of 12 passes of a laser beam through the exhaust plume of highway bridges will be examined, including passive, the PPT, can be achieved with a Herriot cell coupled to an semiactive, and active control strategies for limiting bridge interferometer. This research effort has designed and response to heavily loaded vehicles. Efficient methods fabricated a Herriot cell for PPT density measurements leading to low-order control-oriented models for the and is performing the measurements under typical PPT bridge-vehicle system have been developed, and various operating conditions. The resulting measurements will be vehicle suspensions are being studied. A series of model used to validate gasdynamic models of PPT operation experiments are under way to assess effects of bridge damage on response. Performance of Coaxial Teflon Pulsed Plasma Thrusters Novel Passive Control Methods R. L. Burton,* F. Rysanek, S. Jaeger for Aerostructures CU Aerospace, L.L.D., F49620-99-C-0065 L. A. Bergman,* A. F. Vakakis* (Mech. & Indus. Engr.), [email protected] D. M. McFarland,* B. Ozdoganlar Air Force Office of Scientific Research, F49620-01-1-0208 Pulsed plasma thrusters (PPTs) with TeflonTM propellant [email protected] can operate at low power and high specific impulse for such satellite propulsion objectives as attitude control, Researchers are applying nonlinear localization and energy formation flying, and orbital transfer. The coaxial TeflonTM pumping to the vibration and shock isolation of structures PPT has demonstrated much higher thrust impulse than representative of aircraft components. To achieve this, other geometries, and the goal of this research is to researchers use both analysis and experiments to gain a increase the specific impulse of this device to the better understanding of the fundamental physics 1,000-second level, while reducing thermal and underlying both nonlinear localization and energy two-phase flow losses. pumping. The research team is extending the energy pumping concept to flexible continuous structures.
* Denotes principal investigator. 21 Acoustic and Viscoelastic Wave and storage have been developed. The numerical results Propagations with Absorbing Boundaries compare extremely well with analytical exact solutions. H. H. Hilton,* M. J. Yedlin* (British Columbia) University of Illinois; University of British Columbia Generalized Viscoelastic 1-DOF Deterministic and Stochastic The previous work of Yedlin and Luo is extended and Nonlinear Oscillators generalized to 1-D and 2-D linear viscoelastic wave H. H. Hilton,* S. Yi* (Nanyang) propagations with absorbing boundaries. Formal analytical University of Illinois; Nanyang Technological University solutions are developed, showing that the governing relations and BCs for the 1-D and 2-D problems are of In this study, the theory of deterministic and stochastic sufficient complexity that they are not amenable to generalized viscoelastic Duffing, Roberts, and van der Pol analytic solutions. However, numerical formulations using oscillator responses are formulated and evaluated. finite elements and finite differences are employed, Numerical solution protocols are developed and the results yielding excellent results. Appropriate solution are evaluated to determine the influence of viscoelastic methodologies are discussed and evaluated, and the damping on the oscillators’ performance. It has been influence of the various viscoelastic material parameters is found that generalized viscoelastic material behavior examined in detail by illustrative examples. It is also profoundly affects the displacements and phase relations shown that, as inverse problems, these formulations and of these oscillators. their attendant solutions can be readily used for experimental material characterizations. Torsion-bending Flutter of Viscoelastic Wings H. H. Hilton,* C. E. Beldica* Control of Piezoviscoelastic Lifting Surfaces University of Illinois; National Center for Supercomputing H. H. Hilton,* S. Yi* (Nanyang), C. E. Beldica* Applications; U.S. Department of Energy, University of Illinois; Nanyang Technological University; DAHC94-46-C-0005 (HPCMP-PET) National Center for Supercomputing Applications; DOD DAHC94-46-C-0005 (HPCMP-PET) An analysis of subsonic and supersonic torsion-bending flutter, including rotary inertia, shear, and hearing effects A systematic analytical study has been initiated to of a time-dependent linear viscoelastic lifting surface investigate static and dynamic control of lifting surfaces consisting of either a Bernoulli-Euler or a Timoshenko through material and electric damping and control. beam, is formulated using aerodynamic strip theory. Sensitivity studies to determine significant parameters are Complex moduli models for aluminum are characterized in progress to control creep divergence, flutter, control as functions of temperature and frequency by fitting surface effectiveness, and the impact of aerodynamic Chebyshev polynomials to actual material experimental noise. data. The flutter analysis is carried out in the complex plane and a computerized iterative method for the Finite-Element Analysis of Anisotropic determination of flutter speeds and frequencies is Viscoelastic Composites developed. The influence of viscoelastic material H. H. Hilton,* C. E. Beldica, S. Koric properties (storage and loss moduli), temperature, rotary University of Illinois; National Center for Supercomputing inertia, and shear effects is evaluated. Finite-element Applications; U.S. Department of Energy, protocols are formulated and evaluated. DAHC94-46-C-0005 (HPCMP-PET) Linear and Nonlinear Passive Vibration Advanced composite laminates are being used in flight Control of Mechanical Systems vehicles to improve performance by substantial structural A. F. Vakakis* (Mech. & Indus. Engr.), J. Georgiadis* weight savings. Present numerical analysis requires (Mech. & Indus. Engr.), L. A. Bergman,* X. Jiang, computers with large storage and lengthy real-time to Y. Song, G. Raguin complete the calculations. The method under U.S. Office of Naval Research, N00014-00-1-0187 development uses Laplace transforms and thereby requires [email protected] computer real-time use comparable to elastic anisotropic analyses. Results of various loading conditions compare Researchers develop linear and nonlinear vibration extremely well with exact analytical solutions. Finite- isolation designs for naval application and passive control element analyses for dynamic loadings on anisotropic designs for shipboard truss-like structures. The team also viscoelastic composites that save extensive computer time examines passive approaches for ice delamination on airplane wings.
22 * Denotes principal investigator. Nonlinear Localization for Shock Anisotropic Viscoelastic Fractional Isolation of Flexible Structures Derivative Material Characterization A. F. Vakakis* (Mech. & Indus. Engr.), L. A. Bergman,* H. H. Hilton* D. M. McFarland,* S. Moon, Y. Wang University of Illinois; National Center for Supercomputing National Science Foundation, CMS 00-00060 Applications; U.S. Department of Energy, [email protected] DAHC94-46-C-0005 (HPCMP-PET)
A goal of this project is to develop a new kind of shock Isotropic linear and nonlinear fractional derivative isolation system, based on the concept of nonlinear constitutive relations are formulated and examined in localization, whereby induced vibrational energy is terms of generalized Kelvin models. These are analytically passively confined to a preassigned secondary system and extended to cover general anisotropic viscoelastic behavior. away from the primary system to be isolated. Researchers Integral constitutive relations (which are more powerful show that a robust nonlinear localization phenomenon computationally) are derived from fractional differential can be effected by tuning the shock isolation system so ones, and the associated anisotropic temperature-moisture- that a 1:1 resonance exists between the secondary degree-of-cure shift functions and reduced times are substructure and a mode of the primary one, or by established. Approximate Fourier transform inversions for inducing a strongly localized nonlinear normal mode that fractional derivative relations are formulated and their is partially confined to the secondary substructure. accuracy is evaluated. The efficacy of integer and An experiment is currently in the design stage. fractional derivative constitutive relations is compared, and it is found that use of the former is preferable in analyzing isotropic and anisotropic real materials. Structural Mechanics Generalized Linear and Nonlinear Viscoelastic Earthquake Motion Simulations Anisotropic Piezo-Electro-Thermo- H. H. Hilton,* Y. K. Lin* (Florida Atlantic Univ.) Viscoelasticity Theory with Applications Florida Atlantic University to Composites H. H. Hilton,* J. R. Vinson,* S. Yi* (Nanyang), The governing relations for nonlinear and linear C. E. Beldica* viscoelastic vertical ground motions caused by an University of Illinois; University of Delaware; Nanyang earthquake are formulated. The boundaries of the ratio of Technological University; National Center for vertical to horizontal motion velocity are investigated, and Supercomputing Applications; U.S. Department of Energy, it is shown that they lie in the range from 1.23 to 1.73 for DAHC94-46-C-0005 (HPCMP-PET) all physical elastic and viscoelastic materials. Numerical simulations indicate that both response displacement and The general, nonlinear, 3-D, large deformation theory of acceleration amplitudes and frequencies are affected by anisotropic piezo-electro-thermoviscoelasticity is viscoelastic properties of the medium. Since viscoelastic formulated and represents the confluence of anisotropic responses are accelerated in time by increases in elasticity and thermoviscoelasticity, nonhomogeneous temperature and moisture content, significant damping layered media, and piezoelectricity. For linear materials effects will be experienced in warm, moist soils. and small deformations, a piezoelastic/piezoviscoelastic analogy is established in terms of integral Fourier and Large Deflections of Linearly Elastic and Laplace transforms. To demonstrate the effectiveness of Viscoelastic Columns with Follower Loads the piezoviscoelastic constitutive relation derivations, H. H. Hilton,* S. Yi* (Nanyang), T. Ruijun several piezoelastic examples of beam and plate solutions (Harbin Dongan Engine Co.) have been reformulated in terms of piezoviscoelastic University of Illinois; National Center for Supercomputing constitutive relations and solved analytically and Applications; Nanyang Technological University; U.S. numerically using viscoelastic finite-element analyses. Department of Energy, DAHC94-46-C-0005 Researchers are making comparisons with piezoelastic (HPCMP-PET) solutions and conducting sensitivity analyses of piezoviscoelastic parameters. A large-deflection analysis of nonhomogeneous linearly elastic or viscoelastic columns with initial curvature and with variable areas subjected to follower loads is formulated. Column end shortening due to both
* Denotes principal investigator. 23 curvature and compressible loads is taken into account, Stochastic Delamination Buckling and the governing coupled nonlinear differential equations of Viscoelastic Columns are solved numerically. The linear elastic-viscoelastic H. H. Hilton,* S. Yi* (Nanyang), C. E. Beldica integral transform analogy is analytically extended to this University of Illinois; National Center for Supercomputing nonlinear problem. The effects of end shortening, follower Applications; Nanyang Technological University; load angle, nonhomogeneous material properties, and U.S. Department of Energy, DAHC94-46-C-0005 variable area on elastic and viscoelastic columns are (HPCMP-PET) studied in detail. The effects of random failure criteria on delamination Mathematical and Numerical Analysis Issues buckling are studied under deterministic loads, in Nonlinear Anisotropic Viscoelastic geometries, moduli, temperatures, and moisture contents. Composites This allows for an analysis that focuses on and isolates H. H. Hilton,* S. Yi* (Nanyang), C. E. Beldica* random delamination buckling criteria effects under University of Illinois; Nanyang Technological University; otherwise deterministic conditions. Viscoelastic failure National Center for Supercomputing Applications; stresses and moduli decrease in time, while bending U.S. Department of Energy, DAHC94-46-C-0005 stresses, strains, and deformations increase with time. (HPCMP-PET) Using the experimentally determined delamination probability distributions reported by Hiel et al. in Complete 3-D anisotropic, nonhomogeneous, large conjunction with the combined load stochastic failure deformation, nonlinear, viscoelastic constitutive relations criterion of Hilton and Ariaratnam, probabilities of are formulated including aging, moisture, temperature, delamination onset occurrences as time functions are degree of cure, and change of state effects. Anisotropic formulated. nonlinear heat and temperature relations for cure processes are also studied. The coupled system is solved Stochastic Viscoelastic Delamination using combined spatial finite-element and temporal finite- Onset Failure Analysis of Composites difference and/or fourth-order Runge-Kutta approaches. H. H. Hilton,* S. Yi* (Nanyang) Stochastic failure criteria are used to determine University of Illinois; National Center for Supercomputing probabilistic survival times to delamination onset during Applications; Nanyang Technological University; service and manufacturing conditions. Mesh and U.S. Department of Energy, DAHC94-46-C-0005 incremental time step sizing influences on convergence of (HPCMP-PET) numerical results are evaluated, and comparisons of stresses and deformations with experimental data are The analysis includes stochastic processes due to carried out. combined random loads and random delamination failure stresses as well as random anisotropic viscoelastic material Optimum Material Property Formulation for properties, including the influence of stochastic Anisotropic Viscoelastic Damping temperature fields, moisture contents, and boundary H. H. Hilton,* C. E. Beldica* conditions. It is shown that times for delamination onset University of Illinois; National Center for Supercomputing occurrences in composites can be predicted Applications; U.S. Department of Energy, probabilistically depending on any one or all of the above DAHC94-46-C-0005 (HPCMP-PET) conditions. For cases where deterministic criteria predict no delamination failures, the present stochastic failure Anisotropic viscoelastic material properties are formulated theory indicates high probabilities of failure at either early analytically taking into account fiber orientations and or long times depending on the load-time relations. stacking sequences for laminated composites. The detailed The effects of fiber orientation and of number of plies on influences of resulting anisotropic moduli are investigated delamination probabilities are examined. in terms of material response to loads and deformations and the ability to dissipate energy (that is, damp out undesirable motion).
24 * Denotes principal investigator. Structural Integrity of Solid Propellants temperature gradients is presented for various cure cycle and Filament-Wound Rocket Cases histories. Probabilities of delamination during cure H. H. Hilton* are evaluated. University of Illinois; DOE Center for Simulation of Advanced Rockets, 3341494 (ASCF) Free Edge Stresses in Elastic and Viscoelastic Composite Laminates under Nonlinear analytical and massively parallel numerical Uniaxial Extension, Bending, and Twisting analyses of propellants and cases have been initiated. Loadings Time-dependent probabilities of failure are determined S. Yi* (Nanyang), H. H. Hilton* and finite-element massively parallel protocols are University of Illinois; Nanyang Technological University; being developed. National Center for Supercomputing Applications; U.S. Department of Energy, DAHC94-96-C-0005 Finite-Element Analysis of Coarse-grained (HPCMP-PET) Vector Machines of Residual Stresses in Viscoelastic IC Packages during Interlaminar stresses near free laminate edges may result in Surface-mounting Processes delamination onset and growth and may also result from S. Yi* (Nanyang), H. H. Hilton* mismatches in layer properties. Little is known about Nanyang Technological University; University of Illinois interlaminar stresses caused by bending and/or twisting loads. A finite-element procedure for the analysis of time- Moisture and temperature distributions and residual dependent interlaminar stresses in elastic and viscoelastic stresses in plastic-encapsulated IC packages are evaluated laminated composites subjected to arbitrary combinations to assess product reliability. Finite-element analyses of axial extension, bending, and/or twisting loads is (FEA) are done on the NTU CRAY T94 to calculate developed based on displacement fields for laminates hygrothermally induced anisotropic viscoelastic under a generalized plane deformation state. Parametric deformations and stresses in plastic IC packages during studies are presented to demonstrate the accuracy of the surface-mounting processes. Numerical results show that numerical procedures. substantially high stresses in silicon chips and lead frames occur when LOC TSOP packages are exposed to reflow Nonlinear Thermoviscoelastic Analysis of soldering processes. Numerical results also demonstrate Interlaminar Stresses in Laminated that residual stress values in IC packages are sensitive not Composites only to the magnitude of the loads but also to the loading S. Yi* (Nanyang), H. H. Hilton,* C. E. Beldica history because of the hygro-thermo-viscoelastic behavior University of Illinois; National Center for Supercomputing of plastic mold compound IC materials. Applications; Nanyang Technological University; U.S. Department of Energy, DAHC94-46-C-0005 Finite-Element Analysis of Thick (HPCMP-PET) Thermosetting Matrix Composite Manufacturing Cure Process A finite-element formulation for analyzing interlaminar S. Yi* (Nanyang), H. H. Hilton* stress fields in nonlinear anisotropic viscoelastic laminated University of Illinois; National Center for Supercomputing composites is presented, and it includes the hygrothermal Applications; Nanyang Technological University; formulation. Schapery’s single integral formulation is U.S. Department of Energy, DAHC94-46-C-0005 extended to account for anisotropy and multiaxial stress (HPCMP-PET) states. Numerical results obtained from the present formulation are compared against experimental data and A transient heat transfer finite-element model is excellent agreement is obtained between these results. introduced to simulate the curing process of polymer As illustrative examples, inplane and interlaminar stresses matrix composites, and a 3-D anisotropic cure simulation for (45/-45)sT300/5208 laminate are also presented. for a thick laminated composite is performed. The temperatures inside of the laminates can be evaluated by solving the 3-D nonlinear anisotropic heat conduction equations including the internal heat produced by chemical reactions. The internal heat generation term can be expressed in terms of the cure rate. Correlation between experimentally measured and predicted
* Denotes principal investigator. 25 Performance Evaluations of Viscoelastic Finite-Element Analyses on Coarse Grained Systems and Control and Massively Parallel Supercomputers S. Yi* (Nanyang), H. H. Hilton* Endogenous Growth and Non-Anticipated University of Illinois; National Center for Supercomputing Ecological Policy Applications; Nanyang Technological University B. A. Conway,* K. R. Schenk-Hoppe* (Zurich) University of Illinois; University of Zurich Performance evaluations of dynamic viscoelastic finite- element procedures and codes on coarse grained and Researchers study the impact of ecological policy on massively parallel supercomputers such as the CRAY economic growth in an endogenous growth model having Y-MP, CRAY C-90, and the Connection Machine 5 production and research sectors. The model assumes (CM-5) have been undertaken. The element stiffness complete mobility of capital and relative immobility of computations are in the range of 73 to 183 mega floating- labor. At a certain point in time, government regulations point operations per second (Mflops) on the NCSA for environmental protection cause a sharp decrease in CRAY Y-MP. Using four node plane elements and the returns of production. Optimal control theory and 256-processor CM-5, a speedup factor of about 22 over numerical optimization are used to determine the time the CRAY Y-MP was obtained for calculating 1.6x105 history of the system for the case in which the imposition element stiffness matrices, which is 1.65 Gflops. The of the government regulations is anticipated and for the performances of the conjugate gradient method on the case in which it is not anticipated. CRAY Y-MP and CM-5 are also evaluated and are compared with those of the Cray sparse matrix and of Optimal Control for Air Combat the Feable solvers. B. A. Conway* University of Illinois; Japan Defense Agency Process-induced Residual Thermal Stresses and Deformations in Thick Thermosetting In this work, two highly maneuverable (F-16 type) Matrix Composite Laminates airplanes are engaged in combat. The problem can be S. Yi* (Nanyang), H. H. Hilton* formulated as a problem in differential games, a so-called University of Illinois; National Center for Supercomputing minimax problem. In this problem, the pursuer airplane Applications; Nanyang Technological University; is trying to minimize the time required to intercept the U.S. Department of Energy, DAHC94-46-C-0005 evader airplane, while the evader airplane is trying to (HPCMP-PET) maximize this same time (and make it infinite if possible). This is a very complicated optimal control problem since A transient heat transfer, finite-element model is the optimal trajectory for each aircraft depends on what introduced to simulate the curing process of polymer the other aircraft does. It is solved using a newly- matrix composites. Temperature distributions inside the developed variation of the method of collocation with laminates are evaluated by solving the nonlinear nonlinear programming. anisotropic heat conduction equations, which include the internal heat produced by chemical reactions. The internal Autopilot Analysis and heat generation contribution is expressed in terms of cure Adaptation in Icing Conditions rates. Correlations between experimentally measured and P. G. Voulgaris,* V. Sharma, R. Deters predicted temperature gradients are found for various cure NASA Glenn Research Center cycle histories. The effects of temperature and cure rate on viscoelastic responses of graphite-epoxy laminated Icing during flight can cause significant degradation in the composites are investigated using finite-element analyses. performance of the flight control system, even to the Residual stresses for these composite plates subjected to point of generating catastrophic failures. In this project, temperature cycles are also determined. researchers analyze the behavior of the autopilot functions and their safety characteristics. The team investigates techniques to adapt autopilot parameters based on information about the icing state of the aircraft. Researchers also study the performance limitations of the flight control system based on saturation constraints on the control surface deflections and models of icing dynamics. Envelope protection algorithms are also developed based on this approach. 26 * Denotes principal investigator. Remote and Distributed Prussing, J. A class of optimal two-impulse rendezvous Control over Networks using multiple-revolution Lamber solutions. P. G. Voulgaris* J. Astronautical Sciences, 48:2 & 3, 131-148 (2000). National Science Foundation Williams, S. and V. Coverstone-Carroll. Mars missions Remote and distributed control over networks is a using solar electric propulsion. J. Spacecr. Rockets, 37:1, powerful concept that exploits the capabilities of the 71-77 (2000). Internet (or any network) in order to remotely control critical tasks and complex dynamical interactions over long distances. The strategy of remote and distributed control also carries the great potential to lead to the Combustion development and deployment of new applications and technologies that can be very significant for the scientific Buckmaster, J. and T. L. Jackson. The effects of and commercial worlds. Driven by the need for a time-periodic shear on a diffusion flame anchored to a systematic study of this concept, the research here aims at propellant. Combust. Flame, 120, 211-222 (2000). designing and developing novel algorithms, software, middleware, and prototypes for remote, real-time control Buckmaster, J. and T. L. Jackson. Flames supported by of interacting complex systems over heterogeneous heterogeneous propellants. American Institute of hierarchical networks, built around the Internet backbone. Aeronautics and Astronautics reprint, AIAA 00-0306 A particular problem that is studied is the effect of (2000). decentralization and delayed information sharing in a networked system to the overall system performance. Buckmaster, J. and T. L. Jackson. Holes in flames, flame-isolas, their edges. Proc. Combustion Institute, 28 (2000).
Journals and Books Buckmaster, J., A. Hegab, and T. L. Jackson. The effects of convection and cold probes on oscillating edge-flames. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics reprint, Aerodynamics AIAA 00-0847 (2000).
Whale, J., C. J. Fisichella, and M. S. Selig. Correcting Buckmaster, J., A. Hegab, and T. L. Jackson. More results inflow measurements from wind turbines using a on oscillating edge-flames. Phys. Fluids, 12, 1592-1600 lifting-surface code. ASME J. Solar Energ. Eng., 122, (2000). 196-202 (Nov. 2000). Jackson, T. L., J. Buckmaster, and J. Hoeflinger. 3D flames supported by heterogeneous propellants. J. Proc. Astrodynamics Combustion Institute, 28 (2000). Jackson, T. L., and J. Buckmaster. Non-premixed periodic Coverstone-Carroll, V., J. W. Hartmann, and W. M. flames supported by heterogeneous propellants. J. Propul. Mason. Optimal multi-objective low-thrust spacecraft Power, 16, 498-504 (2000). trajectories. Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng., 186, 387-402 (2000). Kochevets, S., J. Buckmaster, and T. L. Jackson. Random propellant packs and the flames they support. American Horie, K. and B. A. Conway. Optimization for fighter Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics reprint, aircraft vertical maneuvering using poststall flight. AIAA 00-3461 (2000). J. Aircr., 37:6 (2000).
Jo, J. W. and J. Prussing. A procedure for applying second-order conditions in optimal control problems. J. Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, 23:2, 241-250 (2000).
* Denotes principal investigator. 27 Li, H., J. Lambros, B. A. Cheeseman, and M. H. Santare. Dynamical Systems Experimental investigation of the quasi-static fracture of functionally graded materials. Int. J. Solids Struct., 37:27, Namachchivaya, N. S. and L. Vedula. Real noise 3715-3732 (2000). stabilization of linear systems: application to flow- induced oscillations. J. Dynamics Stabil. Syst., 15:2, Li, Z. and J. Lambros. Thermomechanical dynamic 185-208 (2000). behavior of fiber reinforced composites. Composites A, 31, 537-547 (2000). Namachchivaya, N. S., R. Sowers, and L. Vedula. Stochastic averaging on graphs: noisy Duffing-van der O’Brien, D. and S. White. Viscoelastic properties of an Pol equation, pp. 332-342. In Stochastic and Chaotic epoxy resin during cure. J. Compos. Mater., 35:10, Dynamics in the Lakes. American Institute of Physics, 883-904 (2000). Melville, N.Y. (2000). Prabhu, S. and J. Lambros. A combination optical method of lateral shearing interferometer and caustics. Xie, W. C., N. S. Namachchivaya, and B. Balachandaran. Exp. Mech., 40:4, 376-383 (2000). Nonlinear Dynamics and Stochastic Mechanics. American Society of Mechanical Engineers AMD 241. New Prabhu, S. and J. Lambros. Effect of mode mixity on York, N.Y. (2000). K-dominance and three-dimensionality in cracked plates. Int. J. Fract., 104:1, 51-69 (2000).
Prabhu, S. and J. Lambros. A numerical investigation of Lasers three-dimensional effects in cracked unidirectional fiber reinforced composite plates. J. Compos. Mater., 34:2, Carroll, D. L., D. M. King, L. Fockler, D. Stromberg, 116-134 (2000). W. C. Solomon, L. H. Sentman, and C. H. Fisher. High-performance chemical oxygen-iodine laser using Santare, M. H. and J. Lambros. Use of a graded finite nitrogen diluent for commercial applications. IEEE J. element to model the behavior of nonhomogeneous Quantum Electron., 36:1, 40-51 (2000). materials. J. Appl. Mech., 64:1, 819-822 (2000).
Materials and Structures Propulsion and Combustion
Anlas, G., M. H. Santare, and J. Lambros. Numerical Burton, R. L., F. Rysanek, E. A. Antonsen, M. J. Wilson, calculation of stress intensity factors in functionally and S. S. Bushman. Pulsed plasma thruster performance graded materials. Int. J. Fract., 104:2, 131-143 (2000). for microspacecraft propulsion, Chapter 13. In Micropropulsion for Small Spacecraft, AIAA Progress Breitenfeld, M. S. and P. H. Geubelle. Parallel Series, Vol. 187 (2000) implementation of a spectral scheme for the simulation of 3D dynamic fracture events. Int. J. High-Perform. Krier, H., R. L. Burton, and J. C. Melcher. Combustion Comput. Appl., 14:1, 26-38 (2000). of aluminum particles in solid rocket motor flows, Chapter 2.2. In Solid Propellant Chemistry, Combustion, Hwang, C. and P. Geubelle. A spectral scheme to and Motor Interior Ballistics, AIAA Progress Series, Vol. 185 simulate dynamic fracture problems in composites. (2000). Comput. Model. Eng. Sci., 1:4, 45-56 (2000).
Kim, C. and S. White. Continuous curing and induced thermal stresses of a thick filament wound composite cylinder. J. Reinf. Plast., Compos., 20:2, 166-180 (2000).
28 * Denotes principal investigator. Structural Dynamics Papers Presented at
Liew, K. W., L. A. Bergman, T. Y. Ng, and K. Y. Lam. Three-dimensional vibration of cylindrical shell Conferences and panels-solution by continuum and discrete approaches. Comput. Mech., 26, 208-221 (2000). Symposia
Ma, X., T. A. Nayfeh, A. F. Vakakis, and L. A. Bergman. Experimental verification of shock reduction achieved Aerodynamics through non-linear localization. J. Sound Vibr., 230:5, 1177-1184 (2000). Broeren, A. P. and M. B. Bragg. Unsteady stalling Pesterev, A. V. and L. A. Bergman. An improved series characteristics of thin airfoils at low-Reynolds number. expansion to the solution of the moving oscillator Proc. Conf. on Fixed, Flapping and Rotary Wing Vehicles problem. ASCE J. Vibr. Acoust., 122:1, 54-61 (2000). at Very Low Reynolds Numbers (Notre Dame, Ind., Jun. 2000) 396-420 (2000). Yang, B., C. A. Tan, and L. A. Bergman. A direct numerical procedure for the solution of moving Gefroh, D., E. Hafenricheter, J. C. Dutton, S. McIlwain, oscillator problems. ASCE J. Eng. Mech., 126:5, 462-469 and E. Loth. Experiments of aeroelastic mesoflaps. AIAA (2000). 38th Aerospace Sciences Mtg. (Reno, Nev., Jan. 2000) AIAA 2000-0355 (2000).
Gefroh, D., E. Hafenricheter, J. C. Dutton, S. McIlwain, Structural Mechanics E. Loth, and P. Geubelle. Simulation and experimental analysis of a novel SBLI flow control system. AIAA Fluid Hilton, H. H. Aerospace structures in the first year of Dynamics 2000 (Denver, Colo., Jun. 2000) AIAA the new millennium and beyond. Aerosp. Am., 38:12, 2000-2237 (2000). 70-71 (3000). Giguère, P. and M. Selig. Blade geometry optimization for the design of wind turbine rotors. AIAA 38th Aerospace Sciences Mtg. (Reno, Nev., Jan. 2000) Systems and Control AIAA 2000-0045 (2000)
Melody, J. W., T. Basar, W. R. Perkins, and P. G. Gopalarathnam, A. and M. S. Selig. A hybrid approach to Voulgaris. Parameter identification for in-flight detection inverse design of complex aerodynamic systems. AIAA of aircraft icing. Control Eng. Pract., 8, 985-1001 (2000). 38th Aerospace Sciences Mtg. (Reno, Nev., Jan. 2000) AIAA 2000-0784 (2000).
Kumar, S. and E. Loth. Aerodynamic simulations of Two-Phase Flow airfoils with large-droplet ice-shapes. AIAA 38th Aerospace Sciences Mtg. (Reno, Nev., Jan. 2000) Loth, E. Numerical approaches to dilute two-phase flow. AIAA 2000-0238 (2000). Prog. Energ. Combust. Sci., 26:3, 161-223 (2000). Lee, S., H. Kim, and M. B. Bragg. Investigation of Ford, B. and E. Loth. Diffusion of ellipsoidal bubbles in factors that influence iced-airfoil aerodynamics. AIAA a turbulent shear layer. Int. J. Multiphase Flow, 26, 38th Aerospace Sciences Mtg. (Reno, Nev., Jan, 2000) 503-516 (2000). AIAA 2000-0099 (2000). Lu, B. and M. B. Bragg. Experimental investigation of airfoil drag measurement with simulated leading-edge ice using the wake survey method. Proc. 18th AIAA Applied Aerodynamics Conf. (Denver, Colo., Aug. 2000) AIAA 2000-3919, 12-21 (2000).
* Denotes principal investigator. 29 Selig, M., A. Gopolarathnam, P. Giguère, and C. Lyon. Systematic airfoil design studies at low Reynolds Computational Fluid Dynamics numbers. Proc. Conf. on Fixed, Flapping, and Rotary Wing Vehicles at Very Low Reynolds. (Notre Dame, Ind., Choo, Y., K. D. Lee, D. Thompson, and M. Vickerman. Jun. 2000) (2000). Surface preparation and grid generation for the simulation of icing effects on airfoil performance and for Wood, B., E. Loth, P. Geubelle, and S. McIlwain. the prediction of ice accretion on airfoils. 7th Int. Conf. A numerical methodology for an aeroelastic SBLI on Numerical Grid Generation in Computational Field control. AIAA 38th Aerospace Sciences Mtg. (Reno, Nev., Simulations (Whistler, B.C., Sep. 2000) (2000). Jan. 2000) AIAA 2000-0522 (2000). Chung, J. and K. D. Lee. Shape optimization of transonic compressor blades using quasi-3D flow Astrodynamics physics. 45th ASME International Gas Turbine and Aerospace Congr. (Munich, Germany, May 2000) AIAA 2000-GT-0489 (2000). Cerven, W. T. and V. Coverstone-Carroll. Optimal reorientation of a multibody spacecraft through joint Chung, J., J. Shim, and K. D. Lee. 3D transonic motion using averaging theory. AAS/AIAA Spaceflight compressor design optimization with quasi-3D flow Mechanics Mtg. (Clearwater, Fla., Jan. 2000) AAS 00-203 physics. ASME Fluids Engineering Ann. Mtg. (Boston, (2000). Mass., Jun. 2000) FEDSM 00-11075 (2000).
Lakso, J. and V. Coverstone-Carroll. Optimal tether Chung, J., J. Shim, and K. D. Lee. Design of 3D deployment/retrieval trajectories using direct collocation. transonic compressor blades using numerical AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Specialist Conf. (Denver, optimization. 38th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Mtg. Colo., Aug. 2000) AIAA 2000-4349 (2000). (Reno, Nev., Jan. 2000) AIAA 2000-0227 (2000).
Prussing, J. E. A class of optimal two-impulse rendezvous Chung, J., J. Shim, and K. D. Lee. Turbomachinery using multiple-revolution Lambert solutions. The design strategy with 3D Navier–Stokes equations. Richard H. Battin Astrodynamics Symp. (College Station, UKC 2000 (Chicago, Ill., Sep. 2000) ATS-4-4 (2000). Tex., Mar. 2000) Paper AAS 00-250 (2000). Eyi, S. and K. D. Lee. Turbomachinery blade design via Prussing, J. E. A class of optimal two-impulse rendezvous optimization. 38th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Mtg. using multiple-revolution Lambert solutions. Univelt Inc. (Reno, Nev., Jan. 2000) AIAA 2000-0740 (2000). (San Diego, Calif., Mar. 2000) Vol. 106, pp. 17-39 (2000). Lee, K. D. and J. Shim, J. A computational investigation of aircraft icing effects in aviation safety. UKC 2000 (Chicago, Ill., Sep. 2000) ATS-3-3 (2000). Combustion Shim, J., J. Chung, and K. D. Lee. A comparison of turbulence modeling in flow analysis of iced airfoils. Buckmaster, J., T. L. Jackson, A. Hegab, and S. Kochevets. 18th AIAA Applied Aerodynamics Conf. (Denver, Colo., Modeling propellants and modeling propellant flames. Aug. 2000) (2000). Proc. 37th JANNAF Combustion Mtg. (Monterey, Calif., Nov. 2000) (2000). Shim, J., J. Chung, and K. D. Lee. A grid generation strategy for CFD analysis of iced airfoil flows. 7th Int. Conf. on Numerical Grid Generation in Computational Field Simulations (Whistler, B.C., Sep. 2000) (2000).
30 * Denotes principal investigator. King, D. M., D. L. Carroll, J. K. Laystrom, J. Verdeyen, Dynamical Systems M. Sexauer, and W. C. Solomon. ElectriCOIL: preliminary experiments of excited oxygen generation McDonald, R. J. and N. S. Namachchivaya. Dynamics by RF discharge. Proc. Int. Conf. on Lasers 2000 of a pipe conveying pulsating flow near criticality. (Albuquerque, N. Mex., Dec. 2000) (2000). Nonlinear Dynamics and Stochastic Mechanics, AMD 241, American Society of Mechanical Engineers Stromberg, D. S., L. A. Fockler, D. L. Carroll, and (New York, N.Y., 2000) 13-20 (2000). W. C. Solomon. New simulations for COIL lasers from the University of Illinois. Laser Optics 2000 (St. Namachchivaya, N. S., R. B. Sowers, and L. Vedula. Petersburg, Russia, Jun. 2000) (2000). Nonstandard reduction of noisy mechanical systems. EUROMECH-413-Colloq. on Stochastic Dynamics of Nonlinear Mechanical Systems (Palermo, Italy, Jun. 2000) Materials and Structures 10 pages, CD-ROM (2000).
Ramakrishnan, N. and N. S. Namachchivaya. Near- Brown, E., N. Sottos, S. White, P. Geubelle, and resonant motion of randomly perturbed two-frequency J. Moore. Self-healing composites using embedded intergrable systems. 8th ASCE Joint Specialty Conf. on microspheres: fracture toughness of epoxy matrix. Probabilistic Mechanics and Structural Reliability ICTAM 2000 Conf. (Chicago, Ill., Aug. 2000) (2000). (Notre Dame, Ind., Jul. 2000) 12 pages, CD-ROM (2000). Geubelle, P. H. Numerical simulation of dynamic fracture problems. MAPINT2000 (Dayton, Ohio, Vedula, L. and N. S. Namachchivaya. Stochastically Aug. 2000) (2000). perturbed nonlinear gyroscopic systems: application to rotating shafts. 8th ASCE Joint Specialty Conf. on Geubelle, P. H. Spectral scheme simulations of dynamic Probabilistic Mechanics and Structural Reliability fracture problems. ASME IMECE 2000 (Orlando, Fla., (Notre Dame, Ind., Jul. 2000) 12 pages, CD-ROM Nov. 2000) (2000). (2000). Geubelle, P. H. and A. Acharya. Thermoelastic spectral Vedula, L. and N. S. Namachchivaya. Nonstandard analysis of dynamically propagating cracks. 37th Ann. reduction of noisy structural systems: shallow arches. Tech. Mtg. of the Society of Engineering Sciences Nonlinear Dynamics and Stochastic Mechanics, AMD (Columbia, S.C., Oct. 2000) (2000). 241, American Society of Mechanical Engineers (New York, N.Y., 2000) 1-81 (2000). Geubelle, P. H., M. S. Breitenfeld, D. Kubair, and C. Hwang. Simulation of fundamental dynamic fracture problems using a spectral scheme. ICES2K (Anaheim, Lasers Calif., Aug. 2000) (2000). Hwang, C. and P. H. Geubelle. Subsonic and intersonic Carroll, D. L. and W. C. Solomon. ElectriCOIL: An crack propagation in unidirectional and cross-ply advanced chemical iodine laser concept. XIII Int. Symp. composites. ASME IMECE 2000 (Orlando, Fla., on Gas Flow and Chemical Lasers and High-Power Lasers Nov. 2000) (2000). (Florence, Italy, Sep. 2000) (2000). Krishnan, S. S. H. Yoon, and S. R. White. Dynamic Carroll, D. L., W. C. Solomon, D. M. King, L. Fockler, mechanical analysis of nitinol beams. Adaptive Structures D. Stromberg, M. Sexauer, A. Milmoe, and L. H. and Materials Systems Symp., ASME IMECE 2000 Sentman. Advanced mixing nozzle concepts for COIL. (Orlando, Fla., Nov. 2000) 13-18 (2000). Int. Conf. on Lasers 1999 (Quebec City, Que. Dec. 1999) (2000). Kubair, D. and P. Geubelle. Intersonic crack propagation in homogeneous media under shear-dominated mixed-mode loading. ICTAM 2000 Conf. (Chicago, Ill., Aug. 2000) (2000).
* Denotes principal investigator. 31 Maiti, S. and P. Geubelle. Simulation of damage Servaites, J. C., R. L. Burton, J. C. Melcher, and H. Krier. mechanisms in high-speed grinding of ceramics. ICTAM Ignition and combustion of aluminum particles in
2000 Conf. (Chicago, Ill., Aug. 2000) (2000). shocked H2O/O2/Ar and CO2/O2/Ar mixtures. 36th AIAA Joint Propulsion Conf. (Huntsville, Ala., Jul. 2000) White, S., P. Geubelle, and C. Tucker. Process AIAA 2000-3331 (2000). optimization for dimensional accuracy for polymer composites. 2000 NSF Design and Manufacturing Grantee’s Conf. (Vancouver, B.C., Jan. 2000) (2000) Structural Dynamics Zhu, Q. and P. H. Geubelle. Effects of the manufacturing process on the dimensional accuracy of thermoset Caicedo, J. M., G. Turan, S. J. Dyke, and L. A. Bergman. composites. ASME IMECE 2000 (Orlando, Fla., Comparison of modeling techniques for dynamic Nov. 2000) (2000). analysis of a cable-stayed bridge. 14th ASCE Engineering Mechanics Conf. (Austin, Tex., May 2000) CD-ROM Zhu, Q. and P. Geubelle. Process-induced residual (2000). stresses and warpage in polymer composites. ICTAM 2000 Conf. (Chicago, Ill., Aug. 2000) (2000). Dyke, S. J., J. M. Caicedo, L. A. Bergman, and G. Turan. Introducing a benchmark control problem for a cable- stayed bridge subjected to seismic excitation. US-China Propulsion and Combustion Millennium Symp. on Earthquake Engineering (Beijing, China, Nov. 2000) (2000).
Antonsen, E. L, R. L. Burton, S. F. Engelman, and Dyke, S. J., G. Turan, J. M. Caicedo, L. A. Bergman, and G. G. Spanjers. Herriott cell interferometer for unsteady S. Hague. Benchmark control problem on the seismic density measurements in small length scale thruster response of cable-stayed bridges. 2nd European Conf. on plasmas. 36th AIAA Joint Propulsion Conf. (Huntsville, Structural Control (Paris, France, Jul. 2000) (2000). Ala., Jul. 2000) AIAA 2000-3431 (2000). Pesterev, A. V., B. Yang, L. A. Bergman, and C. A. Tan. Beddini, R. A. and Y. Lee. Visco-acoustic and resonant Response and stress calculation of an elastic continuum interactions in solid and hybrid propulsion chambers. carrying multiple moving oscillators. Proc. Int. Conf. on 2000 JANNAF CS/PSHS/APS Joint Mtg. (Monterey, Advances in Structural Dynamics (Hong Kong, Calif., Nov. 2000) (2000). Dec. 2000) 545-552 (2000).
Beddini, R. A. and C. E. Low. Hydrodynamic stability of Wojtkiewicz, S. F. and L. A. Bergman. Numerical flow in homogeneous porous media. 20th Int. Congr. of solution of high-dimensional Fokker-Planck equations. Theoretical and Applied Mechanics (Chicago, Ill., Aug. 8th ASCE Joint Specialty Conf. on Probabilistic 2000) (2000). Mechanics and Structural Reliability (Notre Dame, Ind., Jul. 2000) CD-ROM (2000). Lee, Y. and R. A. Beddini. Effect of solid rocket chamber pressure on acoustically-induced turbulent transition. 36th AIAA Joint Propulsion Conf. (Huntsville, Ala., July 2000) AIAA 2000-3802 (2000).
Melcher, J. C., J. T. Brzozowski, H. Krier, and R. L. Burton. Combustion of aluminum in solid rocket motor flows. 36th AIAA Joint Propulsion Conf. (Huntsville, Ala., Jul. 2000) AIAA 2000-3333 (2000).
Rysanek, F. and R. L. Burton. Effects of geometry and energy on a coaxial teflon pulsed plasma thruster. 36th AIAA Joint Propulsion Conf. (Huntsville, Ala., Jul. 2000) AIAA 2000-3429 (2000).
32 * Denotes principal investigator. Beldica, C., H. Hilton, and S. Koric. Viscoelastic torsion Structural Mechanics under piezoelectric control—analytical and massively parallel computational simulations and performance Beldica, C. E. and H. H. Hilton. Aero-viscoelasticity and evaluations. Proc. Applications of High Performance structural failure. Proc. MAPINT 2000 (Dayton, Ohio, Computing in Engineering V (Maui, Hawaii, Feb. 2000) Aug. 2000) 12-13 (2000). 147-156 (2000).
Beldica, C. E. and H. H. Hilton. Delay of creep buckling Beldica, C. E., H. Hilton, and S. Koric. Viscoelastic and of probabilistic failures of linear viscoelastic plates. bending and torsion under piezoelectric control— Proc. AIAA Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials analytical and massively parallel computational Conf. (Atlanta, Ga., Apr., 2000) AIAA 2000-1648, simulations and performance evaluations. Proc. 25th 129-138 (2000). Annual Aerospace Science Symp. (Dayton, Ohio, Mar. 2000) 31-32 (2000). Beldica, C. E. and H. H. Hilton. The influence of viscoelastic wave generation on experimental material Hilton, H. H. Nonlinear viscoelastic analysis and property characterization—analytical and computational simulation of lifting surface instabilities with simulations. Proc. IUTAM Symp. on Mechanical Waves piezoelectric control. Proc. Third World Congr. of for Composite Structures Characterization (Chania, Crete, Nonlinear Analysts (Catania, Sicily, Jul. 2000) Jun. 2000) 27-32 (2000). 1492-1521 (2000).
Beldica, C. E. and H. H. Hilton. Lateral creep buckling and failure probabilities of linear viscoelastic beams. Systems and Control 7th Int. Conf. on Composites Engineering, ICCE (Monterey, Calif., Jul. 2000) 73-74 (2000). Voulgaris, P. G. Control of nested systems. Proc. Beldica, C. E. and H. H. Hilton. Nonlinear creep stall, American Control Conf. (Chicago, Ill., Jun. 2000) torsional divergence and failure probabilities of (2000). viscoelastic lifting surfaces. Int. Conf. on Nonlinear Problems in Aviation and Aerospace (Daytona Beach, Fla., Voulgaris, P. G. Optimal control of systems with delayed 2000) 18-19 (2000). observation sharing patterns via input-output methods. 38th IEEE Conf. on Decision and Control (Sydney, Beldica, C. E. and H. H. Hilton. Optimum composite Australia, Dec. 2000) (2000). material property configurations for piezo-viscoelastic structural control: analytical and computational Voulgaris, P. G. Robust and multiobjective control. simulations. Proc. 15th Ann. Tech. Conference of the Summer School on Advanced Control. (Bertinoro, Italy, American Society for Composites (College Station, Tex., 2000) (2000). Sep. 2000) 329-334 (2000). Voulgaris, P. G., G. Bianchini, and B. Bamieh. Optimal Beldica, C. E. and H. H. Hilton. Piezoelectric control of decentralized controllers for spatially distributed systems. deformations and failure probabilities in viscoelastic 38th IEEE Conf. on Decision and Control (Sydney, Timoshenko beams. Int. Congr. on Theoretical and Australia, Dec. 2000) (2000). Applied Mechanics (Chicago, Ill., Aug. 2000) 180 (2000).
Beldica, C. E. and H. H. Hilton. Piezoelectric control of lateral creep buckling and failure probabilities of linear Two-Phase Flow viscoelastic beams. Proc 37th Annual Tech. Mtg. of Society of Engineering Science (Columbia, S.C., Oct. Felton, K. and E. Loth. Turbulent bubble dispersion in 2000) LL:248 (2000). boundary layer. ASME Summer Fluids Engineering Mtg. (Boston, Mass., Jul. 2000) FEDSM 2000-11140 (2000).
* Denotes principal investigator. 33 Hancir, P., A. Anderson, and E. Loth. Computations of droplet distribution in the NASA IRT. 38th AIAA Combustion Aerospace Sciences Mtg. (Reno, Nev., Jan. 2000) AIAA 2000-0101 (2000). Kochevets, S. Cellular instability of diffusion flames in the counterflow configuration. M.S. thesis, J. Loth, E. An Eulerian model for free-shear multiphase Buckmaster, adviser (2000). turbulent diffusion. ASME IMECE Mtg. (Orlando, Fla., Nov. 2000) (2000). Dynamical Systems Theses McDonald, R. Bifurcations of parametrically excited gyroscopic systems near A 0:1 resonance. Ph.D. thesis, Aerodynamics S. Namachchivaya, adviser (2000).
Chenoweth, J. Porous wedge flows in a solid rocket Materials and Structures motor. M.S. thesis, M. Bragg, adviser (2000).
Gefroh, D. Experimental study of mesoflaps to control Berman, J. Investigation of residual stresses in shape oblique-shock/boundary-layer interaction. M.S. thesis, memory alloy (SMA) composites. Ph.D. thesis, S. White, E. Loth, adviser (2000). adviser (2000).
Gurbacki, H. Sensing aircraft icing effects from flap Krishnan, S. Experimental characterization and finite hinge-moment measurement. M.S. thesis, M. Bragg, element analysis of shape memory alloy flaps for adviser (2000). aeroelastic transpiration. M.S. thesis, S. White, adviser (2000). Kumar, S. Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) and detached eddy simulation (DES) applied to iced-airfoil Li, J. Magnetostrictive tagging of composite materials aerodynamics. M.S. thesis, E. Loth, adviser (2000). and their magnetomechanical behavior. M.S. thesis, S. White, adviser (2000). Raj, N. V. An improved semi-empirical model for 3-D post-stall effects in horizontal axis wind turbines. M.S. Viswanathan, S. Micromechanical modeling of self- thesis, M. Selig, adviser (2000). healing polymeric composites. M.S. thesis, P. Geubelle, adviser (2000).
Zhu, Q. Dimensional accuracy of thermoset polymer Astrodynamics composites: process simulation and optimization. Ph.D. thesis, P. Geubelle, adviser (2000). Tanzillo, M.C. Optimal escape using low-thrust trajectories. M.S. thesis, J. Prussing, adviser (2000). Propulsion and Combustion Trask, A. Optimal powered aeroassisted orbit transfers using solar electric propulsion. M.S. thesis, V. Coverstone, adviser (2000). Servaites, J. Combustion of aluminum particles in rocket motor oxidizers within a shock tube. M.S. thesis, R. Burton, and H. Krier (Mechanical Engineering), advisers (2000).
Low, C. E. Hydrodynamic instability of fluid flow through homogeneous porous media. Ph.D. thesis, R. Beddini, adviser (2000).
34 * Denotes principal investigator. Air University Board of Visitors, United States Air Force, Structural Dynamics 2000-
Wojtkiewicz, S. F. Contributions to the computational John D. Buckmaster analysis of multi-dimensional stochastic dynamical Fellow, American Physical Society systems. Ph.D. thesis, L. Bergman, adviser (2000). Fellow and Chartered Physicist, Institute of Physics Fellow, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Fellow, J. S. Guggenheim Foundation Fellow Associate Fellow, American Institute of Aeronautics Awards and Honors and Astronautics Senior U.S. Scientist Award, Alexander von Humboldt Robert A. Beddini Foundation, Germany Associate Fellow, American Institute of Aeronautics Editorial Board, Combustion Theory and Modeling and Astronautics Engineering Council Advisors List for Outstanding Teacher of the Year Award, U of I Department of Advising, U of I, 1997 Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering, 1986 Distinguished Lecturer Cup, U of I Department of Award for International Program Development, Midwest Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, 1997 Universities Consortium for International Activities, 1986 Rodney L. Burton NATO AGARD Lectureship (individual) ONERA, Associate Fellow, American Institute of Aeronautics France, 1990 and Astronautics Andersen Consulting Award for Advising Excellence, Ralph R. Teetor Award, Society of Automotive Engineers U of I College of Engineering, 1991 Senior Member, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Lawrence A. Bergman Andersen Consulting Award for Excellence in Advising, Fellow, American Society of Mechanical Engineers U of I College of Engineering, 1993, 1994 Fellow, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Teacher of the Year Award, U of I Department of Associate Fellow, American Institute of Aeronautics Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering, 1993, 1999 and Astronautics State of the Art in Civil Engineering Award, American Bruce A. Conway Society of Civil Engineers, 1983 Associate Fellow, American Institute of Aeronautics Norman Medal, American Society of Civil Engineers, and Astronautics 1999 Teacher of the Year Award, U of I Department of Editor, Transactions of the ASME, Journal of Vibration Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering, 1981, and Acoustics, 2000- 1982, 1983, 1988, 1992, 2000
Charles E. Bond, Emeritus Victoria Coverstone Teacher of the Year Award, U of I Department of Andersen Consulting Award for Excellence in Advising, Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering, 1980, 1989 U of I College of Engineering, 1993, 1994 General Electric Scholar, U of I Academy for Excellence NASA-ASEE Summer Faculty Fellow, Jet Propulsion in Engineering Education, 1997 Laboratory, 1993 Everitt Award for Teaching Excellence, U of I College Michael B. Bragg of Engineering, 1994 Associate Fellow, American Institute of Aeronautics Teacher of the Year Award, U of I Department of and Astronautics Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering, 1994, 1997 College of Engineering Research Award, Ohio State Engineering Council Advisors List for Outstanding University, 1986 Advising, U of I, 1996, 1997, 1999 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Losey Atmospheric Science Award, 1998 Philippe Geubelle Outstanding Recent Alumnus Award, U of I Department CAREER Award, National Science Foundation, 1998 of Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering, 1988 Teacher of the Year Award, U of I Department of Teacher of the Year Award, U of I Department of Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering, 1998 Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering, 1990 Xerox Award for Faculty Research, U of I College of Engineering, 1999
* Denotes principal investigator. 35 Everitt Award for Teaching Excellence, U of I College of Andersen Consulting Award for Advising Excellence, Engineering, 2000 U of I College of Engineering, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1998, 1999 Harry H. Hilton, Emeritus Dirk Brouwer Award, American Astronautical Society, Associate Fellow, American Institute of Aeronautics 1994 and Astronautics Engineering Council Advisers List for Outstanding Long Term AIAA Membership Award, 1985 Advising, U of I College of Engineering, 1995, 1997, Charles E. Schmidt Distinguished Visiting Professor, 2000 Florida Atlantic University, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 Best Paper Award, AAS/AIAA Space Flight Mechanics Fifty Year Award, American Institute of Aeronautics Meeting, Monterey, Calif., 1998 and Astronautics, 1997 Association of College Honor Societies Award, 2000 Michael S. Selig Summer Faculty Fellow, Department of Energy National Ki D. Lee Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1993 Associate Fellow, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Lee H. Sentman Associate Fellow, American Institute of Aeronautics Eric Loth and Astronautics Associate Fellow, AIAA Everitt Award for Teaching Excellence, U of I College of Exceptional Performance Award, Department of the Engineering, 1969 Navy, 1989 Andersen Consulting Award for Excellence in Advising, Research Initiation Award, National Science Foundation, U of I College of Engineering, 1993 1990 Teacher of the Year Award, U of I Department of Undergraduate Instructional Support Award, International Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering, 1995-1996 Paper Company, 1991 Plasmadynamics and Lasers Award, American Institute AFOSR Summer Faculty Associate, AEDC, 1993 of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1999 Andersen Consulting Award for Excellence in Advising, U of I College of Engineering, 1993 Kenneth R. Sivier, Emeritus Teacher of the Year Award, U of I Department of Twenty-five Year Membership Certificate, American Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering, 1994 Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Senior Fellow, Naval Research Lab, 1995 Associate Fellow, American Institute of Aeronautics Faculty Fellow, National Center for Supercomputing and Astronautics Applications, 2000-2001 Stanley H. Pierce Award, U of I College of Engineering, 1985 N. Sri Namachchivaya Teacher of the Year Award, U of I Department of Xerox Award for Faculty Research, U of I College of Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering, 1987 Engineering, 1989, 1993 Presidential Young Investigator Award, National Science Wayne C. Solomon Foundation, 1990 Associate Fellow, American Institute of Aeronautics Visiting Scientist, The Fields Institute for Research in and Astronautics Mathematical Science, Canada, 1993 Director, NASA Illinois Space Grant Consortium Southwest Mechanics Lectures, 1999 Petros G. Voulgaris Allen I. Ormsbee, Emeritus Research Initiation Award, National Science Foundation, Associate Fellow, American Institute of Aeronautics 1993 and Astronautics Young Investigator Award, U.S. Office of Naval Research, 1995 John E. Prussing Xerox Award for Faculty Research, U of I College of Fellow, American Institute of Aeronautics and Engineering, 1996 Astronautics Fellow, American Astronautical Society Teacher of the Year Award, U of I Department of Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering, 1975, 1979, 1984, 1991
36 * Denotes principal investigator. Scott R. White Research Initiation Award, National Science Foundation, 1992 Office of Naval Research Young Investigator, 1993 Undergraduate Instructional Support Award, International Paper Company, 1995 Engineering Council Advisers List for Outstanding Advising, U of I College of Engineering, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2000 Research Development Award, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1997 Editorial Board, Journal of Composite Materials, 2000-
S. M. Yen, Emeritus Associate Fellow, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Andersen Consulting Award for Advising Excellence, U of I College of Engineering, 1989
Adam R. Zak, Emeritus Associate Fellow, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Patents Aerodynamics
M. B. Bragg and H. M. Gurbacki. Aircraft Surface Contamination Sensing System Using Control Surface Hinge Moment Measurements, # 6,140,942, October 31, 2000.
* Denotes principal investigator. 37 Agricultural Engineering
L. E. Bode, Head 338 Agricultural Engineering Sciences Building Agricultural Safety 1304 West Pennsylvania Avenue, MC-644 Urbana, IL 61801-4797 Developing a Fall Arrest System 217-333-3570 • http://www.age.uiuc.edu for Grain Bins R. A. Aherin,* G. L. Riskowski Principles from many scientific and engineering disciplines University of Illinois are applied to address opportunities and problems of agricultural production, processing, and utilization. The purpose of this research is to design and test a Food and agribusiness industries account directly or system(s) that can be incorporated into the design of indirectly for more than 20 percent of the U.S. Gross existing and new grain bins that will prevent falls and National Product and are the world’s largest industries. suffocation of persons who enter bins on farms. Illinois is ranked second nationally in the value of food The intent is to develop a system that will allow workers processed and fifth in total value of agricultural products. to accomplish needed tasks and provide protection from The research program areas of the department include falling through crusted-over grain and suffocating or environmental protection of air, soil, and water resources; experiencing other fall-related injuries. A system has bioenvironmental engineering of plant and animal been designed and tested. The industry is currently being production facilities; off-road power and machinery informed of the results. Future enhancement of the design; and food and process engineering. Alternative design may be necessary. energy technologies, such as ethanol, biomass conversion, solar, vegetable oil, and agricultural waste utilization, Disabled Farmers Project continue to be explored along with efficient management R. A. Aherin,* R. E. Petrea of conventional energy sources. More cooperation with University of Illinois; U.S. Department of Agriculture industries that purchase, transport, process, and package agricultural commodities has broadened the scope of The primary objective of this project is to develop a agricultural engineering research, especially in the model program that will provide comprehensive assistance development of monitoring sensors and process control to Illinois farmers with physical disabilities. This includes systems using machine vision and other sensors. Research conducting research to identify the level of need for aimed at improving performance and reducing cost at all assistance among farmers in the state and the impact of levels of production with minimal environmental impact services provided. is receiving considerable attention in an attempt to keep U.S. agricultural products competitive in the world Farm Injury Medical System Surveillance market. Additionally, new markets, new products, and R. A. Aherin* new uses are being sought for overly abundant agricultural Carle Foundation Hospital Center for Rural Health commodities. and Farm Safety Geographically located in an area of intense agricultural production, with access to good transportation facilities The purpose of this project is to develop and test a farm and surrounded by a large concentration of agricultural injury and illness surveillance system for three primary and industrial equipment manufacturers and food sources of data within a medical system. These include processors, the department is in an enviable position to patient admittance to emergency rooms, hospitals, and serve all areas of the agricultural community. Many clinics. The systems developed will be evaluated for agricultural engineering graduates, educated and trained in reliability and ease of use by admittance personnel. the University of Illinois’ Agricultural Engineering Sciences Building with modern teaching facilities and research laboratories, are employed throughout the nation. Interaction and cooperation with these graduates and other alumni scattered throughout the world help maintain a viable, useful research program.
* Denotes principal investigator. 2 Respiratory Health of Swine Using History and Accomplishments to Plan Workers Pilot Study for the Future: A Summary of 15 Years in R. A. Aherin,* D. Main Agricultural Safety and Health and Action National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Steps for Future Directions National Farm Medicine Center; Carle Foundation Hospital R. E. Petrea* Center for Rural Health and Farm Safety Multiple Funding Agencies
The first year of the project is a pilot study that may lead This three-year project uses a conference in year one to a more comprehensive four-year study. The long-term and a consensus building process in years two and three objective is to safeguard respiratory health of confinement to provide content for a published document. workers by developing technologies to measure, predict, This document on agricultural safety and health will and control airborne contaminants in swine production summarize recent past activities, describe progress made, facilities. The objectives of the first-year pilot project are identify current gaps and needs, anticipate changes in the to evaluate the risk level by surveying the respiratory future for the public record, and serve as a resource in health history and the exposure to airborne contaminants national policy discussions. of swine confinement workers and to measure the acute respiratory responses (FEV1, FEF25-75, FEF75 and FVC) Youth Teaching Youth: Are TASK Teens of swine confinement workers who are exposed to the Ready to Teach? environments of confinement livestock facilities. R. E. Petrea,* R. A. Aherin, P. Buriak National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health Reducing Eye Injuries and Illnesses in Latino Farm Workers This three-year research provides the first formal, overall L. Forst,* S. Scimshaw, D. Hryhorczuk, R. Petrea, evaluation of a prominent youth-teaching-youth model, S. Bauer, T. Booker, L. Nickels, R. Kerzee the Illinois Easter Seal Society’s Teaching Agricultural Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Safety to Kids (TASK). TASK trains secondary-age FFA members to make presentations on agricultural and rural This is a study to develop and assess intervention safety and health issues to elementary school students. strategies designed to reduce the incidences and severity of Quasi-experimental quantitative, behavioral psychology, work-related eye injuries and illnesses in Latino farm and qualitative methods are used to observe and evaluate workers in Illinois and Michigan. Goals are to describe the training that FFA members receive, to observe and the current control methods utilized; determine the appraise the presentations that FFA members make in intentions and prominent beliefs toward utilizing control elementary schools, and to test the immediate and strategies during farm work; deliver an intervention one-year impacts of TASK presentations on program based on those intentions and prominent beliefs; elementary students. evaluate the effects of the intervention program; establish a long-range eye injury and illness prevention program; and build partnerships among university researchers, Alternative Fuels advocacy groups, service providers, Latino farm workers, and local health care professions. Evaluation of Biomass-Derived Alternative Coordinator for the Agricultural Safety Fuels for Off-Road Vehicles and Health Network (ASH-NET) A. C. Hansen* R. E. Petrea* U.S. Department of Agriculture Hatch Funds W. K. Kellogg Foundation More stringent emissions regulations and increasing This study uses qualitative methods to assess the group reliance on imported crude oil has renewed interest in processes and leadership development strategies effective biofuels. The objective of this project is to evaluate in continuing a national network of individual agricultural selected biomass-derived fuels in off-road vehicles in terms safety- and health-related projects. The coordinator role of engine performance, durability, and emissions. serves to facilitate the activities of a variety of university, Fuel blends will be tested in the laboratory and field. medical center, and community-based entities in jointly Laboratory tests will include the optimization of engine addressing safety and health issues and catalyzing parameters so as to minimize emissions and grassroots efforts to educate policy makers relevant to maximize performance. this arena.
3 * Denotes principal investigator. Evaluation of “E diesel” as an Alternative Bioenvironmental Engineering Fuel for Diesel Engines Research Laboratory A. C. Hansen,* Q. Zhang L. L. Christianson,* M. E. Tumbleson, R. J. Adrian, Illinois Department of Commerce and Community Affairs M. Ellis, S. M. Larson, R. I. Mackie, M. T. McCulley, T. A. Newell, G. L. Riskowski, M. J. Rood, W. B. Rose, The purpose of this project was to perform a 500-hour M. A. Smith, L. A. Spomer engine durability test in the laboratory to evaluate the National Science Foundations; U.S. Environmental effect of E diesel, a blend of ethanol and diesel fuel, on Protection Agency; American Society of Heating, the performance of an engine and on the life of the fuel Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers; Center for system and engine components. The test procedure was Indoor Air Quality Research; U.S. Department of developed in cooperation with Cummins Engine Agriculture; U.S. Department of Energy; University Company, the manufacturer of the test engine, for of Illinois comparison with the standardized data available for the same test using #2 diesel as the fuel. The potential (In cooperation with the Departments of Animal Sciences, benefits of using E diesel are both economic Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Civil and and environmental. Environmental Engineering, Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Nuclear Engineering, and Theoretical and Evaluation of “E diesel” as an Alternative Applied Mechanics; College of Veterinary Medicine; and the Fuel in Agricultural Machinery Small Homes Council/Building Research Council) A. C. Hansen,* Q. Zhang, R. Hornbaker Illinois Council on Food and Agricultural Research; An interdisciplinary research laboratory was established Great Lakes Regional Biomass Energy Program involving faculty from engineering and biological sciences. The purposes are to characterize and assess the The objective of this project is to determine the suitability microenvironment and its effects on organisms and of E diesel, a blend of ethanol and diesel fuel, for on-farm biological products. Focus areas include animal and plant use, including its performance, fuel interchangeability, and interactions with their microenvironments, sensors and serviceability characteristics as well as its economic impact. instrumentation, indoor air quality, air and air Testing will take place on the farms of participating contaminant movement, environmental conditioning farmers with two tractors and two combines being equipment, and building materials. monitored for performance and condition. A standard test procedure for on-farm fuel evaluation will be Solid/Liquid Separation of Waste Using developed in the course of the research. The Illinois Corn Gravity and Automatic Solid Removal Growers Association and Deere & Company are the T. L. Funk,* Y. Zhang, J. Polakow industrial partners in conducting this research. Illinois Council on Food and Agricultural Research
This project is to develop and evaluate a solid/liquid Bioenvironmental Engineering separation system for waste treatment using gravity settling and an automatic solid removal to minimize the maintenance and cost. Primary influent will be first settled Agricultural Ventilation Equipment in a settling basin with a sedimentation chamber, and an L. L. Christianson,* S. E. Ford, T. L. Funk, auger system will remove the solids periodically. G. L. Riskowski, Y. Zhang The separated solids can then be used for further Various manufacturers and electric power suppliers; National processing, such as thermochemical conversion, Pork Producers Council; University of Illinois; Electric Power composting, or digestion. The liquid, which is low in Research Institute biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), can be aerated mechanically or naturally without much odor emission. Factors that affect performance of agricultural ventilation equipment are evaluated (fans, heat exchangers, inlets, evaporative pads). Results for commercially available equipment are published in booklet form and distributed by extension engineers and electric utilities. This project is in cooperation with electric power suppliers, swine producers, and fan manufacturers.
* Denotes principal investigator. 4 Variable Rate Technology Slurry Applicator process. In this study, a prototype of a noncontact, T. L. Funk* aerodynamic deduster will be developed to separate dust Illinois Council on Food and Agricultural Research particles from an air stream. Theory of particle cut size will be reviewed and modified. Parameters such as the In Illinois, the most popular way of spreading swine deduster configurations and turbulence intensity affecting manure, by slurry tank, has a serious shortcoming: it is the cut size and particle separation efficiency will be very difficult to estimate and control the rate at which the determined. Data collected will be used to validate slurry flows from the tank to the soil-injection equipment. the theory. Without better controls, the producer cannot assure the public that manure is being applied to land at Characterization of Dust Particles environmentally acceptable rates. This project will develop from Animal Buildings a simplified, accurate system for controlling flow rate and Y. Zhang,* X. L. Wang, G. L. Riskowski the ability to couple the control with other hardware and Cooperative State Research Service, U.S. Department software related to site-specific precision of Agriculture; University of Illinois agriculture methods. An air quality laboratory has been established in the Bioenvironmental and Structural Department of Agricultural Engineering. Grants from the Systems Laboratory sponsors enabled researchers to acquire a state-of-the-art G. L. Riskowski,* L. L. Christianson, S. E. Ford aerodynamic particle sizer and the accessories. Particle size Acme Aerotech; GSI Group; Hired Hand; Multifan; distribution, number and mass concentrations, and Raydot; University of Illinois microbiological compositions of dust from animal buildings will be characterized to aid in developing A series of tests were conducted on how design and air-quality control strategies. Together with gas application affect performance of ventilation equipment. chromatography, mass spectrometry, and other Equipment tested included agricultural fans, grain-drying instrumentation, such as a multipoint air sampler, a laser fans, evaporative pads, air diffusers, and building particle counter, and an Anderson sampler, the laboratory ridge vents. becomes one of the best equipped laboratories for air quality research in the nation. Illinois Odor and Nutrient Control Proving Center Critical Flow Control Devices for G. L. Riskowski,* L. Y. Zhao, Y. Zhang, Measurement of Dust Spatial Distributions M. E. Ellis, Y. Huyn Y. Zhang,* X. L. Wang Illinois Council on Food and Agricultural Research University of Illinois
Before results from laboratory studies can be The existing aerosol sampling technology is a single point recommended to livestock producers, they need to be measurement; that is, it is one measurement at one point verified in larger scale studies that can include the effects at a time. To study the aerosol spatial distribution and of multivariables. A proving center with larger scale behavior, it is critical to measure aerosol concentrations production facilities has been developed to test across an airspace at multipoints during the same time technologies for odor control that were successful in period. Otherwise, the time required for each small-scale studies. Air ozonization and wet scrubbers on measurement point will introduce large errors in aerosol exhaust fans were tested. distribution patterns, which are highly time dependent. A critical air flow (air speed at the speed of sound) device Analysis and Development of a is being developed. The device will be able to maintain an Noncontact Aerodynamic Deduster accurate airflow regardless of the pressure. The device will Y. Zhang,* Z. C. Tan, G. L. Riskowski be used to develop a multipoint aerosol sampler that can American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and measure dust concentration at multiple points at the Air-Conditioning Engineers; Illinois Council on Food same time. and Agricultural Research
Existing dust removal equipment is limited in application to animal facilities, especially in farm animal buildings, as it requires frequent cleaning and/or replacement of filters. The limitation is primarily due to the contact filtration
5 * Denotes principal investigator. Develop and Evaluate a Low Cost Inflatable approximately 10% to 15% of the engine power on a Cover for Earthen Manure Lagoon to Reduce typical combine. The research goal of this project is to Odor Emissions improve cooling efficiency by developing efficient and Y. Zhang,* G. L. Riskowski, T. L. Funk, R. Hussey economical air cleaning technologies and systems and Illinois Council on Food and Agricultural Research reducing the maintenance requirements of cooling systems on off-road engines. The objective of this project is to Researchers are developing a low-cost inflatable lagoon develop an aerodynamic-deduster system to provide clean cover for rectangular shaped earthen lagoons. Expected cooling air for the radiator. results of this study will likely be an economical and practical method for reducing odor from lagoons, Development of an Automatic Oil Sprinkling preventing rainfall collection, and preventing accidental System to Reduce Dust and Odor from spillovers. Fertilizer values will also be preserved with the Swine Facilities covered lagoon. The odor emissions for the lagoon will be Y. Zhang,* B. J. He, G. L. Riskowski, T. L. Funk substantially reduced. The lagoon will be hidden from Illinois Council on Food and Agricultural Research sight. Thus, the perception of odor will be eliminated. A small quantity of vegetable oil sprinkled on swine Development of 3-D Particle Image facility floor surfaces has proven to be an effective and Velocimetry (PIV) Technology for economical way to reduce odorous dust and odor in swine Measurement and Analysis of Flow Patterns buildings. Previous research by the investigators was and Particle Distribution conducted using a manual oil sprayer, which is labor Y. Zhang,* S. Zhang, Y. Sun, L. Y. Zhao intensive. This proposed project is to develop an Illinois Council on Food and Agricultural Research automatic oil sprinkling system to make this technology practical and economical for commercial swine facilities. The long-term goal of the investigators is to develop technologies to measure and predict particulate Thermochemical Conversion (TCC) of Swine contaminant spatial distribution for better design and Manure to Produce Fuel and Reduce Odor management of air handling and distribution systems. Y. Zhang,* B. J. He, Y. Yin, K. C. Ocfemia, In this study, the objectives are to develop a three- T. L. Funk, G. L. Riskowski dimensional Steoroscopic Particle Imaging Velocimetry Illinois Council on Food and Agricultural Research (SPIV) System for measurement of low speed airflow and particulate air contaminant transport and distribution and Thermochemical conversion (TCC) is a chemical to evaluate the ventilation efficiency, particle removal reforming reaction of organic compounds in a heated effectiveness, and nonuniformity of indoor thermal enclosure. Swine manure with 5% to 20% solid matter environments in animal buildings. This project will will be processed in a scale model TCC. The products are provide fundamental measurement methodologies and a light crude oil, gases, post-processed water, and solid techniques for other future studies. Data collected will be fertilizer. The objective of this proposed research is to used to develop and evaluate a particulate spatial examine the critical solids content of manure at which the distribution model. Alternative air distribution systems TCC can be a net energy producer; that is, when oil and and air quality control strategies will then be evaluated. gas produced are sufficient to operate the TDP processor. Critical solid content will be determined to balance the Development of an Aerodynamic Air Cleaning energy output and input. System to Improve Cooling Efficiencies for Combine Engines Y. Zhang,* Z. C. Tan, A. C. Hansen, J. F. Reid Deere & Company
Cooling efficiency of existing combine engines are reduced about 30% near the cleaning time and in extreme circumstances, may cause overheating of engines. To meet the cooling requirement, radiators and the cooling fan have to be large, which leads to high cost, high power consumption, high weight, and difficulties fitting into the given vehicle space. Existing cooling fans consume
* Denotes principal investigator. 6 Development of Processes to Recover Food and Bioprocess and Utilize Agricultural Biosolids Engineering K. D. Rausch,* S. R. Eckhoff, M. R. Paulsen, M. E. Tumbleson U.S. Department of Agriculture Hatch funds The “Quick Fiber” Process to Enhance Dry-Grind Ethanol Profitability Coproducts contribute greatly to economic viability of the S. R. Eckhoff,* K. D. Rausch, V. Singh, A. McAloon ethanol industry. Two streams, light gluten (LG) and Illinois Corn Marketing Board; Illinois Council on Food and light steepwater (LSW), are affected by processing Agricultural Research External Competitive Grants Program; conditions during wet milling of corn and vary in Council of Great Lakes Governors; Illinois Biomass composition. These streams are precursors of corn gluten Energy Program meal and corn gluten feed coproducts, used as animal foods. Variation in LG and LSW affect nutritional quality The “quick fiber” process recovers pericarp fiber from and market value of both coproducts. Materials not degerminated corn for use in dry-grind ethanol facilities. usable in LG or LSW streams become wastewater (WW) Optimal operating conditions are used to recover fiber stream and incur costs. This study was to determine and to determine the economic benefits to dry-grind variation in composition of LG, LSW, and WW within ethanol producers removing the fiber. Preliminary and among processing days. analysis indicated approximately a $0.04 per gallon ($0.10 per bushel) advantage of the quick fiber process. Influence of Corn Hybrid on Dry Milling Most of the economic benefit is from increased capacity in and Extrusion Product Performance the fermentors. The fiber has also been shown to contain K. D. Rausch,* J. F. Faller, S. R. Eckhoff significant levels of cholesterol-lowering ferulate esters. Illinois Council on Food and Agricultural Research
The “Quick Protein” Process to Enhance Commercial corn hybrids available in the market impact Dry-Grind Ethanol Plant Profitability processing. Understanding the magnitude of variability S. R. Eckhoff,* D. Gupta, L. Dickey, K. D. caused by commercial hybrids would allow producers, Rausch, V. Singh, M. E. Tumbleson millers, and processors to increase quality and value. Illinois Corn Marketing Board Goals of this work were to evaluate the effect of hybrid on dry milling and extrusion variability and to identify added The objective of the study is to produce a protein rich value that processing specific hybrids can provide to the fraction from corn which has already gone through the final products. Hybrids grown on research plots were dry quick germ and quick fiber processes. This protein rich milled to obtain meal for subsequent extrusion. fraction will be looked at for the amount of zein that can Differences in RVA characteristics were found between be extracted. tail and through meal samples. Some differences in extruded products due to hybrid were detected. Time and SO2 Concentration on Steepwater Profiles and Corn Milling Yields Using a Process Research to Enhance Nutritional Continuous Countercurrent Steep System Value of Corn Wet Milling Coproducts S. R. Eckhoff,* K. D. Rausch, P. Yang K. D. Rausch,* S. R. Eckhoff, V. Singh, M. E. Tumbleson Campus Research Board Illinois Council on Food and Agricultural Research
Effects of SO2 concentration and steep time on corn Coproducts from corn wet milling must be dewatered and steep profiles and milling results were studied using a dried to allow economical and safe storage and handling countercurrent steep system. Corn was steeped at 50±2°C prior to use in animal food. Protein and other nutrients in different SO2 levels (~1,000, ~2,000 and ~3,000 ppm) are recovered currently as low valued animal food for different lengths of time (18, 24, 30, and 36 hr). ingredients from wet milling. Microfiltration of coproduct Steepwater profiles for each condition were generated, streams is being investigated as a feasible alternative to steeped corn was milled, and average product yields were centrifugation, evaporation, and vacuum belt filtration, reported. Steeping can be viewed as a three-stage process: and for reducing high capital and energy costs with these a lactic acid dominating state, an SO2 absorption stage, processes. The goals of this study are to investigate and an SO2 diffusion state. Starch yield can be methods of recovering more nutrients and determining significantly increased by increasing either steep time changes in value using microfiltration compared to or SO2 concentration. conventional methods to allow industry to be more sustainable and efficient. 7 * Denotes principal investigator. Relating Corn Hybrids to Enhanced Starch will be capable of integrating precision agricultural Processing Efficiency devices, synthesizing available information, and K. D. Rausch,* P. Buriak, M. R. Paulsen, S. R. Eckhoff supporting operation decision making. It will also be Illinois Council on Food and Agricultural Research capable of linking the tractor to the Internet for receiving and transmitting operational information. This Raw material variability is common for starch processors technology will utilize the current research results from and is believed to be responsible for increased processing precision agriculture, sensor and infotronic technology, costs. These increased costs result from excess capacity and information management. This system will be and reduced processing rates to account for fluctuation in evaluated under typical Illinois crop production raw material quality. Reduction of variability in raw conditions. materials would enable processors to design modification processes that run efficiently with increased final product quality. In this study, the variability of starch modifications due to the influence of hybrid was Mechatronics quantified. It was found that effect of crop year appears larger than effect of hybrid on modified waxy Programmable Generic Electrohydraulic starch properties. Valves Q. Zhang,* A. Alleyne National Fluid Power Association Grain Qualities and Properties The objectives are to prove the concept of programmable electrohydraulic valves and to enhance fluid power Corn Starch Yield Calibrations with NIR education. The research component of this project M. R. Paulsen* intends to develop a “soft” electrohydraulic valve, which Illinois Council on Food and Agricultural Research; serves as a generic base firmware for different applications U.S. Department of Agriculture with flexible software. This soft valve is capable of realizing the directional control, flow control, line release, Extractable corn starch percentages are affected by variety, and other functions with a specially developed control environmental, and drying conditions. Extractable corn system. The education component of this project is starch varies from about 54% to 72% dry basis. A Foss intended to increase student involvement and interest in Infratec 1229 was used to develop extractable starch fluid power technology by offering courses and research calibrations based on a 100-g wet milling laboratory opportunities in fluid power. reference method. The NIT calibration achieved a standard error of performance (SEP) of 1.26, R-square of 0.85, and RPD (ratio of standard deviation/SEP) of 3.05. The calibration may be used as a rapid method for Off-Road Machinery checking dried corn for extractable starch. Each percentage point gain in extractable starch is estimated Soil Compaction Caused by Wheel Traffic to be worth 4 cents to 6 cents per bushel. J. C. Siemens,* S. Han University of Illinois Information Agriculture A soil compaction study is under way to determine effects of wheel and track traffic on crop growth and yield. Treatments include no extra traffic, extra traffic on every Development of an “On-Tractor” Information other row, and traffic over the entire plot area before Manager for Crop Production Operations planting. Crop yields have decreased due to soil Q. Zhang,* J. F. Reid compaction in some years, especially in years when Illinois Council on Food and Agricultural Research compaction causes drainage to be inadequate.
The objective of this research is to develop a farmer- oriented information management tool for crop production. Research is focused on the development of an “on-tractor” information management system, which
* Denotes principal investigator. 8 Tillage Systems Intelligent Safety Sensing and Controls J. C. Siemens,* S. Han for Off-Road Equipment University of Illinois Q. Zhang* National Institute of Safety and Health Educational Several tillage systems for crop production are being Resource Center evaluated. Tillage treatments vary from moldboard plow or chisel plow to no-tillage systems for corn and soybean This research addresses an active safety assurance production. Principal factors being studied are crop technology for off-road equipment. Off-road equipment establishment, growth, and yield; soil condition and is designed to perform operations while in motion. fertility; soil erosion; weed control; and economics. This often results in an unsafe work environment around the equipment for human-machine interaction. The key Automated Navigation Control for objectives are to develop an intelligent safety sensing Agricultural Mobile Equipment with technology for detecting human presence and a safety Guidance Sensors measure method for identifying a safety index around the Q. Zhang,* J. F. Reid operating equipment. The outcome of this research will Case Corp. be applicable technologies for on-vehicle intelligent human presence sensing, safety index identifying, and This research intends to develop automated navigation safety control overriding systems. technology, which will provide vehicle guidance information based on multiple guidance sensors, for agricultural equipment to perform various agricultural Site-Specific Agriculture operations. This study will address changing technical problems in developing automated navigation control, including perception of confusing guidance information, Site-Specific Crop Management identifying and compensating vehicle disturbances, and C. E. Goering,* J. Liu, L. Tian, R. Hornbaker, D. Bullock developing a high-performance steering controller. University of Illinois The lack of skillful operators, the aging of the farm labor force, and the application of new agricultural technology Setting realistic, spatially referenced yield targets is a key make this research technologically significant and step in site-specific crop management. Using records from important to society. 30 years of corn production on the Morrow Plots, an artificial neural network (ANN) was trained to calculate Fuzzy Controls for Mechatronized corn yields as a function of the soil, weather, and Off-Road Equipment management factors influencing such yields. The trained Q. Zhang,* J. F. Reid ANN predicted corn yields with an RMS error of U.S. Department of Agriculture Hatch Funds approximately 20%. A genetic algorithm was used with the trained ANN to determine the combination of input This research is to develop an automated guidance control factors producing maximum yield, which was about 75% system for off-road equipment. The hypothesis of this greater than the maximum observed yield. The next step research is that human operators, using their experience is to study whether the ANN can be retrained for fields and common-sense intelligence, can maneuver off-road with much smaller databases. equipment well for all operations. One of the fundamental tasks is to guide a vehicle following a certain Development of Engineering Technologies path. The specific objectives of this program are to for Precision Farming develop redundant guidance sensing technology, a vehicle S. Han* path planning technology, sensor fusion technology, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Hatch Funds fuzzy controls for electrohydraulic steering control. This guidance control system has been partially developed and This project fits into a larger program to develop sensing implemented on an agricultural tractor for use in crop and variable-rate technologies to increase the on-farm production fields. Further efforts will be focused on the profitability and to reduce the adverse environmental development of a sensor fusion-based vehicle path planner. effects of agricultural fertilizers and chemicals. Specific objectives of this project are to develop multispectral imaging sensing technology for the assessment of crop nutrients and soil properties; to develop spatial decision
9 * Denotes principal investigator. support systems for variable-rate nitrogen and herbicide Researchers are integrating and evaluating a near-real-time recommendations; to develop application and control agricultural remote sensing system, which includes real- systems for variable-rate nitrogen and herbicide time multifunction field property remote sensing, data treatments; and to compare the agronomic, economic, and processing, and a map generating system. The team is environmental benefits of the variable-rate management utilizing NCSA’s computing and information technology systems with the conventional, uniform-rate to develop remote-sensing-based tools and procedures to management systems. map (diagnose) within-field variability. The research areas are remote sensing data visualization, variability data Development of a Map-Based Variable-Rate (map) mining, Web-based object relational databases, Application System for Sprayers artificial intelligence, and decision support. S. Han,* J. F. Reid Case Corp.; University of Illinois Data Collection and Analysis for Future Farms The overall objective of this project is to develop a L. Tian,* G. Schnitkey, M. Welge variable-rate fertilizer and chemical application system for Dudley Smith Foundations agricultural sprayers. The system uses multiple layers of high-resolution raster maps and decision tables as inputs High-quality data are essential for future crop to generate site-specific prescriptions on-the-go, and then management. Site-specific information will have higher controls each individual sprayer nozzle to deliver the value when the sensing system is optimized and error is prescribed rate. A prototype system has been developed to minimized. This project is a pilot study to see what the apply in-season nitrogen fertilizer based upon aerial future data set might be and how researchers could best remote sensing images. Further development will focus plan to analyze it. The team will use state-of-the-art on improvement of the spatial application accuracy for technologies in the development of sensing systems for variable-rate chemical applications. future farms. High-performance computing systems will be used in the data management study. A prescriptive Development of a Precision Herbicide study will be conducted concerning the value of Application System information from site-specific technologies. L. F. Tian,* J. W. Hummel University of Illinois Developing an Agricultural Remote Sensing Program at the University of Illinois The goal of this project is to develop a precision herbicide L. Tian,* D. Bullock, J. Westervelt application (robotic) system for low-input pest control Sentinel Program of Illinois Council on Food and strategies in soybean and maize production. Specific Agricultural Research objectives include evaluating the agronomic and environmental benefits of low-input herbicide applications Cooperating with NASA researchers, University of Illinois and the status of current technology in this area; scientists are expanding the agricultural remote sensing developing practical, real-time prototype systems for program at the U of I. Program objectives are to develop individual plant sensing and equipment control; and the key technologies needed for NASA remote sensing conducting on-farm trials to evaluate the prototype under data applications in precision agriculture settings; design the constraints of normal farm operation. With this and develop new courses in the area of agricultural remote precision system, herbicide would be applied only to the sensing, spatial data management, and precision target weeds in the fields. agriculture; foster cooperation among scientists from universities, government agencies, and industry working Hyperspectral Imaging System for SSCM in precision agriculture and remote sensing; and bring and High-Density Data Analysis Technology new technologies to farmers, assess their needs, target with Supercomputer research to address those needs, and maximize the L. F. Tian* relevancy of the program. National Center for Supercomputing Applications Faculty Fellowship Program
Precision farming or site-specific crop management (SSCM) technology affords an opportunity for the producer to optimize crop input, increase crop quality, and reduce negative impacts on the environment.
* Denotes principal investigator. 10 Improved Application of Pest contribution to yield variation. This could lead to Control Substances development of site-specific management options for L. Tian* crop production. University of Illinois; U.S. Department of Agriculture Variable Rate Herbicide Using Equipment and techniques are being developed to Remotely Sensed Imagery improve the application efficiency of agricultural L. Tian,* L. Wax, C. Sprague chemicals. Droplet size spectra from various atomizers are NASA CRSP Ag20/20 Initiative measured to determine target coverage versus spray drift potential. Field studies of spray drift deposits are used to An estimated $6.1 billion was spent by farmers on verify the droplet size evaluations. Sensors and automatic herbicides in 1997. Current methodology for weed control systems are being developed to apply pest control control is to apply the herbicide uniformly throughout the substances as a function of soil organic matter, travel field. However, weeds do not grow uniformly in the field, speed, and other input variables. Techniques for but often grow in patches with up to 94% of the field incorporation of herbicides in the soil profile of being weed-free. This means that a major portion of the conservation tillage systems are being developed field may not need to be sprayed. The goal of the and evaluated. variable-rate technology using remote sensing is to evaluate the effectiveness of remote-sensing-based, Low-Input and Nonchemical variable-rate herbicide in terms of cost savings, Weed Control System effectiveness in eliminating weeds, and ability to L. Tian,* J. F. Reid maintain acceptable yield levels compared to University of Illinois traditional, conventional application of herbicide.
In an effort to reduce herbicide application amounts, this “Smart Sprayer” Expert System for research will integrate a machine vision-sensing system Site-Specific Weed Management with a herbicide sprayer system to create an intelligent L. Tian,* J. F. Reid sensing and mapping system for pest control. Researchers Illinois Council on Food and Agricultural Research will first develop a real-time plant-sensing and spraying system based on field experiments to characterize the The objective of this project is to capitalize on the plant features that can be used for crop detection. new “smart sprayer” technology to prevent agricultural The integrated system will be field tested under varying pollution from the overuse of pesticides. Detailed field conditions. Outcomes of this research will provide a diagnostics are expected to reveal how the system design system for increasing farm sustainability and protecting affects the overall performance so that the technology water quality through precision application of herbicides. can be further optimized and brought closer to The vision technology will provide a precision sensor that commercialization. The team will improve the computer- can be further developed for precision mapping of field vision guided smart sprayer system to create a local (field) weed infestations and vehicle guidance. environment-aware applicator as the research platform.
Using Remotely Sensed Data to Diagnose Soybean Yield Limiting Factors L. Tian,* D. Bullock Soil and Water Resources North Central Soybean Research Program Aerial Infrared Mapping of Procedures to accurately explain crop yield variation are Subsurface Drainage Systems needed to provide crop consultants, producers, and R. A. Cooke,* M. C. Hirschi, J. D. Davis researchers with the necessary information to interpret Illinois Council on Food and Agricultural Research yield maps and develop the most appropriate site-specific management options for a given field. These site-specific The primary objective of this project is to provide options, based on factors that affect crop yield, will researchers, farmers, farm managers, policy makers, farm improve profitability. The objective of this project is to organizations, and agribusiness interests in Illinois with develop sensor-based procedures to map within-field maps that show the layout of subsurface drainage (tile) weed, disease, and nutrient deficiencies in order to systems in the Lake Decatur Watershed, one of the most diagnose their presence in the field and evaluate their heavily tiled watersheds in the state. Drain (tile) mapping
11 * Denotes principal investigator. is possible because the soil over efficiently draining tile watersheds, specifically applying the extended model to lines dries faster than the soil at other locations in the field the Lake Decatur Watershed in Illinois, and enable the and has higher reflectance in the infrared region of the model for predicting erosion within the watershed by radiation spectrum. allowing significantly easier access to the computational power and data acquisition capabilities. Incorporation of the Effect of Artificial Subsurface Drainage into Surface Water Understanding and Modeling the Hydrology Quality Models of Tile-Drained Watersheds R. A. Cooke* P. K. Kalita,* R. A. Cooke, M. C. Hirschi, J. K. Mitchell University of Illinois Illinois Council on Food and Agricultural Research; University of Illinois Most of the agricultural lands in central Illinois are drained by artificial subsurface drains. These drainage The overall objective of the study is to develop strategies systems provide pathways for solute movement to rivers that mutually benefit both agriculture and water quality in and streams. The goal of this project is to incorporate the regions where hydrology is strongly influenced by effects of these systems into watershed-scale flow and subsurface drainage. Researchers have been monitoring transport models. flow and water quality from the subsurface tile drains in the Little Vermilion River Watershed in Illinois. Results An Integrated Approach to Reduce Pathogen from field observations have been used to develop and Nutrients in Runoff from Animal fundamental relationships describing flow components to Production Systems incorporate in computer simulation models. These data P. K. Kalita,* M. S. Kuhlenschmidt, have been used to calibrate and validate these models. R. D. Smith, T. L. Funk Work is in progress to develop watershed-scale model(s) Illinois Council on Food and Agricultural Research; to evaluate the effects of Best Management Practices on University of Illinois watershed water quality.
Microbial pathogens such as Cryptosporidium parvum and Management Practice Effects on Nitrate-N Escherichia coli from animal production facilities have Concentrations in the LVR threatened rural health and environment. The goal of this J. K. Mitchell,* M. C. Hirschi, G. F. McIsaac study is to limit the delivery of microbial pathogens and Illinois Council on Food and Agricultural Research; nutrients from animal production facilities and to provide University of Illinois a healthy and sustainable environment to small and mid-size farmers. This study is investigating the fate Nitrates in subsurface tile flow have been monitored for and transport of C. parvum and E. coli in surface and 6 to 8 years from fields with various tillage and cropping near-surface water to develop management strategies to management practices. The effect of the application of limit their transport. A microbial transport predictive large amounts of nitrogen fertilizer, particularly as a model will be developed with goals of understanding, preplant operation, was shown in the nitrate-N predicting, and limiting microbial pathogen to the concentrations from the drains. The preplant anhydrous- water supply. N application systems with average nitrogen application of 107 kg/ha/yr had a mean concentration of nitrate-N of DHARMA: Domain Specific Metaware 16.8 mg/L in the tile drain outflow. Side-dress and for Hydrologic Applications manure applications systems with average nitrogen P. K. Kalita,* M. C. Hirschi application of 93 kg/ha/yr had a mean concentration of National Science Foundation nitrate-N from a permanent meadow field of 1.0 mg/L.
Many hydrologic models at the watershed scale are limited in resolution and scope by their computational demands. A goal of this project is to build a middleware layer to provide the resources for revolutionizing hydrologic modeling. The required resources range from local data to the supercomputing power on the national computational grid. Researchers intend to expand the applicability of the Water Erosion Prediction Project model to large
* Denotes principal investigator. 12 Christianson, L. L. Environmental management, Chapter Water Quality 3. In National Pork Producers Council, Swine Care Handbook, NPPC, Des Moines, Ia. (2000). Effect of Drainage System Layout on Yield, Yield Uniformity, and Water Quality He, B., Y. Zhang, Y. Yin, T. L. Funk, and G. L. R. A. Cooke,* P. K. Kalita Riskowski. Operating temperature and retention time Case Corp.; Illinois Council on Food and Agricultural effects on the thermochemical conversion process of Research swine manure. Trans. ASAE, 43:6, 1821-1826 (2000).
The overall goal of this research is to improve the He, B., Y. Zhang, Y. Yin, T. L. Funk, and G. L. characterization of subsurface drainage processes in Riskowski. Thermochemical conversion of swine manure: tile-drained watersheds and to quantify the effect of an alternative process of waste treatment and renewable several depth and spacing combinations on yield, yield energy production. Trans. ASAE, 43:6, 1827-1833 uniformity, and water quality. In the long run, the results (2000). can be used to select subsurface drainage management practices that optimize yield, water quality, or both. Manning, A., F. Memarzadeh, and G. L. Riskowski. Analysis of air supply type and exhaust location in Passive Subsurface Bioreactors for laboratory animal research facilities using CFD. Enhanced Edge-of-Field Treatment of ASHRAE Trans., 106:1, 877-883 (2000). Tile Outflow R. A. Cooke,* M. C. Hirschi Memarzadeh, F. and G. L. Riskowski. Ventilation design Illinois Council on Food and Agricultural Research in research facilities using static microisolators. ASHRAE Trans., 106:1, 859-866 (2000). This research project is designed to test the hypothesis that the installation of passive subsurface bioreactors on Riskowski, G. L. and F. Memarzadeh. Investigation of tile outlets will reduce the levels of nutrients and static microisolators in wind tunnel tests and validation pesticides in streams and rivers. Research involves a of CFD cage model. ASHRAE Trans., 106:1, 867-876 laboratory study to determine the substrate (carbon (2000). source) that results in the highest removal efficiencies for nitrates and phosphorus, and the establishment of a pilot Wang, X. L., Y. Zhang, L. Y. Zhao, and G. L. Riskowski. system for field validation and for demonstration Effect of ventilation rate on dust spatial distribution in a purposes. mechanically ventilated airspace. Trans. ASAE, 43:6, 1877-1884 (2000).
Zhivov, A. M., P. V. Nielsen, G. L. Riskowski, and E. Shilkrot. Displacement ventilation for industrial Journals applications. Heating/Piping/Air Cond. Eng., 41-50 and Books (2000). Food and Bioprocess Bioenvironmental Engineering Engineering Arogo, J., R. H. Zhang, G. L. Riskowski, and D. L. Day. Hydrogen sulfide production from stored liquid swine Mehra, S., V. Singh, M. E. Tumbleson, and S. R. Eckhoff. manure: a laboratory study. ASHRAE Trans., 43:5, Effect of mill plate setting and number of dynamic 1241-1245 (2000). steeping stages for an intermittent milling and dynamic steeping (IMDS) process for corn. Cereal Chem. 77:3, Chen, Y. C., Y. Zhang, and E. M. Barber. A dynamic 209-212 (2000). method to estimate indoor dust sink and source. Build. Environ., 35, 215-221 (2000).
13 * Denotes principal investigator. Mukprasirt, A., T. J. Herald, D. L. Boyle, and K. D. Rausch. Adhesion of rice flour-based batter to chicken Grain Quality and Properties drumsticks evaluated by laser scanning confocal microscopy and texture analysis. Poult. Sci., 79, Liu, J. and M. R. Paulsen. Corn whiteness measurement 1356-1363 (2000). and classification using machine vision. Trans. ASAE, 43:3, 757-763 (2000). Singh, V., L. W. Doner, D. V. Johnston, K. B. Hicks, and S. R. Eckhoff. Comparison of coarse and fine corn fiber Paulsen, M. R. and W. L. Odekirk. Guide to planning for corn fiber gum yields and their sugar profiles. grain drying, handling and storage systems. Eng. Agric., Cereal Chem. 77:5, 560-561 (2000). 16:5, 513-525 (2000).
Singh, V., R. A. Moreau, A. E. Haken, S. R. Eckhoff, and Paulsen, M. R., D. L. Good, J. W. Hummel, and K. B. Hicks. Hybrid variability and effect of growth D. White. Harvesting, drying, storing, and marketing. location on corn fiber yields and corn fiber oil Mod. Corn Soybean Prod., 314-339 (2000). compositions. Cereal Chem. 77:5, 692-695 (2000).
Singh, V., R. A. Moreau, A. E. Haken, K. B. Hicks, and S. R. Eckhoff. Effect of various acids and sulfites in the Off-Road Equipment steep solutions on the yields and composition of corn Engineering fiber and corn fiber oil. Cereal Chem. 77:5, 665-668 (2000). Pinto, F., A. C. Hansen, J. F. Reid, Q. Zhang, and Wahjudi J., L. Xu, P. Wang, V. Singh, P. Buriak, K. D. N. Noguchi. Vehicle guidance parameter determination Rausch, A. J. McAloon, M. E. Tumbleson, and S. R. from crop row images using principal component Eckhoff. Quick fiber process: Effect of mash analysis. J. Agr. Engr. Res., 75, 257-264 (2000). temperature, dry solids and residual germ on fiber yield and purity. Cereal Chem., 77:5, 640-644 (2000). Qiu, H., Q. Zhang, J. F. Reid, and D. Wu. System identification of an electrohydraulic steering system. Wang, D. H. and S. R. Eckhoff. The effect of broken SAE Trans.: J. Commerc. Vehicles, 108, 361-367 (2000). corn levels on water absorption rate and steepwater characteristics. Cereal Chem. 77:5, 525-528 (2000). Reid, J. F., Q. Zhang, N. Noguchi, and M. Dickson. Agricultural automatic guidance research in North Yang, P. and S. R. Eckhoff. Reducing steep time by America. Compu. Electron. Agric., 25, 155-167 (2000). adding lactic acid during counter-current steeping corn with different initial moisture contents. Cereal Chem. Zhang, Q., J. F. Reid, and N. Noguchi. Automated 77:5, 529-534 (2000). guidance control for agricultural tractor using redundant sensors. SAE Trans.: J. Commerc. Vehicles, 108, 27-31 Yang, P., L. Du, D. L. Wang, B. H. Li, K. D. Rausch, (2000). P. Buriak, and S. R. Eckhoff. Effects of alkali debranning, roller mill cracking and gap setting and alkali steeping conditions on milling yields from a dent corn hybrid. Site-Specific Agriculture Cereal Chem. 77:2, 128-132 (2000).
Yang, P., R. J. Shunk, A. E. Haken, Y. X. Niu, S. H. Zou, Pillai, S. and L. Tian. In-field variability detection and P. Buriak, S. R. Eckhoff, and M. E. Tumbleson. Yield, yield prediction in corn using digital aerial imaging. protein content, and viscosity of starch from wet-milled Trans. ASAE, 42:6, 1911-1920 (2000). corn hybrids as influenced by environmentally induced changes in test weight. Cereal Chem. 77:1, 44-47 (2000). Pillai, S., L. Tian, and D. Bullock. Yield mapping with digital aerial color infrared (CIR) images. SAE Trans: J. Commerc. Vehicles, 108:2, 303-316 (2000).
14 Steward, B. and L. Tian. Performance study of new plant Yuan, Y., J. K. Mitchell, S. E. Walker, M. C. Hirschi, and segmentation algorithms for outdoor variable-lighting R. A. Cooke. Atrazine losses from corn fields in the conditions. Trans. ASAE, 42:6, 1897-1909 (2000). Little Vermilion River watershed in east central Illinois. Appl. Engr. Agr., 16, 51-56 (2000). Tang, L., B. Steward, and L. Tian. Machine vision-based high-resolution weed mapping and patch-sprayer performance simulation. SAE Trans.: J. Commerc. Vehicles, 108:2, 317-326 (2000). Papers Presented at Tang, L., L. Tian, and B. Steward. GAHSI segmentation algorithm for outdoor image segmentation. Trans. ASAE, Conferences and 43:4, 1019-1027 (2000).
Tian L., L. Tang, and B. Steward. Smart sprayer Symposia project—sensor-based selective herbicide application system. SPIE 4203, Prec. Agric. Biol. Qual., 4203, 73-80 (2000). Agricultural Safety
Tian, L. and J. Zheng. Dynamic deposition pattern study Aherin, R. A. Academic training needs of agricultural of modulated spraying. Appl. Eng. Agr., 43:1, 5-11 safety and health professionals. Natl. Inst. for Farm (2000). Safety Ann. Conf. (Dubuque, Ia., Jun. 2000) (2000).
Burns, E. and R. E. Petrea. Illinois TASK curriculum Water Quality review opinions of TASK student trainers and agricultural education student teacher candidates. Invited presentation at the National Institute for Farm Safety Kovacic, D. A., M. B. David, L. E. Gentry, K. M. Starks, Ann. Conf., Paper 00-11 (Dubuque, Ia, Jun. 2000) and R. A. Cooke. Effectiveness of constructed wetlands (2000). in reducing nitrogen and phosphorus export from agricultural tile drainage. J. Environ. Qual., 29, Burns, E. and R. E. Petrea. TASK teens teaching youth: 1262-1274 (2000). findings from a quasi-experimental design to assess presentation effects. Invited presentation at Agricultural Larson, A. C., L. E. Gentry, M. B. David, R. A. Cooke, Safety & Health in a New Century. New York Center for and D. A. Kovacic. The role of seepage in constructed Agricultural Medicine and Health/National Institute for wetlands receiving agricultural tile drainage. Ecol. Engr., Occupation Safety and Health Conf. (Cooperstown, N.Y., 15, 91-104 (2000). Apr. 2000) (2000).
Mitchell, J. K., G. F. McIsaac, S. E. Walker, and Petrea, R. E. A Project: a summary of 15 years of M. C. Hirschi. Nitrate in river and subsurface drainage agricultural safety and health and action steps for the flows from an east central Illinois watershed. Trans. future. Invited presentation at Agricultural Safety & ASAE, 43, 337-342 (2000). Health in a New Century. New York Center for Agricultural Medicine and Health/National Institute for Shelton, D. P., P. J. Jasa, M. C. Hirschi, and L. C. Brown. Occupation Safety and Health Conf. (Cooperstown, N.Y. Water erosion. Conservation Tillage Systems and Apr. 2000) (2000). Management, Chapter 4, pp. 17-21. In MWPS-45 (revised) (Midwest Plan Service) (2000). Petrea, R. E. Incorporating youth into community leadership development findings from three initiatives. Walker, S. E., J. K. Mitchell, M. C. Hirschi, and Invited presentation at Nordic Mtg. on Agricultural K. E. Johnson. Sensitivity analysis of the Root Zone Occupational Health (Alnarp, Sweden, Sep. 2000) (2000). Water Quality Model. Trans. ASAE, 43, 841-846 (2000).
15 Petrea, R. E. Incorporating youth into community Zhao, L. Y, Y. Zhang, G. L. Riskowski, and leadership development via rural/agricultural safety and L. L. Christianson. A study of jet momentum effects on health issues: strategies, findings, and suggestions. airflow in ventilated airspaces using PIV technologies. Invited presentation at 32nd Ann. Conf. of the ASAE Paper 00-4117, ASAE Ann. Int. Mtg. (2000). Community Development Society (Saint John, N.B. Canada, Jul. 2000) (2000). Food and Bioprocess Engineering Bioenvironmental Engineering Rausch, K. D., C. I. Thompson, R. L. Belyea, L. M. Christianson, L. L. Swine facilities design and Raskin, S. R. Eckhoff, and M. E. Tumbleson. Enhanced management. University of Illinois, Executive Veterinary coproduct quality resulting from process design. ASAE Medicine Swine Health Management Series (University of Paper 00-6130, ASAE Ann. Int. Mtg. (2000). Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Ill., 2000) (2000). Rausch, K. D., C. I. Thompson, R. L. Simms, R. L. Funk, T. L. Flow measurement and control system for Belyea, V. Singh, M. E. Tumbleson, and S. R. Eckhoff. precision land application of liquid manure from Enhanced processing of maize wet-mill coproducts using vacuum-loaded slurry tanks. ASAE Paper 00-2075, ASAE stainless steel microfiltration membranes. 51st Ann. Ann. Int. Mtg. (2000). Starch Conf., Association of Cereal Researchers (Detmold, Germany, Apr. 2000) (2000). He, B. J., Y. Zhang, Y. Yin, G. L. Riskowski, and T. L. Funk. Temperature and retention time effects on oil conversion and waste reduction of swine manure Grain Quality and Properties using a thermochemical conversion process. ASAE Proc. 8th Intl. Symp. on Animal, Agricultural and Food Processing Wastes (Des Moines, Ia., Oct. 2000) (2000). Paulsen, M. R. and M. Bajaj. Using unscrambler for extractable corn starch calibration. ASAE Paper 00-3091, Hussey, R. A., Y. Zhang, T. L. Funk, and G. L. Riskowski. ASAE Ann. Int. Mtg. (2000). The use of an air-supported pneumatic structure to reduce earthen lagoon gas emissions. ASAE Air Pollution from Agricultural Operations Conf. (Des Moines, Ia., Information Agriculture Oct. 2000) (2000). and Infotronics Wang, X. L., Y. Zhang, and G. L. Riskowski. Effect of sampling efficiency on particulate measurements. ASAE Kim, Y., J. F. Reid, Q. Zhang, and A. C. Hansen. Paper 00-4027, ASAE Ann. Int. Mtg. (2000). Infotronic decision-making for a field crop sensing system in precision agriculture. Proc. Bio-Robotics II Yin, Y., B. J. He, Y. Zhang, G. L. Riskowski, and (Osaka, Japan, Nov. 2000) 289-294 (2000). T. L. Funk. Characterization of raw oil product from thermochemical conversion of swine manure. ASAE Zhang, Q. and E. R. Benson. Topological design of a Proc. 8th Intl. Symp. on Animal, Agricultural and Food machinery-area-network for precision agriculture Processing Wastes (Des Moines, Ia., Oct. 2000) (2000). information processing. ASAE Paper 00-1021, ASAE Ann. Int. Mtg. (2000). Zhang, Y., E. M. Barger, and J. R. Ogilvie. Commissioning livestock buildings: the needs and Zhang, Q., S. Han, and J. F. Reid. Agricultural infotronic challenges. ASAE Proc. Int. Conf. on Swine Housing, systems for precision crop production. Proc. Bio- 76-83 (2000). Robotics II (Osaka, Japan, Nov. 2000) 295-298 (2000).
Zhang, Y., X. Wang, G. L. Riskowski, and L. L. Christianson. A method to quantify ventilation effectiveness for air quality control. ASAE Air Pollution from Agricultural Operations Conf. (Des Moines, Ia., Oct. 2000) (2000).
16 Pinto, F. A. C., J. F. Reid, Q. Zhang, and N. Noguchi. Mechatronics Vision sensor position for guidance by using pose- guidance algorithm. Proc. Bio-Robotics II (Osaka, Japan, Viall, E. N. and Q. Zhang. Determining the discharge Nov. 2000) 173-177 (2000). coefficient of a spool valve. Proc. American Control Conf. (Chicago, Ill., Jun. 2000) 3600-3604 (2000). Qiu, H., Q. Zhang, and J. F. Reid. Fuzzy control of electrohydraulic steering system. ASAE Paper 00-1020, Viall, E. N. and Q. Zhang. Spool valve discharge ASAE Ann. Int. Mtg. (2000). coefficient determination. Proc. 48th Natl. Conf. of Fluid Power (Chicago, Ill., Apr. 2000) 491-496 (2000). Will, J. D., N. Noguchi, J. F. Reid, and Q. Zhang. Sensor fusion framework for heading determination using GPS Zhang, Q. Evaluation of signal filtering methods for and inertial measurement. ASAE Paper 00-1070, ASAE electrohydraulic controls. Proc. 48th Natl. Conf. of Fluid Ann. Int. Mtg. (2000). Power (Chicago, Ill., Apr. 2000) 523-526 (2000). Wu, K., Q. Zhang, E. A. Prasetiawan, and A. C. Hansen. Zhang, Q. Hydraulic linear actuator velocity control Modeling, identification and control of a hydrostatic using a feedforward-plus-PID control. Proc. Flexible transmission simulator for off-road vehicle. Proc. 48th Automation and Intelligent Manufacturing (College Park, Natl. Conf. of Fluid Power (Chicago, Ill., Apr. 2000) Md., Jun. 2000) 979-988 (2000). 147-156 (2000).
Off-Road Equipment Site-Specific Agriculture Engineering Tian, L., Y. Zhou, and L. Tang. Improving GPS positioning precision by using optical encoders. IEEE Benson, E. R., J. F. Reid, and Q. Zhang. Development of Proc. on Intelligent Trans. Systems, 293-298 (2000). an automated combine guidance system. ASAE Paper 00-3137, ASAE Ann. Int. Mtg. (2000).
Benson, E. R., J. F. Reid, Q. Zhang, and F. A. C. Pinto. Soil and Water Resources An adaptive fuzzy crop edge detection method for machine vision. ASAE Paper 00-1019, ASAE Ann. Int. Badiger, S. and R. A. Cooke. Application of integrated Mtg. (2000). GIS and numerical models in subsurface drainage studies. 4th Int. Conf. on Integrating GIS and Benson, E. R., Q. Zhang, J. F. Reid, and M. Dickson. Environmental Modeling (GIS/EM4): Problems, Fuzzy quality evaluation for agricultural applications. Prospects and Research Needs (Banff, Alta., Canada, SAE Paper 2000-01-2621, SAE Int. OH&P Congr. Sep. 2000) (2000). (2000). Cooke, R. A., A. M. Garcia, and S. Badiger. Modeling Lyne, P. W. L., D. J. Clark, E. R. De La Harpe, and rapid interflow into random and irregular tile drainage A. C. Hansen. Simtrans: A tool for transport vehicle systems. IGWC 10th Ann. Conf. on Research on performance evaluation and selection. Agric. Equip. Agricultural Chemicals. Illinois Groundwater (Makanda, Tech. Conf. (Kansas City, Mo., Feb. 2000) (2000). Ill., Dec. 2000) (2000).
Lyne, P. W. L., D. J. Clark, and A. C. Hansen. Factors Garcia A. M. and R. A. Cooke. A physically-based flow affecting the performance of road haulage vehicles. model for watersheds with irregular tile drainage International Society of Sugar Cane Technologists Conf. systems. 4th Int. Conf. on Integrating GIS and (Malelane, South Africa, Aug. 2000) (2000). Environmental Modeling (GIS/EM4): Problems, Prospects and Research Needs (Banff, Alta., Canada, Pinto, F. A. C., J. F. Reid, Q. Zhang, and N. Noguchi. Sep. 2000) (2000). Pose-guidance algorithm performance for different crop stages of development. Proc. Bio-Robotics II (Osaka, Japan, Nov. 2000) 167-172 (2000).
17 Garcia A. M. and R. A. Cooke. Developments in Christopher, K. I. and R. A. Cooke. Modified subsurface drainage in Illinois: mapping tiles and DRAINMOD for random and irregular networks modeling flow. Illinois Water (2000). (MODRAIN). ASAE Paper 00-2133, ASAE Ann. Int. Mtg. (2000). Garcia A. M. and R. A. Cooke. Modeling flow through tile networks. ASAE Paper 00-2097, ASAE Ann. Int., McIsaac, G. F., R. A. Cooke, and J. Sogbedjii. Water Mtg. (2000). quality models for addressing TMDLs in agricultural watersheds. Illinois Water (2000). Harbourt, C. M., J. K. Mitchell, M. C. Hirschi, and R. A. Cooke. Hydrologic regime shifts on flat tile Zuercher, J. K., R. A. Cooke, J. K. Mitchell, and M. C. drained watersheds. ASAE Paper 00-2048, ASAE Ann. Hirschi. Impact of controlled drainage structures on tile Int. Mtg. (2000). drainage water quality. ASAE Paper 00-2159, ASAE Ann. Int. Mtg. (2000). Northcott, W. J., R. A. Cooke, and A. K. Verma. Validation of a watershed scale drainage model. ASAE Paper 00-2092, ASAE Ann. Int. Mtg. (2000). Northcott, W. J., A. K. Verma, and R. A. Cooke. Theses Mapping subsurface drainage systems using remote sensing and GIS. ASAE Paper 00-2113, ASAE Ann. Int. Mtg. (2000). Bioenvironmental Engineering
Variable-Rate Technologies He, B. Thermochemical conversion of swine manure to produce oil and reduce waste. Ph.D. thesis, Y. Zhang, adviser (2000). Han, S., L. Hendrickson, and B. Ni. A variable rate application system for sprayers. Proc. 5th Int. Conf. on Hussey, R. Development of an air-supported structure to Precision Agriculture (Robert, Rust, and Larson, eds.) reduce gas emissions from an earthen lagoon. M.S. (Minneapolis, Minn., Jul. 2000) (2000). thesis, Y. Zhang, adviser (2000).
Hendrickson, L. and S. Han. A reactive nitrogen Wang, X. L. Measurement and modeling of spatial management system. Proc. 5th Int. Conf. on Precision distribution of particulate matter in indoor Agriculture (Robert, Rust, and Larson, eds.) (Minneapolis, environments. Ph.D. thesis, Y. Zhang, adviser (2000). Minn., Jul. 2000) (2000). Zhao, L. Y. Measurement and analysis of full-scale room airflow using particle image velocimetry (PIV) techniques. Ph.D. thesis, Y. Zhang, adviser (2000). Water Quality Food and Bioprocess Badiger, S. M., R. A. Cooke, and A. M. Garcia. Evaluation of two-dimensional variably saturated model Engineering SWMS-2D for simulating subsurface drainage. ASAE Paper 00-2094, ASAE Ann. Int. Mtg. (2000). Shukla, R. Production of zein from dry milled corn by Banasik, K., L. Hejduck, J. K. Mitchell, and solvent extraction and ultrafiltration. Ph.D. thesis, M. C. Hirschi. Sediment graph of suspended sediment M. Cheryan, adviser (2000). during flood event from a small agricultural watershed. Proc. 10th Int. Conf. on Transport of Sedimentation of Tian, Y. Effect of hybrid and physical properties of Solid Particles (Wroclaw, Poland) 561-569 (2000). individual popcorn kernels on expansion volume. M.S. thesis, S. R. Eckhoff, adviser (2000).
18 Wilkins, M. R. The effects of hybrid on waxy maize starch acetylation. M.S. thesis, K. D. Rausch, adviser Soil and Water Resources (2000). Engineering Wungtanagorn, R. Phenomenological study of enthalpy relaxation and physical aging of glucose, fructose, and Christopher, K. I. MODRAIN—modified DRAINMOD their mixtures. Ph.D. thesis, S. Schmidt, adviser (2000). for random and irregular networks. M.S. thesis, R. A. Cooke, adviser (2000). Zhang, T. Thin-layer corn drying data acquisition system with genetic algorithms and effects of drying conditions Lander, K. S. Quantifying base flow to a drainage on extractable starch. M.S. thesis, M. R. Paulsen, adviser channel in a tile-drained watershed. M.S. thesis, (2000). P. K. Kalita, adviser (2000).
Yuan, Y. Tile-drained watersheds SCS-curve number Off-Road Equipment model. Ph.D. thesis, J. K. Mitchell, adviser (2000). Engineering Water Quality Gopalapillai, S. Remote sensing for precision farming within field spatial variability analysis and mapping with Zuercher, J. K. Effect of water table management on aerial digital multispectral images. Ph.D. thesis, L. Tian, nitrate concentration from retrofitted drainage systems. adviser (2000). M.S. thesis, R. A. Cooke, adviser (2000).
Liu, J. Neural networks for setting target corn yields. Ph.D. thesis, C. E. Goering, adviser (2000).
Mendoza, M. C. Performance and durability of Awards and Honors compression ignition engines fueled by oxydiesel. M.S. thesis, Q. Zhang, adviser (2000). Robert A. Aherin Maynard Coe National Agriculture Safety Award, Pinto, F. Vision sensing for automated tractor National Institute for Farm Safety, 1980 guidance—a pose determination approach. Ph.D. thesis, Educational Aids Competition Blue Ribbons, American J. F. Reid, adviser (2000). Society of Agricultural Engineers, 1980 (3), 1981 (4), 1982 (3), 1984 (3), 1986 (2), 1988, 1989, 1990 Price, R. A. A real-time core extraction system for soil Outstanding Young Men of America Award, National nitrates. Ph.D. thesis, J. W. Hummel, adviser (2000). Jaycees, 1981 Honorary State Farmer Degree, Minnesota FFA Qi, Q. Modeling and optimal control of a production Association, 1983 line containing a wrapping system. M.S. thesis, S. Outstanding Service Award, American Lung Association, Morris, adviser (2000). 1983 Agriculture Safety Professional-of-the-Year Award, Viall, E. N. Determining the discharge coefficient of a Minnesota Safety Council, 1983 spool valve. M.S. thesis, Q. Zhang, adviser (2000). Packer Engineering Safety Award, American Society of Agricultural Engineering, 1987 Wu, K. Modeling of a hardware-in-the-loop powertrain Teaching Award—Program, American Society of simulator for off-road vehicles. M.S. thesis, Q. Zhang, Agricultural Engineers, 1989 adviser (2000). Young Faculty Award for Excellence in Extension, U of I College of Agriculture, 1993
Paul W. Benson Illinois Electric Council Merit Award, 1991 Teaching Excellence Award, U of I Department of Agricultural Engineering, 1993
19 Honorary State Farmer Degree, Illinois Association Teaching Academy of Excellence, U of I College of FFA, 1998 Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, Professional Staff Award for Excellence, Sustained 1997-2002 Excellence, U of I College of Agricultural, Consumer Undergraduate Teaching Award of Excellence, and Environmental Sciences, 1999 U of I, 1999 National Award for Excellence in College and University Loren E. Bode Teaching, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1999 Fellow, American Society of Agricultural Engineers Distinguished Teacher/Scholar, U of I, 2000 Educational Aids Competition Blue Ribbons, American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 1976, 1981, 1982, Leslie L. Christianson 1985, 1986, 1988, 1993 Teaching Excellence Award, U of I Department of Paper Award—Honorable Mention, American Society of Agricultural Engineering, 1987, 1991 Agricultural Engineers, 1982 Stanley H. Pierce Award, U of I College of Engineering, Young Extension Worker Award, American Society of 1989 Agricultural Engineers, 1983 Andersen Consulting Award for Excellence in Advising, Senior Faculty Award for Excellence in Extension, U of I College of Engineering, 1989, 1990, 1991 U of I College of Agriculture, 1990 Paper Award, American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Midwest Agricultural Chemical Association Educator’s 1994 Award, 1991 Paul A. Funk Achievement Award, U of I College of Richard C. Coddington Agriculture, 1993 Teaching Excellence Award, U of I Department of Agricultural Engineering, 1988, 1992 Douglas L. Bosworth Amoco Award for Innovative Teaching, 1991 Fellow, American Society of Agricultural Engineers President, American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Richard A. Cooke 1992-93 Dissertation Research Award, Virginia Polytechnic General Electric Scholar, U of I College of Engineering, Institute and State University Chapter of Sigma Xi, 1998-2000 1995
Philip Buriak James O. Curtis, Emeritus Teaching Award of Merit, National Association of College Fellow, American Society of Agricultural Engineers Teachers of Agriculture, 1986 Honorary American Farmer Degree, National FFA Donald L. Day, Emeritus Organization, 1987 Fellow, American Society of Agricultural Engineers Paper Award—Outstanding Research Presentation, Paper Reviewers Award, American Society of National Agricultural Education Research Meeting, Agricultural Engineers, 1989 1988 Certificate for Distinguished Paper, University of Teaching Excellence Award, U of I Department of Guadalajara, Mexico, 1990 Agricultural Engineering, 1989, 1992, 1994 Research Fellowship, Japan Society for Promotion of Karl E. Gardener Outstanding Undergraduate Advising Science Travel, 1992 Award, U of I College of Agriculture, 1993 Author of the Year, 1st Runner Up, Journal of Agriculture Steven R. Eckhoff Education, 1994 Dow Outstanding Young Educator Award in the Midwest Author of the Year, 2nd Runner Up, Journal of Region, American Society for Engineering Education, Agricultural Education, 1997 1986 Honorary Illinois Farmer Degree, Illinois Association Kansas State University Presidential Lecturer, 1986, 1987 FFA, 1997 Outstanding Paper in Cereal Chemistry Award, Corn Teaching Award of Excellence, U of I College of Refiners Association, 1989 Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, Research Fellowship, Corn Refiners Association, 1990, 1997 1991 Senior Teaching Award of Excellence, U of I College of Teaching Excellence Award, U of I Department of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Engineering, 1993 1999
20 Excellence in Teaching Award, American Association of Donnell R. Hunt, Emeritus Cereal Chemists, 1999 Fellow, American Society of Agricultural Engineers
Ted L. Funk Donald G. Jedele, Emeritus Sustained Excellence in Extension Programming, Fellow, American Society of Agricultural Engineers U of I College of Agriculture, Consumer and Rural Builder Hall of Fame, Rural Building News, 1987 Environmental Sciences, 1999 Certificate of Merit, Illinois Farm Electrification Council, Outstanding Program Team Award in Extension, 1988 U of I College of Agriculture, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, 1999 Benjamin A. Jones, Jr., Emeritus Fellow, American Society of Agricultural Engineers Carroll E. Goering, Emeritus Fellow, American Society of Agricultural Engineers Prasanta K. Kalita Outstanding Technical Paper Awards, American Society of Research Excellence Award, Iowa State University, 1992 Agricultural Engineers, 1985, 1990, 1992; honorable Who’s Who in Science and Engineering, 1996 mention, 1986, 1989 Advisor of the Year, Kansas State University College of Everitt Award for Teaching Excellence, U of I College of Engineering, 1996 Engineering, 1986 Outstanding Kansas State University Instructor and Senior Faculty Award for Teaching Excellence, U of I Advisor by K-State Mortar Board, 1997 College of Agriculture, 1994 Most Outstanding Advisor of the Year, Kansas State Paul A. Funk Recognition Award, U of I College of University BAE Department, 1997 Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, Who’s Who Among America’s Teachers, 1998, 2000 1996 Finalist, President’s Outstanding Advisor Award, Kansas State University, 1999 Alan C. Hansen Collins Scholar, The Academy for Excellence in Paper Award—Outstanding Technical, American Society Engineering Education, U of I, 2000 of Agricultural Engineers, 1990 Silver Medal for Academic Achievement, South African J. Bruce Litchfield Institute of Agricultural Engineers, 1990 Andersen Consulting Award for Excellence in Advising, Silver Medal for Best Publication of the Year, South U of I College of Engineering, 1989, 1993 African Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 1992 Teaching Excellence Award, U of I Department of Silver Medal for Best Paper Published, South African Agricultural Engineering, 1990 Institute of Agricultural Engineers, 1992 Everitt Award for Teaching Excellence, U of I College of Faculty Award for Excellence in Teaching, University of Engineering, 1991 Natal, Faculty of Engineering, South Africa, 1994, 1996 Research Fellowship, Corn Refiners Association, 1991 Young Faculty Award for Excellence in Teaching, Michael C. Hirschi U of I College of Agriculture, 1992 Paper Reviewers Award, American Society of Agricultural A. W. Farrall Young Educator Award, American Society of Engineers, 1988 Agricultural Engineers, 1993 Educational Aids Competition Blue Ribbons (5), University Scholar, U of I, 1994 American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 1991 (3), Engineering Council Advisors List for Outstanding 1994, 1998 Advising, U of I, 1995 Early Career Award, Epsilon Sigma Phi Alpha Nu Faculty Award for Excellence in Research, College of Chapter, 1992 Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, Young Faculty Award for Excellence in Extension, U of I U of I, 1996 College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Harriet and Charles Luckman Undergraduate Sciences, 1995 Distinguished Teaching Award, U of I, 1997 Teaching Excellence Award, U of I Department of Collins Award for Innovative Teaching, U of I College of Agricultural Engineering, 1997 Engineering, 1997 Certificate of Excellence, American Society of Agronomy Education Materials Contest, 1998 Accenture Consulting Outstanding Advisor Award (U of I College of Engineering), 2000
21 J. Kent Mitchell, Emeritus Outstanding Reviewer, American Society of Agricultural Fellow, American Society of Agricultural Engineering Engineers, 1990 Educational Aids Competition Blue Ribbons, American Teaching Excellence Award, U of I Department of Society of Agricultural Engineers, 1972, 1975, 1979, Agricultural Engineering, 1991 1984 Andersen Consulting Award for Excellence in Advising, Alpha Zeta Outstanding Instructor, U of I College of U of I College of Engineering, 1991 Agriculture, 1986 Young Faculty Award for Excellence in Teaching, Teaching Excellence Award, U of I Department of U of I College of Agriculture, 1993 Agricultural Engineering, 1986 Paper Award, American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Everitt Award for Teaching Excellence, U of I College of 1994, 2000 Engineering, 1987 Rural Builders Hall of Fame, 1998 Faculty Award for Excellence in Teaching, U of I College of Agriculture, 1989 Errol D. Rodda, Emeritus Paul A. Funk Recognition Award, U of I College of Stanley H. Pierce Award, U of I College of Engineering, Agriculture, 1994 1977
Arthur J. Muehling, Emeritus John C. Siemens, Emeritus Fellow, American Society of Agricultural Engineers Educational Aids Competition Blue Ribbon, American Educational Award, Illinois Pork Producers Association, Society of Agricultural Engineers, 1985 1974 Agronomic Educational Material Publication, American Paul A. Funk Award, U of I College of Agriculture, 1979 Society of Agricultural Engineers, 1992 Farm Builder Hall of Fame, Rural Builder Magazine, 1984 Senior Faculty Award for Excellence in Extension, University of Illinois Cooperative Extension Award for U of I College of Agriculture, 1993 Sustained Excellence, 1985 John Deere Gold Medal Award, American Society of Bernon G. Perkins Award, National Farm Builders Agricultural Engineers, 1999 Association, 1993 Lei Tian Elwood F. Olver, Emeritus Novel Academic Idea Award for Young Faculty, Fellow, American Society of Agricultural Engineers Jilin University of Technology, 1988 Recipient, Novel Academic Idea Award for Young Marvin R. Paulsen Educator, Jilin University of Technology, 1989 Fellow, Committee on Institutional Cooperation, Nominee, CGS Award for most distinguished dissertation 2000-2001 of the program, Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California at Roscoe L. Pershing Davis, 1995 Fellow, American Society of Agricultural Engineering Nominee, University Microfilms International Distinguished Dissertation Award in Mathematics and William H. Peterson, Emeritus Physics and Engineering, University of California for Appreciation Plaque, South Dakota Rural Electric National Council of Graduate Schools, 1995 Member Services Association, 1977 Nominee, Kinsella Memorial Prize, University of Educational Aids Competition Blue Ribbons, American California at Davis, 1995 Society of Agricultural Engineers, 1981, 1983, 1987 Outstanding Accomplishment of Training on Teaching Certificate of Appreciation, Illinois Farm Electric Council, College, U of I College of Agricultural, Consumer and 1981 Environmental Sciences Academy of Teaching Certificate of Merit, Illinois Electric Council, 1996 Excellence, 1997 Superior Paper Award, American Society of Agricultural Hoyle B. Puckett, Emeritus Engineers, 1999-2000 Fellow, American Society of Agricultural Engineers Honorable Mention for the Graduate College of Outstanding Mentor Award, U of I College of Graduate Gerald L. Riskowski Studies, 1999-2000 Educational Aids Competition Blue Ribbons, American Faculty Fellow, National Center for Supercomputing Society of Agricultural Engineers, 1983, 1985 (3), 1987, Applications U of I, 2000-2001 1988, 1990, 1992
22 Roger R. Yoerger, Emeritus Fellow, American Society of Agricultural Engineers Past National President, Phi Kappa Phi Massey-Ferguson Award, American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 1989
Qin Zhang General Electric Scholar, U of I College of Engineering, 1998 Collins Award for Innovative Teaching, U of I College of Engineering, 1999
Yuanhui Zhang Outstanding Paper Award, American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 1989 Honorarium Professorship, Shadong Institute of Technology, China, 1994 Honorarium Professorship, Beijing University of Agricultural Engineering, China, 1994 Everitt Award for Teaching Excellence, U of I College of Engineering, 1997 General Electric Scholar, U of I College of Engineering, 1997 Blue Ribbon Award, American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 1998 Teaching Excellence Award, U of I Department of Agricultural Engineering, 1999
23 Chemical Engineering
C. F. Zukoski, Head The Department of Chemical Engineering is part of the 114 Roger Adams Laboratory Engineering Experiment Station and is in the School of 600 S. Mathews Ave., MC-712 Chemical Sciences in the College of Liberal Arts and Urbana, IL 61801-3792 Sciences. Special research facilities available to the 217-333-3640 • http://www.scs.uiuc.edu/chem_eng department include those in centers across campus as well as extensive shop facilities, including machine, glass, and Research in the Department of Chemical Engineering electronic shops; modern spectroscopy laboratories for focuses on engineering science research activities built on NMR, EPR, and mass spectroscopy; and a microanalytical principles of physics, mathematics, chemistry, and laboratory. transport phenomena to advance process technologies in the chemical, petroleum, semiconduction, pharmaceutical, biochemical, fiber, personal care, and food industries. Biochemical and Biomedical The scientific approach taken by the department provides these industries with a foundation on which to build their Engineering technologies. The department sustains research programs in fluid mechanics, reactor engineering, catalysis, corrosion, polymer processing, interfacial phenomena, The Basis of Poly(ethylene oxide) control, and optimization. In addition, the department is Interactions with Biomolecules developing strengths in silicon wafer fabrication and D. Leckband,* N. Efremova, R. Gunawan protein, cell and tissue engineering, and drug delivery. National Science Foundation, BES 98-10133 The department’s activities sustain a leadership position to maintaining and advancing our standard of living. This work is aimed at understanding the molecular basis The department has a strong tradition of fundamental of the unusual biological compatibility of polyethylene research. A strong base of corporate and federal research oxide and similar water-soluble polymers used in many funding sustains this effort. While single investigator biological applications. This work involves a combination grants remain the backbone of the research support, of polymer theory, force probe measurements of polymer faculty members participate in a wide range of films and their interactions with biological molecules, and multidisciplinary research programs across campus at the measurements of protein interactions with grafted Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, polymer films. These studies are providing fundamental Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, Center for design criteria for protein-resistant polymer surface Advanced Cement-Based Materials, Computational coatings. Science and Engineering Program, and National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA). These activities Chaotic Advection Mixing Devices for provide faculty with significant leverage in building Microfluidic Biomolecular Systems multidisciplinary programs. D. Leckband,* D. Beebe (Mech. Engr.), J. Santiago Research in the department is carried out through the (Stanford Univ.), J. Moore (Chemistry), R. Adrian collaboration of faculty members, graduate students, (Theoret. & Appl. Mech.), H. Aref (Theoret. undergraduate students, and post-doctoral fellows. & Appl. Mech.) Admission to graduate study is an extremely selective Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, process and students are encouraged to initiate their F33615-98-1-2853 research programs early in their graduate careers. As part of their Ph.D. programs, many students participate in The efforts of our group in this multidisciplinary team internships in corporate research laboratories through the are focusing on the chemical modification of the walls of department’s Corporate Partnership Program. The microfluidic devices in order to prevent biofouling and interdisciplinary and collaborative research environment in to selectively pattern biological receptor molecules. which the students find themselves creates an intellectual vitality and excitement in the department conducive to groundbreaking research advances.
* Denotes principal investigator. 2 Chemical Communication between Poly(ethylene oxide) Interactions Cells and Engineered Bioscaffolds with Proteins D. Leckband;* B. Wheeler (Elect. & Comput. Engr.); D. Leckband,* N. Efremova, M. Grunze (Heidelberg) T. Eurell, D. Gross (Vet. Biosciences); R. Gunawan NATO Collaborative Research Grant (Chem. Engr.) U of I Campus Research Initiative The unique biological activity of poly(ethlyeneglycol) is believed to be a function of intramolecular structure of the Patterned bioscaffolding materials are being developed polymer backbone and of its unique interactions with for the directed growth of hippocampal neurons and water. This research program combines direct surface endothelial cells. This cross-campus, interdisciplinary force measurements with several surface spectroscopies to effort is aimed at controlling cell communication with elucidate the relationship between grafted polymer chains engineered materials in order to direct cell growth and and short oligomers on surfaces, the structural content of sustain function in artificial environments. the chains, and the interfacial properties that determine how these materials interact with the biological Molecular Forces Determining the Strength environment. of Receptor-mediated Cell Adhesion D. Leckband,* B. Zhu Structure-Function Investigations of Cell National Science Foundation, BES-9503045 Adhesion and Membrane Proteins D. Leckband,* S. Sivasankar, J. F. Legrand Cell adhesion is mediated by contacts between chemical (CNRS, Grenoble) moieties on cell surfaces. In particular, the enhanced University of Illinois expression of certain glycolipids on cancer cells may determine their metastatic potential. The significance of X-ray reflectivity studies of oriented monolayers of cell specific glycolipid interactions, however, is linked directly adhesion proteins are being used to determine the to the strengths of the molecular forces governing the configurations of adhesion proteins in adhesive complexes resulting adhesion. Researchers are using direct force with other proteins. This is a collaborative grant between measurements, fluorescence microscopy, and light the CNRS (France) and the University of Illinois. scattering to quantify the magnitudes and ranges of glycolipid-mediated adhesive forces and to determine the Dynamics of Phase Inversion impact of those forces on the strengths of glycolipid- Related to Drug Delivery mediated membrane attachments. The team is testing A. J. McHugh,* J. R. DesNoyer, K. J. Brodbeck directly the role of membrane surface components in cell National Science Foundation, CTS 97-31509; Alza Corp. adhesion and the potential utility of therapeutics designed to block their interactions. The principles of phase inversion are being applied in studies of injectable drug delivery systems consisting of a Physical Mechanisms Governing water-insoluble polymer, biocompatible solvent, and Receptor-mediated Intermembrane Adhesion bioactive agent. In situ optical measurement techniques D. Leckband,* S. Sivasankar, B. Zhu, A. Kloss are used to quantify the interaction of liquid demixing, National Institutes of Health, RO1 GM51338-06 gelation, and drug release rates in solutions quenched into an aqueous environment. Water influx rates and bath-side In these studies, the research team is determining the mass transfer dynamics are correlated with the drug release molecular basis of protein-mediated biological adhesion. rate and morphology of the formed gel. Systems under The control of receptor-mediated cell adhesion is study include poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) important in wound healing, cancer metastasis, and tissue copolymers of various molecular weight and composition, engineering. This work uses a combination of molecular a variety of biocompatible solvent systems, and model force probe measurements, theoretical modeling, and protein systems such as chicken egg lysozyme. molecular biology techniques to determine the structural basis of protein-mediated adhesion. This information is used to design biological adhesion molecules and cell attachment substrates.
3 * Denotes principal investigator. Design and Synthesis of Polymeric particle size, that have not previously been possible due to Materials for DNA Delivery the limitations of current fabrication methods. D. W. Pack,* M. L. Forrest American Heart Association; National Science Foundation, Developing a Molecular Switch BES-0120101 for Gene Therapy H. Zhao,* K. Chockalingam, Research Groups of The goal of this project is to design novel polymers J. A. Katzenellenbogen (Chem.) and B. S. capable of safe and efficient delivery of genetic material Katzenellenbogen (Physiol.) to mammalian cells. A first step of this research is to University of Illinois, Cancer Research Center elucidate the structure-function relationships of currently available, off-the-shelf gene-delivery polymers. Thus, The team is interested in developing a novel receptor- researchers are developing quantitative assays that will based gene expression system in which activity can be allow the team to probe the various intracellular barriers precisely regulated by a synthetic ligand. Researchers will to transport DNA from outside the cell into the nucleus. use a combined rational design and directed evolution The resulting structure-function database will provide a approach to engineer a fully orthogonal ligand-receptor basis for intelligent design of new materials with pair consisting of an estradiol-derived synthetic ligand and improved safety and efficacy. a human estrogen receptor ligand binding domain mutant. Such a system is an invaluable tool for gene Engineering of Viruses for Enhanced therapy, temporal control of the onset of phenotypes in Gene Therapy transgenic animals, regulated expression of genes in D. W. Pack,* J. Ramsey, H. Vu plants, and biological study of development and other Roy J. Carver Charitable Trust physiological processes.
Viruses have evolved to become extremely efficient agents Directed Evolution of Antifreeze of gene delivery. Unfortunately, they are not ideal for Proteins with Increased Activity many human gene therapy applications that require, for H. Zhao,* Research Groups of C. H. Cheng (Animal example, targeting of the gene delivery vehicle to specific Biol.), D. R. Bush (Plant Biol.) and H. Huang (Biochem.) organs and cell types. Researchers are reengineering viruses University of Illinois, Department of Chemical Engineering using a combinatorial approach termed directed evolution. With this technique, the research team generates a diverse In this project, researchers will use DNA shuffling to library of randomly mutated viruses and subsequently recombine several antifreeze protein genes isolated from gleans from that library those mutants which are fish, insects, and plants followed by selection of variants improved in a defined property, such as infection of a with increased activity. The evolved antifreeze proteins new cell type or improved thermodynamic stability. could be used in low-temperature preservation of gametes and embryos of domestic animals and in the creation of Precisely Controlled Fabrication of cold- or frost-resistant transgenic plants. Biodegradable Polymer Microparticles for Controlled-Release Drug Delivery Directed Evolution of Biosynthetic Pathways D. W. Pack,* K. Kim (Elect. & Comput. Engr.), H. Zhao* C. Berkland, N. Varde Critical Research Initiative, University of Illinois Campus Research Board; Alkermes, Inc. Biosynthetic pathways have been widely used in Researchers have developed a novel technique for production of natural products. Natural products, fabrication of microparticles of biodegradable polymers isolated from microorganisms and plants, make up as such as poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid). The research team is much as 40% of the drugs in current use. Stimulated by encapsulating therapeutic compounds in the polymer the discovery of antibacterial agents such as penicillin, matrix such that the drug can be released at a controlled cephalosporin, and streptomycin during the 1930s and rate over a prolonged period of time in the body. The 1940s, the pharmaceutical industry has spent considerable approach is unique in that researchers have precise control resources to discover new biologically active natural over particle size, size distribution, and architecture. products. However, the rate of discovering new drugs or These characteristics lead to unprecedented control of improved ones has diminished with time. To address this drug delivery kinetics. Furthermore, the team is pursuing limitation, researchers are developing new approaches for advanced applications, such as passive targeting based on efficient generation of novel natural products by
* Denotes principal investigator. 4 genetically manipulating existing biosynthetic pathways via directed evolution technologies. Fluid Flow, Heat, and Mass Transfer Fundamentals Engineering Novel Substrate Specificity of a Hydrolytic Haloalkane Dehalogenase H. Zhao* Effect of Pipe Size in Two-Phase Flow University of Illinois, Department of Chemical Engineering T. J. Hanratty,* E. Hurlburt, M. Simmons, A. Al-Sarkhi, A. Solermani The study of microbial hydrolytic dehalogenases has been U.S. Department of Energy, DE-FG02-86ER13556 motivated largely by their potential use in waste treatment, bioremediation, and industrial biocatalysis. The influence of pipe diameter on flow regime transitions These enzymes play a crucial role in the biodegradation of and on the modeling of stratified, slug, and annular flows aliphatic halogenated compounds, such as a broad range is being studied in inclined and horizontal pipes with of chlorinated (C2-C6) alkanes. Unfortunately, as practical diameters of 1 inch, 2 inches, and 4 inches. biocatalysts, these enzymes suffer from low activity and Accomplishments include the development of a theory to narrow substrate specificity. In order to understand the predict the transition from stratified to slug flow, the molecular basis of substrate specificity as well as engineer development of an interpretation of entrainment better dehalogenase mutants, researchers will apply a novel measurements for annular flow in terms of the targeted combinatorial mutagenesis method to randomly fundamental rate processes, the development of an mutagenize the active site of this enzyme and isolate the understanding of the wave patterns in stratified flow, the variants with increased activity toward the substrate use of photographic and immersion methods to determine of interest. drop size in annular flow, and the use of drag-reducing polymers to change flow configurations.
Turbulent Flow over Wavy Surfaces Computing T. J. Hanratty,* Y. Na, S. Nakagawa National Science Foundation, CTS 92-00936 Supercomputer Studies of Turbulent Transport Turbulent flow over wavy surfaces is being studied both in T. J. Hanratty,* Y. Na, Y. Mita, M. Piller the laboratory and by a direct numerical simulation. National Science Foundation, CTS 92-00936; U.S. A particular emphasis during the year is the separated Department of Energy, DE-FG02-86ER 13556 region that exists for large-amplitude waves. This well- defined separation bubble is being studied to provide the Researchers are exploring new methods of interpreting physical understanding needed to compute and control turbulent transport of molecular species or particles that separated flows. The flow in the separated region is highly describe the field as resulting from a distribution of three-dimensional and seldom resembles the pattern sources and sinks. These studies are carried out with a indicated by the time-averaged streamlines. Work has been supercomputer simulation of turbulent flow in a channel initiated to study the effect of waves on heat transfer and and are made possible by the development of particle- the effect of a moving wavy wall. tracking routines. Of particular interest is the effect of molecular transport on turbulent mixing, the effect of Wall Turbulence gravity on particle transport in dispersed flows, and T. J. Hanratty,* Z. C. Liu, Y. Na, S. Nakagawa aerosol impaction on walls. Direct numerical simulations National Science Foundation, CTS 92-00936 of turbulent heat transfer in a channel have been carried out for Prandtl numbers varying between 0.05 and 10. Laboratory and supercomputer experiments are being used to understand the structure of turbulence close to a wall. Highly organized flows are being identified that are responsible for the sustaining of wall turbulence. The effects of such external influences as structured walls, drag-reducing agents, and micelles on these structures are being studied.
5 * Denotes principal investigator. Mechanics of Suspensions Rheology in a Potential Vortex J. J. L. Higdon,* M. Viera, Q. Meng W. R. Schowalter,* K. Sarkar Mobil Corp. University of Illinois; Monsanto Co.
Concentrated suspensions of microscopic particles are Vortex flows offer a special flow history for viscoelastic encountered throughout the chemical process industry. materials because of the revolution of principal axes of The goal of this project is to characterize the rheology and strain rate without a corresponding rotation of the fluid. sedimentation behavior of these systems, with special Researchers have computed the pulsating shape of a attention given to suspensions with nonhydrodynamic viscoelastic drop in several vortex flows and have shown interparticle forces and particles of nonspherical shape, how interesting resonance phenomena occur. The results, such as fibers and platelets. Researchers are developing which relate to the transient stretching of polymers in novel computational algorithms for large-scale many-body turbulent flows, offer new insight into the limitations of simulations to investigate these systems. The methods viscometric measurements. follow the basic approach of the well-known Stokesian dynamics algorithm, but yield an operational count O(N) The Free-Jet Behavior of Emulsions as opposed to the O(N3) effort of the traditional W. R. Schowalter,* K. Sarkar approach. University of Illinois; Monsanto Co.
Rheology and Structure of Liquid Foams Experiments have shown that the diameter of a jet formed J. J. L. Higdon,* E. Metsi, M. Talbot from an emulsion of Newtonian fluids exiting from a American Chemical Society, Petroleum Research Fund conduit undergoes a significant expansion. Although qualitatively associated with the relaxation of emulsion Liquid-liquid or liquid-gas foams exhibit an interesting droplets to spheres, a quantitative explanation of the jet range of rheological behavior including yield stresses, wall expansion has been lacking. Through incorporation of slip, and stress discontinuities. In addition, the structure boundary integral methods, researchers are showing for and length scales of a foam undergo continuous evolution the first time the true cause-and-effect relation between under the action of shear. The goal of this project is to emulsion properties and jet expansion. develop efficient algorithms for the simulation of foam rheology. These algorithms require detailed resolution of Effect of Free Polymer on Protein the microscopic fluid flows within a large-scale system that Interaction Potentials captures the disorder and range of length scales present in C. F. Zukoski,* A. Kulkarni, N. Dixit, A. Mirarefi realistic foam flows. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NAG 8-976 Microchemical Systems P. J. A. Kenis,* M. Mitchell, S. Thybo Protein crystals are often produced through the addition University of Illinois of soluble polymers to protein suspensions. In this study, the effects of polymer molecular weight and concentration The objective of this study is to develop microchemical on the strength of protein interactions is investigated. systems in which chemical conversions can take place. An unexpected minimum in protein solution second virial Following a rapid prototyping approach based on replica coefficient is observed. This phenomenon is intimately molding, researchers fabricate microscale devices in a related to polymer depletion forces and polymer density variety of materials chosen for compatibility with the fluctuations resulting from the proximity of a polymer conditions and chemistries involved. The research team solution phase boundary. tries to utilize the distinct properties of fluids at the micro level (such as laminar flow, high surface-to-volume ratio, and enhanced heat transfer) to accomplish chemical processes that are difficult to accomplish at the conventional scale. Possible applications include organic synthesis, micro fuel cells, and catalyst screening.
* Denotes principal investigator. 6 Adsorption of Polymers on Surfaces with Materials Chemical Heterogeneity on Nanometer Scale V. K. Gupta,* Y. Huang Localized Corrosion of Passive Metals University of Illinois; U.S. Department of Energy, R. C. Alkire,* E. Webb, M. Knight, T. Pricer, L. Zhu, DE-FG02-96ER45439 J. Gray, D. Veyret, M. Georgiadou, F. Topin, T. Suter, C. Paik, J. Ganley (In cooperation with the Materials Research Laboratory) U.S. Department of Energy, DE-FG02-96ER45439 Adsorption of polymers is relevant to numerous (In cooperation with the Materials Research Laboratory) applications such as colloidal stabilization, adhesion, biochemical processes, and chromatography. Surface The materials investigated in this study are those metals heterogeneity is common in these applications, and yet and alloys that tend to form protective surface layers there is virtual nonexistence of systematic, quantitative spontaneously and thereby become susceptible to localized experimental results on such surfaces. This research is corrosion when the protective layers are disturbed. focused on the kinetics of adsorption of polymers at solid Among these are Al, Ni, Cu, and their alloys, including surfaces and study of the influence of chemical stainless steels. Special attention is given to integration of heterogeneity. Using the tools of molecular assembly, the experimental approach with a Web-based modeling researchers create surfaces that are well-defined and approach that accounts for transport, kinetic, and energetically heterogeneous on length-scales thermodynamic phenomena over a wide range of time commensurate to typical polymer chains (RG~10-100nm). and length scales. Topics under study include local The goal is to understand the interplay between breakdown in pits, crevices, and cracks. physicochemical properties of the adsorbing polymer chains and characteristics of the surface heterogeneity. Use of Very High Pressure to Investigate the Structure of Matter Chemical Selectivity of Organized H. G. Drickamer,* G. Yang, Y. Li Assemblies of Macrocycles on Solid U.S. Department of Energy, DE-FG02-96ER45439 Substrates V. K. Gupta,* J. Faull (In cooperation with the Materials Research Laboratory University of Illinois; National Science Foundation, and the Departments of Physics and Chemistry) CTS 9732691, CTS 9875467; ACS-PRF
The basic thesis of this research is that high pressure is an Chemically selective surfaces are essential to chemical and essential tool for understanding electronic phenomena in biochemical sensing as well as new processes for chemical condensed systems. With increasing compression there is purification/separation. This research centers on surfaces increased overlap among electronic orbitals. Different that contain immobilized macrocycles as model receptor types of orbitals are perturbed to different degrees. molecules with a potential for complexing with organic A study of these perturbations permits one to characterize adsobates in solution via guest-host interactions. electronic states and excitations and to test theories. The proposed research addresses the need for This work is focused on three areas: pressure effects on understanding how characteristics such as surface density light-emitting polymers potentially useful as light-emitting of receptor molecules, steric barriers to binding, or diodes; the use of a newly developed device for controlled molecular flexibility of receptor chains can be manipulated stretching of polymers to compare the effects of pressure to enhance the guest-host binding. Optimization of the and stretch on optical and related properties; and the guest-host complexation properties will facilitate new emission characteristics of oligomers and three analytical/diagnostic procedures and applications where dimensional polymers (dendrimers) in dilute solution catalytic activity can be confined to an interface through in various polymeric media. guest-host complexation.
7 * Denotes principal investigator. Photochromic Self-assembled Surfaces Laser Measurements of Thermal Formed Using Polypeptides Surface Diffusion V. K. Gupta,* A. Williams E. G. Seebauer,* Z. Wang, E. R. Blomiley University of Illinois; National Science Foundation, National Science Foundation, CTS 98-06329; U.S. CTS 9732691, CTS 9875467; ACS-PRF Department of Energy, DE-FG02-96ER45439
This research explores molecular-level principles for (In cooperation with the Materials Research Laboratory) photocontrol of the optical and interfacial properties of self-assembled monolayers. Toward the goal of enhancing Surface diffusion on semiconductors is important in the photostimulated response, researchers are exploring several aspects of microelectronic device fabrication. the use of photoresponsive polymers such as α-helical Researchers are making measurements of surface diffusion polypeptides because these biological macromolecules are under real processing temperatures and pressures using a structurally anisotropic and possess macrodipoles. recently developed laser technique of second harmonic By establishing principles based on which structure and microscopy. Under such conditions, the research team has organization of surfaces can be engineered for optimal found that the diffusion mechanism changes from simple control of physico-chemical properties, the proposed site hopping to a previously unknown vacancy-mediated research will permit light-assisted manipulation of form. The researchers are probing surface diffusion in a adsorption-desorption of biomolecules on surfaces, variety of adsorption systems to determine the precise wetting-dewetting of polar or nonpolar fluids, and optical nature of this mechanism. anisotropy such as birefringence or dichroism in thin films. Simulations of Surface Diffusion by Molecular Dynamics Fiber-based Microfabrication E. G. Seebauer,* Z. Wang P. J. A. Kenis,* E. Choban National Science Foundation, CTS 98-06329 University of Illinois Researchers are performing computer simulations of The goal of this project is to develop direct surface diffusion on silicon and germanium by molecular microfabrication techniques for the assembly of dynamics. This approach uses selected interatomic fiber-based microstructures. The fibers can be used either potentials and integrates the equations of motion for an as tools that assist in the assembly by guiding the folding ensemble of surface atoms. Data indicate good of microstructures, or they can become part of the correspondence between the simulational results and microstructures, as is the case in tensegrity structures or experiments for Ge on Si. Researchers are now extendable beams. Another direction involves the examining the effects of low-energy ion bombardment. integration of microelectronic components in textiles (so-called electro-textiles). In order to connect and Assembly of Nanoparticles integrate the different electronic components, patterning C. F. Zukoski,* S. Ramakrishnan of leads on or in the fibers is required. Applications U.S. Department of Energy, DE-AC02-96ER45439 include integrated health monitoring and communication systems in vests. (In cooperation with the Materials Research Laboratory)
Ion- and Photon-enhanced Surface Diffusion Methods of manipulating the interactions of 1-nm E. G. Seebauer,* E. R. Blomiley particles are explored. Research includes a focus on the National Science Foundation, CTS 98-06329 strength of attraction of heteropolymetal oxyanions controlled through ionic strength and characterized Recent measurements by this research team of surface through light scattering and viscosity. Links between diffusion on Si have demonstrated that both photon the strength of attraction and anion solubility are studied. illumination and low-energy ion bombardment can Methods of building nanoporous structures of these significantly alter surface diffusion on Group IV superacid particles are developed. semiconductors. Neither effect has ever been observed directly before. Photon-induced modifications seem to be mediated electronically, as substrate doping affects the results. Ion-induced modifications clearly involve some sort of momentum transfer. Both effects can have direct implications for semiconductor processing.
* Denotes principal investigator. 8 Drying and Cracking in Ceramic Fabrication This research team proved that, for the multiple quality C. F. Zukoski,* L. Brown case, the Lagrangian approach provides tighter lower U.S. Department of Energy, DE-FG02-96ER45439 bounds than the standard linear programming relaxations used in global optimization algorithms. (In cooperation with the Materials Research Laboratory) BARON: An All-Purpose Global Understanding the stresses built up in ceramic green Optimization Package bodies is essential to producing ceramics with low flaw N. V. Sahinidis,* M. Tawarmalani density. In this study, researchers look at the role of National Science Foundation, DMI 94-14615, interparticle forces in determining rates of drying and DMI 95-02722 compaction in slurries. Conditions resulting in cracking are explored with the goal of generating dense, uniform, The area of global optimization software is so important crack-free green bodies. and yet so underdeveloped. This projects aims to develop BARON: an all-purpose, high-performance global Flow of Weakly Flocculated Suspensions optimization methodology to support engineering design C. F. Zukoski,* S. J. Yoon and manufacturing. BARON (Branch-And-Reduce- U.S. Department of Energy, DE-FG02-96ER45439 Optimization-Navigator) executes a global optimization strategy by navigating its way through user-provided (In cooperation with the Materials Research Laboratory) subroutines. Its optimization strategy integrates conventional branch-and-bound with a wide variety of In this investigation, researchers examine the flow range-reduction tests and branching schemes. Specialized properties of weakly flocculated suspensions. A model modules have been developed for special problem classes, system has been chosen in which, by solution pH, the including concave minimization over polyhedra, suspension can be reversibly gelled. By mapping out a polynomial programs, mixed integer and quadratic phase boundary in pH/volume fraction space, the research programs, and factorable programs. team is able to explore the relationship between flocculation in colloidal suspensions and sol-gel transitions Branch-and-Reduce Algorithms observed in molecular systems. The mechanical properties for Global Optimization of the gelled samples are of importance in determining N. V. Sahinidis,* M. Tawarmalani porosity and suspension processibility. Researchers are National Science Foundation, DMI 94-14615, seeking general descriptions of yielding and flow in terms DMI 95-02722 of the depth of the interparticle attractive potential. Realistic treatments of physical and engineering systems frequently involve nonlinear models in which Optimization and Process optimization requires escaping from local minima traps. This project develops global optimization methodologies. Systems Engineering The algorithms solve sequences of convex underestimating subproblems obtained by evolutionary subdivision of the search region. Novel features include optimally based and A Lagrangian Approach to feasibility based range reduction, new branching rules, the Pooling Problem new bounding schemes, and efficient heuristics to N. V. Sahinidis,* N. Adhya, M. Tawarmalani accelerate convergence. The project addresses applications National Science Foundation, DMI 95-02722; in engineering design, molecular structure determination, Mobil Technology Center and economics. Special classes of problems are also considered, including minimization of concave functions Pooling and blending occur frequently in the over convex sets, minimization of products of convex petrochemical industry where crude oils, procured from functions, bilinear programs, integer programs, and various sources, are mixed together to manufacture several factorable programs. end-products. Finding optimal solutions to pooling problems requires the solution of nonlinear optimization problems with multiple local minima. This project introduces a new Lagrangian relaxation approach for developing lower bounds for the pooling problem.
9 * Denotes principal investigator. Bridging the Gap between Heuristics and novel formulations for short-term, reactive scheduling of Optimization in Process Synthesis and continuous production facilities with resource constraints Operations and sequence-dependent changeovers, the development of N. V. Sahinidis,* K. Furman, S. Ahmed efficient optimization algorithms for solving these National Science Foundation, CTS 97-04643 scheduling formulations, and the potential of the developed techniques to reduce waste and minimize costs. Heuristics in process synthesis and operations offer fast solutions but no guarantee of optimality. Optimization Planning in the Process Industry approaches, on the other hand, offer rigor but suffer under Uncertainty combinatorial explosion of computational requirements. N. V. Sahinidis,* S. Ahmed This research team pursues analytical investigations to National Science Foundation, DMI 94-14615, characterize the behavior of heuristics and optimization DMI 95-02722 algorithms and produces a framework that combines the strengths of the two approaches while eliminating their As the chemical industry is becoming increasingly weaknesses. This research proved that process planning is competitive, tools to hedge against uncertainty become NP-hard and that synthesis of heat exchanger networks is increasingly important. The project develops a two-stage NP-hard in the strong sense. As the relaxation gap of stochastic optimization approach to the problem of integer programming formulations for these problems planning in the process industries. Both discrete and asymptotically diminishes, relaxation-based heuristics that continuous random parameters are considered. In one are optimal in expectation are developed. research direction, the team introduced the upper partial mean as a new measure of robustness and developed Combinatorial Problems in robust process planning algorithms under uncertainty. Computational Chemistry In another research direction, the team developed N. V. Sahinidis,* A. Vaia, G. Nanda, M. Tawarmalani approximation algorithms for two-stage stochastic integer University of Illinois; National Science Foundation, programs. The research group provides proofs that these BES 98-73586 schemes are optimal in expectation as the problem size increases. The enumeration of large, combinatorial search spaces presents a central conceptual difficulty in many problems in combinatorial chemistry, chemometrics, and molecular design. This research develops novel mathematical models Processing and algorithms to address such combinatorial challenges. In one application area, the team is developing models Catalytic Oxidation of Odorous Molecules and algorithms for interpreting FTIR spectra. In another R. Masel,* N. Ali, J. Ackerman, C. Lu application area, they are developing a systematic Illinois Council on Food and Agricultural Research methodology for the design of environmentally benign alternative refrigerants. This has led to the identification Production of odorous molecules from livestock of several novel potential alternatives. The team is production facilities is a current national problem. developing molecular design techniques with an emphasis Researchers are exploring catalytic combustion as a cost on minimizing the environmental impact over the entire effective way of destroying the odorous molecules. So far life cycle of the new compounds. the team has measured the kinetics of acetic, n-butyric,
i-butyric, n-valeric, and i-valeric acids on Cu/Al2O3. Modeling and Optimization Techniques for Researchers find that these molecules strongly adsorb onto Scheduling Continuous Chemical Processes the catalysts. TPD indicates that the molecules form a N. V. Sahinidis,* E. Kourpas carboxylate upon adsorption, and the carboxylate is easily Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry oxidized in the presence of excess oxygen. Foundation; National Science Foundation, DMI 95-02722
The goal of this project is to develop novel modeling and optimization techniques for improving energy efficiency and productivity in the process industry. Production of paper, dyes, and polymers are some examples. In particular, this research addresses the development of
* Denotes principal investigator. 10 Engineering Approximations for Parameter Continuum Modeling of Estimation in Chemical Kinetics Flow-induced Crystallization R. Masel,* P. Blowers, L. Ford A. J. McHugh,* A. Doufas National Science Foundation, CTS 96-10115 National Science Foundation; SBC Clemson; DuPont
In industry, correlations are often used to estimate rate Models of flow-induced crystallization are developed constants, but the accuracy of the correlations is low. based on theories of nucleation-controlled and strain- Researchers have been doing high-level ab initio induced crystallization, coupled with the irreversible calculations of transition state properties to learn about thermodynamic formalism of the continuum Hamiltonian the key forces that cause reactions to be activated. The brackets. Model analyses include the effects of relaxation team then uses the results of the ab initio calculations to and orientation processes as well as simultaneous derive better models of transition state properties with deformation histories on the crystallization kinetics in adjustable parameters that can be fit to data. The result terms of molecular relaxation times, a crystallization has been better than an order of magnitude improvement parameter, and the melt molecular weight. Calculations in the accuracy of approximate rate constants. of the crystallization rate, chain elongation, stress, and birefringence are done for a variety of flow kinematic Fuel Cells histories, including transient flow. Results are compared to R. Masel,* N. Chen, I. Lee experimentally observed trends reported in the literature. U.S. Department of Energy, DEFG-02-99ER14993; Defense Advanced Research Projects Office, Dynamics of Phase Inversion F33615-01-C-2172 A. J. McHugh,* Z. Gou National Science Foundation, CTS 97-31509 The objective of this project is to examine production of ions and facilitation of carbon monoxide shuttling in fuel Researchers are developing quantitative models to describe cells. Researchers have developed a novel UV/HREELS the mechanisms involved in membrane structure technique that can look directly at the changes in the formation by phase inversion of polymer solutions. electronic structure of adsorbed molecules as the surface Experiment and theory are being pursued for both the composition is changed. The team is using the instrument nonsolvent and thermal quench processes. The former to measure the metal surface electronegativity. They have involves optical techniques the research team developed also built novel fuel cells and are testing their for the measurement of mass transfer and gelation rates performance. and comparison to models based on ternary diffusion formalisms. The latter involves measurements of Microchemical Systems small-angle scattering behavior in thermally quenched R. Masel,* F. Thomas, C. Jensen films and comparison to models for phase transformation Army Research of the DAAD19-01-1-0582 by spinodal decomposition and nucleation and growth. Both experiments also involve analyses of film Microchemical systems have been proposed as small-scale morphologies by scanning electron microscopy. power sources and as bioterrorism protection devices, but so far flames have gone out when the flames are confined Rheooptics of Helical, Dendrimeric, in a small space. Researchers have been doing studies to and Hyperbranched Polymers see if the combination of hot walls and special coatings A. J. McHugh,* A. L. Lee could be used to produce microburners. So far the American Chemical Society, Petroleum Research Fund; research team has demonstrated that they can get flames Department of the Army, DAAG97-1-0126 to burn in 100-micron spaces by choosing a wall coating according to an equation that they derived previously. The effects of shear flow, temperature, and solvent Work in progress examines the fundamentals of wall on conformational states and phase stability of quenching to try to understand how to best balance macromolecules are being investigated using rheooptics. thermal quenching and chemical quenching in a Birefringence shows the helix-to-coil transition in practical device. poly-l-lysine (PLL) in methanol solutions can be dramatically affected by shear. Researchers are also investigating the role of chain architecture and branching on the rheooptics of dendrimeric and hyperbranched polymer solutions. Studies are on a polyether-imide-based
11 * Denotes principal investigator. system and various linear hybrids. Transient and steady so that surface diffusion permits the surface to roughen on birefringence, combined with a model based on a discrete a nanometer length scale. Researchers are developing version of the semiflexible, wormlike chain, are used to quantitative models for this process and coupling them to evaluate the effects of chain architecture on molecular experimental measurements in which they try to modify flexibility and dynamics. surface diffusion through adsorption and photon illumination. Structure Formation and Processing of Highly Filled Organo-Ceramic Composites Simulation of Transient-enhanced Diffusion A. J. McHugh,* J. A. Walberer E. G. Seebauer,* R. D. Braatz,* M. Y. L. Jung, National Science Foundation, Center for Advanced R. Gunawan Cement-Based Composites Sematech
Reactive organo-ceramic composites are high-strength Transient-enhanced diffusion (TED) during annealing materials formed from extrudable pastes created by high after ion implantation limits how the shallow junctions shear mixing. Torque rheometry allows monitoring the can be made in next-generation transistors. Models for evolution of the mixing mechano-chemistry. The kinetics TED in current commercial process simulation software of structure formation are measured in four model systems does not incorporate surface effects such as band bending. that stiffen by polymerization of the organic phase, The simulators also do not account for photon-induced crosslinking of the organic phase, flocculation of the effects that can occur during rapid thermal processing. ceramic phase, and chemical or physical linking of the Researchers are incorporating these new aspects of physics ceramic particles to the organic phase. Rheological to make such software more realistic. analyses based on viscoelastic models for highly filled systems allow analysis of the time/stress history of structuring in terms of a time-dependent modulus that Systems and Control follows a kinetic equation.
The Rheology of Dendritic Macromolecules Analysis and Control of Nonlinear A. J. McHugh,* I. Sendijarevic Dynamical Systems Department of the Army, DAAG97-1-0126 R. D. Braatz,* D. L. Ma, E. Rusli Computational Science and Engineering Program The solution and melt rheology of dendritic molecules, including dendrimers, hyperbranched polymers, and linear Creating stability and performance analysis tools that are hybrids are being studied. Molecules examined are both computationally efficient and nonconservative for available in a wide range of molecular weights with nonlinear dynamical systems is an important and different end-groups and core functionality. Analyses of challenging problem. This task is especially challenging the shear stress-shear rate behavior under steady and for systems described by complex simulation codes in oscillatory flows at different temperatures, solvent which a closed form representation for the system is conditions, and concentrations are being pursued. Step unavailable (for example, the code may include if-then shear strain experiments are employed to obtain relaxation statements that implement discrete switches at times that responses. Dendrimer molecules exhibit a Newtonian are computed during the simulation). Algorithms are behavior, while polyether amide-based HBPs exhibit shear being investigated for the analysis and control of such thinning behavior. However, in comparison to linear complex nonlinear dynamical systems. molecules, the viscosity of dendrimers and HBPs is significantly lower. Analysis of Uncertain Large-Scale Systems with Time Delays Formation of Hemispherical R. D. Braatz,* R. Gunawan Grained Silicon for DRAMs E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. E. G. Seebauer,* D. Llera-Rodriguez National Science Foundation, CTS 98-06329 Time delays and model uncertainties are prevalent in a broad range of large-scale systems, including paper Hemispherical grained silicon (HSG) is a material that machines, manufacturing plants, and wireless networks. is being ramped into production to improve device Existing algorithms for computing stability and capacitance in dynamic random access memories. performance margins do not adequately address the effect The material forms by slowly heating amorphous silicon
* Denotes principal investigator. 12 of time delay uncertainties and process constraints on the designing analysis techniques for improved in-situ overall closed-loop system. An algorithm maps time delay supersaturation measurement in dense crystal slurries uncertainties to equivalent finite-dimensional real using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy with an parametric variations that can be analyzed using available Attentuated Transmittance Reflectance probe, and techniques. These analysis techniques are being used to incorporating dynamic optimization algorithms to control create polynomial-time algorithms for optimal controller the properties of the product crystals for intermediate and design based on linear and bilinear matrix inequalities. end-use applications.
Control-relevant Modeling of Sheet and Film Processes R. D. Braatz,* A. J. McHugh, J. C. Pirkle, Jr. Journals and Books Procter & Gamble
Sheet and film processes, which include coating, Biochemical and Biomedical papermaking, and polymer film extrusion processes, are of world-wide industrial importance. Existing identification Engineering and estimation techniques construct models for these processes based only on input–output data, which limits Branch, D., B. Wheeler, G. Brewer, and D. E. Leckband. the model quality. The objective of this project is to Long-term maintenance of patterns of hippocampal exploit the fundamental physics for these processes to pyramidal cells on substrates of polyethylene glycol and improve the accuracy of process models and the microstamped polylysine. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., 47, robustness of model and state estimates. This project 290-300 (2000). includes dynamic simulations and experimental verification on a blown film extruder in the laboratory. Efremova, N., B. Bondurant, D. O’Brien, and D. E. Leckband. Interaction forces and protein resistance of Fault Detection and Diagnosis neutral membranes with end-grafted poly(ethylene for Large-Scale Systems glycol). Biochemistry, 39, 3441-3451 (2000). R. D. Braatz,* L. H. Chiang Eteshola, E. and D. E. Leckband. Development of a International Paper Co. microfluidic ELISA assay. Sensors Actuators B, 72, 129-133 (2000). Fault detection and diagnosis algorithms are being created that are computable for large data sets (gigabytes of data) Halperin, A. and D. E. Leckband. From ship hulls to collected from large-scale manufacturing plants. contact lenses: repression of protein adsorption and the This project includes new residual-based statistics based puzzle of PEO. C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, t. 1, Serie IV, on canonical variate analysis, a suite of fault diagnosis 1171-1178 (2000). techniques based on Bayesian statistics, new data-driven methods for diagnosing unknown and multiple faults, Kloss, A., N. Lavrik, C. Yeung, and D. E. Leckband. and a detailed evaluation of these methods through Effect of the microenvironment on the apparent affinity simulations of a fault-prone chemical facility and of immobilized receptors. Langmuir, 16, 3414-3421 application to an industrial paper machine. (2000).
Modeling and Control of Lavrik, N. and D. E. Leckband. Optical and direct force Pharmaceutical Crystallization measurements of interactions between monolayers of R. D. Braatz, * D. L. Ma, T. Togkalidou, M. Fujiwara aromatic macrocycles on surfactant membranes. Merck; Computational Science and Engineering Program Langmuir, 16, 1842-1851 (2000).
An approach is being created to control pharmaceutical Leckband, D. E. Direct measurements of the forces that crystal formation that incorporates first-principles control protein interactions. Ann. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. simulation models, dynamic optimization, and state-of- Struct., 29, 1-26 (2000). the-art analysis. The approach includes simulating the nucleation and growth of crystals with multiple Leckband, D. E. and S. Sivasankar. Forces in protein characteristic length scales, designing algorithms for interactions: theory and experiment. Colloids Surf. B, constructing multidimensional crystal size distributions Special DLVO Ed., 14, 83-97 (2000). from in-situ optimal microscopy and laser-backscattering,
13 * Denotes principal investigator. Leckband, D. E. and S. Sivasankar. Mechanisms of Kenis, P. J. A., R. F. Ismagilov, S. Takayama, G. M. cadherin binding. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol., 12, 587-592 Whitesides, S. Li, and H. S. White. Microfabrication (2000). inside capillaries using fluid flow. Acc. Chem. Res., 33, 841-847 (2000). Leckband, D. E., T. Kuhl, H. K. Wang, W. Müller, J. Herron, and H. Ringsdorf. Direct force measurements Na, Y. and T. J. Hanratty. Limiting behavior of turbulent of antibody-antigen interactions. Methods, 20, 329-340 scalar transport close to a wall. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, (2000). 43, 1749-1758 (2000).
Sheth, S. R., N. Efremova, and D. E. Leckband. Ramakrishnan, S. and C. F. Zukoski. Characterizing Interactions of polyethylene oxide brushes with nanoparticle interactions: linking models to experiments. chemically selective surfaces. J. Phys. Chem. B, 104, J. Chem. Phys., 113, 1237-1248 (2000). 7652-7662 (2000). Stroock, A. D., M. Weck, D. T. Chiu, W. T. S. Huck, P. J. A. Kenis, R. F. Ismagilov, G. M. Whitesides, and Fluid Flow, Heat, and Mass H. A. Stone. Patterning of electro osmotic flow with patterned surface charges. Phys. Rev. Lett., 84, 3314-3317 Transfer Fundamentals (2000).
Woods, B. D., E. T. Hurlburt, and T. J. Hanratty. Channell, G. M., K. T. Miller, and C. F. Zukoski. Effects Mechanism of slug formation in downwardly inclined of microstructure on the compressive yield stress. AIChE pipes. Int. J. Multiphase Flow, 26, 977-998 (2000). J., 46:1, 72-78 (2000).
Dixit, N. M. and C. F. Zukoski. Crystal nucleation rates for particles experiencing short-range attractions: Materials applications to proteins. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 228, 359-371 (2000). Deng, T., F. Arias, R. F. Ismagilov, P. J. A. Kenis, and G. M. Whitesides. Fabrication of metallic Graham, D. R and J. J. L. Higdon. Oscillatory flow of microstructures using exposed developed silver droplets in capillary tubes: part 1—straight tubes. halide-base photographic film. Anal. Chem., 72, 645-651 J. Fluid Mech., 425, 31-53 (2000). (2000).
Graham, D. R and J. J. L. Higdon. Oscillatory flow of Drickamer, H. G., Z. A. Dreger, and G. Yang. Two recent droplets in capillary tubes: part 2—constricted tubes. applications of pressure tuning spectroscopy. Sci. Technol. J. Fluid Mech., 425, 55-77 (2000). High Pressure, 2, 978-982 (2000).
Hanratty, T. J., B. D. Woods, and I. Ilipoulos. The roles Drickamer, H. G., A. Zhu, B, Wang, and J. O. White. of interfacial stability and particle dynamics in The effect of high pressure and of controlled stretching multiphase flows: a personal viewpoint. Int. J. Multiphase on the intramolecular twist of p-N-N- Flow, 26, 169-190 (2000). dimethylaminobenzylidenemalononitrile (DMABMN) in polyvinylacetate (PVA) and polyvinylchloride (PVCl). Heist, D. K., Y. Na, and T. J. Hanratty. Observations of Chem. Phys. Lett., 321, 324-328 (2000). the formation of streamwise vortices by rotation of arch vortices. Phys. Fluids, 12, 2965-2975 (2000). Drickamer, H. G., G. Yang, Y. Li, A. Zhu, and J. O. White. The effect of controlled stretching on the Ismagilov, R. F., A. D. Stroock, P. J. A. Kenis, G. M. luminescence of poly (2-methooxy-5-(2(-ethyl hexoxy-p- Whitesides, and H. A. Stone. Experimental and phenylen vinylene) (MEH-PPV) in dilute solution in theoretical scaling laws for transverse diffusive poly vinyl chloride (PVCl) and poly acetate (PVA). broadening in two-phase laminar flows in Macromolecules, 33, 3173-3175 (2000). microchannels. Appl. Phys Lett., 76, 2376-2378 (2000).
14 Masel, R. I., N. Ali, and C. Lu. Catalytic oxidation of Optimization and Process odorous organic acids. Catalysis Today, 62, 347-353 Systems Engineering (2000). Masel, R. I. and P. Blowers. Engineering approximation Ahmed, S. and N. V. Sahinidis. Analytical investigations for the prediction of activation energies for hydrogen of the process planning problem. Comput. Chem. Eng., transfer reactions. AIChE Journal, 46, 2040-2051 23:11-12, 1605-1621 (2000). (2000).
Ahmed, S., N. V. Sahinidis, and E. N. Pistikopoulos. An Masel, R. I. and P. Blowers. Extensions of the Marcus improved decomposition algorithm for process planning Equation for the prediction of approximate transition under uncertainty. Comput. Chem. Eng., 23:11-12, state geometries in hydrogen transfer and methyl 1589-1604 (2000). transfer reactions. Theoretical Chemistry Accounts, 105, 46-54 (2000). Sahinidis, N. V. and M. Tawarmalani. Applications of global optimization to process and molecular design. Sendijarevic, I. and A. J. McHugh. Effects of molecular Comput. Chem. Eng., 24:9-10, 2157-2169, (2000). variables and architecture on the rheological behavior of dendritic polymers. Macromolecules, 33, 590-596 (2000). Processing Thompson, D. S., L. J. Markoski, J. S. Moore, I. Sendijarevic, A. Lee, and A. J. McHugh. Synthesis and characterization of hyperbranched aromatic poly(ether Barton, B. F. and A. J. McHugh. Modeling the dynamics imide)s with varying degrees of branching. of membrane structure formation in quenched polymer Macromolecules, 33, 6412-6415 (2000). solutions. J. Membr. Sci., 166, 119-125 (2000). Walberer, J. A. and A. J. McHugh. A comparison of the Doufas, A. K., A. J. McHugh, and C. Miller. Simulation rheology of reactive filled systems using lubricated of melt spinning including flow-induced crystallization: squeeze flow. J. Rheol., 44, 743-758 (2000). part I—model development and predictions. J. Non- Newtonian Fluid Mech., 92, 27-66 (2000).
Doufas, A. K., A. J. McHugh, A. Immaneni and C. Systems and Control Miller. Simulation of melt spinning including flow- induced crystallization: part II—quantitative Braatz, R. D. Internal model control, pp. 215-224. comparisons with industrial spinline data. J. Non- In Control Systems Fundamentals (Levine, ed.), CRC Press, Newtonian Fluid Mech., 92, 81-103 (2000). Boca Raton, Fla. (2000).
Kokkoli, E. and C. F. Zukoski. Interaction forces between Chiang, L. H., E. L Russell, and R. D. Braatz. Fault hydrophobic and hydrophilic self-assembled monolayers. Detection and Diagnosis in Industrial Systems. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 230, 176-180 (2000). Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany (2000).
Kokkoli, E. and C. F. Zukoski. Surface forces between Chiang, L. H., E. L. Russell, and R. D. Braatz. Fault hydrophilic self-assembled monolayers in aqueous diagnosis in chemical processes using Fisher discriminant electrolytes. Langmuir, 16, 6029-6036 (2000). analysis, discriminant partial least squares, and principal component analysis. Chemometr. Int. Lab. Syst., 50, Kulkarni, A. M., A. P. Chatterjee, K. S. Schweizer, and C. 243-252 (2000). F. Zukoski. Effects of polyethylene glycol on protein interactions. J. Chem. Phys., 113:21, 9863-9873 (2000). Chung, S. H., D. L. Ma, and R. D. Braatz. Optimal experimental design in batch crystallization. Chemometr. Kulkarni, A. M., A. P. Chatterjee, K. S. Schweizer, and C. Int. Lab. Syst., 50, 83-90 (2000). F. Zukoski. Effects of polymer density fluctuations on depletion interactions. J. Phys.: Condens. Matt., 12, Featherstone, A. P., J. G. VanAntwerp, and R. D. Braatz. A301-A307 (2000). Identification and Control of Sheet and Film Processes. Springer-Verlag, London, England (2000).
15 Russell, E. L., L. H. Chiang, and R. D. Braatz. Data- Ahmed, S., M. Tawarmalani, and N. V. Sahinidis. Global Driven Techniques for Fault Detection and Diagnosis in optimization of two-stage stochastic programs. Chemical Processes. Springer-Verlag, London, England INFORMS Ann. Mtg. (Salt Lake City, Utah, May 2000) (2000). (2000).
Russell, E. L., L. H. Chiang, and R. D. Braatz. Fault Ahmed, S., M. Tawarmalani, and N. V. Sahinidis. Global detection in industrial processes using canonical variate optimization of two-stage stochastic integer programs. analysis and dynamic principal component analysis. INFORMS Ann. Mtg. (San Antonio, Tex., Nov. 2000) Chemometr. Int. Lab. Syst., 51, 81-93 (2000). (2000).
VanAntwerp, J. G. and R. D. Braatz. Fast model Al-Sarkhi, A. and T. J. Hanratty. Effect of drag-reducing predictive control of sheet and film processes. IEEE polymers on annular gas-liquid flow. ASME Fluids Trans. Control Syst. Technol., 8, 408-417 (2000). Engineering Division Summer Mtg. (Boston, Mass., Jun. 2000) (2000). VanAntwerp, J. G. and R. D. Braatz. Model predictive control of large-scale processes. J. Process Control, 10, 1-8 Ang, S., M. R. Johnson, and R. D. Braatz. Control of a (2000). multivariable pH neutralization process. Proc. Educational Topical Conf., AIChE Ann. Mtg. VanAntwerp, J. G. and R. D. Braatz. A tutorial on linear (Los Angeles, Calif., Nov. 2000) (2000). and bilinear matrix inequalities. J. Process Control, 10, 363-385 (2000). Braatz, R. D., D. L. Ma, T. Togkalidou, M. Fujiwara, S. D. Patel, and D. K. Tafti. Modeling and control of multidimensional crystallization. AIChE Ann. Mtg. Papers Presented at (Los Angeles, Calif., Nov. 2000) (2000). Doufas, A. K. and A. J. McHugh. Modeling flow-induced crystallization in film blowing. AIChE Ann. Mtg Conferences and (Los Angeles, Calif., Nov. 2000) (2000). Symposia Doufas, A. K., and A. J. McHugh. Simulation of fiber spinning including flow-induced crystallization. Proc. XIIIth Int. Cong. on Rheology (Cambridge, England, Ahmed, S. and N. V. Sahinidis. An asymptotically Aug. 2000) (2000). optimal heuristic for capacity expansion under uncertainty. INFORMS Ann. Mtg. (San Antonio, Tex., Efremova, N. and D. E. Leckband. Molecular weight Nov. 2000) (2000). dependence of PEG interactions with protein. 2000 ACS Nat. Mtg. (San Francisco, Calif., Apr. 2000) (2000). Ahmed, S. and N. V. Sahinidis. Asymptotically optimal technology selection under uncertainty. INFORMS Ann. Faull, J. D. and V. K. Gupta. Chemically selective Mtg. (Salt Lake City, Utah, May 2000) (2000). surfaces for targeted recognition of trace organic chemicals: a study into the role of molecular Ahmed, S., M. Tawarmalani, and N. V. Sahinidis. Global organization. ACS Ann. Mtg. (Washington, D.C., optimization in stochastic integer programming. Int. Aug. 2000) (2000). Conf. on Advances in Convex Analysis and Global Optimization Honoring the Memory of C. Caratheodory Finnell, A. J. and V. K. Gupta. Control of interfacial (Samos, Greece, Jun. 2000) (2000). properties of surfaces self-assembled from rod-like photo-responsive polypeptides. 27th Ann. NOBCChE Ahmed, S., M. Tawarmalani, and N. V. Sahinidis. Global Conf. (Miami, Fla., Apr. 2000) (2000). optimization in stochastic integer programming. Int. Symp. on Mathematical Programming (Atlanta, Ga., Aug. Furman, K. C. and N. V. Sahinidis. Heat exchanger 2000) (2000). network synthesis: complexity, approximation, and analysis of heuristics. Ann. AIChE Mtg. (Los Angeles, Calif., Nov. 2000) (2000).
16 Hanratty, T. J. Horizontal annular flow. Japan-USA Sem. Leckband, D. E., R. Vijayendran, and A. Kloss. The effect (Santa Barbara, Calif., Jun. 2000) (2000). of interfacial composition on recognition at interfaces. Gordon Research Conf. on Bioanalytical Sensors Hanratty, T. J. The use of DNS to study turbulent heat (Andover, N. H., Jul. 2000) (2000). transfer. Mech. Engr. Sem. (West Lafayette, Ind., Apr. 2000) (2000). Ma, D. L. and R. D. Braatz. Robust batch control of multidimensional crystal growth. Proc. American Control Hanratty, T. J. The use of Lagrangra methods to describe Conf. (Piscataway, N.J., Jun. 2000) 1737-1741 (2000). turbulent transport. Hoeft Lecture (Champaign, Ill., Nov. 2000) (2000). McHugh, A. J. Application of a molecular/continuum model for flow-induced crystallization to polymer Hovd, M. and R. D. Braatz. On the computation of processing. Workshop on Flow-Induced Crystallization disturbance rejection measures. Proc. Int. Symp. on of Polymers. (Salerno, Italy, Nov. 2000) (2000). Advanced Control of Chemical Processes (Pisa, Italy, Jun. 2000) (2000). McHugh, A. J. The dynamics of phase inversion related to injectable drug delivery. Materials Research Society Huang, Y. and V. K. Gupta. Adsorption of polymers on Ann. Mtg. (Boston, Mass., Nov. 2000) (2000). chemically heterogeneous surfaces. ACS Ann. Mtg. (Washington, D.C., Aug. 2000) (2000). McHugh, A. J. Modeling flow-induced crystallization in fiber spinning. United Engineering Conf. (Barga, Italy, Ismagilov, R. F., A. D. Stroock, P. J. A. Kenis, H. A. May 2000) (2000). Stone, and G. M. Whitesides. Experimental and theoretical scaling laws for transverse diffusive McHugh, A. J. Rheology and structuring in organo- broadening in two-phase laminar flows in ceramic composites. United Engineering Conf. microchannels. AIChE Ann. Mtg. (Los Angeles, Calif., (Barga, Italy, May 2000) (2000). Nov. 2000) (2000). McHugh, A. J. and I. Sendijarevic. The rheology and Jung, M. Y., R. Gunawan, R. D. Braatz, and E. G. rheo-optics of solutions of hyperbranched polymers. Seebauer. Fast-ramp annealing for reducing implant- Proc. XIIIth Int. Cong. on Rheology (Cambridge, induced transient enhanced diffusion. AIChE Ann. Mtg. England, Aug. 2000) (2000). (Los Angeles, Calif., Nov. 2000) (2000). Ramakrishnan, S. and C. F. Zukoski. Characterizing Kulkarni, A. M. and C. F. Zukoski. Role of long-range depletion interactions in colloidal systems in good and depletion forces in phase behavior and nucleation bad solvents. 2000 Ann. AIChE (Los Angeles, Calif., kinetics of protein solutions. AIChE Ann. Mtg. Nov. 2000) (2000). (Los Angeles, Calif., Nov. 2000) (2000). Sahinidis, N. V. and M. Tawarmalani. A linear Leckband, D. E. Direct force measurements of PEO programming approach to the global optimization of interactions with proteins. ACS Polymers Symp. mixed-integer differential-algebraic systems. Ann. AIChE (Waikaloa Village, Hawaii, Dec. 2000) (2000). Mtg. (Los Angeles, Calif., Nov. 2000) (2000).
Leckband, D. E. Effect of interfacial composition and Sahinidis, N. V., M. Tawarmalani, and M. Yu. Novel recognition at surfaces. Gordon Research Conf. on molecular designs via global optimization. Ann. AIChE Chemical Sensors (Ventura, Calif., Jan. 2000) (2000). Mtg. (Los Angeles, Calif., Nov. 2000) (2000).
Leckband, D. E. and R. Vijayendran. Interfacial design in Shah, S. and C. F. Zukoski. Studying the growth biosensors (keynote speech). ACS Colloids and Surface mechanism for self-assembled microporous crystals of Science Symp. (Bethlehem, Penn., Jun. 2000) (2000). heteropolyanions. Materials Research Society Ann. Mtg. (San Francisco, Calif., Apr. 2000) (2000). Leckband, D. E., S. Sivasankar, and B. Gumbiner. Molecular mechanisms in biological adhesion. American Sivasankar, S., W. Brieher, B. Gumbiner, and D. E. Physics Society Nat. Mtg., Symp. on Characterization, Leckband. Adhesive interactions between cadherin Properties and Applications of Biological and Biomimetic extracellular domains: direct force measurements. 2000 Material (Minneapolis, Minn., Mar. 2000) (2000). Biophysical Society Nat. Mtg. (New Orleans, La., Feb. 2000) (2000). 17 Tawarmalani, M. and N. V. Sahinidis. Global Viera, M. and J. J. L. Higdon. Large-scale O(N ln N) optimization of mixed-integer nonlinear programs. simulations for collodial suspensions. AIChE Ann. Mtg. INFORMS Ann. Mtg. (San Antonio, Tex., Nov. 2000) (Los Angeles, Calif., Nov. 2000) (2000). (2000). Williams, A. J. and V. K. Gupta. Self-assembled films of Tawarmalani, M. and N. V. Sahinidis. Convexification rod-like polypeptides: influence of molecular weight and strategies in global optimization. INFORMS Ann. Mtg. solvent polarity. AIChE Ann. Mtg. (Los Angeles, Calif., (San Antonio, Tex., Nov. 2000) (2000). Nov. 2000) (2000).
Tawarmalani, M. and N. V. Sahinidis. Global Williams, A. J. and V. K. Gupta. Self-assembled films of optimization of mixed-integer nonlinear programs. Int. rod-like polypeptides: influence of molecular weight and Symp. on Mathematical Programming (Atlanta, Ga., solvent polarity. Int. Chemical Conf. of the Pacific Basin Aug. 2000) (2000). Society (Honolulu, Hawaii, Dec. 2000) (2000).
Tawarmalani, M. and N. V. Sahinidis. Semidefinite Zukoski, C. F. Depletion interactions and protein relaxations of fractional programs via novel techniques crystallization. NASA, 8th Int. Conf. on Crystallization for constructing convex envelopes of nonlinear of Biological Macromolecules (Sandestin, Fla., May 2000) functions. Int. Conf. on Advances in Convex Analysis and (2000). Global Optimization Honoring the Memory of C. Caratheodory (Samos, Greece, Jun. 2000) (2000). Zukoski, C. F. Depletion interactions and protein crystallization. Pennsylvania State University Tawarmalani, M. and N. V. Sahinidis. Semidefinite (State College, Penn., Dec. 2000) (2000). relaxations of fractional programs via novel techniques for constructing convex envelopes of nonlinear Zukoski, C. F. Dispersion and flow control in functions. Int. Symp. on Mathematical Programming cementitious systems with polymeric additives. Materials (Atlanta, Ga., Aug. 2000) (2000). Sciences Workshop (Shelbyville, Ill., Apr. 2000) (2000).
Tawarmalani, M., S. Ahmed, and N. V. Sahinidis. Zukoski, C. F. Nanoparticle phase behavior: 0-1 hyperbolic programming. INFORMS Ann. Mtg. Characterization with and without depletion, colloidal, (Salt Lake City, Utah, May 2000) (2000). macromolecular and polyelectrolyte solutions. Gordon Research Conf. (Ventura, Calif., Feb. 2000) (2000). Togkalidou, T. and R. D. Braatz. A bilinear matrix inequality approach to the robust nonlinear control of Zukoski, C. F. Protein interactions and crystallization. chemical processes. Proc. American Control Conf. Johns Hopkins University (Baltimore, Md., Jan. 2000) (Piscataway, N.J, Jun. 2000) 2548-2552 (2000). (2000).
Togkalidou, T., M. Fujiwara, S. Patel, and R. D. Braatz. Zukoski, C. F. Protein interactions and crystallization. A robust chemometrics approach to inferential modeling Tulane University (New Orleans, La., Feb. 2000) (2000). of particulate processes. Proc. American Control Conf. (Piscataway, N.J., Jun. 2000) 1732-1736 (2000). Zukoski, C. F. Shear and compression of aggregated suspension. Rheology Research Group (Madison, Wisc., Vaia, A. and N. V. Sahinidis. A global optimization Sep. 2000) (2000). approach to the quantitative assessment of a chemical mixture. AIChE Ann. Mtg. (Los Angeles, Calif., Nov. 2000) (2000).
VanAntwerp, J. G., D. L. Ma, and R. D. Braatz. When is constrained control necessary for large-scale processes? Proc. American Control Conf. (Piscataway, N.J., Jun. 2000 ) 4244-4248 (2000).
18 Lee, C. H. Spectroscopic investigations of CO Theses adsorption and pyridinium formation on (2x1)PT(110) surface. M.S. thesis, R. I. Masel, adviser (2000).
Bannister, S. J. Increasing heterologous protein secretion Metsi, E. Large-scale simulations of bidisperse emulsions from the yeast S. cerevisiae through manipulation of and foams. Ph.D. thesis, J. J. L. Higdon, adviser (2000). cellular redox factors. Ph.D. thesis, K. D. Wittrup, adviser (2000). Pricer, T. J. Monte-Carlo simulations of the electro- deposition of copper from a sulfate solution in the Brown, L. A. Drying of aggregated alumina suspensions. presence of additives. Ph.D. thesis, R. C. Alkire, adviser M.S. thesis, C. F. Zukoski, adviser (2000). (2000).
Dixit, N. M. Crystal nucleation rates for particles Rios-Patron, E. A generic framework for nonlinear experiencing short-range attractions: applications to analysis and control. Ph.D. thesis, R. D. Braatz, adviser proteins. M.S. thesis, C. F. Zukoski, adviser (2000). (2000).
Dorai, R. Modeling of plasma remediation of NOx using Shabbir A. Strategic planning under uncertainty: global kinetic models accounting for hydrocarbons. M.S. stochastic integer programming approaches. Ph.D. thesis, thesis, M. J. Kushner, adviser (2000). N. V. Sahinidis, adviser (2000).
Doufas, A. K. A microstructural model for flow-induced Thomas, F. S. Temperature-programmed desorption crystallization with application to the simulation of studies of methanol, benzene, and hexafluoro- polymer processes. Ph.D. thesis, A. J. McHugh, adviser acetylacetone on (2x1)Pt(110). Ph.D. thesis, R. I. Masel, (2000). adviser (2000).
Farnum, M. A. Effects of charge distribution on protein Vijayendran, R. Transport kinetic processes and surface solution properties. Ph.D. thesis, C. F. Zukoski, adviser chemistry in biosensor design. Ph.D. thesis, D. E. (2000). Leckband, adviser (2000).
Graff, C. P. Design of soluble CD20 ectodomain for use Walberer, J. A. An investigation of the rheology of in affinity maturation of an anti-CD20 single-chain reactive and nonreactive highly filled polymer systems. antibody fragment. M.S. thesis, K. D. Wittrup, adviser Ph.D. thesis, A. J. McHugh, adviser (2000). (2000). Wang, Z. Studies of ion-influenced surface diffusion and Gray, J. Studies of single-pit growth on pure aluminum thermal desorption prefactors on semiconductor surfaces. in alkaline 1M NaCl solutions. M.S. thesis, R. C. Alkire, M.S. thesis, E. G. Seebauer, adviser (2000). adviser (2000). Yoon, S. J. Volume fraction profile evolution of weakly Gunawan, R. Dimensionality reduction and robustness flocculated suspension during pressure filtration. M.S. analysis of large-scale systems. M.S. thesis, R. D. Braatz, thesis, C. F. Zukoski, adviser (2000). adviser (2000).
Jensen, C. D. The dependence of flame/wall interactions on the composition of the walls for determining the Awards and Honors material composition of a micro-combustor. M.S. thesis, R. I. Masel, adviser (2000). Richard C. Alkire Member, National Academy of Engineering Jung, M. Y. L. A critical review of surface diffusion Fellow, American Association for the Advancement phenomena and the study of surface and fast-ramp of Science effects during transient enhanced diffusion of boron. Fellow, Honorary Member, and Past President, The M.S. thesis, E. G. Seebauer, adviser (2000). Electrochemical Society Teaching Excellence Award, U of I School of Chemical Sciences, 1982
19 Research Award, Electrochemical Division, The William H. Walker Award, American Institute of Electrochemical Society, 1983 Chemical Engineers, 1972 Carl Wagner Memorial Award, The Electrochemical Irving Langmuir Award in Chemical Physics, American Society, 1985 Physical Society, 1974 Professional Progress Award, American Institute of P. W. Bridgman Medal, International Association for High Chemical Engineers, 1985 Pressure Science and Technology, 1977 Director, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Michelson/Morley Award, 1978 1988-91 Chemical Pioneers Award, American Institute of G. W. Kidd Outstanding Alumnus Award, Lafayette Chemists, 1983 College, 1988 John Scott Award, City of Philadelphia, 1984 E. V. Murphree Award, American Chemical Society, 1991 Senior U.S. Scientist Award, Alexander von Humboldt Technical Achievement Award, National Association of Foundation, Germany, 1986 Corrosion Engineers, 1992 Warren K. Lewis Award, American Institute of Chemical Edward Goodrich Acheson Medal, The Electrochemical Engineers, 1986 Society, 1996 Distinguished Alumni Achievement Award, University of Michigan, 1987 Richard D. Braatz Peter Debye Award in Physical Chemistry, American Hertz Fellow, 1991 Chemical Society, 1987 Hertz Foundation Doctoral Thesis Prize, 1993 Welch Award, R. A. Welch Foundation, 1987 Du Pont Young Faculty Award, 1995 Elliott Cresson Medal, The Franklin Institute, 1988 Teaching Excellence Award, U of I School of Chemical National Medal of Science, 1989 Sciences, 1997 Outstanding Materials Chemistry Award, U.S. Advisors List for Advising Excellence, U of I College of Department of Energy, 1989 Engineering, 1999 Director’s Distinguished Lectureship, Lawrence Livermore Honorable Mention, Campus Award for Excellence in Laboratory, 1991 Guiding Undergraduate Research, U of I, 1999 Gold Medal, American Institute of Chemists, 1996 Xerox Award for Faculty Research, U of I College of Engineering, 1999 Vinay K. Gupta Dean’s Teaching Fellow, U of I College of Liberal Arts and General Electric Scholar, U of I College of Engineering, Sciences, 2000 1998 Donald P. Eckman Award, American Automatic Control CAREER Award, National Science Foundation, 1999 Council, 2000 Everitt Award for Teaching Excellence, U of I College of OSU Council of Outstanding Early Career Engineers, Engineering, 1999 Oregon State University, 2000 Teaching Excellence Award, U of I School of Chemical Sciences, 1999 Harry G. Drickamer, Emeritus Member, American Philosophical Society Thomas J. Hanratty, Emeritus Member, National Academy of Engineering Member, National Academy of Engineering Member, National Academy of Sciences Member, National Academy of Sciences Member, U of I Center for Advanced Study Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences Doctor of Chemical Science Honoris Causa, Russian Fellow, American Institute of Mechanics Academy of Science Fellow, American Physical Society Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences Honorary Doctorate, University of Toulouse Fellow, American Institute of Chemical Engineers Honorary Doctorate, Villannova University Fellow, American Physical Society Allan P. Colburn Award, American Institute of Chemical Allan P. Colburn Award, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 1957 Engineers, 1947 Curtis W. McGraw Award, American Society for Ipatieff Prize, American Chemical Society, 1956 Engineering Education, 1963 Alpha Chi Sigma Award, American Institute of Chemical William H. Walker Award, American Institute of Engineers, 1967 Chemical Engineers, 1964 Buckley Prize for Solid State Physics, American Physical Professional Progress Award, American Institute of Society, 1967 Chemical Engineers, 1967 Bendix Research Award, American Society for Engineering Senior Research Award, American Society for Engineering Education, 1968 Education, 1979
20 Shell Distinguished Chair in Chemical Engineering, Anthony J. McHugh U of I, 1981-1990 Senior U.S. Scientist Award, Alexander von Humboldt Ernest Thiele Award, Chicago Section, American Institute Foundation, Germany, 1988 of Chemical Engineers, 1986 Alumni Professorship, U of I Department of Chemical University Scholar, U of I, 1987 Engineering, 1989 J. W. Westwater Professorship, U of I, 1989-1997 U of I School of Chemical Sciences Teaching Award, Lamme Medal, Ohio State University, 1997 1990, 1995 International Prize for Research in Multiphase Flow, 1998 Lycan Professorship, U of I School of Chemical Sciences, 1995 Jonathan J. L. Higdon Presidential Young Investigator Award, National Science Nikolaos V. Sahinidis Foundation, 1984 Du Pont Young Faculty Research Initiation Grant, Teaching Excellence Award, U of I College of Liberal Arts U of I, 1991 and Sciences, 1988 CAREER Award, National Science Foundation, 1995 Teaching Excellence Award, U of I School of Chemical Fellowship, National Science Foundation/Lucent Sciences, 1990, 1994, 1998 Technologies Industrial Ecology, 1998 Stanley Corrsin Lectureship in Fluid Mechanics, Johns CAST Director’s Award, American Institute of Chemical Hopkins University, 1993 Engineers, 1999
Paul J. A. Kenis William R. Schowalter Akzo-Nobel Graduate Fellowship, 1993-1997 Member, National Academy of Engineering TALENT Postdoctoral Fellowship from NWO, The Member, National Academy of Sciences Dutch Science Foundation, 1998 Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences Doctorat Honoris Causa, Institut National Polytechnique Deborah E. Leckband de Lorraine, France FIRST Award, National Institutes of Health, 1993 William H. Walker Award, American Institute of CAREER Award, National Science Foundation, 1995 Chemical Engineers, 1982 Amoco Lectureship, Stanford University, 1998 Fellow, J. S. Guggenheim Foundation, 1987-1988 Xerox Award for Faculty Research, U of I College of E. C. Bingham Medal, Society of Rheology, 1988 Engineering, 1998 Helen Petit Professorship, U of I College of Liberal Arts Edmund G. Seebauer and Sciences, 1999 Dow Teaching Excellence Award, 1988 University Scholar, U of I, 2000-2003 Presidential Young Investigator Award, National Science Center for Advanced Study Fellow, U of I, 2000 Foundation, 1988 Du Pont Young Faculty Award, 1989 Richard I. Masel Observer for U.S. Delegation, International Union of Alumni Achievement Award, Liberal Arts College, Pure and Applied Chemistry General Assemblies, 1996-1997 1989, 1991 Postdoctoral Fellow, NATO, 1977 Fellow, Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, 1994-1996 Exxon Faculty Fellowship in Solid-State Chemistry, Inventor Recognition Award, Semiconductor Research American Chemical Society, 1982 Corp., 1995 Presidential Young Investigator Award, National Science Teaching Award, U of I School of Chemical Sciences, Foundation 1984 1996
Walter G. May, Emeritus James W. Westwater, Emeritus Member, National Academy of Engineering Member, National Academy of Engineering Fellow, American Institute of Chemical Engineers Fellow, American Institute of Chemical Engineers Tau Beta Pi Eminent Engineer, 1988 William H. Walker Award, American Institute of Award in Chemical Engineering Practice, American Chemical Engineers, 1966 Institute of Chemical Engineers, 1989 Max Jacob Award, American Institute of Chemical Teaching Excellence Award, U of I School of Chemical Engineers, 1972 Sciences, 1989, 1991 Bendix Award, American Society for Engineering Education, 1974
21 Founders’ Award, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 1984 Heat Transfer and Energy Conversion Award, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 1989 Ernest W. Thiele Award, Chicago Section, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 1994
Huimin Zhao Dow Special Recognition Award, 1999, 2000
Charles F. Zukoski Presidential Young Investigator Award, National Science Foundation, 1987 Everitt Award for Teaching Excellence, U of I College of Engineering, 1992 Fulbright Teaching/Scholar Fellowship to visit the University of Melbourne, 1992 Robert W. Vaughan Lectureship in Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1993 Alumni Professor, U of I Department of Chemical Engineering, 1994-1999 Thiele Lectureship in Chemical Engineering, Notre Dame University, 1994 University Scholar, U of I, 1994-1997 Plenary Lecture: 13th Symposium on Industrial Crystallization, Toulouse, France, September 1996 Moulton Medal, Institute of Chemical Engineers, 1997 Publication Award, Society of Rheology, 1997 Ralph K. Iler Award, American Chemical Society, 1997 Alcoa Plenary Lecture, Symposium on Particulate Fluids, Melbourne, Australia, 1998 Wilheim Lectureship, Princeton University Department of Chemical Engineering, 2000 William H. and Janet G. Lycan Chair, School of Chemical Sciences, U of I, 2000-
22 Civil and Environmental Engineering
N. M. Hawkins, Professor Emeritus and Interim Head with the educational process has been a decisive factor in F. V. Lawrence and K. D. Hjelmstad, Associate Heads the distinguished reputation enjoyed by this department. 1105 Newmark Civil Engineering Laboratory The Mid-America Earthquake Center, funded by the 205 N. Mathews Ave., MC-250 National Science Foundation, studies ways to reduce the Urbana, IL 61801-2352 impact of earthquakes on infrastructures. The Advanced 217-333-8038 • http://cee.ce.uiuc.edu Transportation Research and Engineering Laboratory (ATREL), funded largely by the Illinois Department of Civil and environmental engineers carry responsibility for Transportation, is located 15 miles north of the main the planning, design, and construction of facilities that campus. It contains 56,000 square feet of modern provide for the physical well being of people, for the classroom, office, and laboratory space on 56 acres and is quality of the environment, and for protection from home to the Center of Excellence for Airport Pavement earthquakes, floods, strong winds, and other natural and Research, which is funded by the Federal Aviation created hazards. Civil engineering is a broad discipline Administration. Faculty and graduate students conduct encompassing activity in many areas: basic research in the mechanics of airport pavement design for the next generation of large commercial aircraft. • transportation facilities and systems (highways, airports, and railroads) • structures (buildings, bridges, industrial facilities, and space structures with subdisciplines such as dynamics, Construction Management earthquake engineering, and reliability analysis) • hydraulics and hydrology (dams, open channel flow, flood control, power projects, groundwater resources, A Decision Support System for Estimating and water resources management) the Impact of Weather on Construction • construction processes and their management (planning, Activities K. El-Rayes,* O. Moselhi* analysis, automation, and economics) EPC Consultants, Canada • geotechnical engineering (foundations, slope stability, tunnels, embankments, waste disposal, and remediation This project provides the development of a knowledge- of contaminated ground) based system for quantifying the impact of weather on • photogrammetry and geodesy construction productivity, schedules, and delays. • environmental engineering (water, sewage, air, waste The scope of research includes the development and management, and bioprocessing) validation of a knowledge base and a database. • computer-aided engineering systems The system has been utilized recently in the analysis • nondestructive diagnostics and resolution of a multimillion-dollar construction Surrounding these disciplines are a host of other claim resulting from adverse weather conditions. technical areas including numerical analysis techniques; use of modern computational systems in design, analysis, An AI Methodology to Quantify the Impact of and graphics; engineering materials; and knowledge of the Change Orders on Construction Productivity loadings and environments to which a facility may be K. El-Rayes,* O. Moselhi,* I. Assem subjected. Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of The needs of the State of Illinois and the nation, as well Canada; Construction Research Institute of Canada as other countries, continually require development and application of new approaches, concepts, and products to The objective of this project is to develop an AI the design and construction of facilities. Research methodology for estimating the impact of change orders programs in the department add to fundamental on construction productivity and costs. The research knowledge and are directed toward ensuring the early includes data acquisition and analysis as well as application of new technology. Graduate and development of statistical and Neural Network models to undergraduate students participate with faculty in quantify the effects of change orders on productivity losses conducting research. A strong integration of research and construction cost.
* Denotes principal investigator. 2 An IT-based System for Optimizing having active objects send messages to one another. Procurement Decisions in Construction This paradigm of simulation system design can provide K. El-Rayes,* A. Deshpande many advantages over traditional design, such as realistic University of Illinois resource tracking, precise simulation control, and linkage with other knowledge-based expert systems. The objective of this project is to develop an IT-based system for optimizing procurement decisions in Construction Risk Management construction. The system exploits the power of L. Y. Liu,* G. Rao information technology to optimize procurement University of Illinois decisions in construction. It is being designed to include two main IT-based modules for optimizing supplier This research develops a synthesis approach to manage selection and material delivery. construction risks for environmental remediation projects. A method is developed to extract information from Computerized Scheduling and Control of historical data to assist project managers in identifying risk Residential Housing Construction components that deserve additional attention and analysis. K. El-Rayes,* O. Moselhi,* R. Ramanathan AHP (analytic hierarchy process) techniques are used to Natural Science and Engineering Research Council aggregate factors and preferences for decision making. of Canada Construction Site Digital The scope of this project is focused on the development of Data Collection Devices a computer model for planning and control of housing L. Y. Liu* construction. The model is based on an object-oriented University of Illinois modeling approach and incorporates newly developed algorithms for construction scheduling and control. This project develops a hardhat-mounted device that The model is implemented as a software system using collects multimedia information including video and C++ programming language. sound for construction inspection and documentation. The device uses voice-activated control and allows CADD Integration and Applications construction inspectors to walk hands-free at the project during Construction site to document site conditions or problems. Narration, L. Y. Liu,* A. Stumpf* (CERL) pictures, and videos can be taken and stored digitally into U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research the device and can be ported later into a database that supports project control and documentation. A heads-up This project explores the application of CADD to display is used for synchronizing the camera direction construction simulation and animation and the with the eyes. This device allows wireless, two-way integration with construction specs, schedule, costs, communications where images can be transmitted to and as-built, QA/QC guidelines, and biddability, from the host computer. constructibility, and operability databases. Construction Time–Cost Trade-Off Construction Object-oriented Decision Support Process Simulation L. Y. Liu,* S. A. Burns* (Gen. Engr.) L. Y. Liu* University of Illinois University of Illinois Construction engineers face the challenge of selecting the Simulation provides a practical means of analyzing most effective construction methods for tasks within a construction processes to identify resource utilization and project. Different methods, equipment, and crew sizes can idleness, operation bottlenecks, productivity, and be chosen for tasks depending upon the contract time operational costs. This research uses object-oriented limit and budget. Not all tasks are of equal importance in programming to design a network-based discrete-event a project. Some tasks carry floats and can be delayed simulation system for construction process modeling. without impacting the project duration. Some tasks are All modeling elements are implemented as objects with critical because any delay on those tasks delays the project. integrated functionality of interactive computer graphics Construction engineers may choose alternative and simulation. Models are constructed through a friendly construction methods, smaller crew sizes, and less graphical user interface. Simulation is accomplished by productive equipment at lower costs while maintaining
3 * Denotes principal investigator. the same project duration. The purpose of this research is A quantitative model to measure design and construction to develop a generic algorithm for assisting construction integration is set up to measure the degree of integration engineers in selecting optimal time–cost strategies to and its impact on construction. In addition, comparisons complete a project. of traditional construction, partnering, and design-built are made to evaluate the impact of contract relationships Environmental Remediation Project on construction time, cost, safety, and quality. Documentation Using Multimedia Technology L. Y. Liu,* A. Stumpf* (CERL) Schedule Evaluation and Reasoning U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory Using 3-D Modeling and Animation L. Y. Liu* This research project applies multimedia technology to University of Illinois store text, photos, sound, and video information with project schedule activities for environmental remediation A three-dimensional animated display of construction projects. Construction project progress can be tracked and sequences facilitates nonambiguous evaluation of evaluated visually with computer-integrated site condition schedules. Potential schedule conflicts and interferences photos and videos. The site condition information can be can be easily identified with the visual display. Alternative transmitted back to experts at the headquarters through construction sequences can be simulated and compared as computer networks. This system allows more complete if a facility were being constructed in real life. documentation of construction progress, problems, and The objective of this research is to use 3-D modeling innovative ideas. The system also may prove useful for and animation environments for schedule evaluation and presenting facts in legal claims and disputes. reasoning. Information will be extracted directly from components of a design in the 3-D environment and Hierarchical Project Information chained with a knowledge base for schedule evaluation Documentation and reasoning. L. Y. Liu,* A. Stumpf* (CERL) U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory Sensor-based Construction Quality Control and Monitoring The vast amounts of information generated during L. Y. Liu,* C. Erickson, K. Trauth construction are a challenge to construction managers. University of Illinois Well-documented project information during construction not only eliminates problems in claims and disputes, it This project investigates new applications of sensor devices also provides a rich source for lessons learned, (electrical, micro-electrical-mechanical, and fiber-optic) in improvement, and innovation. This research creates a construction quality control and monitoring. These hierarchical information system that allows users to store sensors are imbedded in infrastructure components to project information or knowledge according to CSI collect data for monitoring the conditions and other Master format or a user-defined information hierarchy. properties relevant to safety and performance of a In addition to hierarchical search, keywords can be used to structure, such as a bridge, tunnel, or building. retrieve information. All information, including text, pictures, images, drawings, sound, and video, will be store A Design Review Checking System with digitally on CD-ROMs with full indexing and cross- Corporate Lessons Learned referencing capability. Previous cases, problem-solving L. Soibelman,* L. Liu, J. G. Kirby, W. East, ideas, and failures can be quickly retrieved, compared, C. Caldas, K. Y. Lin and cross-referenced. U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory
Impact of Design and Construction Design reviews are critical to the success of a construction Integration on Facility Delivery Process project. They eliminate costly rework and conflicts and and Performance promote creative and innovative design and construction. L. Y. Liu,* J. Pocock This research evaluates the Design Review Checking University of Illinois System (DrChecks) and the system called Corporate Lessons Learned (CLL), both developed by U.S. Army This research investigates the impact of design and Construction Engineering Research Laboratory to collect construction integration on the performance of a personal experiences and lessons learned on projects and constructed facility and the process of delivering a facility. incorporate this data into corporate knowledge, expressly
* Denotes principal investigator. 4 for the design review process. DrChecks provides a these areas will help designers improve maintainability of framework for a standardized review process. With facilities, decrease the cost of maintenance, and increase DrChecks and CLL, direct personal experience can be the ease of maintenance. By understanding what collected into a database while the design review process is knowledge can be generated with existing databases, ongoing. Lessons learned, success stories and good work future databases can be designed to capture the data most practices, easily identified by experienced staff members, beneficial for the user. can be shared throughout the organization. DrChecks and CLL both take advantage of the Internet and facilitate Knowledge Discovery in Databases and Data the management of the design review process and Mining as New Tools to Support Research collection and reuse of corporate lessons learned and Educational Advances in Modern asynchronously and remotely. Construction Management L. Soibelman* Automated Classification and Integration National Science Foundation of Text-based Information in Construction Inter-Organizational Systems Faster, higher capacity, and cheaper storage devices L. Soibelman,* C. Caldas (such as magnetic disks and CD-ROMS), better database University of Illinois Computer Science & Engineering management systems, and data warehousing technology Fellowship allow transformation of data into a computerized database system. A construction project produces information Current initiatives on interoperability and information about labor productivity, materials, equipment, cost integration for the architecture, engineering, construction, estimating, scheduling of activity duration, and so forth. and facilities management (AEC/FM) industry focus on As the construction industry adapts to new computer structured data types. Considering that a large percentage technologies, computerized construction data becomes of construction project information is stored and more and more available. Most project data are used only exchanged in unstructured data type files, there is a need for communication purposes and stored in a file or to define methods to integrate unstructured data in database without being analyzed. Objectives of this AEC/FM information systems. This research objective is research are fourfold: develop improved methods to obtain to develop an approach to support the integration of knowledge from large construction databases; improve text-based data to improve information organization and access to past construction management experience; use management in construction inter-organizational systems. active learning techniques to improve education of In particular, this research explores the use of machine students at all levels; and teach civil and environmental learning algorithms for automated classification and engineering graduate students the process of knowledge integration of project related text documents based on generation through application and development of data defined project model objects. mining, machine learning, and artificial intelligence tools.
Enhancing Maintainability in Designs Knowledge Generation from Large through Quantitative Knowledge Construction Databases L. Soibelman,* H. Ng L. Soibelman,* H. J. Kim National Center for Supercomputing Applications This research focuses on development and design of facilities with the goal of increasing the life span by Computerized construction data is proliferating as the enhancing its maintainability. Maintainability pertains to construction industry adapts to using new computer design and installation, by measuring the ease and hardware and software. The volume of data is economy of maintenance. This research will study overwhelming for traditional methods of data analysis, maintenance databases to generate quantitative knowledge such as spreadsheets and ad-hoc queries. A promising to help designers make more informed decisions on approach to processing and analyzing the increased maintenance issues. A case study will be conducted using amount of data is Knowledge Discovery in Databases University of Illinois maintenance databases to understand (KDD), a process that applies data-mining tools to the various parameters that increase or decrease identify valid, useful, and previously unknown patterns maintenance costs. It is important to learn how building from databases. KDD would be particularly useful to systems interact with each other and their existing construction managers for analyzing a large volume of conditions and to understand the influence of construction project data. A prototype of the KDD maintenance on deterioration. Generating knowledge in system is being developed and validated with a
5 * Denotes principal investigator. construction management database, Resident models to masonry to more fully describe the propagation Management System, provided by the U.S. Army of cracks during failure. The two parameter fracture Corps of Engineers. models, developed initially for concrete, will be adapted for masonry. The benefit of this “energy approach” is that researchers will characterize resistance to deformation and Construction Materials crack propagation in addition to measuring maximum stress. Application of fracture mechanics will provide a Design of Masonry Mortars for rational and more complete foundation for assessing Controlled Curing and Performance quality of masonry bond. D. A. Lange,* A. Werner Portland Cement Assn. Fracture Surface Roughness and Fracture Toughness of Cement-based Materials An experimental study of bond between mortar and D. A. Lange,* A. Abell masonry units is helping researchers establish principles National Science Foundation, Center for Advanced for design of masonry mortar to achieve superior Cement-Based Materials performance. Bond is controlled by the penetration of paste into the masonry pores, the nature of the hydration Fracture surfaces of concrete and mortar specimens are products at the interface, the enhancement of bond characterized using confocal microscopy and a video through surface roughness, and the degree of bond across density technique to create 3-D computer-based the entire masonry/mortar interface. This research is topographic maps. The texture of the fracture surfaces is focused on how mortars retain water, interact with the quantified using image analysis techniques to compute a unit and curing environment, and develop mechanical roughness parameter and fractal dimension. Previous work performance. The study will help advance the has demonstrated a link between fracture surface understanding of what parameters of mix design are roughness and fracture toughness. The current effort relevant to superior performance. extends toward computational modeling to explain the toughening increment due to tortuousity of the crack Early-Age Cracking of Bonded path. Overlays for Pavements D. A. Lange,* B. Bicer, N. Rau High-Performance Concrete and Thin Bonded Illinois Department of Transportation Overlays for Airport Pavement Systems D. A. Lange,* S. Altoubat, H. C. Shin Volumetric instability of concrete at early age is a Federal Aviation Administration; National problem that may lead to cracking. Mechanisms that Science Foundation cause volume changes of young concrete include thermal contraction/expansion, drying shrinkage, autogenous Bonded overlays are a relatively fast and inexpensive shrinkage, and expansive hydration products. While the technique for rehabilitation of concrete pavement surfaces. isolated mechanisms have been well researched, they One difficult aspect of constructing bonded overlays is continue to be perplexing problems when they occur control of cracking and debonding. The objective of this under structurally restrained conditions. This experimental project is to provide an understanding of early-age stresses project explores early-age cracking of bonded overlays to that result from thermal and shrinkage mechanisms in more fully understand difficulties encountered at the bonded overlay systems. Experiments to characterize University of Illinois Willard Airport in Champaign, Ill., early-age volumetric instability are under way, and a during construction in the summer of 1998. numerical structural model of a bonded overlay will compute stresses and strains that develop within days of Fracture Mechanics Testing placement. The model will provide guidance on the effect of Bond in Masonry of overlay thickness and joint spacing required to D. A. Lange,* C. Park prevent slab cracking. National Science Foundation; Portland Cement Assn.
The standard test of masonry bond strength is the ASTM C1072 Bond Wrench Test, which measures maximum stress but does not provide insight into deformation and fracture energy. This study will apply fracture mechanics
* Denotes principal investigator. 6 High-Performance Concrete for Bridge Decks Cement Paste Rheology D. A. Lange,* J. Roesler,* S. Altoubat, C. Park, L. J. Struble,* H. Zhang M. D. Ambrosia Center for Advanced Cement-Based Materials Illinois Department of Transportation [email protected]
High-performance concrete (HPC) offers compelling The flow behavior of fresh cement paste is being studied advantages for transportation structures such as bridge to understand how flow is affected by the composition of decks and substructures. HPC has high strength to better cement, the addition of mineral admixtures, and the resist applied load, low permeability to better protect presence of chemical admixtures. By using dynamic reinforcing steel from corrosion, improved durability to rheological techniques, researchers are able to measure extend the service life of the surface and structure, and changes in rheology as hydration takes place. lower life cycle cost for many applications. However, The objectives are to understand paste microstructure early-age shrinkage or creep and thermal stresses can cause and to explore the setting behavior of admixture early cracking of HPC. The Illinois Department of combinations. Transportation is constructing HPC bridge decks in 2000-2002, and this project provides for University of Concrete Rheometry Illinois participation in laboratory work and field L. J. Struble,* A. R. Robinson,* R. Variankaval measurements to assess properties and performance. National Science Foundation Young Investigator Award; Portland Cement Assn. Microstructural Engineering of Concrete [email protected] D. A. Lange* National Science Foundation, CMS-9623467 The flow behavior of concrete is important both to the processability of fresh concrete and to the mechanical The microstructural engineering approach involves control behavior of hardened concrete. Measurement of concrete of concrete microstructure through processing to yield flow behavior is difficult because of the broad range in specific material properties. The objective of this study is particle size. Rheometers to measure concrete flow to enhance understanding of the relationship between behavior are being analyzed, with emphasis on the concrete properties and the physical reality of computation of stress and strain rate from measurements microstructure and crack geometry. The experimental of torque and rotational speed. An existing concrete work addresses three main areas: pore structure, rheometer was analyzed, a new design was proposed, interfaces and bond, and fracture behavior. In addition, and this new design is being analyzed. performance measures related to microstructure (such as durability) are of interest. Concrete for Restoration L. J. Struble,* A. Woods Fatigue of Thermite Welded Rail University of Illinois Research Board F. V. Lawrence, Jr.,* J. Withee [email protected] Association of American Railroads It is important to match color and texture when restoring As the railroad industry uses ever higher axle loads, the historic concrete structures. This study explores the field-welded thermite welds that connect the rails have relationships between the appearance of a concrete proven to be the source of an increasing number of structure with parameters such as finishing technique, derailments. This study is researching the cause of the cement color, concrete composition, and concrete age. poor fracture toughness and fatigue properties of the The objective is to develop quantitative relationships thermite weldment and searching for ways to improve or that can be used in matching the appearance of replace the thermite welding processes in welding rail in existing concrete. the field.
7 * Denotes principal investigator. Electrokinetic Processes for Reducing Concrete Permeability Environmental Engineering and L. J. Struble,* H. Cardenas Science in Civil Engineering Gill Sports Equipment, Inc. [email protected] Colloidal and Macromolecular Transport in Thin Layers Near Microporous Membrane Electrokinetic processes are being explored in hardened Surfaces concrete as a way of transferring agents into the pores M. M. Clark,* K. Howe; P. Aimar, P. Bacchin, inside hardened concrete and causing the agents to react C. Guigui (CNRS) in a way that leads to blocking of the pores. These University of Illinois; Centre National de la Recherché electrokinetic processes use an applied electric field to Scientifique, France achieve transfer. Reactive agents include sodium silicate solution and silica sol. The goal is use reactive The objective of this University of Illinois−CNRS electrokinetic processes to reduce permeability in collaboration is to better understand the dynamics of thin, concrete structures. concentrated, particulate, and macromolecular boundary layers near membrane surfaces and the interaction of Modeling the Rheology of colloidal particles and organic molecules with synthetic Cement and Concrete membranes. This work includes modeling of mechanics of L. J. Struble,* U. Puri concentrated particle or colloidal suspensions near porous National Science Foundation Young Investigator membrane surfaces and incorporation of these models in Award; Portland Cement Assn. an overall model of mass transport in membrane [email protected] separation processes.
The flow behavior of both fresh cement paste and Development of Online Integrity Monitoring concrete is being studied in order to understand the Systems for Membrane Filtration Systems relationships between flow behavior and initial M. M. Clark,* R. Sanford, Y. K. Choi, S. M. Lee microstructure due to particle packing, flocculation, and Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea early hydration reactions. A major focus throughout this research is to develop a computer simulation model to Membrane technologies are very effective at removing explore direct mathematical links between microstructure particles, bacteria, cysts, and viruses, and engineers and and flow properties. Rheological behavior of concrete is water providers would like membrane technologies to be being modeled in terms of the proportions of individual granted increased credit for disinfection of water. constituents, the gradation of the aggregate, and the However, regulators would like some assurance that rheological behavior of the paste. Relationships are being membranes are an absolute barrier to pathogens. explored between rheology and more general aspects of This project will develop a new method to determine concrete workability. membrane integrity based on positive identification of bacteria intruding into the permeate. Performance of Cement-Slag Blends in Concrete Feasibility Study for the Concentration of L. J. Struble* TNT and RDX from Pink Water Using Holnam Cement, Inc. Equilibrium Dialysis with Nonionic and [email protected] Cationic Surfactant Micelles M. M. Clark,* Y. K. Choi, R. Haye A new product, a blend of portland cement and ground U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research blast furnace slag, is being evaluated for use in concrete. Laboratory, Champaign, Illinois The project encompasses a wide range of performance tests, including workability, strength, and durability. TNT and RDX wastes pose a significant disposal problem Tests include the cement-slag blend alone and in for the U.S. Army. Researchers have developed a new combination with various chemical and technique which encapsulates these wastes molecules mineral admixtures. within a surfactant micelle. The micelle is subsequently filtered from the water using ultrafiltration, resulting in up to 90% removal of wastes.
* Denotes principal investigator. 8 Role of Coagulation in Microfiltration and biology techniques in herbicide treated and untreated soil Ultrafiltration Fouling and Flux Optimization microcosms. The EPA protocol is compared with two M. M. Clark,* K. Howe,* Y. Wang alternative protocols in order to put forth a protocol that American Water Works Association Research Foundation more accurately represents flooded soil conditions.
This research seeks to understand the fundamental Development of Risk Assessment Factors mechanisms involved in fouling of microfiltration and and Review of Wildlife Hazard Abatement ultrafiltration membranes by natural organic matter, and Systems the role of metal ion coagulants in minimizing membrane E. E. Herricks,* P. Mankin, R. Warner, D. J. Schaeffer, fouling by natural waters. Batch coagulation experiments B. Brown will be used to evaluate how coagulation affects the Federal Aviation Administration, Center of Excellence organic matter composition, cake layer formation, and for Airport Pavement Research membrane fouling. Techniques such as XAD resin fractionation, size exclusion chromatography, and pyrolysis This research is conducted in support of a continuing GC-MS will be used to characterize organic matter, while FAA program of research and development directed at field emission environmental SEM will be used to airport safety technologies that will decrease aircraft characterize cake layers formed on membrane surfaces damage and the risk of human fatalities or injuries by during filtration. reducing bird and wildlife strikes near airports. The objectives of this research are to develop risk Visualization of Colloidal Phenomena assessment factors for airports, review the U.S. Air Force near Membrane Surfaces Aerial Hazard Abatement System (AHAS), and M. M. Clark,* Y. Lee,* K. Kim evaluate AHAS in relation to FAA needs in wildlife U.S. Bureau of Reclamation hazard abatement.
Particle deposition on membrane surfaces is an important Integrated Assessment of Climate Change phenomenon during membrane fouling by colloids. Impact in the Mackinaw River Watershed, This project develops real-time methods for direct Illinois visualization of particle motions and cake layer formation E. E. Herricks,* J. W. Eheart,* K. P. Donaghy, B. Orlannd during filtration. One type of visualization uses U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, STAR fluorescence microcopy to monitor particle concentrations Research Program and velocities in the concentration boundary layer. A second technique uses confocal microscopy to develop This research will complete an integrated assessment of three-dimensional images of cake layers formed along multiple sector impacts produced by predicted changes in membrane surfaces. These measurements will be climate using models and innovative analysis tools applied supplemented with real-time flux decline data, thus to the Mackinaw River watershed. The consequences of allowing correlation of operational parameters with climate change and climate variability on human and particle deposition, cake structure, and fouling. natural systems will be developed using site and sector response spectra that support a severity determination for Microbial Characterization for the Anaerobic an impact assessment. The research has three phases: Aquatic Metabolism Study Required for identification of climate change phenomena; identification Herbicide Registration of local impact of climate change with particular emphasis J. J. Crawford,* L. Raskin,* F. W. Simmons on economic, environmental, and social impact Waste Management Research Center aggregations; and implementation of a Web-based decision-support system. Anaerobic herbicide fate is important to cropping practices and herbicide use in soils. The Anaerobic Real-Time Effect Monitoring Aquatic Metabolism Study, EPA Protocol N-162-3, is the for Episodic Event Toxicity sole evaluation of anaerobic herbicide fate required for E. E. Herricks* herbicide registration. This study is not representative of University of Illinois environmental conditions; therefore, results do not represent herbicide behavior in anaerobic soils. The objective of this research is the development of This research involves characterization of microbial methods to perform in situ measurement and analysis of communities in flooded anaerobic soils using molecular episodic event toxicity associated with stormwater flows.
9 * Denotes principal investigator. Specific objectives include the evaluation of the Asiatic The Role of Carbonaceous clam Corbicula sp., and other mussels and aquatic Aerosols in Climate Forcing invertebrates common in Illinois, as test organisms in a S. M. Larson,* A. Dillner commercially available monitoring system (MosselMonitor University of Illinois manufactured by Delta Consult, The Netherlands); laboratory and field evaluations of response spectra of Carbonaceous aerosols (elemental and organic carbon) Corbicula and other organisms to changing environmental can act to either cool or warm the climate. This project conditions and episodic exposure to contaminants; and addresses this issue by providing size segregated development of advanced methods of data analysis from measurements of the absorption efficiency for laboratory- continuous monitoring systems. generated and Midwest ambient EC useful for regional positive forcing determinations. Organic carbon may be Restoration of Duck Creek, Juneau, Alaska, a large part of negative forcing. However, accurate through Control of Iron Floc Associated with determination of the forcing role of organics is limited Urban Development because of uncertainties of identification, size distribution, E. E. Herricks,* K. V. Koski refractive indices, and humidity growth. In this project, National Wildlife Foundation researchers will investigate these and provide an approach to estimating organic forcing. The proposed project will develop and evaluate BMPs for removing iron floc from streams. Iron floc is the major Absorption of Light by Organic Aerosols factor limiting the ecological quality in several streams in S. M. Larson* Juneau and other southeast Alaska locations. The floc is University of Illinois produced by oxidation of soluble iron in groundwater. Surface disturbance associated with development and In this project, researchers will determine the light urbanization modifies groundwater flow, creating surface absorption efficiency of organic aerosol particles in the discharges that affect downstream habitat and water ultraviolet range between 250 and 400 nm using a quality. This project will install and evaluate instream technique involving filtration, extraction, and devices to remove iron floc to restore water quality and spectrophotometer analysis. It is hypothesized that habitat for anadromous salmonids. nitrated aromatics, PAHs, and benzaldehydes would be efficient UV absorbers, and the extraction procedure is Watershed Protection in Agricultural designed to capture these species. The measurement of Environments: Integrated Social, the ultraviolet light absorption efficiency of organics is Geomorphological, and Ecological important for modeling studies of the formation of ozone Research to Support Ecosystem-based and other photochemical components. Stream Management E. E. Herricks,* B. L. Rhoads,* D. L. Wilson Assessing the Feasibility of “Mini Lidar” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Technology for an Opacity Instrument S. M. Larson* This research advances the proposition that watershed U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory protection, although dependent on science and engineering, is a process that is fundamentally social in The goal of this project is to evaluate the feasibility of nature. The research will focus on how new scientific and developing and employing new laser diode technology in a engineering knowledge affects how stakeholders value rugged, cost-effective, transportable, and easily used natural resources, specifically habitat and fisheries, and in system to measure opacity of dust clouds caused by army turn, how they approach stream management. training maneuvers. The measurement of this cloud’s The research is based on an interdisciplinary approach opacity would allow Army personnel to ensure compliance that combines theoretical perspectives in social theory with environmental regulations. While traditional lidars with a scientific perspective based on geomorphology are large, costly, and difficult to operate, new advances in and ecology. Community-based watershed projects in the technology have brought much promise for a “mini the Embarras, Salt Fork, and Sangamon river basins will lidar,” a rugged, easily transported system that can be serve as case studies. operated with a minimum of training.
* Denotes principal investigator. 10 Carbon Monoxide Analysis Giardia cysts (10 to 15 µm), thus providing conservative for Highway Projects results. Also, they are not pathogens and are thus S. M. Larson,* S. Peters considered more suitable for full-scale testing. Illinois Transportation Research Center Development of an Ozone Contactor Model A screening model is often a first step in analyzing for Bromate Formation and C. parvum Oocyst potential air pollution problems, utilizing readily available Disinfection data to make a conservative estimate of a source B. J. Mariñas,* R. A. Minear,* J. Kim, M. A. Urban contribution to ambient pollutant concentrations. A more Montgomery-Watson, Inc.; American Water Works sophisticated model can be subsequently applied, if the Association Research Foundation screening model indicates its necessity. The screening model approach is not currently used for highway projects The objective of this project is to develop a model that in Illinois, but it could make the procedure for CO will allow the overall optimization of ozone contactor analysis for highways more efficient. In this project, design and operating mode to achieve maximum C. screening and refined CO models for highway projects parvum oocyst disinfection efficiency and minimum will be studied and validated. An acceptable CO screening bromate formation with natural waters of various qualities model for Illinois highway projects will then be developed. containing low bromide concentrations. Ozone contactors are commonly comprised of one or more Climate Change and Atmospheric Chemistry transfer chambers, in which ozonated gas is diffused into S. M. Larson,* Z. Tao, D. J. Wuebbles (Atmos. Sci.) water, followed by several reactive chambers where University of Illinois Critical Research Initiative additional inactivation and corresponding disinfection by-product (DBP) formation takes place. Modeling the Changes in climate could alter rates of chemical reactions, disinfection and DBP formation efficiencies taking place paths of pollutant transport, and degree of pollutant in these contactor chambers requires taking into removal. Emissions of pollutants may be indirectly consideration hydrodynamics, gas transfer, and impacted by climate variations due to adaptations, which, reaction kinetics. for example, change the amounts of fossil fuel burned. Researchers seek to predict the effects of climate change Impact of Water Quality on the Inactivation on the regional atmospheric environment. Objectives of Bacterial and Viral Pathogens include outlining a suite of climate-change scenarios B. J. Mariñas,* M. A. Larson describing alterations in meteorological and emission Vivendi Water; American Water Works Association parameters for selected regions in the Midwest, Research Foundation determining resulting equilibrium ambient concentrations of gaseous pollutants, and evaluating changes in The objective of this project is to develop models compliance status and adaptation needs. accounting for the various factors affecting the inactivation kinetics of bacterial and viral pathogens in Assessment and Development of natural waters. Comprehensive disinfection models Low-Pressure Membrane Integrity require good understanding of the inactivation kinetics of Monitoring Tools target pathogens with specific disinfectants, including any B. J. Mariñas,* B. Mi, J. Curl effects that various water quality parameters can have on Carollo Engineers; American Water Works Association inactivation efficiency. Additional information required Research Foundation for modeling is contactor hydrodynamics and disinfectant demand kinetics. Mass transfer must also be characterized The main objective of this task is to validate current and if gaseous chemicals such as ozone and chlorine are improved membrane integrity monitoring techniques by applied directly to water. Furthermore, water quality performing microbial challenge experiments. The signal parameters such as natural organic matter, pH, from membrane integrity monitoring techniques to be temperature, turbidity, and various inorganic solutes can used in the full-scale microfiltration (MF) and have an impact on both disinfectant demand and ultrafiltration (UF) systems under investigation in this mass transfer. study will be correlated to the actual passage of Bacillus subtilis spores. B. subtilis spores (1 µm) are selected because they are smaller in size compared to the target pathogens Cryptosporidium oocysts (3 to 5 µm) and
11 * Denotes principal investigator. Inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum Integrated Approach for the Control of Oocysts with Ozone Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts and B. J. Mariñas,* B. Corona-Vasquez Disinfection By-Products in Drinking Water Vivendi Water, Paris, France Treated with Ozone and Chloramines B. J. Mariñas,* R. A. Minear,* H. Lei, J. Kim The overall objective of this study is to assess the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, STAR Grant efficiency of ozone disinfection processes to inactivate Program, EPA R826830-01-0 Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum) oocysts under conditions typically encountered at the Neuilly-sur-Marne The overall goal of this project is to develop process water treatment plant through the various seasons of the design recommendations for the simultaneous control of year. Representative samples of summer, fall flood, and Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and disinfection winter water were taken from the influent to the ozone by-products (DBPs) in natural waters treated with ozone contactor at the treatment plant and tested in bench-scale and chloramines. Experimental tasks are designed for the reactors in order to investigate the effect that three simultaneous study of C. parvum oocyst inactivation and different initial doses of dissolved ozone would have on selected DBP (bromate, formaldehyde, and cyanogen the inactivation of C. parvum after 15 and 25 minutes of halides) formation in natural waters treated with ozone contact time. and chloramines in various reactor configurations. An integrated predictive model will be developed, Inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum calibrated with experimental results, used to determine oocysts in Swine Wastewater optimum process design, and verified in full-scale systems B. J. Mariñas,* J. L. Rennecker using fluorescent-dyed polystyrene microspheres as MBI International; National Science Foundation, STTP surrogate indicators for C. parvum oocysts.
The objective of this study is to investigate the Microbial Removal and Integrity Monitoring inactivation kinetics of C. parvum oocysts with ozone in of High-Pressure Membranes Used for Water high oxidant-demand water from pig waste lagoons. Treatment Experiments are performed at 20° C with a semi-batch B. J. Mariñas,* J. H. Kim, B. Mi, C. L. Acker, C. K. reactor containing 1 liter of filtered wastewater dosed with Colvin, J. R. Elarde C. parvum oocysts. An additional goal of the study is to CH2M Hill; American Water Works Association Research investigate the mechanisms responsible for the inactivation Foundation; U.S. Bureau of Reclamation of C. parvum oocysts under high oxidant-demand conditions. The main objective of this project is the bench-scale development of a method for assessing the presence and Integral Optimization of Ozone Disinfection size distribution of membrane pinholes and other Systems with Fluorescent-Dyed Polystyrene imperfections in reverse osmosis and nanofiltration Microspheres membrane systems. Membrane imperfections of interest B. J. Mariñas,* G. Tang are those that permit the passage of a small fraction of American Water Works Association Research Foundation viral, bacterial, and protozoal pathogens without resulting in measurable changes in product water conductivity or The main objective of this project is the development and total dissolved solids concentration. It is anticipated that demonstration of a novel method for optimizing the the final method for characterizing membrane performance of full-scale ozone disinfection systems with imperfection size distribution will include the use of respect to both disinfection efficiency and disinfection fluorescent-dyed polystyrene microspheres of various sizes by-product formation control. Fluorescent-dyed as nonbiological surrogate indicators of viruses, bacteria, polystyrene microspheres are used as nonbiological and protozoa cysts and oocysts. surrogates for Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. Fluorescent-dyed polystyrene microspheres were selected Sequential Disinfection in Food Processing because the decay in microsphere fluorescence matches B. J. Mariñas,* C. Toupiol closely the loss in C. parvum viability when both types of MBI International particles are exposed to dissolved ozone under identical conditions. Furthermore, microspheres undergo the same The objective of this study is to investigate inactivation hydrodynamic nonidealities and disinfectant exposure as kinetics of bacteria with monochloramine at various those experienced by C. parvum oocysts in full-scale temperatures (1, 5, 10 and 20 degrees C) when this disinfection contactors. disinfectant is applied singly as well as after ozone
* Denotes principal investigator. 12 pretreatment. Monochloramine has been chosen among Genotoxicity and Occurrence Assessment the existing disinfectants due to its ability to prevent of Disinfection By-Product Mixtures in microbial biofilm formation. Bacterial disinfection was Drinking Water evaluated using E. coli, which is one of the microbial R. A. Minear,* M. J. Plewa,* S. Echigo indicators of the poultry industry. The use of an U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, R825956-01 ozone/monochloramine scheme is studied to determine if the sequential use of these disinfectants at low Representative drinking water disinfection by-products temperatures provides rates of inactivation greater than (DBPs) will be produced from organic matter isolated those obtained with monochloramine only. Experimental from a series of representative source waters used for results will be used to develop practical guidelines for the drinking water supplies using both chlorination and inactivation of E. coli in food processing applications. ozonation in laboratory reactors under a range of disinfection conditions. Selective conditions will allow Bromate Formation and Control during differential evaluation of brominated DBPs via ozonation Ozonation of Low-Bromide Waters of bromide-containing waters and also provide R. A. Minear,* B. Mariñas,* M. Urban information on the relationship of toxicity to DBP Montgomery-Watson, Inc.; American Water Works molecular weight. Bulk DBPs will be analyzed for toxicity Association Research Foundation and mutation induction in S. typhimurium using a suspension test ± S9. The same DBPs will be analyzed An orthogonal matrix of experiments is directed at with transgenic Chinese hamster lung cells ± S9 using the determining the critical factors in minimizing the single cell gel electrophoresis (SCG) method to detect formation of bromate in low-bromide-containing waters. direct genomic DNA damage. Variations in temperature, pH, ammonia content, and a radical scavenger, ethanol, are being studied for a range of Molecular Weight Separation and ozone doses and contact times that coincide with HPLC/MS/MS Characterization of Previously requirements for the inactivation of C. parvum oocysts. Unidentified Drinking Water Disinfection The associated disinfection by-products resulting from the By-Products treatment and water quality variations are being examined R. A. Minear,* S. Barrett,* X. Zhang as well. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, R826834-01
Development of Undergraduate Laboratory A study is proposed in which new approaches are to be Experience in Civil and Environmental developed for better characterizing disinfection by-product Engineering molecular weight profiles by using tandem mass R. A. Minear* spectrometry (MS/MS) techniques. A prerequisite to National Science Foundation, DUE-9950185 making such procedures meaningful is the development of preseparation procedures that will simplify the mass The development of a significant undergraduate spectral data. The MS/MS system has its own separation laboratory experience in environmental engineering capabilities. The proposed work is directed at enhancing bridges the existing gap between classroom theory and these capabilities for complex DBP mixtures with practical measurement techniques. Structured preselection by molecular weight separations using experiments let students participate in common field and ultrafiltration membranes or size exclusion laboratory measurements used in environmental chromatography. engineering to design monitoring programs and treatment systems in air, water, wastewater, hazardous waste, and Novel Characterization of Humic Substances ecology. Students are involved directly in evaluating data and Their Role in the Behavior of reliability and assessing QA/QC issues as a part of Environmental Toxic Substances Using performing the experiments. They will make decisions on HPLC/MS/MS the use of their data in classroom projects simulating R. A. Minear,* M. J. Plewa* assessment of the development of design parameters for National Science Foundation, INT 97-26617 treatment systems. The underlying hypothesis of the overall proposed cooperative research effort is that NOM and humic substances as a subset affect the environmental toxicology of anthropogenic compounds through complex
13 * Denotes principal investigator. interactions that affect membrane transport and Cost-Effective Risk-based Corrective Action mechanisms of toxicological reactions. The three-year Design for Contaminated Groundwater project involves a series of composite objectives. These B. S. Minsker,* D. E. Goldberg, G. Gopalakrishnan, overall objectives complement parallel work in the M. Babbar laboratories of Minear and Plewa. They also provide National Science Foundation, BES 9903889 (1999-2002) translation of capabilities in the University of Illinois laboratories to researchers in Kyoto, Japan, while offering Given the scope of contamination of U.S. groundwater the principal investigators an opportunity to explore new and the vast amount of money involved in corrective research dimensions. action, improved risk management and remediation design is a critical need. In this project, a risk management Direct Comparative Genotoxicity Assessment model is being developed to investigate relationships of Disinfection By-Product (DBP) Mixtures in between human health risk and corrective action design Drinking Water Generated from Different under conditions of uncertainty. The methodology Disinfection Processes combines a noisy genetic algorithm, which searches for R. Minear,* M. Plewa,* S. Echigo cost-effective corrective action plans, with a flow and American Water Works Association Research Foundation transport model called RT3D and a human health exposure risk assessment module. Theoretical A study is proposed in which a novel assay is coupled with advancements for improving computational efficiency of a more traditional assay to evaluate the genotoxicity of the model will also be investigated. disinfection by-products (DBPs) and DBP mixtures. Chlorine (the traditional water treatment disinfectant), Research and Educational Advances in ozone (an alternative disinfectant and oxidant), and the Optimal Groundwater Remediation Design sequence of ozone plus chlorine in addition to B. S. Minsker,* D. Goldberg, F. Saied, Y. Liu, F. Espinoza chloramination and chlorine dioxide treatment methods National Science Foundation, BES 9734076 CAREER will be examined. Simple and complex DBP mixtures, (1998-2002) produced from chlorination, ozonation, or coupled ozonation/chlorination and chloramination and chlorine An optimal control model for aerobic in situ dioxide treatments, will be created from an NOM bioremediation design has been developed, but the standard (SRFA) containing water. The assays will be computational effort associated with solving the model augmented by a database created to represent an prohibits solution of field-scale, heterogeneous problems. occurrence assessment of regulated and soon-to-be- Multiscale optimization methods and a hybrid genetic regulated DBPs. algorithm are being developed to improve performance and capabilities of the model. The research will be Cost-Effective Risk Management integrated with education through development of Groundwater Contamination graphical user interfaces, an educational game, and a new B. S. Minsker,* D. E. Goldberg, J. Lee graduate course on coupled optimization and simulation U.S. Army Young Investigator Award and Presidential Early modeling to teach students the complexities associated Career Award for Scientists and Engineers, U.S. Army with developing and applying such models. Research Office, 2000-2006 Characterization of Particulate Organic This project builds on the work begun in an NSF project Matter in Swine Manure: Availability of to develop a risk management model for groundwater Organic Substrate for Biological Nutrient corrective action design. The model will be enhanced to Removal Processes allow tradeoffs to be made among risk, cost, and cleanup E. Morgenroth* time under conditions of uncertainty. Innovative Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station advancements for improving computational efficiency of the model using advanced stochastic genetic Land application of residuals from animal production is algorithms, hybrid genetic algorithms, and hierarchical limited by the regional and seasonal nutrient requirements multipopulation genetic algorithms are also for soil enrichment. In areas with large animal feeding being investigated. operations (AFOs), the surrounding farmlands are often not sufficient to allow for a sustainable land application of manure. Consequently, alternative methods for reuse and disposal need to be developed. In this project, researchers
* Denotes principal investigator. 14 are developing procedures for physical and chemical precludes automation. This project will develop novel characterization of particulate organic matter in swine molecular methods that are based on the generation of a manure that can serve as a basis for biological fluorescent signal in solution, eliminating the denitrification. immobilization step required in current molecular techniques. First, researchers will focus on the Molecular Probe Technology for Studying development of solution-based hybridizations for Biofilms in Drinking Water Distribution qualification of anaerobic microbial populations. Systems Then, the research team will evaluate the utility of this L. Raskin,* V. L. Snoeyink, B. J. Mariñas, S. Meintser, technology in separate biological reactor systems N. Dunahee inoculated with samples from two distinct environments U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, CR-826461010 that share microbial and metabolic features: anaerobic wastewater treatment systems and the mammalian Biofilms are complex structures of microorganisms digestive tract. immobilized on a surface and embedded in an extracellular organic polymer matrix. Pathogens may grow Swine Waste Processing Using Anaerobic or may be entrapped in biofilms that develop in drinking Sequencing Batch Reactors and Nutrient water distribution systems. Molecular techniques are being Recovery Systems developed to detect and assess the viability of pathogens L. Raskin,* L. Angenent and indicator organisms in water samples from Illinois Council on Food and Agriculture Research distribution systems. In addition, molecular techniques are being developed to visualize these microbes in biofilms The anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR) is a new and to study the microbial populations that constitute the biological process for the conversion of organic wastes to biofilm. Pipes taken from existing distribution systems are biogas. The technical feasibility of ASBRs to stabilize being used to build laboratory-scale systems that simulate swine waste has been demonstrated at Iowa State distribution systems. University. This research will evaluate possibilities to further reduce capital and operating costs of ASBR Molecular Probes for Anaerobic Wastewater systems and to create an alternative added value to the Treatment Process Evaluation system. The research will focus on seeding ASBRs with L. Raskin,* D. Zheng different sludges to reduce start-up periods, recovering University of Illinois Center for Advanced Study; Campus nutrients from ASBR effluent, and reusing ASBR effluent Critical Research Initiatives Program as flush water.
This research will focus on anaerobic wastewater Use of Molecular Techniques to Evaluate treatment systems in which the formation and stability of Causes and Control of Foaming in Activated “granules” or conglomerates of microorganisms are critical Sludge Systems for good performance. Methods for studying granule L. Raskin,* F. L. de los Reyes formation and stability will be developed by combining National Science Foundation, BES 9733826 physical methods that determine granule hydrophobicity and liquid surface tension with ribosomal RNA-based The formation of a viscous, stable foam layer on activated identification and quantification techniques. In addition, sludge aeration basin and final clarifier surfaces is a operating strategies that reduce start-up time and improve common problem for the activated sludge industry and performance will be evaluated in laboratory-scale has been linked to the presence of filamentous bacteria. anaerobic bioreactors. This research will develop oligonucleotide probes targeting the ribosomal RNA of filamentous microorganisms, which Solution-based Hybridizations for Rapid can be used as diagnostic tools to evaluate foaming Identification and Quantification of problems without the prior cultivation of bacteria. Anaerobic Microbial Assemblages In addition, the research will test the performance of L. Raskin,* R. Gaskins, R. Mackie, M. Mau, K. Hristova, laboratory-scale activated sludge systems equipped with D. Zheng, R. Aminov selectors. Population shifts of foam-causing Campus Critical Research Initiatives Program microorganisms will be followed before, during, and after foaming episodes in these systems using ribosomal Current molecular microbial characterization methods are RNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes and will be related limited because they require immobilization of target to operating conditions and system performance. nucleic acids on solid supports. This immobilization step
15 * Denotes principal investigator. Development of an Integrated Scientific Aerosol Properties Related to Direct Aerosol and Technological Framework for Stream Radiative Forcing at a Perturbed Mid-Latitude Naturalization Continental Site B. L. Rhoads,* M. García, E. E. Herricks, D. Wilson M. J. Rood,* P. Kus U.S. Environmental Protection Agency National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, COM NA06-G00412 The watershed approach to environmental management emphasizes that decision making should occur at the level Concerns about ambient aerosol particles effecting global of local communities. This requires an integrated scientific warming need to be resolved in order to develop a better and community-based framework for decision making—a understanding about atmospheric changes over time social and scientific enterprise referred to as naturalization. periods of years to decades. Real-time in situ Naturalization involves a recursive interplay between a measurements of the ambient aerosol scattering coefficient community’s vision of the stream and the scientific and have been occurring 15 km. southwest of Champaign, Ill. technical perspective on what the streams can realistically This site is ideal because it is representative of the region become to achieve the community’s vision. This research and it experiences air masses from a wide range of sources. will explore naturalization programs, integrating both the This research project is interpreting the data from that technical and scientific aspects and the social aspects of field measurement site. The interpretation of the community-based watershed management. Three experimental results can then be used as inputs to watersheds in Illinois are the focus of a three-year research global-scale numerical models that predict the influence effort initiated in 1998. of global change by atmospheric aerosol particles.
Activated Carbon Fiber Direct Radiative Forcing of Climate by Adsorption/Desorption System: Pilot Scale Anthropogenic Aerosol Particles M. J. Rood,* P. D. Sullivan, C. Lehmann, D. Ramirez, M. J. Rood,* C. M. Carrico S. Y. Lo National Science Foundation, INT 98-18402 TVL U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research, DACA88-98-D-0005-17 Quantifying the ability of anthropogenic aerosol particles to perturb the earth’s climate is a complex and Hazardous air pollutants need to be removed from gas interdisciplinary task. Such characterization is important streams before they are emitted to the ambient so that we can better understand how humans are environment, according to the 1990 Clean Air Act influencing the earth’s climate in ways that could cause Amendments. A new activated carbon fiber-cloth adsorber changes in heating, precipitation, and cloud formation is under development for integration with a condenser to patterns for the earth’s atmosphere. This project will allow capture, concentrate, and then recover dilute hazardous air collaboration with international researchers having unique pollutants and volatile organic compounds in gas streams capabilities not readily available in the United States. for reuse. Results from this collaboration can then be used to better quantify the effects of human activity on climate. Adsorption/Desorption Cycling of Carbon Fiber Adsorber-Cryogenic System Evaluation of Uncertainties in Satellite M. J. Rood,* P. Sullivan, C. Lehmann, D. Ramirez, Retrievals of Aerosol Forcing Using In Situ K. Dombrowski Measurements at the Surface U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, M. J. Rood,* J. A. Ogren,* D. S. Covert,* P. Sheridan,* DACA88-99-M0155 P. K u s National Aeronautics and Space Administration, The ability of air quality control systems to capture and COM 40RANR900971 recover gaseous pollutants instead of destroying the pollutants is dependent on costs required to concentrate The accuracy of climate-change predictions is closely the pollutant to a sufficient concentration to make it linked to the availability of measured aerosol parameters reusable. This project is developing a new sorption- associated with direct radiative forcing. Derivation of condensation system that captures dilute gaseous results describing aerosol radiative forcing from satellite pollutants, regenerates the material used to capture the observations requires assumptions about the properties of pollutant, and recovers the pollutant in a concentrated the aerosol particles. Tropospheric aerosol properties form for reuse in the process that generated the pollutant. measured under in situ conditions and at regional aerosol
* Denotes principal investigator. 16 monitoring stations will be used with the NASA aerosol clean and polluted marine sites is one area that needs climatology processing facility to test the sensitivity of better characterization. This research will allow shipboard candidate satellite data retrieval algorithms to observed measurements of climatically relevant ambient aerosol variations of aerosol properties. Results from this research properties between Hawaii and the coast of China to will allow better quantification of uncertainties associated characterize “clean conditions” and then along the coast of with satellite retrievals of aerosol properties. China to characterize “polluted conditions.” Information gained from such research will provide valuable inputs to Measurement of Ambient Aerosol Properties existing global-climate models, which in turn can provide as They Relate to Climate at a Perturbed better insights into how to develop policies related to Mid-Latitude Continental Site global climate change. M. J. Rood,* K. E. Winter, P. Kus National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, COM Mercury Vapor Removal from Simulated Flue NA96-GPO342 Gases with Illinois Coal-derived Activated Carbon Concerns about ambient aerosol particles effecting global M. Rostam-Abadi,* S. G. Chen,* M. J. Rood,* H. C. Hsi warming need to be resolved in order to develop a better Electric Power Research Institute; Illinois Clean understanding about atmospheric changes over time Coal Institute periods of years to decades. Real-time, in-situ measurements of the ambient aerosol scattering coefficient There is a concern that mercury emissions into the have been occurring about 15 km. southwest of ambient environment from select types of combustion Champaign, Illinois. This site is ideal because it is processes may cause health effects. This project is representative of the region and it experiences air masses developing methods to produce new materials to separate from a wide range of sources. This research will provide and remove mercury from flue gas streams generated data for global-scale numerical models that predict the during the combustion of coal. Select low-cost materials influence of global change by atmospheric aerosol are processed and then characterized with respect to their particles. chemical and physical properties before they are used to remove mercury from flue gas streams. Bench-scale testing Methylene Chloride Capture and Recovery and pilot-scale testing of these new materials are during Turbine Blade Preparation important components of this research. M. J. Rood,* P. Sullivan AFRL/MLQE Directorate, FO8637-PO389 An Assessment of Anaerobic Dechlorination Activity in Regional River Sediments Environmentally benign coatings for aircraft turbines R. A. Sanford,* K. Y. Leung, I. Nambi, Q. He, F. Loeffler require specialized surface preparation for proper University of Illinois; Georgia Institute of Technology adherence of the coatings to the turbines. Specialized coatings can be sensitive to the methods used to prepare Microbial-mediated reductive dechlorination is a common the turbine’s surfaces, driving the use of chlorine process in anaerobic ecosystems. A number of anaerobic containing volatile organic compounds. Complete capture dehalogenating bacteria have been isolated from pristine and recovery of these compounds must occur for the river sediment environments leading to the hypothesis preparation of the turbine parts to be benign. that natural chlorinated compounds in the sediments are This research project evaluates the effectiveness of used as electron acceptors by novel microorganisms. novel adsorbents to capture and recover methylene The objectives of the research are to characterize the chloride from gas streams. microbial halorespiration capacity of chlorinated solvents (such as PCE) in stream sediments in Illinois, Colorado, Optical Aerosol Properties Over and Korea as well as in Japanese Rice Paddies. Results will the Asian Pacific Ocean provide evidence of a novel biogeochemical cycle M. J. Rood,* C. Carrico involving natural halogenated compounds and could lead National Science Foundation, ATM 00-86550 to a better understanding of microbial diversity.
There are numerous aspects of the global environment that need to be better characterized to better understand how our environment is changing. The effect of aerosol particles on the atmospheric radiative-energy balance at
17 * Denotes principal investigator. Bioremediation of Perchloroethene (PCE) in a these cultures using the uptake of 14C-labeled acetate into Column System Using Chitin Fermentation as biomass as a measure of growth. Since the amount of an Electron Donor Source chlorinated compound available to a chlororespiring R. A. Sanford,* C. J. Werth,* R. A. Brennan bacteria is limited by solubility or toxicity, other methods University of Illinois; National Science Foundation, of growth measurement often fail. Radiolabeled biomass is Graduate Fellowship; Environmental Protection Agency, easy to quantify and was shown to correlate well with STAR Fellowship other tedious methods of measurement. These data will be useful for modeling growth in nature which is needed This research will demonstrate the ability of a new passive for designing in situ bioremediation. remediation technology, Halorespiration Enhancing Redox Transition Zone (HERTZ), to accelerate the Fast Dechlorination of Chlorinated Phenols bioremediation of a dense nonaqueous phase liquid by Anaeromyxobacter dehalogenans (DNAPL) source of PCE in groundwater. This Strain 2CP-C technology relies on the fermentation of solid phase R. A. Sanford,* Q. He polymeric organic materials (POMs), such as chitin, to University of Illinois create electron donors that increase both the bioavailability and biodegradation of DNAPL blobs. The anaerobic myxobacterium Anaeromyxobacter Chitin was selected as the POM for this study based on its dehalogenans strain 2CP-C grows by coupling the ability to create favorable reducing conditions for oxidation of acetate to the reductive dechlorination of stimulating anaerobic reductive dechlorination of PCE orth-substituted chlorophenols. Little is known, however, to ethene. about the physiology or kinetics of dechlorination. The objective of this study was to determine the rates Characterization and Identification of the of growth and dechlorination by strain 2CP-C using Microbial Community Colonizing an various halogenated phenolic compounds. Even with cell Anaerobic Fluidized-Bed Bioreactor Treating densities less than 107/ml, declorination kinetics are TNT and RDX Using Molecular Techniques zero-order after induction with a rate of 2l.5 µM/hour for R. A. Sanford,* S. Oh, K. Moon, N. Adrian 2-chlorophenol, the highest rate observed for any University of Illinois; U.S. Army Construction Engineering chlororespiring bacteria. Further investigation will Research Laboratory determine if strain 2CP-C is useful for the bioremediation of chlorinated phenols. Two anaerobic fluidized-bed reactors, one with TNT and the other without, have been monitored continuously Fate of Nitrate in Groundwater at since January. The objective of this research is to the Big Ditch Watershed, Illinois characterize the microbial community in each reactor and R. A. Sanford,* S. Shiffer identify the responsible organisms that are degrading Illinois Council on Food and Agricultural Research TNT or RDX. PCR-based terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis of 165 rDNA The fate of agricultural nitrate in groundwater is not well was used to characterize the communities in these defined. The focus of this research was to quantify the reactors. Specific terminal fragments will be targeted for denitrification activity in groundwater throughout the Big sequencing to identify populations found in the explosives Ditch Watershed to determine the loss of nitrate that containing reactors. As a result, a method of community occurs in the groundwater. Two experimental approaches analysis will be developed and better anaerobic treatment will be used. First, denitrifying organisms in the sediment systems for pink water will be designed. cores and groundwater will be enumerated using the MPN technique. Second, the intrinsic rate of Determination of Growth Kinetics of denitrification for 11 different well sites within the Anaerobic Bacteria Growing on Low watershed will be determined. Preliminary data show that Concentrations of Limiting Substrate denitrification activity in the groundwater is dependent on R. A. Sanford,* Q. He, R. A. Brennan the location of the sample and the availability of carbon. University of Illinois
Growth kinetic data are difficult to obtain for chlororespiring anaerobic microorganisms. The objectives of this research are to determine the growth kinetics of
* Denotes principal investigator. 18 The Use of Micromodels to Study Dissolution Metal Working Fluid (MWF) Recycling by and Bioavailability of DNAPLs for Centrifugation, Filtration, and Pasteurization: Degradation by Microorganisms in Assessing Environmental Benefits and Groundwater Implications for Health and Safety R. A. Sanford,* C. J. Werth, I. Nambi R. Sanford,* M. Clark,* K. S. Kim, E. Moosbrugger, National Science Foundation, Biogeochemistry Program K. Moon, J. Holt State of Illinois Waste Management and Research Center The objective of this study is to improve fundamental understanding of key biogeochemical processes affecting Large volumes of MWF are being used and disposed of on dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) dissolution in an annual basis. This waste stream has the potential to be natural porous matrices. To accomplish this objective, a significant burden on the environment and a threat to researchers will use micromodels to measure DNAPL the health of industrial plant workers. Microbial growth entrapment and dissolution as a function of geochemistry. in metal working fluids is a common problem and because Micromodels are a two-dimensional representation of a some of the bacteria produce endotoxins, a health hazard porous matrix etched into a silicon wafer and is created for machine operators. The objectives of this geochemically modified by the addition of different oxide work are to determine the effectiveness of centrifugation, surfaces and aqueous phase ionic substituents. Through filtration and pasteurization in removing bacteria and the use of microscopy, the behavior of microorganisms in reducing waste volume, determine if these current the micromodel relative to the DNAPL can be processes shorten the life of metal working fluids, and directly observed. determine the effect of these processes on endotoxin content in MWF. Effects of Redox Conditions on the Bioavailability and Biodegradation of Adsorption in Hybrid Membrane- Nonaqueous Phase Chlorinated Ethenes Ultrafiltration Processes at the Pore Scale V. L. Snoeyink,* Q. Li, L. Schideman, B. J. Mariñas R. Sanford,* A. Valocchi, C. Werth, I. Nambi, C. ONDEO, Paris, France Chomsurin, C. Knutson National Science Foundation Biogeochemistry Program The objective of this research is to determine the efficiency of the floc blanket reactor (FBR)-PAC- Efforts to predict dechlorination rates in the field using ultrafiltration (UF) process for the removal of both natural results from batch studies have met with little success. organic matter and trace organic contaminants, and to One reason for this lack of agreement is our inability to develop new hybrid membrane-adsorption processes. predict the effects of pore-scale variability on reaction By recycling the PAC from the PAC-UF part of the rates. The overall objective of this research is to determine process to the floc blanket reactor, researchers can reduce the effects of redox conditions on the bioavailability and the dosage of carbon required to achieve a certain effluent biodegradation of nonaqueous phase chlorinated ethenes concentration by 30% to 50%. Future work will involve at the pore scale. Although many geochemical species can testing different surface waters, carbons with a wide range affect redox conditions, this study focuses only on the of pore size distributions, new adsorbents and adsorption effects of competing electron acceptors. Specifically, the processes, and model development to describe proposed research aims to determine the relationships process performance. between PCE DNAPL dissolution and reductive dechlorination at the pore scale, determine the effects of Assessment of the Prevalence and competing electron acceptors on DNAPL dissolution and Significance of Aluminum-Containing reductive dechlorination at the pore scale, and determine Scale Deposits the effects of pore scale variability on transport and fate at V. L. Snoeyink,* P. Sarin, C. Feld, A. S. C. Chen, L. Wang the Darcy scale. Battelle; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
The objective of this project is to determine the prevalence of aluminum-containing scales in distribution systems of utilities that are using aluminum-based coagulants. Samples of distribution system pipes, especially lead pipes, are being obtained from throughout the United States and Canada and are being analyzed
19 * Denotes principal investigator. using x-ray diffraction and energy dispersive spectroscopy are found in contaminated drinking water supplies. to establish the composition of aluminum-containing Evaluation of the effects of nitrate concentration, pH, scales. Common deposits that have been found to date oxygen concentration, and electron donor dose are being include aluminum silicates, aluminum hydroxides, and investigated at several empty bed contact times. The aluminum phosphates. After the survey is complete, microbial population is being studied to determine the researchers will focus on establishing the detrimental and organisms responsible for perchlorate reduction and their beneficial effects of these scales. growth requirements. Polishing steps are being investigated to ensure that the product water meets Characterization of Scales in the drinking water requirements. Chicago Water Distribution System V. L. Snoeyink,* P. Sarin, D. Frommell, W. Kriven Spatial and Temporal Characterization of City of Chicago, Illinois Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquids in Porous Media Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging The objective of this project is to determine the chemical C. J. Werth,* C. Zhang composition of scales that have been found on cement- National Science Foundation CAREER Award and mortar-lined distribution pipes and to determine ways to control the formation of this scale. The approach Accurate characterization of nonaqueous phase liquid involves use of energy dispersive spectroscopy to (NAPL) dissolution requires a mechanistic understanding determine elemental composition and nuclear magnetic of the complex factors affecting the NAPL-water resonance spectroscopy to determine chemical structure. interfacial area across which mass transfer occurs. Prior A pipe-loop system with lead pipe harvested from the experimental techniques have not resolved these factors, Chicago system is being used to show the impact of any resulting in phenomenological mass transfer coefficients changes in aluminum concentration and phosphate dose that are constrained by experimental conditions. The on lead release. objectives of this project are to determine the effects of interstitial water velocity on the effective NAPL-water Development of Red Water Control Strategies interfacial area, to determine the effects of pore and V. L. Snoeyink,* P. Sarin, D. Lytle, W. Kriven NAPL characteristics on the effective NAPL-water U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; University of Illinois interfacial area, and to predict time-dependent NAPL dissolution in natural porous media. The objectives of this research are to determine the mechanisms of red water production in drinking water Competitive Sorption of Volatile Organics distribution systems and to develop strategies for in Model and Natural Solids controlling this problem. This study involves use of small- C. Werth,* J. Li scale pipe loops in the University of Illinois laboratory to National Science Foundation which water with different qualities is applied. Important parameters are pH variation, neutral salt concentration Laboratory studies have been conducted to characterize variation, and the concentration of such additives as the mass transfer limitations in the subsurface. In most orthophosphate and polyphosphate. Short-term tests are cases, mass transfer rates for single sorbates were measured being developed to show how existing layers of corrosion in an attempt to characterize mass transfer limitations in products on pipes react to produce red water. Research the field. However, mixtures of volatile organic chemicals also will include development of procedures for chemically (VOCs) are often present in the field, both as the source conditioning the scales so that red water does not form of contamination and as transformation products from and evaluation of using additives to reduce the intensity of biodegradation. The objective of this project is to the color produced by a fixed amount of iron. determine the effects of chemical mixtures on mass transfer in geosorbent (soil and sediment) aggregates. Removal of Perchlorate in Biologically Active GAC Systems V. L. Snoeyink,* L. Raskin,* J. Brown, R. Lin University of Illinois
The objective of this project is to show how conventional GAC systems can be modified and operated for removal of microgram-per-liter concentrations of perchlorate that
* Denotes principal investigator. 20 Evaluation of Polymeric Organic Materials for Hydrodynamic Modeling of Density Currents Stimulating the Reductive Dechlorination of in the Chicago River, Illinois Chlorindated Ethenes M. H. García,* F. Bombardelli C. Werth,* R. Sanford,* R. Brennan Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago Student Fellowships from National Science Foundation; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Density currents are believed to be responsible for the conveyance of water from the North Branch of the This project is focused on developing a new passive Chicago River, consisting mainly of effluent water, toward bioremediation technology for dense nonaqueous phase Lake Michigan through the Chicago River itself. liquids (DNAPLs) in groundwater. This technology Numerical modeling is being used to assess under what involves putting polymeric organic materials (POMs) such conditions density currents develop and how much as chitin and wood chips into boreholes upgradient from strength they have in moving water of lesser quality and in a DNAPL source. As the POMs degrade, toward Lake Michigan. nutrients are released to groundwater, enhancing both DNAL dissolution and biodegradation. Hydrodynamics of Canoe Chutes M. H. García,* F. Bombardelli, C. García Illinois Department of Natural Resources Environmental Hydrology and At many low-head dam sites in Illinois, there is interest in Hydraulic Engineering building canoe chutes with the goal of increasing recreational use of streams. Researchers are using a combination of computational fluid dynamics and Design of Pool-Riffle Units laboratory experiments to obtain the best design of a for River Restoration canoe chute for low-head dams. M. H. García,* E. Herricks, B. Rhoads, J. Rodriguez, F. Bombardelli, C. García Impact of Coarse-Bubble Diffusers on U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Combined-Sewer Overflow Sediments M. H. García,* C. R. Rehmann,* J. P. Spenn Researchers are using a three-dimensional hydrodynamics U.S. Army Corps of Engineers code to design pool-riffle units for streams in urbanized areas. The design will be implemented as part of a river To aid in the design of a reservoir to collect combined- restoration project along the west fork of the North sewer overflows (CSO) near Chicago, researchers are Branch of the Chicago River, in the city of investigating the effect of bubble plumes on sediment Northbrook, Ill. suspension in water. A crucial design consideration is whether to keep the sediments suspended in the flow or Formation of Submarine let them settle on the bottom to be cleaned after a CSO Gullies and Bedforms event. Preliminary laboratory experiments with relatively M. H. García,* J. Fedele coarse sediment suggest that bubble plumes keep only a U.S. Office of Naval Research small fraction of the sediment suspended. The suspended fraction decreases with time as more particles settle. Researchers are testing the hypothesis that oceanic After approximately one residence time, based on the turbidity currents are responsible for the formation of tank volume and air-flow rate, the suspended fraction submarine gullies commonly observed in continental reaches an equilibrium value. slopes. Large-scale laboratory experiments are used in combination with a numerical model for turbidity Navigation-induced Flow and Bed Shear currents. The research team also is studying the formation Stresses of antidunes by turbidity flows, with the help of M. H. García,* J. Rodriguez laboratory experiments and linear stability analysis. U.S. Army Waterways Experiment Station, DACW39-96-K-0005
Navigation-induced physical forces in the Upper Mississippi River System have to be quantified with the goal of mitigating associated environmental effects.
21 * Denotes principal investigator. A physical model of a navigation river located at the Wave-Current Induced Mine Burial Due to Waterways Experiment Station in Vicksburg, Miss., is Sediment Fluidization and Scour being used to measure the flow field generated by the M. H. García,* R. Musalem passage of a model vessel. A total of eight acoustic Office of Naval Research Doppler velocimeters and four flush-mounted, hot-film sensors for measuring bed shear stresses are being used to The interaction of waves and currents with model mines is capture the footprint of barges and their propellers. being studied with the help of laboratory experiments. The dynamic response of sediments holding an object is Sediment Entrainment Functions for analyzed with the goal of establishing conditions for scour Navigation-induced Resuspension and fluidization. M. H. García,* J. Rodriguez U.S. Army Waterways Experiment Station, Transient, Low-Pressure-Induced DACW39-95-K-0101 Contaminant Intrusion into Drinking Water Distribution Systems The nature of the flow field associated with sediment M. García,* J. Guzman, J. Abad resuspension caused by the passage of barge tows makes it Battelle quite difficult to formulate an appropriate flux boundary condition near the bed and thus to determine how much It has been hypothesized that contaminants in a pipe sediment will be incorporated into the water column. trench can be drawn into drinking water distribution Barges generate turbulence by waves and by changes in the systems. Researchers are performing transient flow analysis velocity profile due to water displacement. It is clear that to determine under what conditions contaminant the flow field resulting from the passage of vessels is intrusions are likely. unsteady, nonuniform, and highly turbulent. The main goal is to develop an entrainment function that can be Characterizing Multiscale Interaction of used to estimate sediment resuspension due to barge tow Hydrologic Processes Using Multisensor passage, which includes the effect of mean bed shear stress Satellite Data as well as turbulence effects. P. Kumar* National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Sediment Transport upon Dam Removal NAG W-5247 M. H. García,* F. Bombardelli, J. Guzman Illinois Department of Natural Resources To understand large-scale hydrologic processes, it is necessary to characterize the feedback interaction between Many low-head dams in Illinois streams could be removed various systems such as land and atmosphere. Significant in the next decade. The fate of sediments accumulated advances have been made in this direction through field over the years upstream of such dams is an important campaigns to measure parameters from point-to-satellite concern. A 1-D sediment transport model is being pixel scale. However, the problem of assimilating developed to estimate sediment erosion, transport, and measurements at various scales to understand the behavior deposition upon dam removal. of processes at small scales and their integrated effect on the larger scale is still elusive. The objectives of this Settling and Oxygen Demand of Suspended research are to address this problem through the Solids from Combined-Sewer-Overflows development of stochastic-dynamic multiscale models of M. H. García,* B. Briskin key hydrologic processes. Researchers will use the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers asynchronous multisensor observations from different satellite instruments for the study. Laboratory experiments with a carrousel flume are conducted to determine the effect of settling and resuspension on oxygen demand by suspended solids resulting from combined-sewer-overflows.
* Denotes principal investigator. 22 Finding Principles of Large-Scale Hydrologic structure, as compared to channel hydrodynamic Response: Linking Hydroclimatology and properties, plays an increasingly dominant role in River Basin Dynamics determining the hydrological response. The research will P. Kumar* also explore the effects of two human actions National Science Foundation, EAR 97-06121 (modification of network structure via land drainage activities and construction of dams) on contemporary The objective of this research is to develop principles of hydrological conditions. The results will provide large-scale hydrologic response in different important information and predictive capabilities for hydroclimatological regimes by coupling hydroclimatology assessing the influence of future management scenarios on and river basin dynamics. This will be accomplished by the hydrology of the Illinois River. performing a joint analysis of the atmospheric-hydrologic cycle and streamflow to develop parameterizations to link The Land Surface Component of the Climate hydroclimatology and basin response characteristics; System: Improved Representation of Subgrid developing a nondimensional formulation of large-scale Processes and Analyses of Land Surface basin response, which explicitly incorporates the Effects on Climate Variability hydroclimatological influence; and performing P. Kumar;* R. Koster,* M. J. Suarez* (NASA-GSFC) validation studies. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NAG 5-3661 Multiscale Estimation, Error Propagation, and Scale Effects in the Dynamical Response of The land surface affects precipitation variability partly Soil-Moisture Data Assimilation System through evaporation feedback as water that is added to the P. Kumar* surface during an anomalously large precipitation event National Aeronautics and Space Administration, leads to anomalously large evaporation rates. These, in NAG 5-8555 turn, can lead to further rainfall. The amplitude of the original precipitation anomaly is thereby increased. The objective of this project is to develop a multiscale General circulation models are used to perform such soil-moisture and temperature assimilation algorithm that studies. One objective of this research is to develop utilizes observations obtained at multiple scales and to watershed-scale hydrologic parameterizations in GCM for assess the impact of estimation errors and model scale on modeling the effects of sub-basin-scale soil moisture the dynamics of moisture and energy fluxes at the land-to- variability on surface runoff, baseflow, and evaporation. atmosphere interface. Researchers will first develop an A second objective is to study temporal and spatial algorithm for the estimation of near-surface soil moisture structure of continental-scale hydrological fields using and temperature, at the model scale, along with the error these improved parameterizations. estimates, using observations at different resolutions. The research team will then use an extended Kalman filter Mixing and Structure in a Double-Diffusive assimilation scheme to predict the vertical profile using Gravity Current the near-surface estimates. The errors in the near-surface C. R. Rehmann,* J. H. Hwang, P. R. Jackson estimates propagate to each model layer. Researchers will University of Illinois study the impact of these errors on the energy and moisture flux at the land-to-atmosphere interface. In the coastal ocean during the summer, warm, salty water from the continental slope intrudes into colder, fresher Relative Scales of Hydrodynamic and water on the continental shelf. To assess the relative Geomorphologic Influence on the Hydrologic contributions of mechanically generated turbulence and Response in the Illinois River Basin double-diffusive convection to the mixing in such a flow, P. Kumar,* B. Rhoads (Geog.), B. Yen researchers developed a laboratory model of a nonrotating Water Resources Center; U.S. Geological Survey, gravity current subject to diffusive layering. The gravity INT-96-GR-02668 current can be arrested by releasing warm, salty water into an opposing flow of cold, fresh water. The resulting steady The objective of this research is to determine the relative state allows the overall mixing rate, interface properties, effects of geomorphological dispersion and hydrodynamic and spatial evolution of the temperature and salinity dispersion on the hydrological response of the Illinois differences to be measured. River system as scale increases. The specific hypothesis to be tested is that as basin size increases, the river network
23 * Denotes principal investigator. Modeling Stratified Flows with recruitment include trapping in stagnant pools and eddies Rapid Distortion Theory near locks and dams in the Illinois River and the C. R. Rehmann,* J. H. Hwang oscillating tidal flow in the estuarine portion of the University of Illinois Hudson River.
Much turbulence modeling involves a gradient-transport The Role of Larval Growth, Mortality, and model or eddy viscosity at some level. Such a model Transport in Metapopulation Dynamics and requires time scales of the turbulence to be much smaller Control of the Zebra Mussel in Freshwater than the time scales of the mean flow. In many stratified and Estuarine Systems flows, such as the thermocline of lakes or the ocean, the D. W. Schneider,* J. A. Stoeckel,* R. E. Sparks,* C. R. opposite is true: for strong stratification and weak Rehmann,* D. K. Padilla* turbulence, the turbulence time scale is small compared to National Sea Grant College Program the time scale of gravitational adjustment. In this case, rapid distortion theory (RDT) should apply. Researchers After its accidental introduction into North American are using RDT to compute the effect of mixing on waterways, the zebra mussel spread rapidly, affected turbulence, study the evolution of a localized patch of ecosystems, and caused hundreds of millions of dollars of turbulence, and model turbulence in a field of long damage. Most measures to control zebra mussels focus on internal waves. An eventual objective is to develop a individual sites. However, since mussel populations hybrid RDT-eddy viscosity model in which the eddy depend on a maintained larval supply, zebra mussels can viscosity is allowed to evolve in space and time. be controlled in an entire ecosystem if the larval supply can be blocked. The success of such a control scheme Molecular Diffusivity Effects on Mixing in depends on physical and biological processes. Researchers a Diffusively Stable, Turbulent Flow will perform a comparative study of the various processes C. R. Rehmann,* P. R. Jackson affecting mussel population dynamics in the Illinois and National Science Foundation, Division of Ocean Sciences Hudson rivers.
In ocean modeling, salt and temperature are usually Computational Methods for Multicomponent assumed to mix at equal rates. However, differential Geotechnical Transport transport of heat and salt has been observed in laboratory A. J. Valocchi,* G. Hammond experiments, simulations, and field measurements. U.S. Department of Energy, Computational Science Since even small differences between the mixing rates Graduate Fellowship Program; Los Alamos National can produce large changes in the predictions of general Laboratory circulation models, laboratory experiments are used to study effects of molecular diffusivity on mixing in a In reactive transport, accuracy can be improved by turbulent flow stratified with both salt and temperature. increasing the complexity (number of chemical The main objectives of the experiments are to quantify the components and reactions simulated), heterogeneity differential transport and determine the conditions under (nature is never homogeneous), and size (mesh which the mixing rates for salt and temperature differ. refinement) of the numerical problem. Parallel computing provides this capability because problem size is not Predicting Transport of Zebra Mussels restrained by the physical limitations of a single computer. in Rivers and Estuaries Hundreds of processors with their distributed memories C. R. Rehmann,* D. W. Schneider,* D. K. Padilla* can tackle these larger and more complex problems Illinois-Indiana Sea Grant simultaneously. This project is a collaboration with the Geoanalysis Group at Los Alamos National Laboratory. This companion project to a National Sea Grant project The goal is to develop new computational tools for also under way in the department focuses on measuring massively parallel simulation of multicomponent and modeling the detailed physical processes affecting transport. zebra mussel transport in the Illinois and Hudson rivers. The specific goals are to predict the transport and settlement patterns of zebra mussel larvae in rivers and estuaries and to determine the key parameters affecting the establishment of local zebra mussel populations. Key processes that increase the likelihood of local larval
* Denotes principal investigator. 24 Investigation of Pore-Scale Processes have developed applets for one-dimensional and Affecting Soil Vapor Extraction multidimensional transport that include equilibrium and A. J. Valocchi,* C. J. Werth;* A. Webb (Elect. & Comput. nonequilibrium sorption, first-order decay, and sequential Engr.); Y. Chu, H. Yoon, J. Stamerjohn chain decay processes. U.S. Department of Energy, Environmental Science Management Program Research and Development of a Reactive Transport Model for the FEHM Research proposed here aims to elucidate the pore-scale Computer Code processes which limit the removal of dense nonaqueous A. J. Valocchi,* G. Hammond phase liquid (DNAPL) components from the vadose zone. Los Alamos National Laboratory, C84740016-3Y Specific objectives are to determine the effects of unswept zones, retarded vapor phase transport, and interphase mass FEHM is one of several models being used to determine transfer, all as a function of changing moisture and the viability of the Yucca Mountain site for long-term DNAPL content. Researchers propose to use magnetic storage of high-level radioactive waste. The code is very resonance imaging (MRI) to observe and quantify the powerful and flexible and can simulate coupled heat and location and size of individual pores containing DNAPL, mass transport in three-dimensional multiphase systems. water, and vapor in flow-through columns filled with Researchers are making significant enhancements to give model and natural sediments. Imaging results will be used FEHM the capability to simulate general equilibrium or in conjunction with innovative modeling techniques to kinetic reactions among a subset of significant chemical develop spatially and temporally dependent constitutive components. Researchers are then using the enhanced relations which describe the transient distribution of FEHM to simulate the transport of radionuclides at phases inside a column experiment. Yucca Mountain and other DOE sites.
Modeling Nutrient Dynamics in Conjunctive Overland, Soil, Three-Dimensional, Tile-Drained and Tile Flow Model Agricultural Fields B. C. Yen,* Y. Lian A. J. Valocchi,* R. Hudson (Natural Resources Illinois Council on Food and Agricultural Research & Envir. Sci.), D. Hill Illinois Council on Food and Agricultural Research The objective of this project is to develop a field-scale model for simultaneous flows on land surface, in the soil, This is part of a larger modeling effort that couples surface and in farmland tiles. The flow equations used are the and subsurface hydrology with soil biogeochemical process noninertia version of the Saint-Venant equations and the to better understand the fate of nitrogen on agricultural Richards equation. The model is expected to be useful for fields in Illinois. A three-dimensional transport and fate determining nutrient transport from farmlands. model is being developed and tested. The model will be coupled to the hydrology model. The coupled model will Conjunctive Surface-Subsurface be validated by comparison with data sets collected from Flow Modeling ongoing field studies. B. C. Yen,* M. Morita* University of Illinois; Shibaura Institute of Technology, Japan Pollutant Fate and Transport in Groundwater: Web-based Interactive Simulation and In this study, overland surface and groundwater flows are Instruction simulated simultaneously. Previously, one-dimensional A. J. Valocchi,* C. J. Werth,* J. Decker surface flow and two-dimensional subsurface conjunctive University of Illinois, Provost’s Initiative on Teaching numerical models were developed. In the present phase, a Advancement; National Science Foundation conjunctive model of the 2-D overland surface flow and the 3-D subsurface flow in unsaturated and saturated Mathematical modeling provides the framework for porous media is formulated. Several numerical methods integrating transport and fate processes that control the have been evaluated. behavior of pollutants in groundwater and soil systems. However, available software for solving these models is complex and cumbersome. This project develops simple and flexible java applets that enable students to conduct interactive simulations using a Web browser. Researchers
25 * Denotes principal investigator. Geomorphologic Unit Hydrograph Resistance in Open Channels B. C. Yen,* K. T. Lee* B. C. Yen* University of Illinois; National Taiwan Ocean University University of Illinois
The objective of this study is to derive the unit A comprehensive investigation of the hydraulic resistance hydrograph of an ungaged watershed using only a in open channels has been conducted based on the topography map without requiring past records of rainfall dimensional analysis and boundary layer theory. or runoff. This is accomplished through probabilistic and Resistance of uniform channels, composite channels, kinematic wave considerations of the travel time of the compound channels, and alluvial channels is investigated water drops of the unit depth into the watershed through in view of momentum and energy concepts and point, which the geomorphological instantaneous unit cross section, and reach coefficients. Currently, this study hydrograph (GIUH) is established. The linearity is focused on resistance for channels with floodplains. restriction of the traditional UH theory has been removed. The GIUH can be applied to any effective Risk Analysis for Dam Safety Assessment rainfall through convolution to produce the direct B. C. Yen,* H. F. Lin runoff hydrograph. Tjing Ling Industrial Research Institute, Taiwan
Hydraulic Performance Graph for Application of risk and uncertainty analyses as an Channel Capacity Determination alternative for dam safety assessment in Taiwan is pursued. B. C. Yen,* J. A. Gonzalez-Castro, A. R. Schmidt Various methodologies, such as fault-tree and event-tree University of Illinois analyses and first-order and point-estimation techniques, are evaluated. The concept and techniques permit This research develops a new method to determine consideration of all quantifiable contributing factors. open channel flow capacity under backwater effects. In this project, the hydrologic and hydraulic factors are A hydraulic performance graph is first developed analyzed in detail. summarizing the subcritical flow backwater profile conditions for all the feasible upstream and downstream River Floods water levels and discharges. The channel capacity can be B. C. Yen* determined accordingly at the marginal condition of the University of Illinois just-at-bankfull stage without spilling over the bank at the most critical point in the channel. River floods are studied from a risk analysis perspective considering hydrologic, hydraulic, morphological, and Reliability Analysis in Hydrosystems other contributing factors. The investigation has revealed Engineering the confusion and inconsistency of levels of flood B. C. Yen,* Y. K. Tung, Y. Lian protection in current practice, including the 100-year University of Illinois; Hong Kong University of Science flood line, x-year design flood, freeboard, and failure level and Technology of hydroinfrastructures (for example, levees).
This research investigates the possibility of developing, as Sediment Fall Velocity in Oscillating Flow a complement to the conventional hydraulic structure B. C. Yen* design and evaluation methods (which consider only the University of Illinois basic hydrologic risk of return period and frequency analysis), alternative approaches for reliability analysis that The fall velocity of a single solid sphere in a vertically would account for all the hydrologic as well as oscillating fluid field was investigated in order to provide nonhydrologic risks and uncertainties. Among the basic information on sediment behavior in turbulent flows different risk-analysis methods investigated, the first-order in natural water bodies. A survey of relevant existing methods have been applied to the design of sewers, information was conducted. The Basset-Boussinesq-Oseen culverts, levees, dams, and similar structures. equation was improved for simulations. The terminal fall velocity reduction factor is determined as a function of the particle Reynolds number and oscillation parameters. Particle levitation and hovering against gravity could occur with asymmetric fluid oscillations, whereas for symmetric fluid oscillation, the particle will eventually fall, no matter how slowly.
* Denotes principal investigator. 26 Shallow-Water Wave Propagation developing a noninertia hydrodynamic sewer network flow in Open Channels routing model, determining Boneyard Creek drainage B. C. Yen,* W. S. Tsai capacity, identifying drainage bottlenecks, and University of Illinois; National Chao-Tung determining the hydraulic-hydrologic characteristics of University, Taiwan infiltration trenches.
A fundamental study on the unsteady flow equations in open channels is carried out theoretically and numerically. The kinematic wave, noninertia, and Saint-Venant Geotechnical Engineering approximations of the exact moment equations are considered. Demarcation of applicability of these Deformation and Stresses in approximations is sought. Characteristics of shallow water Segmental Tunnel Linings wave propagation for these approximations are analyzed. E. J. Cording,* S. L. Paul,* F. Shalabi The importance of the downstream backwater on the University of Illinois selection of the models is investigated. Stresses and deformation in segmental tunnel linings Theoretically Derived Channel subjected to static ground loads and earthquake ground Flow Rating Curve motions were investigated using 2-D and 3-D finite B. C. Yen,* A. R. Schmidt element analyses (ABAQUS) with lining rings of four or University of Illinois; National Science Foundation, five elastic segments having convex and planar joints in an EAR 00-98835 elastic soil. Ratios of shear stiffness to normal stress between rings were determined from cyclic testing of Rating curve describes the stage (water level) discharge full-scale joints. Moments decrease and deformations relationship of flow in open channels. Presently, rating increase with the increase in flexibility produced by curves are developed from field measurements of stages segment joints. In 3-D analyses, as normal forces increase and velocities of flows in streams worldwide. Such between rings with staggered joints, moments and measurements do not yield single rating curves, instead distortions are closer to those of continuous, they show scattered points. This study aims to develop a non-segmented rings. far less costly and less time-consuming method to derive the rating curve theoretically. The method is based on Gasketed Concrete Segments for Tunnel the application of a new tool, the hydraulic Linings under High Water Pressure performance graph. E. J. Cording,* S. L. Paul,* F. Shalabi Jacobs Associates Unsteady Flow Routing in Open Channels B. C. Yen,* J. A. Gonzalez-Castro Gasketed concrete segments have been investigated for use University of Illinois as linings for deep rock tunnels to limit water inflows under high pressure. Load-deformation, relaxation, and A new robust and numerically less demanding method to water pressure tests were performed on pairs of polymer simulate time-varying flow in rivers and artificial channels gaskets at water pressures up to 4MPa. Water pressure at has been developed. The method couples the continuity leakage was evaluated in terms of initial contact pressures equation with the hydraulic performance graph and between gaskets and volumetric changes as contact hydrodynamically is at the level of quasi-steady dynamic pressures increased. At high pressures, as the gaskets wave simulation. Its accuracy has been found to be almost become confined in their grooves, gasket stiffness comparable with the full dynamic wave simulation. increases, the range of displacement over which the gaskets perform without leakage is reduced, and closer tolerances Urban Drainage between the segments are required. Guidelines have been B. C. Yen,* J. A. Gonzalez-Castro prepared for testing and design of gasket assemblies for University of Illinois high pressure applications.
This is a comprehensive, long-term research program to investigate the hydraulics, hydrology, sediment transport, and optimization of urban stormwater drainage on the land surface as well as in sewers. Current emphasis is on
27 * Denotes principal investigator. Ground Movements and Pore Pressures profiles; results correlate closely with the physical models. Around Tunnels in Soft Clay An advanced soil constitutive model (MIT S1) installed in E. J. Cording,* T. Srisirirojanakorn a three-dimensional finite element code (ABAQUS) McNaly Tunneling; University of Illinois provides realistic ground surface displacements due to adjacent braced excavation. Three-dimensional cases are Four test sections were installed in the path of a tunnel in being run for frame structures and foundations adjacent to a deep deposit of soft-medium Chicago clay. Two were in the excavation. the vicinity of rail lines where membranes were installed to limit drainage from the clay and the other two were Direct Field Calibration for Model Simulations outside the membranes. In two sections, West-bay of Deep Excavations multiport and pneumatic piezometers revealed low initial Y. M. A. Hashash,* J. Ghaboussi pore-pressures in the clay due to bedrock drainage. National Science Foundation Tunnel advance caused immediate ground movements and pore-pressure changes typical of undrained clay behavior. Numerical modeling of geotechnical problems is used Long-term settlements and pore-pressure drops resulting routinely in major construction projects. These models from drainage into the tunnel and consolidation of the and simulations involve nonlinear analysis of staged clay were successfully reduced by the membranes. construction for open-cut excavations, tunnels, slopes, and similar engineered structures. The most important and Stability of Tunnels and Rock Ridges difficult part of these computer simulations is the Adjacent to Quarries representation of the constitutive behavior of the soil E. J. Cording,* Y. Hashash,* M. Ajlouni, S. J. Lee, strata. In this project, researchers will explore a novel, J. M. Oh, J. S. Moon powerful, and systematic method to calibrate the URS Corporation constitutive model of the soil behavior directly from field measurements. This will be accomplished through the use Investigation of the stability of haul tunnels beneath an of autoprogressive method, a neural network based interstate highway as part of the TARP system of the methodology, in the modeling of staged construction for a MWSD of Greater Chicago provided an opportunity to deep braced excavation. investigate the 2-D and 3-D behavior of tunnels and overall stability of the rock ridge beneath the highway. Measured Performance of Excavations Distinct element analyses, both 2-D and 3-D, were and Jacked Tunnels for the Boston Central conducted using UDEC and 3-DEC. Two-dimensional Artery/Tunnel Project evaluations were made of tunnel cross sections and tunnel Y. M. A. Hashash,* E. J. Cording* and ridge cross sections. Three-dimensional analyses were Federal Highway Administration made of the larger ridge and quarry behavior. The analyses distinguished between conditions where stability The Central Artery/Third Harbor Tunnel Project, under problems had developed and where problems were not construction in Boston, Mass., is the largest public works expected. Correlations with field measurements are being project currently under way in the United States. The conducted. project includes placement of the highway underground and involves the construction of deep excavations using Subsurface Construction, Resulting Ground diaphragm walls and the largest jacked tunnels in the Movements, and Protection of the Built world below an operating railway line. This research Environment project will use a vast electronic instrumentation database E. J. Cording,* J. H. Long,* Y. M. A. Hashash,* D. in conjunction with information that will be collected Kuchma,* D. Laefer, B. Ghahreman, M. Son, T. Geilen at significant construction stages to develop an National Science Foundation, INT 97-22877, 97-13854; understanding of the behavior of the diaphragm-wall- Schnabel Foundation Company supported excavation systems and the jacked tunnels for CA/T. Control of building damage due to adjacent excavation is investigated with field case studies, large-scale model tests of braced excavations in soil with adjacent building walls of scaled strength and stiffness, and numerical analyses. Distinct element (UDEC) analyses model each masonry block in bearing walls subjected to ground movement
* Denotes principal investigator. 28 Non-Linear Seismic Site Response The objective is to develop a methodology for of Deep Soil Deposits engineering surcharging operations. Y. M. A. Hashash* National Science Foundation, Mid-America Electrical Treatment of Soils Earthquake Center G. Mesri,* V. Schifano University of Illinois Ground motion simulations well constrained by geological and seismic data are an important resource for assessing Electrical flow of pore fluid and associated electrochemical hazard and designing earthquake-resistant structures, reactions have been used for permanent or temporary especially in urban areas of the central United States, stabilization of soft clay and silt deposits. Important where damaging earthquakes are largely unknown and manifestations are consolidation and associated where many buildings have poor seismic resistance. deformations, improvement of mechanical properties This project includes the development of new, simplified resulting from consolidation and electrochemical 1-D site response analysis techniques to examine the hardening, and favorable porewater flow resulting in an influence of very deep soil deposits in the Mississippi increase in effective stress. Although considerable attention Embayment on ground motion propagation. The results has been directed recently to electrokinetics as a means of of this study will provide valuable information for cleaning contaminated ground, important uncertainties developing seismic risk maps and designing codes remain in relation to electrokinetic processes in soils as appropriate for the region. well as practical details of treatment. The physical and chemical processes are under detailed review and analyses Visualization for Constitutive for developing a formulation for predicting time-rate of Relations in Engineering electrochemical ground modification. Y. M. A. Hashash* National Science Foundation Embankment Stability Following Reservoir Drawdown Material constitutive relations or models are mathematical G. Mesri,* M. Alzoubi representations of the mechanical response of material and National Science Foundation, CMS 95-30464 relate stress and strain states of the material in a three- dimensional space. The relations also include descriptions Embankment dams or dykes may experience undrained of geometric shapes to represent yield and failure surfaces. instability during rapid drawdown of the reservoir. This research explores the use of advanced computer Drainage may not occur in compacted clay of a visualization techniques and graphics to represent these homogeneous embankment or a core upon rapid relations. The visual representation will facilitate the drawdown. Undrained shear strength at yield of the interpretation of three-dimensional states of stress and compacted clay, consolidated under predrawdown shear strain and the influence of a constitutive relation on their stress and effective stress conditions, is required for evolution due to specified loading conditions. stability analysis. Undrained strength may be expressed in terms of post-drawdown effective stress condition and Compressibility and Consolidation of Soils strength parameters (ESSA), or in terms of predrawdown G. Mesri,* T. W. Feng, M. M. Shahien effective stress conditions and undrained shear strength University of Illinois ratios (USSA). Both approaches are being evaluated in laboratory undrained shear tests on saturated compacted This research program is concerned with compressibility clays and by full-scale stability analyses. and consolidation of soft clay and silt deposits. The uniqueness principle of soil compressibility is being Geotechnical Properties of Peat investigated by means of laboratory measurements of G. Mesri,* M. A. Ajlouni consolidation of half-a-meter thick natural soft clay University of Illinois specimens. This principle allows direct application of compressibility information from small-scale laboratory Peatlands constitute 5% to 8% of the world’s land. Peat tests to full-scale field settlement problems. Surcharging of deposits, the remains of plants, have a chemical soft clays, peats, and silts for ground improvement is composition and structure significantly different from another subject of this investigation. Surcharging is used those of inorganic soils. Peat exists at very high water to speed up ground modification and minimize contents and displays very large compressibility. It is no postconstruction deformation damage to structures. longer economical to avoid peat deposits in siting of
29 * Denotes principal investigator. infrastructure, including transportation facilities. horizontal surfaces. In addition to the rise in porewater Innovative engineering requires a fundamental pressure and softening, delayed first-time failure of slopes understanding of peat behavior. Undisturbed samples of in stiff clays and clay shales is caused by propagation of Middleton peat from Wisconsin and James Bay peat from the residual condition into the slope. The residual Quebec are being used in a detailed laboratory study of condition is present on the entire surface of geotechnical characteristics of peat. reactivated landslides.
Granular Soils Improved by Dynamic Methods Secondary Compression of Peat G. Mesri,* B. Vardhanabhuti G. Mesri,* T. D. Stark,* M. A. Ajlouni National Science Foundation, CMS 95-30464 University of Illinois
Geostatic horizontal stress plays a dominant role in Secondary compression is most important in peat deposits ground response to in situ penetration tests that are because they exist at high void ratios and exhibit high frequently specified for the control of granular soil values of compression index Cc, display the highest values improvement by dynamic methods. These include of Cα/Cc among geotechnical materials, and primary densification by impulse loading, such as explosives or consolidation is completed in weeks or months in typical heavy tamping, and by steady vibration such as field situations. Secondary compression of Middleton peat vibrocompaction. Each compaction method produces a was investigated by oedometer tests on undisturbed different history of preshearing resulting in different specimens. The observed secondary compression behavior magnitudes of horizontal stress in densified ground. of this fibrous peat, without or with surcharging, is
Laboratory measurements of horizontal pressure in sand completely in accordance with the Cα/Cc law of specimens that are densified by different impulse or steady compressibility. It is possible to predict settlement of vibration methods are intended for a better interpretation embankments on peat without and with surcharging. The of post-densification penetration resistance. next phase of the research concerns primary consolidation of peat. Long-Term Stability of Stiff Clay Slopes G. Mesri,* M. M. Shahien Seismic Performance of Waterfront University of Illinois Structures G. Mesri,* W. J. Hall,* R. M. Ebeling,* M. Shahein, The stability of stiff clay slopes is time-dependent because O. Asi, B. Vardhanabhuti shear strength may deteriorate from the intact value to the National Science Foundation, Mid-America residual condition. Because it is not readily possible to Earthquake Center specify the dynamics of deterioration in terms of the environmental, hydrologic, and detailed geologic This project investigates the seismic design of river and conditions, a precedent-based approach is used to forecast port facilities in the mid-American transportation instability. The empirical method is constructed using network. The objectives of the research for mid-American back-analyses of failures of cut slopes of known age, waterfront structures are to examine performance during together with interrelationships for intact and residual previous earthquakes, identify the typical design strength. For a stiff clay slope, it is possible to predict a conditions, develop a simplified design procedure, and stable age that may range from less than a year to more develop a fragility relationship for typical mid-American than 200 years. waterfront structures. Researchers also will prepare a brief nontechnical document for port owners and operators to Residual Shear Strength Mobilized alert them to the potential consequences of an earthquake in First-Time Slope Failures in the region. G. Mesri,* M. Shahien University of Illinois Settlement Resulting from Flow of Soil G. Mesri,* M. Smadi In a first-time slope failure, part or all of the slip surface is National Science Foundation, CMS 95-30464 unsheared prior to the occurrence of the landslide. For many of the first-time slope failures, part of the slip Settlement of structures on soft clay deposits results from surface is at the residual condition. For excavated slopes, flow and consolidation of soil. In the latter case, water the residual condition could be present before the final squeezes out from under the structure, whereas in the slope is formed, or it may develop in response to former case, soil squeezes out. Settlement resulting from excavation by progressive deformation along nearly flow of soil depends on the factor of safety against
* Denotes principal investigator. 30 undrained instability. In construction situations where the settlement. Secondary settlement without surcharging is factor of safety is small, an accurate prediction of especially significant when duration of primary settlement resulting from flow of soil is required. consolidation is small and secondary compression index is Field measurements of horizontal deformation of soft large. For any surcharging effort, values of C″α /Cα are clays during construction of embankments and storage larger and values of tℓ/tpr are smaller for peats than for soft facilities are being used to develop a practical procedure clay and silt deposits. In other words, although for computing settlements resulting from flow of soil. surcharging can reduce postconstruction secondary settlement for both clay and peat deposits, surcharging is Settlement of Granular Soils Subjected less effective for peats. to Static or Dynamic Loading G. Mesri,* M. M. Shahien Beneficial Use of Shredded Tires in National Science Foundation, CMS 95-30464 Covering Abandoned Landfills T. D. Stark,* D. E. Daniel,* K. R. Reddy* This research program is developing methodologies for Department of Commerce and Community Affairs settlement analysis of structures on granular soils subjected to repeated loading. Two independent methods based on Approximately 279 million used automobile, truck, and in situ penetration tests are being evaluated using field specialty tires are discarded each year nationwide. The performance records. One empirical method is based on unshredded tires disposed in landfills tend to “float” to the the drive sampler penetration text (DSPT), and the surface, breaking the landfill cover and causing increased second method uses push cone penetration test (PCPT) leachate production that could contaminate groundwater. measurements. Settlements taking place during static or Therefore, many states have banned disposal of whole tires dynamic external loading and those that follow with time in landfills. The objective of this research is to perform a are being evaluated. Variables other than the condition of comprehensive study involving both field and laboratory granular soil and nature of loading include depth of testing and to investigate the feasibility of using shredded foundation and adjacent structures. tires as a drainage material in cover systems for waste containment systems. Soil Improvement by Vertical Drains G. Mesri,* M. M. Shahien, M. A. Ajlouni Guidelines for Geofoam Applications University of Illinois in Embankments T. D. Stark,* J. M. Horvath,* D. Leshchinsky,* The computer program ILLICON-I for settlement and D. Arellano pore water pressure analyses, which is based on a theory of National Cooperative Highway Research Program, 24-11 consolidation developed at the University of Illinois, has been successfully used for designing dykes on highly The main objective of the proposed research is to develop compressible clays and for analyzing case histories of test guidelines for the use of geofoam, an expanded fills on soft ground. Embankment construction on deep polystyrene, as a super-lightweight fill in roadway deposits of highly compressible soils generally requires the embankments and bridge approaches over soft ground. use of vertical drains to speed up the hydrodynamic These guidelines will facilitate the use of geofoam in civil consolidation stage. The new generation of the program, engineering projects by providing engineers with design ILLICON-II, includes all the features of ILLICON-I and procedures, historical data, and durability information. incorporates partially or fully penetrating vertical drains with well-resistance and smear zone. The program is being Importance of Three-dimensional used to analyze case histories of embankments on soft Slope Stability Methods ground with sand or prefabricated drains. T. D. Stark,* D. Arellano National Science Foundation, BCS 93-00043 Surcharging of Soft Ground to Reduce Secondary Settlement The 1988 slope failure at the Kettleman Hills Waste G. Mesri,* M. A. Ajlouni, T. W. Feng, D. O. K. Lo Repository forced engineers to consider 3-D slope stability University of Illinois analyses. However, 3-D slope stability analyses are new and not readily available to practicing engineers or Soft ground can be improved by precompression. government agencies. The main objectives of the research Preloading with a surcharge is required to produce are to develop improved understanding of the accuracy sufficient preconsolidation with respect to the final and applicability of existing 3-D slope stability methods to permanent structure load in order to reduce secondary field conditions; to clarify the parameters or assumptions
31 * Denotes principal investigator. that significantly affect the 3-D factor of safety; and to (plan dimensions 8 m by 15 m and 0.9 m thick) has been identify field situations, if any, where 3-D factors of safety monitored for approximately 8 years. Evaluation of the are less than 2-D factors of safety. This research will lead resulting data provides a unique opportunity to quantify to improved understanding of 3-D effects on 2-D the long-term advection and diffusion of compacted soil back-calculated shear strength parameters and the liners. In addition, excavation and dissection of the soil importance of including 3-D effects in 2-D liner will provide insight to the variability of the effective stability analyses. diffusion coefficient, hydraulic productivity, and effect of compaction on soil micro- and macrofabric. Liquefaction Response of Soils in Mid-America PVC Geomembrane Institute T. D. Stark,* S. M. Olson Technology Program National Science Foundation, Mid-America T. D. Stark,* D. E. Daniel,* K. R. Reddy* Earthquake Center PVC Geomembrane Institute
Liquefaction is one of the most prevalent consequences A technology program was established for the PVC and sources of damage resulting from seismic activity. Geomembrane Institute to develop and disseminate Predictions of the liquefaction potential of loose saturated information on PVC geomembranes. The PGI is a deposits of cohesionless material is an important activity nonproduct, industry-based consortium founded in 1988 in earthquake preparedness in any seismic region. to convey the advantages and disadvantages of PVC This integrated experimental and analytical study seeks geomembranes. The research that is conducted involves to improve the procedures by which liquefaction potential thermal seaming, interface strengths, durability, and of sandy soils in the MAE region is assessed by chemical compatibility. The information dissemination considering the influence of region-dependent factors, involves publishing technical bulletins, reports, and such as the earthquake frequency content and the papers, establishing and maintaining a website, magnitude scaling factors. conducting workshops and short courses, and incorporating the information into existing courses. Liquefaction-induced Permanent Deformations Paleoliquefaction and Paleoseismology T. D. Stark* in Mid-America National Science Foundation, Mid-America T. D. Stark,* S. M. Olson Earthquake Center National Science Foundation, Mid-America Earthquake Center This study will evaluate the mechanisms that lead to liquefaction-induced permanent deformation in soils and Sites that experienced liquefaction and/or lateral spreading embankments, namely liquefaction flow failure and during the 1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes and liquefaction-induced lateral spreading. The study will possibly during prehistoric earthquakes in the New focus on determining procedures to evaluate the shear Madrid seismic zone are being studied to improve the strength of liquefied soils and their deformation paleoearthquake chronology of the region. Geotechnical characteristics from in situ test results. New and existing investigations are being performed at these sites to field case histories and high-quality laboratory test results enhance understanding of the formation of the will be evaluated to study these phenomena and will be liquefaction features and to back-calculate the levels of used to investigate the application of a shear strength ground shaking required to form these features. In ratio to liquefied soils. addition, levels of ground motion inferred from this study will be used to improve ground motion estimates, Long-Term Performance of Compacted earthquake magnitude estimates, and liquefaction hazard Soil Liners maps throughout mid-America. T. D. Stark,* D. E. Daniel,* A. J. Valocchi,* C. J. Werth,* I. G. Krapac* Soil Strength of Liquified Soils Illinois Office of Solid Waste Research, OSWR-11-002 T. D. Stark,* S. M. Olson National Science Foundation, CMS 95-31678 Although compacted soil liners are widely used for waste- containment facilities, there is little information on their A method for estimating the shear strength ratio of long-term performance. A heavily instrumented soil liner liquefied soil using cone penetration test (CPT) results is
* Denotes principal investigator. 32 being developed. The strength ratio from 30 field case histories of liquefaction flow failure and lateral spreading Geothermal Engineering is being used to develop a relationship between equivalent clean sand corrected CPT tip resistance and mobilized Lime Stabilization of Clay Slopes strength ratio. This project also involves convening an G. Mesri,* D. Rydeen,* N. Schwanz,* M. C. Hallman, international workshop to evaluate the state-of-the-art and V. C. Schifano state-of-the-practice of determining the shear strength of U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research, liquefied soil for use in stability and deformation analyses DACW37-98-M-0458 and to identify and prioritize research needs. Stability of levees and banks of the Red River has a Stability of Colluvial Slopes profound influence on land use in adjacent communities. T. D. Stark* Slope movements damage adjacent structures, and during National Science Foundation, CMS-9802615 the spring 1997 flood, overtopping of levees caused catastrophic flooding in North Dakota and Minnesota. This research project will address a number of objectives, Programs are under way to stabilize river banks and including determining the shear strength that is mobilized improve the levee system. One scheme is lime treatment in a colluvial slope using natural and man-made case of river bank clays. Adsorption of calcium hydroxide, histories. Researchers also will investigate the geologic together with formation of calcium silicates and and/or environmental conditions that result in aluminates, may lead to aggregation of clay particles. development of a residual strength; the importance of soil Direct shear testing is being used to investigate a possible plasticity, clay-size fraction, effective normal stress, and so permanent increase in frictional resistance of lime-treated forth on the mobilized shear strength of colluvium; and Brenna and Sherak formations. the importance of strain incompatibility on the development of a residual strength condition in colluvial slopes. Another goal is to develop design recommendations for the construction and expansion of Railroad Engineering natural and man-made slopes founded on colluvium. Affiliated Laboratory for Railroad Engineering Static and Dynamic Geosynthetic C. P. L. Barkan, Director Interface Strengths Association of American Railroads T. D. Stark,* R. Hillman Illinois Office of Solid Waste Research, OSWR-07-001; The AAR Affiliated Laboratory Program is intended to PVC Geomembrane Institute attract faculty and students to work in areas of interest to the railroad engineering profession, assist the railroad The stability of a composite liner or cover system for industry in the solution of technical problems related to landfills and reservoirs is dependent upon the interface the railroad operation and related industries, develop a strength between the various components within the pool of experts familiar with railroad engineering system. This study is developing a test methodology and a problems and assist the industry in the solution of those database of interface strengths for the various interfaces in problems, and develop courses and research programs to a composite system. Torsional ring shear tests, instead of entice highly qualified students to work and study in areas reversal direct shear, are being performed to investigate the related to railroad engineering. Most of these objectives interface strength and its degradation with shear will be accomplished by expanded programs of research displacement. The effects of displacement rate and flexible on engineering problems related to the railroad industry. geomembranes are also being investigated to evaluate the In 2000, this program supported 11 different projects in dynamic interface strength. Case histories are being used the departments of Civil and Environmental Engineering, to estimate the magnitude of the laboratory strength that Electrical and Computer Engineering, General is actually mobilized in the field. Engineering, Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, and the Grainger Engineering Library. A list of AAR Technology Scanning Projects and faculty members follows. More information on these projects may be found by referring to each investigator’s individual listings in departmental sections of the 2001 Summary of Engineering Research. 33 * Denotes principal investigator. • High-Performance Machine Vision System and • Tank Car Design Reliability Algorithm for Monitoring Railcar Health D. Pecknold, H. Sehitoglu (Mech. & Indus. Engr.); N. Ahuja (Elect. & Comput. Engr., Beckman Inst.) C. Barkan (USDOT FRA)
• Railroad Applications of Fiber-Optical Force Sensors RPI-AAR Railroad Tank Car Safety with Optical Time Domain Reflectometry (OTDR) Research and Test Project Technologies C. P. L. Barkan* S. L. Chuang (Elect. & Comput. Eng.) Railway Progress Institute; Association of American Railroads
• Freight Car Truck Rotational Friction The RPI-AAR Tank Car Project has been collecting data T. Conry (Gen. Eng.) on the performance of tank cars in accidents for 30 years • Environmental Fate of Creosote and has developed a database of approximately 35,000 R. Larson (Natural Resources & Environ. Sci.), damaged tank cars. This database records detailed R. Sanford (Civil & Environ. Engr.) information on the accident, the nature of the damage suffered by the tank car, and whether or not there was a • Improved Fatigue-Resistant Design of Thermite release of its contents. It enables detailed statistical Rail Welds analysis of the performance of tank cars in accidents. F. Lawrence (Civil & Environ. Engr.) This has proved invaluable in identifying strengths and weaknesses of various designs and resulted in a number • Fracture Analysis of Broken Rails of safety improvements in tank car design. F. Lawrence (Civil & Environ. Engr.) Risk Analysis of Factors Affecting Railroad • Railroad Engineering Library and Information and Hazardous Materials Transportation Retrieval Service C. P. L. Barkan,* C. T. Dick W. Mischo, M. Schlembach, (Grainger Engr. Library) Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway
• Advanced GPS Algorithms for High-Precision Risk analyses of accidents most likely to lead to serious Monitoring of Rail Position hazardous materials releases are being conducted. D. C. Munson (Elect. & Comput. Engr., Statistical analyses have shown that a fairly small group of Beckman Inst.) causes accounts for a high frequency of the most serious accidents. Broken rail derailments are the most frequent • Broken Rail Monitoring/Detection System Using cause of derailments occurring at high speed and involving Acoustic Sensors a large number of railcars. These characteristics are H. L. M. dos Reis (Gen. Engr.) strongly correlated with the hazardous materials releases. Multivariate statistical techniques are being used to • Wheel/Rail Contact Force Analysis for High understand these relationships and to develop predictive Adhesion Locomotives models that use railway engineering data to predict the H. Sehitoglu, (Mech. & Indus. Engr.) conditions in which a broken rail is most likely to occur.
• Vibration Measurement of Rail Stress Risk Analysis of the Effect of a Mid-America R. Weaver (Theoret. & Appl. Mech.) Earthquake on the Rail Transportation Network Other railroad engineering projects include the following: C. P. L. Barkan,* K. Day National Science Foundation, Mid-America • Railroad Crosstie Accelerated Wear and Durability Earthquake Center Testing, Including Use of Alternative and Recycled Materials Researchers are investigating the extent to which the rail P. Chow (Natural Resources & Environ. Sci.), network, and particularly critical features of the various industry sponsors infrastructure, may be affected by a severe mid-America earthquake. GIS and various databases are being used to • Scheduling, Communications, and Control of Traffic develop probabilistic estimates of the extent of critical Flow with Heterogeneous Vehicle Characteristics infrastructure exposure to various levels of ground J. Medanic (Gen. Engr.); C. Barkan, T. Basar (Elect. & acceleration. This information and knowledge of the Comput. Engr.); R. Benekohal, (NSF) response of the infrastructure should enable researchers to
* Denotes principal investigator. 34 determine how badly the rail network is likely to be Earthquake Performance of damaged. A model evaluating the cost-effectiveness of Unreinforced Masonry Buildings retrofitting railroad bridges for enhanced seismic resistance D. Abrams,* S. Orton compared to the cost of detouring is being developed. National Science Foundation, Mid-America Earthquake Center; U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research
Dynamic response of unreinforced brick masonry Structural Engineering and buildings is being investigated through analysis and Structural Dynamics experimentation on a typical two-story building system consisting of clay-unit masonry shear and bearing walls and flexible floor and roof diaphragms. A half-scale test Mid-America Earthquake Center structure is being subjected to a progression of multi-axial, D. P. Abrams* simulated earthquake motions on the CERL shaking table National Science Foundation, CMS-9701785 to investigate dynamic response patterns as well as the effectiveness of selective retrofit techniques. The headquarters of one of three national earthquake Corresponding computational simulations are done to engineering research centers is at the University of Illinois help discern tendencies in measured dynamic response at Urbana-Champaign. The Mid-America Earthquake and to develop new analysis tools for seismic assessment Center concentrates on reducing potential earthquake and rehabilitation of existing masonry buildings. losses in the central and eastern United States by focusing on identifying local seismic hazards and developing Advancing the Performance-based strategies for retrofit of essential facilities and Seismic Design of Buildings transportation systems. The center includes partners at the M. Aschheim,* I. Cuesta University of Memphis, Washington University, St. Louis National Science Foundation CAREER Award University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Texas A&M University. This work will develop and validate simple techniques for Numerous research projects will be funded through the the performance-based seismic design and rehabilitation of center over a five-year period in the areas of structural and multistory buildings. Design techniques will utilize Yield geotechnical engineering, seismology, social science, urban Point Spectra, a variant of the Capacity Spectrum planning, and economics. Method. Simple graphical techniques for determining combinations of strength and stiffness to achieve arbitrary Performance of Rehabilitated performance objectives will be validated. Various URM Components strategies for addressing higher modes in design will be D. P. Abrams* investigated to determine those for which response National Science Foundation, Mid-America amplitudes are predicted well using a single mode analogy. Earthquake Center Advanced multivariate statistical techniques will be applied to identify mode shapes in the results obtained The project investigates strength, stiffness, and from nonlinear dynamic analyses. Improved techniques deformation capacities of unreinforced masonry walls for estimating peak interstory drifts will be evaluated. retrofitted with different rehabilitation techniques. A laboratory module will be developed for use by the Static load reversal tests on large-scale wall specimens are 22 undergraduate institutions nationwide that are being done to define nonlinear force-deflection behavior acquiring bench-top shaking tables through the NSF and to relate lateral story drifts with specific performance CCLI program. Groups of students will design, build, limit states. The effectiveness of rehabilitation techniques instrument, and test small multistory frames. Data applicable to masonry construction in the eastern and acquired will be postprocessed to identify fundamental central United States will be explored, including response characteristics. The performance of the system as reinforcing, posttensioning, surface coatings, and well as the utility of the design methodology will be shotcrete. Computational models will be developed to assessed. simulate measured behavior and to help extrapolate test results to a wider range of wall types and configurations.
35 * Denotes principal investigator. Analytical Assessment of Seismic Demands Response Modification of Bridges in Untopped Diaphragm Shear Connectors M. Aschheim,* C. Ash M. Aschheim,* N. Hawkins, D. Kuchma, J. Baldwin, National Science Foundation, Mid-America H. J. Lee Earthquake Center Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute This project determines the effects of low temperature on The performance of parking garages in recent earthquakes the mechanical characteristics of elastomeric bearings used has raised questions about the design of the floor in the 10 states that border the seismic zones of New diaphragms. This project assesses the demands placed on Madrid, Missouri, and Charleston, South Carolina. the connectors that are used to interconnect precast, The degree to which the bearings stiffen at low prestressed concrete double-tee girders when subjected to temperatures has a significant effect on the damage simulated earthquake excitation. Techniques for expected in future earthquakes. New details to improve estimating the demands using simple, design-oriented the seismic performance of existing bridges will be procedures will be developed. developed, including a low-profile fuse-type bearing suitable for replacement of existing fixed bearings. Dynamic Tests of Low-Rise Building Systems M. Aschheim,* D. Abrams, D. Simsir Strategies for Displacement-based Design National Science Foundation, Mid-America of Reinforced Concrete Bridges Earthquake Center M. Aschheim,* M. Inel University of Illinois This project investigates nonlinear dynamic response of structural systems typically used for low-rise essential Traditional seismic design practice has been concerned facilities using reduced-scale idealized structures subjected with providing ductility to members deforming to simulated earthquake motions using a shake table. inelastically. Often, this has resulted in columns having Tests will emphasize the dynamic response of flexible relatively large diameters and an increased vulnerability to diaphragms and the interaction of in-plane and shear failure. Ductility capacity, however, is only out-of-plane response of masonry walls. The project is important in its relation to ductility demand, and this can coordinated with other projects of the Mid-America be expressed equivalently in terms of displacement Earthquake Center. Test data will be used to confirm or capacity and demand. This project explores design improve current computational methods for estimating strategies having the objective of achieving sufficient response and will be correlated with results from analytical displacement capacity relative to the corresponding methods prescribed in FEMA 273 to suggest updated displacement demands. guidelines. Utility Software for Dissemination of Evaluation of Elastomeric Bearings Mid-America Earthquake Center Data M. Aschheim,* N. Hawkins,* W. Gamble,* M. Aschheim,* D. Abrams, M. Inel, E. Bretz J. Schwartz, C. Ash National Science Foundation, Mid-America Illinois Transportation Research Council Earthquake Center
The seismic hazard in the central U.S. was recognized The project develops a graphic-user interface to link only recently by the engineering profession. As a result, current and anticipated data and software products to most of the bridges in Illinois were not designed for users of the center’s research data. Catalogs of ground seismic actions. Elastomeric bearings provided to motions, recorded and synthetic ground motions, soil and accommodate thermal movements of the bridge deck may structural materials properties, data obtained in structural have a beneficial role in mitigating the hazard. However, and geotechnical studies, socioeconomic data, inventory the mechanical properties of the bearings are known to be data, and societal response data will be accessed. sensitive to temperature, age, and the chemical The central engine of the software will be a single-degree- formulation of the elastomer. This project characterizes of-freedom nonlinear dynamic analysis program that the mechanical behavior of bearings obtained from contains menus of recorded and synthetic ground motions existing bridges throughout the state under various and libraries of measured and simulated hysteresis temperatures and loading conditions. Simulations of the relations. Interfaces to permit real-time ground motion dynamic response of representative bridges will assess the synthesis, response computation, and searching of potential benefits of the bearings for improving the inventories will be developed. behavior of bridges.
* Denotes principal investigator. 36 Fracture Mechanics in the Ductile-to-Brittle Next Generation Modeling of Damage Transition Region Tolerance for Risk Assessment and R. H. Dodds, Jr.,* J. Petti Mitigation in High-Performance Spaceflight U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, N00167-97-K-0029 Structures R. H. Dodds, Jr.,* G. H. Paulino Large-scale numerical computations are employed to National Aeronautics and Space Administration, couple a micromechanics model for initiation of cleavage Ames Research Center, MS 2313-3 fracture with inelastic deformation at the structural level. Previous efforts along these lines have successfully resolved Verified computational models and simulation software the specimen size and deformation dependence of cleavage for high-performance spaceflight structures will be fracture toughness, Jc, to the lower- to midregion of the developed. Advanced theoretical and computational ductile-to-brittle transition of ferritic materials. models, verified by material and component testing and Experimentally verified models to scale cleavage fracture implemented in modern software for parallel computers, toughness with specimen size, relative crack size, strain provide the needed tools to develop quantitative hardening, and loading mode (tension versus bending) are characterization of damage tolerance. While the new now available. Current efforts focus on extending and models and computational software will have a broad calibrating the Weibull stress model to predict range of applicability, this program adopts two specific temperature and loading rate effects. applications to motivate and focus development efforts. The first is external thermal protection systems. The Fracture of Welded Steel Joints second is critical engine components that show strong R. H. Dodds, Jr.,* C. Matos sensitivity to low-cycle fatigue while operating in highly
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, demanding environments, such as H2 steam. Both of Ames and Langley Research Centers, NAG 2-1126; these systems have ongoing maintenance and key safety University of Illinois concerns for the current space shuttle and future aerospace structures. Welded steel joints in moment-resisting frames have exhibited unexpected brittle fractures during recent Software for Large-Scale, Nonlinear earthquakes in California and Japan. This study applies 3-D Analysis of Solids micromechanical models for cleavage fracture to assess the R. H. Dodds, Jr.,* S. RoyChowdhury, N. Rau, M. Walters significance of residual stresses, material properties, and National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Ames and geometric details of the design on the fracture behavior Langley Research Centers, NAG 2-1126 under both static and dynamic loading. Comparisons with small-scale experiments performed on welded plates WARP3D is a research code for the solution of 3-D solid validate the fracture mechanics models. models subjected to static and impact loads. Specific features in the code oriented toward the investigation of Models for Ductile Crack Growth in ductile fracture in metals include a robust finite strain Thin Aluminum Structures formulation, a general J-integral computation facility R. H. Dodds, Jr.,* S. RoyChowdhury (with inertia and face loading), an element extinction National Aeronautics and Space Administration, facility to model crack growth, nonlinear material models Ames and Langley Research Centers, NAG 2-1126 including viscoplastic effects, and a dilatant plasticity model for void growth. Central features of WARP3D Models to predict extensive amounts of ductile crack involve a linear-preconditioned conjugate gradient growth in thin, 2024-T3 aluminum sheets are being (LPCG) solver implemented in a blocked element-by- developed. Multisite damage at rivet holes in aging aircraft element format and modern sparse matrix solvers for represents a key application of this work, where parallel execution. predictions of remaining strength play a major role in repair decisions. The 3-D numerical models employ a cohesive-volumetric finite element model including large displacement and rotation effects to simulate crack extension. Emphasis is on calibration of model parameters and validation against full-scale tests.
37 * Denotes principal investigator. A Rational Procedure for Determining Analysis of Seismic Retrofit Measures R Factors for Seismic Design of Buildings for Major Bridges D. A. Foutch* J. Ghaboussi,* S. Nam U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research National Science Foundation, Mid-America Earthquake Center; University of Illinois One of the most significant and controversial parameters used for the design of buildings for seismic loads is the Methods of analysis are being developed for seismic Response Modification Factor, R. Although the R value analysis of major river-crossing bridges in the central has a direct impact on the strength of a building, its value United States. Evaluation of seismic behavior of existing for each building system has been assigned in an ad hoc bridges, as well as seismic evaluation of any proposed way without using a rational procedure. The goal of this retrofit measure, will require nonlinear dynamic finite project is to develop a method for assigning R values element analysis. It is especially important for these based on analytical and experimental studies. Analysis long-span structures to include the effects of soil-structure procedures developed for the FEMA-sponsored SAC interaction and multiple support excitation caused by program will be used. seismic waves traveling in the ground. Several methods of soil-structure interaction modeling and analysis will be A Study of Longitudinal Forces developed and their performance will be evaluated. A fully in Railway Viaduct evaluated simplified method of analysis for practical D. A. Foutch* applications will be developed. Association of American Railroads Detection of Hidden Faults in Rails One of the most difficult problems in the design or J. Ghaboussi,* S. Jung evaluation of a railway bridge is determining the Association of American Railroads; Sperry Rail Service magnitude of the longitudinal load that will be transmitted to it through the tractive effort of the Undetected hidden cracks in rails can grow and lead to locomotives as they cross the bridge. Tests of single-span track failure and possibly to costly derailments. bridges demonstrated that the longitudinal forces carried The conventional method of rail inspection is to by the bridge can be 30 times larger than the load used for periodically run detector cars which may use ultrasonic design. This study will consider an 80-span viaduct. detection techniques. The objective of this project is to Experimental and analytical evaluations will be made. use neural networks to aid in the process of detection. Using field measurements, neural networks are trained to Torsional Seismic Response of Structures identify possible hidden flaws from the traces generated D. A. Foutch by the ultrasonic detectors. U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory; University of Illinois Smart Fiber Optics System for Condition Monitoring of Railway Bridges One of the greatest uncertainties concerning calculating J. Ghaboussi,* D. A. Foutch;* S. L. Chuang,* (Elect. & the inelastic response of a building for seismic loads is the Comput. Engr.); J. H. Chou, N. Limsamphancharon torsional response resulting from nonsymmetrical stiffness, National Science Foundation, CMS-9908651 strength, and/or mass. A series of tests of one-story structures will be conducted on the earthquake simulator A remote-sensing bridge condition monitoring system at USACERL. Each structure will have a different using advanced computational intelligence methods and nonsymmetry and will be shaken by biaxial earthquake specially designed fiber optics instrumentation will be motions. This is possible as a result of the recent upgrade developed. The proposed system will address high-speed of the USACERL earthquake simulator. rail safety concerns by continuously monitoring both short- and long-term aspects of bridge health. The first part of the system will allow continuous detection of major damage that would pose an immediate safety hazard and would require closure of the bridge. The second component of the system will be triggered by the approaching train and will monitor the condition of the bridge by using the train itself to perform a load test by using advanced computational intelligence methods.
* Denotes principal investigator. 38 High-Explosive Shock Transmission Seismic Strengthening of Bridge Columns and Shock Spectra N. M. Hawkins,* Q. Zhong W. J. Hall,* G. W. McMahon National Science Foundation, Mid-America U.S. Army Waterways Experiment Station; University Earthquake Center of Illinois Many of the bridge columns built in mid-America in the The objective of this research is to investigate the ground 1960s have inadequate strength lap splices at connections motion effects associated with accidental detonation of between those columns and their foundation beams. munitions stored in underground rock cavities, with During an earthquake, those lap splices are likely to be the emphasis on defining source and wave transmission first, or one of the first, elements of the bridge to fail. parameters. In addition, the response of simple systems This project is exploring cost-effective methods for (shock spectra studies) will be undertaken and will include assessing the vulnerability of such bridge columns and for consideration of nonlinear effects. The goal is to arrive at seismically strengthening their lap splices in order to techniques for estimating “effects” of explosives on civilian reduce the economic losses likely due to disruption of and military systems and for improving design and mid-American transportation networks during a analysis techniques. future earthquake.
Assessment of Remaining Capacity of Shear Strength of Precast Concrete Deteriorated Pretensioned Deck Beam Inverted Tee Beams Bridges N. M. Hawkins,* S. L. Wood,* R. A. Victor N. M. Hawkins,* D. A. Lange,* J. Fuentes Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute Illinois Department of Transportation After the January 17, 1994, Northridge (Calif.) There are more than 1,200 pretensioned deck beam earthquake, it was observed that the ends of several bridges on the Illinois Department of Transportation inverted tee and double tee beams were cracked in shear at inventory of Illinois state highways and an additional locations in which shear cracking was not anticipated. 6,000 such bridges on county inventories. Several of these The partial collapse of some of the precast garages in the bridges in the northern part of the state have shown earthquake has been attributed to the propagation of those unacceptable levels of corrosion deterioration after only cracks. The implications of such failures for the precast about 20 years of service. Procedures that can be used to concrete industry are being explored through a survey of determine the degree of corrosion in existing bridges, the producer practices, a detailed finite-element analysis of rate at which that corrosion is proceeding, and the likely conditions in the end of inverted tee beams, and remaining service life of those bridges are being explored. laboratory testing of such beams.
Precast Concrete Slabs Use of Carbon Composites and Robotic for Airfield Pavements Winding Technology to Upgrade N. M. Hawkins,* E. J. Barenberg,* S. Wattar Weather-Damaged Bridge Columns Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute N. M. Hawkins,* W. L. Gamble Federal Highway Administration; Illinois Department Concrete is the preferred material for most airfield of Transportation; XXsys Technologies pavements. However, rehabilitation of existing concrete pavements at busy airports causes schedule disruptions felt A combined field and laboratory examination is being nationwide. In this project, the feasibility of using precast made of the use of carbon composites and robotic concrete slabs for pavement replacement is being winding technology to upgrade corrosion-damaged bridge examined through the development of a design for a columns in regions where subsequent freeze-thaw typical precast slab and examination of optimum resistance and enhanced seismic performance are construction procedures for supporting and simultaneous considerations. Corrosion-damaged post-tensioning such slabs. Researchers also will columns, simulating columns as repaired in the field, are characterize appropriate details for joints between being reproduced in the laboratory. The corrosion- construction segments. damaged areas of those columns will be removed, the concrete repaired, the columns wrapped with carbon fiber jackets of varying forms, the wrapped columns subjected to multiple freeze-thaw cycles, and the seismic
39 * Denotes principal investigator. performance of the inadequate length lap splices at the often limited by the common practice of reporting only a column bases examined. The performance of the summary of the research results in paper form. laboratory columns will be correlated with that of the The Internet now provides a medium for publishing the field columns at the end of the two-year study period. complete experimental results (including images). A host site is being developed for dissemination of this Web-based Bibliography for information. This site will properly deal with issues Structural Identification of authorship and standardization. K. D. Hjelmstad,* R. Lindenberg University of Illinois Effect of Superstructure Flexibility on Bridge Deck Deterioration Every novice researcher faces the monumental task of D. Kuchma,* N. Hawkins getting a grip on the existing literature. Staying abreast of Portland Cement Association the literature in a field is difficult and time consuming. An ordinary committee assignment to assemble a state-of- Recent field research and observations suggest that the-art report on structural identification led researchers to concrete bridge decks may deteriorate faster when seek a more effective model of such a report that makes supported on steel girders than when supported on use of current Web-based tools. This pilot project aims to concrete (reinforced or prestressed) girders. It is not clear develop an online database of articles on structural if this observation is a result of the materials used in the identification. The database will include self-reporting of girders, the stiffness of the girders, temperature effects, contributions by authors and online reviews by experts in shrinkage effects, or construction practices. This project the field. The database will help to classify and will address these questions through a literature search, characterize contributions (as is done in a traditional state- analytical evaluations, field observations, and a review of of-the-art report or literature survey). inspection records. This is expected to result in improved criteria for the design and construction of more durable Analytical Assessment of Seismic Demands bridge decks. in Untopped Diagram Shear Connectors D. Kuchma, M. Aschheim* Examination of Strut-and-Tie Design Prestressed Concrete Institute Methodologies: Implications on Practice Through the Use of a Computer-based There are several issues regarding the design and behavior Design and Analysis Tool of precast parking structures that require attention. D. Kuchma,* T. Tjhin These include how to design for composite action, the Portland Cement Association role of the topping, the selection and detailing of connectors, as well as the influence of overall geometry There is a complex variation of strain in the portions of a and localized connection behavior on the flow of forces concrete structure that are near a discontinuity, such as an within, into, and out of diaphragm systems. These issues abrupt change in cross-section dimension or a are being addressed through an analytical investigation of concentrated force. These D-discontinuity regions are global and localized behavior. This work is expected to currently designed using empirical relationships that have result in a plan for experimental work that is necessary in been shown to poorly predict capacity. One emerging and order to develop improved design practices. rational procedure for the design of D-regions is to imagine that an internal truss (strut-and-tie model) Earthquake Engineering Experimental supports the applied load and to provide reinforcing steel Research: Development of Standards for to act as the tension members of the truss. A Windows- Data Collection and Data Sharing based computer program is being developed to help D. Kuchma* designers use this method. National Science Foundation, Mid-America Earthquake Center Improved Shear Design Provisions for Structural Concrete Existing models for predicting the strength and behavior D. Kuchma,* K. S. Kim of structures subjected to seismic action are less accurate University of Illinois than desired. Improved models can and are being developed from extensive experimental research programs. The current building code for structural concrete requires Unfortunately, the impact of the experimental work is the designer to consider dozens of empirical and
* Denotes principal investigator. 40 impenetrable relationships in order to determine the Boundary Element Methods for required shear reinforcement to use in a beam. This is an Functionally Graded Materials unsatisfactory situation. In addition, recent research has G. H. Paulino,* A. Sutradhar revealed that these relationships are not conservative, University of Illinois particularly for large or lightly reinforced concrete members. A review of experimental test data is being This work focuses on establishing the conceptual conducted to identify shortcomings in the test data bank framework for applying the boundary element method and to facilitate the development of improved, more (BEM) to functionally graded materials (FGMs). transparent design criteria. Boundary integral methods require a Green’s function (fundamental solution), and thus such methods have been Seismic Performance of Light-Frame limited to homogeneous, or piece-wise homogeneous, Construction materials. To circumvent this limitation, special attention J. M. LaFave,* Y. H. Choi, C. Otahal is given to the derivation of Green’s functions for National Science Foundation, Mid-America exponentially graded materials in heat conduction (steady Earthquake Center state and transient) and elasticity. Both collocation and Galerkin methods are investigated. In particular, the This project investigates the performance of brick veneer Laplace transform Galerkin BEM is explored for transient used in residential light-frame construction. Research heat transfer problems, in which the time-dependence is objectives are to characterize typical design and restored by numerical inversion of the Laplace transform construction of brick veneer systems, as well as to evaluate using the Stehfest’s algorithm. “local” performance of brick-tie-backup subassemblies and “global” performance of complete brick veneer-tie-backup Fracture of Functionally Graded Materials: wall systems. A series of brick-tie-backup subassemblies Modeling, Synthesis, and Experiments are tested to determine strength and stiffness under G. H. Paulino,* J. C. Gibeling, Z. A. Munir monotonic and cyclic loading. Static and dynamic tests of National Science Foundation, CMS 9996378 brick veneer-tie-backup wall systems are also being conducted. Experimental data from the tests are analyzed This project involves an investigation of functionally and used for verification of simple analytical models, and graded materials (FGMs) within a framework that fragility curves for damage limit states are developed. integrates modeling, materials processing, and mechanical properties experiments. Special emphasis is given to the Seismic Performance of Reinforced Concrete influence of compositional distribution functions on the (R/C) Eccentric Beam-Column Connections structural behavior and the mechanics of crack initiation J. M. LaFave,* M. Shin and propagation in FGMs under mechanical and/or University of Illinois thermal loads. The FGM system MOSi2/SiC and Nb/Nb5Si3 are investigated. A novel technique, developed This project investigates the seismic performance of R/C at UC-Davis and known as Field-Activated Combustion beam-column connections where the main beam Synthesis (FACS), is used in the synthesis process. The centerline is at a substantial eccentricity from the column fracture behavior of FGMs with crack faces parallel and centerline. Large-scale R/C eccentric beam-column perpendicular to the property gradient are investigated connection subassemblies (typically including a transverse both experimentally and numerically. beam and slab) are constructed and subjected to cycles of These configurations are analyzed using boundary integral reversing lateral displacements, to a maximum story drift equation (BIE) and finite element techniques, the choice of 6%. Connection damage, relative joint shear and of the technique being dictated by their suitability for the torsion performance, floor slab effects, and stiffness problem at hand. deterioration, all as a function of connection eccentricity, are determined. Design recommendations are Fracture Mechanics of Viscoelastic under development. Functionally Graded Materials G. H. Paulino,* Z. H. Jin University of Illinois
One of the primary application areas of functionally graded materials (FGMs) is high temperature technology. Materials will exhibit creep and stress relaxation behavior
41 * Denotes principal investigator. at high temperatures. Viscoelasticity offers a basis for the approaches tailored for functionally graded materials * study of phenomenological behavior of creep and stress (FGMs). Research includes path-independent J k relaxation. This project focuses on the development of a integral, modified crack closure integral, and displacement fracture mechanics theory for viscoelastic FGMs. correlation. Crack tip singular elements and carefully The correspondence principle is revisited and established designed transition elements emanating from the crack tip for viscoelastic FGMs. The revisited correspondence region are used to ensure accuracy of the methods. principle, together with the existing fracture mechanics The framework described here will serve as the basis for theory of nonhomogeneous materials constitutes the further investigations such as thermal and dynamic framework of viscoelastic fracture theory of FGMs. Stress problems in FGMs. intensity factors for various crack geometries under both traction and displacement conditions will be studied High Order Gradient Theory for Fracture of by means of the revisited correspondence principle Functionally Graded Materials of viscoelasticity. G. H. Paulino,* Z. Dong Campus Research Board, University of Illinois Functionally Graded Material Applications to Advanced Thermal Protection Systems The main objective of this project is to develop an G. H. Paulino,* M. C. Walters anisotropic gradient elasticity theory for fracture of National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Ames functionally graded materials (FGMs). To the best of the Research Center authors’ knowledge, this is the first application of strain-gradient theory to such materials. The theory The complex microstructural features that make accounts for two material constants having dimensions of functionally graded materials (FGMs) different from more length: one responsible for volumetric strain-gradient conventional composite materials also invalidate many terms and another responsible for surface strain gradient aspects of standard solid-mechanics approaches used to terms. This approach allows precise monitoring of the quantify their response to loading. Thus an appropriate crack profile and offers a framework to investigate the material model needs to be developed to capture a broad influence of microstructure on fracture behavior of FGMs range of conditions and to address multiconstituent, (multiscale phenomena). Moreover, this investigation has multiscale, and multiphysics issues inherent to multiphase the potential to shed light on the asymptotic behavior of FGM systems. This investigation involves extension of fracture problems in nonlocal continua. evolving theories for the response of ceramic-ceramic and ceramic-metal FGMs in order to address critically Multiscale Fracture Modeling of important issues for thermal protection system (TPS) Functionally Graded Materials applications, including transient thermal response within G. H. Paulino,* Z. Zhang a three-dimensional (3-D) framework that has material Computational Science and Engineering Program, nonlinearities; damage tolerance under repeated quasi- University of Illinois static loading; and damage tolerance under high-velocity, low-mass impact events (cracking, pitting, and spalling). Rapidly advancing developments in the manufacture of Such information will prove crucial to predicting the ceramic and metal functionally graded materials (FGMs) complex response of FGMs in the manufacturing process have created exciting new possibilities for their application and during service. in large-scale structural systems requiring very high performance. Current examples include advanced thermal Generalized Isoparametric Finite Elements protection systems for new air and spacecrafts and blast for Fracture of Functionally Graded Materials resistant systems of critical structural components. G. H. Paulino,* J. H. Kim The proposed project focuses on developing a verified University of Illinois multiscale numerical procedure for simulating spontaneous crack nucleation, initiation, and propagation Graded finite elements are developed within the in FGMs by means of visualization and parallel framework of a generalized isoparametric formulation. computing techniques. The fracture events will be Such elements possess a spatially varying material property represented by a novel three-dimensional interface element field and are applied to model both isotropic and for FGMs with tractions across the interface that follow a orthotropic materials. Stress intensity factors for mode I nonlinear cohesive model driven by work conjugate and mixed-mode, two-dimensional fracture problems are displacement jumps. developed and compared through three different
* Denotes principal investigator. 42 Transient Thermal Stress Analysis of establish appropriate guidelines for modeling and Cracked Functionally Graded Materials numerical analysis of tubular joints and to carry out a G. H. Paulino,* Z. H. Jin parametric study on the strength of simple uniplanar University of Illinois K-joints under balanced in-plane brace loading.
The knowledge of thermal fracture behavior of Where Has All the Creosote Gone? An functionally graded materials (FGMs) is important in Exploration of PAH Degradation by Microbes order to evaluate their structural integrity. The existing and Sunlight analytical studies in this aspect have been mainly related R. A. Sanford,* J. Holt, H. Howerton, R. Larson to thermal stress intensity factors (TSIFs) for FGMs with University of Illinois Environmental Council; specific material properties. This investigation consists of Railroad Industry a multilayered material model to deal with arbitrary variations of material properties. Mathematical Creosote is an undefined, commonly used wood techniques such as integral transforms and asymptotic preservative. Its main components are polycyclic aromatic analysis are used to obtain an analytical first-order hydrocarbons (PAHs), many of which are known toxins temperature solution for short times, transient thermal with carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. It is known stresses, and TSIFs. An in-house graphical interface that some PAHs can be degraded by microorganisms, and program named TAP (Thermal Analysis Program) is some PAHs can also be degraded photolytically. developed to visualize the analytical results and to help The combined effects of photodegradation and engineers and students to better understand fracture biodegradation, however, have not been determined. behavior. The objectives of this research are to investigate these processes individually and in concert and to show how Estimation of Tank Car Inspection Interval they impact the fate of PAHs in the environment. D. A. Pecknold,* F. V. Lawrence, Jr.,* O. C. Lee Union Tank Car, T99-101
Railway tank cars with stub sills are subject to fatigue System Safety, Reliability, cracking in weldments in the area where the tank is and Design supported on the sill, which may eventually lead to component failure. In this project, a damage tolerance analysis (DTA) methodology is being developed, in Development of Minimum Life Cycle cooperation with other tank car builders and owners and Cost Design Criteria Southwest Research Institute, with the objective of Y. K. Wen,* Y. J. Kang establishing required inspection intervals for stub sill-type National Science Foundation, CMS 95-10243; tank cars. The DTA involves the use of finite-element Campus Research Board stress analyses of the tank cars in conjunction with fracture mechanics-based fatigue crack growth As a large number of the civil constructed facilities in this calculations. country were built in the first half of this century and many are too expensive to replace, the repair-and-retrofit Strength of Simple Joints problem will become more acute. The objective of this D. A. Pecknold,* J. B. Park, C. C. Ha study is to develop design criteria for new and existing Offshore Tubular Joint Research Center; Edison Welding systems based on consideration of life-cycle costs. Institute for the American Petroleum Institute, EDISON The emphasis is on proper modeling of the uncertainty in WELD 97-219 resistance of and loadings on the facilities, costs of failure consequences, and discounting of cost and loss over time. Design formulas for the ultimate static strength of steel The problem is formulated as that of a constrained tubular joints in offshore structures have, since the early minimization problem. The results show that current 1970s, been based primarily on data from large-scale design against winds and earthquake loads are suboptimal. testing programs. Over the last decade, there has been a The design is dominated by the hazard of the largest dramatic increase in the use of nonlinear finite-element uncertainty and the hazard causing highest consequence. analysis as a more economical means of addressing specific The lesser hazards, however, still contribute. static strength issues, particularly in geometrically complex Also, uniform reliability against different hazards is joints. The objective of this phase of the project is to not required.
43 * Denotes principal investigator. Fragility Analysis of Essential tank cars is used. Results obtained so far indicate the Facilities in Mid-America importance of insulation, shelf coupler, head shield, and Y. K. Wen,* S. H. Song, K. W. Liao shell thickness. Effectiveness of these features in reducing National Science Foundation, CMS 97-01785 COOP lading loss probability is also quantified.
Essential facilities (EF) such as hospitals and fire stations Redundancy Factor For Structures are crucial in postearthquake disaster relief. Based on Under Seismic Forces inventories carried out in Memphis, Tenn., St. Louis, Mo., Y. K. Wen,* C. S. Wang, K. W. Liao and Carbondale, Ill., representative EF structural types National Science Foundation, CMS 95-10243, have been identified. Structural modeling and response CMS 97-01785 COOP analysis of these structures with or without retrofit can be carried out under uniform hazard ground motions in the The emphasis of this study is on investigation of a proper form of response spectra or ground motion time histories. redundancy factor for design under seismic load. In The results are used to obtain the probabilistic addition to structural configuration, the randomness of performance curves of the facilities, which allow ground excitation, inelastic structural response behavior, evaluation of the adequacy of the current facilities and uncertainty in structural resistance, and torsional effect are the effectiveness of retrofit by comparing reduction in all considered. The results are compared with NHERP expected loss versus retrofit cost. redundancy factor ρ, which is a function of the structural configuration only. The results obtained thus far Multihazard Approach to indicated that the ρ factor generally produces inconsistent Force-Protection Design results. It overestimates the effect of configuration and Y. K. Wen,* J. Wintz underestimates those of nonlinear dynamic response, 3-D U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory; dynamic motion, and structural ductility capacity. University of Illinois Redundancy of Dual Systems A scoping study is being carried out on current state-of- under Random Dynamic Loads the-art design against blast loads and research necessary Y. K. Wen,* S. H. Song for a risk-based multihazard approach to this problem. National Science Foundation, CMS 95-10243, The current largely deterministic approach based on CMS 97-01785 COOP mechanical analysis and test results for force-protection design is reviewed. The need for a comprehensive The redundancy concept in structural engineering has risk-based multihazard approach to this problem is been used often, but there is also misunderstanding of the identified. Several salient features of future required concept and interpretation when there is uncertainty in research include evaluation of reliability implied in current both loading and structural resistance. The redundancy load combination against blast loads; development of under static loads in terms of reliability has been statistical and probabilistic models for quantification of investigated extensively by researchers in the past. the large uncertainty of blast loads; and development of Redundancy under random dynamic loads, such as necessary simple design format to include such loads in seismic forces, has not been fully understood. This study current design procedure. concentrates on reliability and redundancy of dual systems under stochastic loadings. The results show that, contrary Multivariate Regression Analysis to common belief, the structural configuration (for of Tank Car Lading Loss example, the number of shear walls) is not the most Y. K. Wen,* D. G. Simpson,* Y. J. Kang, L. Fu important contributing factor to structural redundancy. Association of American Railway; Sims Engineers The nonlinear, 3-D response and ductility capacity play a more important role. A multivariate regression analysis is being carried out to establish the relationship between probabilities of railway tank car lading loss and sources of loss as a function of tank car attributes and track type. The results will provide a basis for car manufacturers, railway regulators, and commercial shippers to make better evaluation of future tank car performance and quantitative risk assessment. A database of accident records in the last 30 years of 6,000
* Denotes principal investigator. 44 development of alternative mechanistic-based design Transportation Facilities systems for the economical and reliable design of new and Systems pavements and overlay design for existing pavements. These pavements will be constructed with a wide variety of paving materials (traditional and/or new) and layer Center for Excellence for Airport configurations/arrangements; will include new design Technology features (such as improved load transfer devices in B. J. Dempsey,* Director; E. J. Barenberg,* Assoc. concrete pavements); and will accommodate a broad range Director; M. R. Thompson,* Assoc. Director of aircraft loadings. Numerous publications have been Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 95-C-001 prepared from COE research activities since it was established in 1995. Many of the publications can be The Federal Aviation Administration established an Air obtained from the COE website at Transportation Center of Excellence (COE) for Airport http://uiairpave.ce.uiuc.edu. Pavement Research in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Illinois at Analysis of Data from the Denver Urbana-Champaign on April 12, 1995. Northwestern International Airport University is a cooperative partner in the research E. J. Barenberg,* J. Roesler,* E. Tutumluer,* D. Rufino program. In March 2001, the COE was given a new title Federal Aviation Administration, Center of Excellence for of Center of Excellence for Airport Technology. Airport Pavements The universities have developed a strong working partnership with the FAA in providing new technologies Instruments installed in pavement sections at the Denver for airport facilities. An experienced research team has International Airport (DIA) have been collecting data been assembled for conducting basic research in airport since 1995. Currently several gigabits of data have been technology, including modeling of airport pavement collected on the behavior of these pavements under structures, constitutive behavior of pavement materials, climatic and aircraft loading. The objective of this study material characterizations, and wildlife hazard abatement is to organize these data into usable formats, to compare and systems. the pavement responses indicated by these instruments The COE has completed research in 13 project areas with theoretical predictions, and to evaluate the changes (11 projects at the U of I and 2 at NU) relating to in pavement behavior over time. Information obtained pavement structural modeling, materials, subgrades and from these studies is critical to the development of base courses, nondestructive evaluation, design, and improved and more economical pavement design management. procedures for the new generation aircraft such as the Eight COE projects are presently in progress and Boeing 777 and Airbus 380. include Analysis of Pavement Responses at Denver International Airport, Analysis of NAPTF Pavement Development of Signal Coordination Response Data, Materials Testing and Evaluation for the Models for Congested Networks NAPTF, Modifications to NIKE3D for Pavement Analysis, R. F. Benekohal,* G. Abu-Lebdeh Fatigue Resistance of Airport Concrete Pavements, Reflective Federal Highway Administration (Eisenhower Fellowship) Crack Mitigation for Bituminous Overlays on Airfield Pavements, Wildlife Hazard Abatement Systems, and This study investigates the current signal coordination Graduate COE Minority Summer Research Program with procedures and develops a methodology for handling NC A&T. Most of the COE project summaries can be coordination of congested intersections. The current signal found within this report. coordination models rely primarily on delay as the New technology from the studies is being coupled with measure of effectiveness. However, the delay model used existing Best Demonstrated Available Technology (BDAT) in these procedures is not developed for congested to support the development of pavement designs adequate conditions, thus the coordination plans are not very for accommodating the new generation of larger aircraft accurate or effective. Other measures of effectiveness are such as the Boeing 777-300 and Airbus 380. The new examined to optimize traffic flow through a congested COE technology and BDAT are being provided to the network of intersections. FAA for supporting/enhancing/refining its recently developed LEDFAA pavement design procedure. As activities progress, the center is providing information to (and cooperating with) FAA staff to support the
45 * Denotes principal investigator. Enhancements to IDOT Traffic Interconnected Rail−Highway Intersection Management Algorithms Signal System Simulator R. F. Benekohal,* A. Butzek, M. Girianni R. F. Benekohal,* R. Morocoima Illinois Department of Transportation Partnership Illinois Funds; University of Illinois
The IDOT maintains travel time information obtained This project will provide hands-on education and training from its traffic sensors for freeway segments in the opportunities on the use of complex railroad-highway northeast Illinois region. These are used to inform interconnect signal systems. A simulation model for an motorists of expected travel times by way of radio and interconnected rail-highway intersection signal system television station traffic reports, World Wide Web traffic simulator (IRISSS) will be developed. It will be used to maps, and changeable message signs. This research is to educate and train municipal and state officials on safe and incorporate travel time information taken from electronic effective use of these systems. IRISSS not only will be an toll collection records to give the IDOT complete travel educational tool, but also will be used to showcase the time information for all tollways in addition to freeways potential for future partnerships with private and public in northeast Illinois. Algorithms are being designed, agencies. calibrated, and validated to provide estimates of tollway segment travel times based on real-time toll transaction Modeling Platooning and Headway information. Characteristics of Vehicles R. F. Benekohal,* S. Sadeghhosseini Evaluation of Automatic Vehicle University of Illinois Identification in a Weigh-in-Motion System for CVO This study examines the platooning and headway R. F. Benekohal,* J. Barnett, Y. El-Zohairy, C. Tirums characteristics of vehicles at different traffic volumes. Illinois Department of Transportation Models for platoon size distributions are developed, and the relationships between platoon size and platoon This study evaluates the performance of an automatic headway are studied. Spacing, speed, and safe following vehicle identification (AVI) and a high-speed weigh-in- distances are determined, and potential safety impact of motion (WIM) system to preclear trucks around the each is examined. A significant portion of vehicles platoon weigh stations. This project includes the following studies: even at relatively low-volume conditions. Understanding travel time and flow interruption, overall performance of the platooning characteristics of vehicles would help to the system, an opinion survey, comparison of WIM and utilize the ITS technologies that would increase the traffic static scales data, and traffic safety and accidents around throughput and improve traffic safety. weigh stations. The AVI system will be installed on commercial vehicles, and the WIM will be at the mainline Multilevel Analysis of Highway Accidents speed of vehicles. R. F. Benekohal,* E. Shim University of Illinois Evaluation of Pilot Study of Advisory On-Board Vehicle Warning Systems at The objectives of this study are to conduct multilevel Railroad Grade Crossings analyses of highway traffic accidents. The relationships R. F. Benekohal,* E. Forrler, M. Aycin between accident frequency and geometry, traffic Illinois Department of Transportation composition, and capacity of highways are examined. Accident data are grouped into different levels, and This study will evaluate the effectiveness of advisory correlations among different levels and variables are on-board vehicle warning systems at five railroad grade examined. Furthermore, longitudinal and cross-sectional crossings. Approximately 300 commercial vehicles will be analyses are made to determine the temporal and spatial outfitted with the on-board system. The vehicles will be effects of variables on accidents. provided with supplementary on-board warning messages to advise them of a train approaching or occupying the Platooning Effects on Delay at Signalized crossings. Four opinion surveys will be conducted with Intersections drivers before the modality is switched. Emphasis will be R. F. Benekohal,* Y. El-Zohairy placed on the reaction/perception of drivers to the University of Illinois information provided and how well drivers understood the information. The system reliability and effectiveness will This study is developing delay models that directly also be determined. consider the platooning characteristics of vehicles at
* Denotes principal investigator. 46 signalized intersections. The Highway Capacity Manual airfield pavements. The primary objectives of this project (HCM) delay models use an adjustment factor to account are to evaluate current design procedures utilizing the for the platooning effects. The 94 HCM uses a delay powerful 3-D nonlinear finite element analysis technique adjustment factor, DF, that can increase the uniform delay and realistic material models and to make by 256% or reduce it by more than 70%. The new recommendations toward the feasibility of incorporating models eliminate the need for applying delay adjustment such a tool in future design procedures. The present factors. Delay models are developed that consider the scope of the work is focused on the analysis of flexible platooning characteristics as a part of the model (asphaltic) overlays placed on either flexible or rigid bases. derivation. The effects of platoon size and platoon density are formulated on the intersection delay. Development of a Hollow-Cylinder Tensile Tester for Asphalt Mixtures Technology Transfer Models for W. G. Buttlar,* J. M. Bauer FAA Center of Excellence Test Quip, Inc.; Pine Instrument Company R. F. Benekohal,* F. Colemen III,* E. Shim Federal Aviation Administration, Center of Excellence for The Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) was a Airport Pavement Research $50-million research effort that led to the development of performance-based tests and prediction models for the The project will develop a framework for airport design of asphaltic paving mixtures. However, there are pavement technology transfer. The primary objectives of many obstacles standing in the path of full this study are identifying, reviewing, and evaluating the implementation of the new methodologies, particularly most current, emerging, and new technology transfer the cost and complexity of the new test devices. techniques appropriate for the Center of Excellence, A hollow-cylinder tensile test device is being developed to recommending viable options to the FAA for serve as a low-cost, easy-to-operate device for the control accomplishing the technology transfer, and preparing at of low-temperature cracking of asphalt pavements. least one demonstration package to illustrate the most Viscoelastic and fracture-related properties of standard viable option(s). A website is being developed and is laboratory cylinders will be determined at low and expected to become an integral component of an ongoing intermediate temperatures using the new device. technology transfer mechanism for the center. Evaluation of Potential Applications Traffic Flow Simulation Models for of End-Result and Performance-related Unsignalized Intersections Specifications R. F. Benekohal,* M. F. Aycin W. G. Buttlar,* S. Aref, X. He, A. Manik, Z. You University of Illinois Illinois Department of Transportation
Traffic flow characteristics at unsignalized intersections The primary objective of this study is to provide support influenced by the adjacent signalized intersections are to IDOT in the development of End-Result Specifications modeled. The flow behavior at the microscopic level is for asphalt concrete paving. This is being accomplished studied and mathematical models are developed to through demonstration projects, data analysis using describe it. Car-following models are developed for the statistical principles and simulations (ILLISIM), and signalized and unsignalized intersections. A computer laboratory testing. New testing devices to support the program has been written and debugged. Calibration and new specifications are also under investigation. model validation are in progress. Effects of platooning on Fundamental materials testing and field performance delay at unsignalized intersections will be studied using monitoring are being conducted to support future this model. development of performance-related specifications.
Analysis of Flexible Overlay Systems Rehabilitation Alternatives for for Airport Pavements Runway 18-36 at Rantoul, Ill. W. G. Buttlar,* J. Bauer, D. Sherman W. G. Buttlar,* S. H. Carpenter, B. J. Dempsey, Federal Aviation Administration, Center of Excellence M. R. Thompson, S. M. Smith for Airport Pavements Illinois Division of Aeronautics
The Federal Aviation Administration is in the process of The National Aviation Center (NAC) at Rantoul, Ill., was developing advanced tools for the design and analysis of originally constructed as part of the Chanute Air Force
47 * Denotes principal investigator. Base during the World War II era. The condition of the Compaction Characteristics of 60-year-old concrete runways and taxiways is generally Hot Mix Asphalt Concrete very poor. Under these conditions, maintenance costs are S. H. Carpenter,* W. R. Vavrik high (sweeping of FOD and other activities) and Caterpillar Inc. serviceability levels are low (smoothness, safety, and so forth). A demonstration project is under way to evaluate The characterization of deformation properties of hot mix several strategies for the mitigation of reflective cracking at asphalt concrete at temperatures and void levels GAA pavements, including rubblization, the use of an representative of those encountered during paving have Interlayer Stress Absorbing Composite (ISAC), and saw not been identified in a manner that would provide for and seal. Sensors were installed in the pavement during optimization of construction equipment. With the new construction to monitor deflections, strains, and Superpave mixtures, the operation of pavers and rollers is temperature as a function of traffic and even more crucial to attaining proper density prior to environmental loads. opening to traffic. This project will conduct specific stress path testing at air void levels up to 15% and temperature The Greater Peoria Regional Airport regimes up to 136 degrees C to characterize the Demonstration Project deformation properties of one typical hot mix asphalt W. G. Buttlar,* S. Carpenter, J. Bauer, D. Sherman, concrete mixture and to demonstrate equipment J. Kim capabilities and data quality. Illinois Division of Aeronautics; Federal Aviation Administration, Center of Excellence for Airport Technology Developmental Work on Cold Patching Mixtures The Illinois Department of Transportation/Division of S. H. Carpenter,* L. Diaz Aeronautics, FAA Center of Excellence for Airport Gas Technology Institute Pavement Research, Crawford, Murphy, and Tilly, Inc. (CM&T), and representatives from the Greater Peoria This is a laboratory investigation into the performance of Regional Airport have developed a partnership to design, proprietary cold mix patching products used by the gas build, and monitor innovative pavement design and utilities. This project will establish quality levels and rehabilitation strategies for Taxiway E at PIA. The project identify tests which can indicate the required quality in will showcase innovative materials, such as high-strength the laboratory and in the field, allowing construction geotextile interlayers, polymer-modified asphalt binders, crews to test their finished patch before leaving the and gyratory compactor-based mixture designs for the construction site. purpose of extending the service life of bituminous pavements used by heavy aircraft. Highway Problems: Illinois Cooperative Highway and Transportation Research Characterization of Asphalt Concrete Program for Airport Pavement Design S. H. Carpenter* S. H. Carpenter,* K. Ghuzlan Illinois Department of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration, Center of Excellence for Airport Pavement Research Four separate projects were included in the Illinois Cooperative Highway Research Program in 2000. They New aircraft are producing loading conditions that have range in subject from the development of an aggregate not been present before. This project will examine the image analyzer to concrete column rehabilitation. impact of these new loading conditions on the performance and characterization of the asphalt concrete Materials Characterization for the National to develop appropriate testing methodology for use in new Airport Pavement Testing Facility pavement design methodologies. Beam fatigue evaluations S. H. Carpenter,* E. Tutumluer,* K. Ghuzlan, U. Seyhan will illustrate the effect of the load pulse duration and Federal Aviation Administration Center of Excellence for shape on the fatigue life of asphalt concrete, which may Airport Pavement Research change for different pavement structures. Viscoelastic characterization will be required to account for the Provide testing for materials utilized in the construction duration of the load pulses for stiffness determinations. of the pavements undergoing full-scale testing at the Constitutive testing technology developed for asphalt Federal Aviation Administration’s full-scale testing facility. concrete in highway applications will be evaluated for The testing for response variables and performance adaptation to airport conditions. characteristics will be used to interpret observed
* Denotes principal investigator. 48 performance of test sections under full-scale aircraft Wildlife Strike Risk to Airframes and Engines loadings to improve existing pavement design procedures. P. Chen,* H. Hsing Federal Aviation Administration SHRP Asphalt Testing for Performance-related Specifications The objective of this research is to provide analysis S. H. Carpenter,* W. Vavrik, N. Mannel, S. Behrman support to the development of a risk-based assessment Illinois Department of Transportation model for wildlife hazards at airports. This includes the construction of 3-D spatial airspace fragility, simulation of The Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) has the impact on flight operations and safety, and forecast of developed a new sequence of tests and specifications for various aspects of the aviation industry. The product of asphalt cements and mixes to enhance the ability of this project will be used to support Federal Aviation specifications to provide a level of service in the Administration ANM rule-making requirements. constructed pavement. These new procedures require the use of new equipment and methods not normally used in Four-Quadrant Gate Safety Analysis the transportation industry. The objectives of this study F. Coleman, III,* M. Chitturi are to install the new equipment, perform shakedown Federal Railroad Administration; U.S. Department of testing to establish operational characteristics, and then Transportation perform characterization testing of typical Illinois materials. This will include evaluating the suitability of A stochastic simulation model incorporating human asphalt cements and mixtures currently available to factors, vehicle kinematics, vehicular volumes, and train determine if modification will be required to satisfy the operations has been formulated to determine four- new Superpave specifications for Illinois climate, traffic, quadrant gate operation values. This model will be and materials. modified to incorporate adverse weather conditions and driver decision-making into the four-quadrant gate Airport/Airline Simulation Integration in simulation model. Wildlife Hazard Abatement System P. Chen,* H. Hsing, D. Sun Performance and Design of Separated Federal Aviation Administration (Unbonded) Overlays M. Darter (ERES), J. Roesler,* L. Khazanovich (ERES), The objective of this research is to facilitate a virtual E. Kohler airport environment for the development and deployment Innovative Pavement Research Foundation of FAA’s Wildlife Hazard Abatement System (WHAS). A special-purpose simulation-assignment model, The majority of highway work over the next decade will AirLiniSim, will be used for the integration of the various be rehabilitating the existing pavement infrastructure. sub-models in WHAS. This research is conducted in One viable option for rehabilitation of both existing support of a continuing FAA program of research and concrete and asphalt pavements are separated or development directed to airport safety technologies. unbonded concrete overlays. A mechanistic-empirical design procedure for separated concrete overlays will be Earthquake Vulnerability developed during this project along with recommended of Air Transport System construction guidelines. Laboratory testing will also be P. Chen,* N. Guo, H. Hsing, D. Sun conducted to obtain material properties for separated National Science Foundation, Mid-America concrete overlays for input into finite element analysis. Earthquake Center Accelerated Pavement Loading System The goal of this project is to assess the impact of a major B. J. Dempsey* earthquake in the mid-America region on the nation’s air Illinois Department of Transportation transport system. This includes analyses of potential damage to airport infrastructure, impact on airport airside This research program is funded at $1.72 million and operations, the network effect on airlines’ flight schedules includes the design-build of a unique Accelerated as well as the resulting trip delays and cancellations. Pavement Loading System (APLS) and development of a Both direct damage losses and indirect economic impacts full-scale pavement testing site at the Advanced will be estimated. A case study of the impact of the Transportation Research and Engineering Laboratory Nisqually earthquake on Seattle-Tacoma and Boeing Field (ATREL). The APLS is unique in that it can be used to airports will be conducted. study accelerated loading effects on highway pavements,
49 * Denotes principal investigator. airport pavements, and railroad tracks. The APLS can mixed methods have been used to cure locking in apply rolling loads ranging up to 80,000 pounds and at a bending-dominated problems in three dimension solids. speed up to 10 miles per hour. Site development at Nonlinear flexibility methods have been recently proposed ATREL is nearing completion and the APLS is expected to accurately capture inelastic response of beam-type to be delivered in October 2001. structures (such as found in plastic hinge regions). This project aims to find a consistent variational structure Performance Evaluation of Longitudinal for nonlinear flexibility methods and to assess the relative Pipe Underdrains merits of mixed versus displacement-based finite elements. B. J. Dempsey,* J. S. Stein Illinois Department of Transportation Effects of Traffic Signal Coordination on Accident Rates This project relates to the evaluation of the design F. Coleman III,* K. Venkataraman, A. Chong procedures presently being used by the Illinois Illinois Department of Transportation; Illinois Transportation Department of Transportation for longitudinal pipe Research Center underdrains. The program objectives are focused on the development of guidelines and recommendations for Signal coordination on higher volume roadways is a improved pavement underdrain performance and cost practice instituted to allow more efficient traffic savings. Progress to date has included the study of three movement on major streets. This has led to changes in different subdrainage systems that were proposed for driver behavior on the major and minor streets and affects design consideration. These subdrainage systems were the ability of pedestrians to cross streets safely. Preliminary tested in the laboratory at full scale. Based on these tests, analysis of accidents suggests a change in number and recommendations for improved subdrainage design and types of accidents related to driver and/or pedestrian construction are being made to the Illinois Department behavior on roadways with signal coordination. of Transportation. This research will explore and identify if there is a correlation between signal coordination and a change in Cyclic Plasticity Models for Low-cycle accident patterns along major corridors. Fatigue Analysis K. D. Hjelmstad,* R. H. Dodds,* K. Bergeron Human Factors and Hardware Reliability National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Analysis of a Vehicle-arresting Barrier (VAB) NAG 8-1751 at Proposed High-Speed Passenger Train At-Grade Crossings High performance structures (such as space shuttle main F. Coleman III,* M. Chitturi, D. D. Moses, K. engines) are often vulnerable to low-cycle fatigue (on the Venkataraman order of 104 cycles at intensities higher than would be Illinois Department of Transportation; Federal Railroad typically associated with high-cycle fatigue). In this project Administration; U.S. Department of Transportation researchers intend to model low-cycle fatigue using computational fracture mechanics tools. One of the key Guidelines prepared by the Federal Railroad features required to solve this problem is a model that Administration (FRA) for high-speed passenger trains that accurately captures the cyclic plasticity of the background are expected to travel at speeds between 110 mph and material. This project aims to develop and implement 125 mph require that at-grade crossings be blocked from better cyclic metal plasticity models in the context of vehicle entry. The FRA has accepted a proposal from the continuum inelasticity. Illinois Department of Transportation to test a vehicle-arresting barrier at three sites along the proposed Mixed Methods and Nonlinear Flexibility high-speed passenger train corridor. The objective is to Methods for Structural Analysis fully document the demonstration of this new technology K. D. Hjelmstad,* E. Taciroglu and to determine the operating requirements necessary Department of Energy, Center for Simulations of for successful implementation. Advanced Rockets
Displacement-based finite element formulations can perform poorly on certain types of problems. Mixed (variational) methods have been used to improve the performance of low-order finite elements. For example,
* Denotes principal investigator. 50 High Performance Concrete for fatigue properties of field concrete pavements in Transportation Structures California and the performance of several design options, D. Lange,* J. Roesler,* M. D’ambrosia, C. Park such as widened lanes, tied concrete shoulders, and Illinois Department of Transportation doweled transverse joints. Accelerated pavement testing of the sections has been completed on 24 test sections. High Performance Concrete (HPC) offers compelling Analyses of the results will be conducted to compile a advantages for transportation structures such as bridge concrete fatigue equation for California rigid pavements. decks and substructures. HPC has high strength to better The effects of temperature and moisture curling on the resist applied load, low permeability to better protect load response of concrete pavement will be studied. reinforcing steel from corrosion, improved durability to A performance model will also be developed to relate load extend the service life of the surface and structure, and level and repetitions to the joint deterioration of plain and lower life-cycle cost for many applications. Laboratory doweled transverse joints. material characterization of the early-age creep and shrinkage properties of HPC is being conducted for Characterization and Design of Aggregate several mixes used by IDOT. HPC field projects are being Interlock Joints in Concrete Pavements instrumented and monitored for their performance. Using Surface Roughness Measurements Data analysis is being completed to interpret the behavior J. Roesler,* P. Chupanit of field HPC relative to the material properties University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Paul measured in the laboratory. Kent Fellowship
Accelerated Pavement Testing of The behavior of aggregate interlock joint systems in PCC Continuously Reinforced Concrete pavements is being studied. The monotonic and cyclic Pavement Sections shear behavior of the joint is being quantified through the J. Roesler* use of the joint’s surface roughness characteristic. Illinois Department of Transportation The surface roughness of the concrete joint is being characterized by a 2-D laser profilometer, which represents With the increase in traffic loading and repetitions, the 3-D contours of the joint surface. Scale invariant agencies are requiring longer design lives for their new parameters are being developed to relate surface roughness pavement designs. The Illinois Department of to the joint performance and concrete mix design variables Transportation is interested in designing and constructing such as the compressive strength, aggregate type, hardness, extended-life concrete pavements with 40-year service and gradation. lives. This study will design, instrument, and construct continuously reinforced concrete pavement sections at the Fatigue Resistance of Advanced Transportation, Research, and Engineering Airport Concrete Pavements Laboratory in Rantoul, Ill. These sections will allow for J. Roesler,* P. Littleton monitoring and analyzing of early-age cracking in Federal Aviation Administration continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP). A new accelerated pavement loading system (APLS), With the introduction of the Boeing 777 aircraft for which can simulate 40 years of traffic in several months, commercial service, the FAA has been exploring what will load and fail the test sections. The full-scale testing effects this aircraft has on existing design procedures and data will allow for better understanding of the failure of pavement performance. Laboratory slab fatigue testing is CRCP sections and for extrapolation to new extended-life under way to determine the fatigue resistance of airport CRCP sections on highway systems in Illinois. concrete pavements to the tridem gear, present on the B-777 aircraft. A more fundamental understanding of Analysis of HVS Rigid Pavement Response concrete slab fatigue is also being researched to assist in Data from Palmdale, Calif. applying fatigue algorithms in design. J. Roesler,* S. Rao University of California–Berkeley (Pavement Research Center)
A full-scale concrete pavement test section was constructed on State Route 14 in Los Angeles County. The purpose of this test section was to determine the
51 * Denotes principal investigator. Longitudinal Cracking Investigation on pass. The project consists of repetitively loading of Continuously Reinforced Concrete full-scale concrete slabs in a specially constructed Pavements loading frame. J. Roesler,* G. Ulreich Illinois Department of Transportation Analyses of National Airport Pavement Test Facility (NAPTF) Response Data Over the past five years, IDOT has been experiencing M. R. Thompson,* E. J. Barenberg,* B. J. Dempsey, significant longitudinal cracking on several continuously C. Rao, F. Gomez, H. Ceylan, K. Gopalakrishnan reinforced concrete pavements (CRCP). The cause of the Federal Aviation Administration, Center of Excellence for cracking has not been determined, and it is becoming Airport Pavement Research severe enough that rehabilitation of the affected sections needs to be programmed. Field investigations are under Flexible and rigid pavement test sections have been way to determine the cause and extent of the longitudinal constructed at the NAPTF (FAA William J. Hughes cracking. Once the cause of the problem is identified, Technical Center, Atlantic City, N.J.). Extensive proposed solutions will be developed to rehabilitate these instrumentation has been installed in the pavement affected sections and to eliminate this distress from sections. Materials/soils/mixture design and construction occurring on newly constructed CRCP sections. control (materials, soils, compaction, and such) data are available. Additional soils/materials testing and Mechanistic-Empirical Rigid Pavement characterization data will be developed. Full-scale aircraft Design Procedure for Caltrans gear (duals, dual-tandem, and dual-tridems) and Heavy- J. Roesler,* J. Hiller Weight-Deflectometer load-induced pavement responses University of California–Berkeley (Pavement (stresses, strains, and deflections) will be analyzed using Research Center) several pavement structural analysis programs. The study will serve to evaluate the veracity of the analysis programs California has more climatic and material type variations and provide insight concerning their modification and than any other state in the United States. The proposed improvement. AASHTO 2002 Pavement Design Guide does not cover the majority of distresses occurring on Caltrans rigid Mechanistic Design Implementation pavement systems. Research has begun to develop a and Monitoring supplemental concrete pavement design guide, which M. R. Thompson,* E. J. Barenberg,* I. Kim predicts fatigue cracking at transverse joints. Illinois Department of Transportation The transverse joint fatigue algorithm will allow for design of a concrete pavement at any location in Mechanistic-based thickness design concepts and California, given a set of input parameters such as traffic, procedures for rigid and flexible pavements were material properties, and slab geometry. An existing finite developed by the University of Illinois in previous element program is being used to calculate the critical IDOT-sponsored projects. IDOT implementation pavement responses and reduce the complexity of activities are completed for jointed concrete and full-depth problems due to the wide range of conditions asphalt concrete (AC) pavements. Implementation in California. activities for continuously reinforced concrete, conventional flexible (AC granular base), and AC Fatigue Resistance of high-strength stabilized base pavements are in progress. Airport Concrete Pavements Selected rigid and flexible pavements are being monitored J. R. Roesler,* P. Littleton to develop data for future refinements and/or Center of Excellence for Airport Technology modifications to the mechanistic-based procedures. This project is to provide technical support to IDOT and This research will address resistance of concrete slabs to to cooperate with IDOT in implementation and fatigue cracking. The major areas that will be addressed in monitoring activities associated with the mechanistic- this research project are the effects of different load pulses based design of flexible and rigid pavements. (tridem versus single wheel gears) and slab thickness on the fatigue behavior of concrete slabs and the initial moisture and temperature curling strains and deflections in the concrete, prior to loading. The main objective of the fatigue testing is to determine how to count the number of fatigue cycle contributions for a tridem gear
* Denotes principal investigator. 52 Upgrade Subgrade Stability Manual Structural Evaluation of Unbound Aggregate M. R. Thompson,* E. Tutumluer* Bases to Support the 2002 AASHTO Design Illinois Department of Transportation Guide Development E. Tutumluer,* F. J. Chou The current IDOT Subgrade Stability Manual was Aggregates Foundation for Technology, Research, and implemented in 1982. Some new and improved Education technologies in the areas of subgrade strength evaluation, soil and materials testing, pavement structural evaluation With increasing demands being placed on highways and design, and subgrade remedial procedures through the heavier and increasing number of loads, it is (particularly in the use of geotextiles and geocomposites) critical that researchers better characterize the unbound have been developed since that time. The sponsor has aggregates component of the highway by incorporating requested that the MANUAL be reviewed and upgraded recent advances in characterization. This research is to incorporate the Best Demonstrated Available primarily aimed at enhancing the understanding of actual Technology (BDAT). anisotropic, stress-path dependent behavior of unbound aggregate bases and developing better characterization of Evaluation of Granular Material the excellent compressive characteristics of the high- Quality for Pavement use quality aggregates for proper representation in the newly E. Tutumluer,* I. T. Kim developed AASHTO 2002 Design Guide. The research U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Applied Research Associates; activities will be conducted in collaboration with project Indiana Department of Transportation investigators at the International Center for Aggregates Research (ICAR). This research is primarily aimed at evaluating unbound and stabilized pavement granular materials for quality and Video Analysis of Aggregates potential performance in highway and airport pavement E. Tutumluer,* C. Rao, J. Stefanski use obtained from laboratory testing using an innovative Federal Highway Administration test device called University of Illinois FastCell. A new test procedure enables determination of the vertical and Aggregate particle shape, size, and gradation can impact horizontal deformation behavior of laboratory samples the performance of asphalt concrete (AC) pavements. under extreme compression and extension field stress The Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) has conditions and establishes anisotropic modular (horizontal developed a set of consensus properties to identify proper to vertical) ratios. These ratios are then conveniently aggregates for AC mix designs. The efforts in this project related to performance indicators, such as shear strength are mainly focused on comparing results of different video and rutting potential of the materials in the field, and imaging systems for flat and elongated particles, coarse used to develop material specifications. aggregate angularity, and gradation. Both the precision and accuracy of results for each property are studied. Laboratory Determination of Anisotropic The project has also facilitated the development of a new Properties of Granular Materials image analysis system, the University of Illinois Aggregate E. Tutumluer,* U. Seyhan Image Analyzer, for automating the determination of the University of Illinois aforementioned high-priority aggregate properties.
Unbound aggregates essentially of a particulate nature are Laboratory Evaluation of Anisotropic extensively used in the unstabilized bases and subbases of Properties of Fiber-stabilized Sands flexible highway and airport pavements. These granular E. Tutumuluer,* U. Seyhan, I. T. Kim layers loaded under anisotropic conditions typically U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment exhibit a directional dependency of material properties. Station As the material stiffens, the deformability decreases with a higher modulus attained in the vertical loading direction. This research aims at evaluating anisotropic properties of A new repeated load triaxial testing device, named fiber-stabilized sands as obtained from University of FastCell, has been custom-designed to independently Illinois FastCell triaxial testing. The strength and pulse either vertical or radial loading/confining pressures. modulus characteristics of just sand, fiber-stabilized sand, Anisotropic properties of aggregates are determined in the and fiber-stabilized sand and soil mixtures will be laboratory from the measured vertical and radial specimen evaluated. Reinforcement mechanisms will be identified deformations. Significant improvements are achieved in by investigating the effects of different types of fibers on material characterization of aggregates. horizontal and vertical moduli. Because the material is
53 * Denotes principal investigator. better confined when fibers are present, horizontal Pade, C., and L. J. Struble. Kinetics and microstructural modulus is expected to become higher, thus resulting in changes associated with mortar expansion. Cement Concr. an increase in the anisotropic horizontal-to-vertical Aggreg., 22:1, 55-62 (2000). modular ratios. The results will be used to better characterize and model fiber-stabilized layers in flexible Shin, H. C. and D. A. Lange. Early Age Behavior of pavement systems. Bonded Concrete Overlays Due to Shrinkage and Thermal Changes. Federal Aviation Administration Center of Excellence Technical Report No. 13 (Apr. 2000).
Journals and Books Struble, L. J. and C. Pade. Proposed new test procedure for alkali-silica reaction of hydraulic cement. Cement Construction Management Concr. Aggreg., 22:1, 48-54 (2000).
Feng, C., L. Y. Liu, and S. Burns. Stochastic construction Earthquake Engineering time-cost trade-off analysis for construction projects. J. Comput. Civ. Eng. (Apr. 2000). Abrams, D. P. Seismic response evaluation for URM Soibelman, L. and F. Pena-Mora. A distributed buildings. J. Mason. Soc., 18:1 (2000). multi-reasoning mechanism to support the conceptual phase of structural design. J. Struct. Eng., 126:6, 733-742 Araki, Y. and K. D. Hjelmstad. Criteria for dynamic (2000). collapse of elastoplastic structural systems. Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 29:8, 1177-1198 (2000).
Construction Materials Environmental Engineering and
Altoubat, S.A. and D. A. Lange. Early Age Stresses and Science in Civil Engineering Creep-Shrinkage Interactions of Restrained Concrete. Federal Aviation Administration Center of Excellence Alm, E. W., D. Zheng, and L. Raskin. The presence of Technical Report No. 14 (April 2000). humic substances and DNA in RNA extracts affects quantitative hybridization results. Appl. Environ. Basheer, P. A. M., L. Basheer, D. A. Lange, and Microbiol., 66:10, 4547-4554 (2000). A. E. Long. Role of Thresholding to Determine Size of Interfacial Transition Zone in High-Performance Anderson, T. L., S. J. Masonis, D. S. Covert, R. J. Concrete. American Concrete Institute Special Publication, Charlson, and M. J. Rood. In-situ measurement of the SP-189 (2000). aerosol extinction-to-backscatter ratio at a polluted, continental site. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 105, Jennings, V. A., A. Werner, C. W. Park, and D. A. Lange. 26907-26915 (2000). The role of water transport between brick and mortar. TMS J., 18:2 (2000). Angenent, L. T., D. Zheng, S. Sung, and L. Raskin. Methanosaeta fibers in anaerobic migrating blanket Katz, A., A. R. Brough, R. J. Kirkpatrick, L. J. Struble, reactors. Water Sci. Technol., 41:4-5, 35-39 (2000). and J. F. Young. Effect of solution concentration on the properties of cementitious grout wasteform for low-level Campos, C., B. J. Marinas, V. L. Snoeyink, I. Baudin, and nuclear waste. J. Nucl. Technol., 129:2, 236-245 (2000). J. M. Laine. Adsorption of organic compounds in powdered activated carbon-membrane filtration Lange, D. A., N. Rau, B. Bicer, and H. C. Shin. Early systems—part I: model development. J. Environ. Eng., Age Cracking of Concrete Bonded Overlays for Airport 125:2, 97-103 (2000). Pavement. Report to the Illinois Department of Transportation (May 2000).
54 Campos, C., B. J. Marinas, V. L. Snoeyink, I. Baudin, and Fernandez, A. S., S. A. Hashsham, S. L. Dollhopf, L. J. M. Laine. Adsorption of organic compounds in Raskin, O. Glagoleva, F. B. Dazzo, R. F. Hickey, C. S. powdered activated carbon-membrane filtration Criddle, and J. M. Tiedje. Flexible community structure systems—part II: model applications. J. Environ. Eng., correlates with stable community function in 126:2, 104-111 (2000). methanogenic bioreactor communities perturbed by glucose. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 66:9, 4058-4067 Campos, C., B. J. Marinas, V. L. Snoeyink, I. Baudin, and (2000). J. M. Laine. PAC-membrane filtration process I: model development. J. Environ. Eng., 126:2, 97 (2000). Hristova, K., D. Zheng, M. Mau, R. Aminov, R. Mackie, H. R. Gaskins, and L. Raskin. Desulfotomaculum Campos, C., B. J. Marinas, V. L. Snoeyink, I. Baudin, and genus- and group-specific small-subunit rRNA J. M. Laine. PAC-membrane filtration process II: model hybridization probes for environmental studies. application. J. Environ. Eng., 126:2, 104 (Feb. 2000). Environ. Microbiol., 2:2, 143-159 (2000).
Campos, C., V. L. Snoeyink, B. J. Marinas, I. Baudin, and Kargalioglu, Y., B. J. McMillan, R. A. Minear, and J. M. Laine. Atrazine removal by powdered activated M. J. Plewa. A new assessment of the cytotoxicity and carbon in floc blanket reactors. Water Res., 34:16, genotoxicity of drinking water disinfection by-products, 4070-4080 (2000). pp. 16-27. In Natural Organic Matter and Disinfection By-Products: Characterization and Control. National Center Campos, C., L. J. Schimmoler, B. J. Marinas, V. L. for Environmental Research, U.S. EPA, Washington, D.C. Snoeyink, I. Baudin, and J. M. Laine. Adding PAC to (2000). remove DOC. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 92:8, 84 (2000). Kargalioglu, Y., E. D. Wagner, S. Richardson, R. A. Campos, C., L. J. Schimmoller, B. J. Marinas, V. L. Minear, and M. J. Plewa. Mammalian cell genotoxicity of Snoeyink, I. Baudin, and J. M. Laine. Application of drinking water disinfection by-products using single cell powdered activated carbon to a floc blanket reactor— gel electrophoresis. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 35:35, ultrafiltration system for the removal of dissolved Supp. 31 (2000). organic carbon. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 92:8, 69-83 (2000). Kirisits, M. J., V. L. Snoeyink, and J. C. Kruithof. The reduction of bromate by granular activated carbon. Carrico, C. M., M. J. Rood, J. A. Ogren, C. Neusüβ, Water Res., 34:17, 42-50 (2000). A. Wiedensohler, and J. Heintzenberg. Aerosol optical properties at Sagres, Portugal during ACE 2. Tellus, 52B, Kosegi, J. M., B. S. Minsker, and D. E. Dougherty. 694-715 (2000). A feasibility study of thermal in situ bioremediation of dense nonaqueous phase liquids. J. Environ. Eng., 126:7, Driedger, A. M., J. L. Rennecker, and B. J. Marinas. 601-610 (2000). Sequential inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts with ozone and free chlorine. Water Res., 34:14, Kramer, T. A. and M. M. Clark. Incorporation of 3591-3597 (2000). aggregate breakup in the simulation of orthokinetic coagulation. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 216, 116-126 (1999). Echigo, S., R. A. Minear, and H. Yamada. Ultra-low bromate detection in drinking water: a post-column Kramer, T. A. and M. M. Clark. Modeling orthokinetic derivatization method without anion suppressors for coagulation in spatially varying laminar flow. J. Colloid bromate analysis, pp. 316-329. In Natural Organic Interface Sci., 227, 251-261 (2000). Matter and Disinfection By-Products: Characterization and Control. National Center for Environmental Research, U.S. Lordgooei, M., M. J. Rood, and M. Rostam-Abadi. EPA, Washington, D.C. (2000). Modeling effective diffusivity of volatile organic compounds in activated carbon fiber. Environ Sci. Echigo, S., X. Zhang, R. A. Minear, and M. J. Plewa. Technol., 34, 613-619 (2000). Differentiation of TOBr and TOCI in TOX measurement, pp. 330-342. In Natural Organic Matter Morgenroth, E. and P.A. Wilderer. Influence of and Disinfection By-Products: Characterization and Control. detachment mechanisms on competition in biofilms. National Center for Environmental Research., U.S. EPA, Water Resourc., 34:2, 417-426 (2000). Washington, D.C. (2000).
55 Morgenroth, E., H. Eberl, and M. C. M. van Loosdrecht. Rennecker, J. L., A. M. Driedger, S. A. Rubin, and Evaluating 3-D and 1-D mathematical models for mass B. J. Marinas. Synergy in sequential inactivation of transport in heterogeneous biofilms. Water Sci. Technol., Cryptosporidium parvum with ozone/free chlorine and 41:4-5, 347-356 (2000). ozone/monochloramine. Water Res., 34:17, 4121-4130 (2000). Morgenroth, E., M. C. M. van Loosdrecht, and O. Wanner. Biofilm models for the practitioner. Rockne, K. J., J. C. Chee-Sanford, R. A. Sanford, B. P. Water Sci. Technol., 41:41-5, 509-512 (2000). Hedlund, J. T. Staley, and S. E. Strand. Anaerobic naphthalene degradation by microbial pure cultures Oerther, D. B., J. Pernthaler, A. Schramm, R. Amann, under nitrate-reducing conditions. Appl. Environ. and L. Raskin. Monitoring the in situ growth rate of Microbiol., 66, 1595-1601 (2000). Acinetobacter spp. in activated sludge wastewater treatment systems using oligonucleotide probes targeting Ruffell, K. M., J. L. Rennecker, and B. J. Marinas. small subunit precursor-ρRNA. Appl. Environ. Inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts with Microbiol., 66:5, 2154-2165 (2000). chlorine dioxide. Water Res., 34:3, 868-876 (2000).
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Qi, S., K. J. Hay, M. J. Rood, and M. P. Cal. Carbon Snoeyink, V. L., C. Campos, and B. J. Marinas. fiber adsorption using quantitative structure-activity Design and performance of powdered activated relationship. J. Environ. Eng., 126:9, 865-868 (2000). carbon/ultrafiltration systems. Water Sci. Technol., 42:12, 1-10 (2000). Qi, S., K. J. Hay, M. J. Rood, and M. Cal. Equilibrium and heat of adsorption for water vapor and activated Sun, B., J. R. Cole, R. A. Sanford, and J. M. Tiedje. carbon. J. Environ. Eng., 126:3, 267-271 (2000). Isolation and characterization of Desulfovibrio dechloracetivorans sp. nov., a marine dechlorinating Quinn, P. K., T. S. Bates, T. L. Miller, D. J. Coffman, bacterium growing by coupling the oxidation of acetate J. E. Johnson, J. M. Harris, J. A. Ogren, G. Forbes, to the reductive dechlorination of 2-chlorophenol. T. L. Anderson, D. S. Covert, and M. J. Rood. Subsurface Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 66, 2408-2413 (2000). submicron aerosol chemical composition: what fraction is not sulfate? J. Geophys. Res., 105:D5, 6785-6805 Vankerk, D. D., R. A. Minear and M. J. Plewa. (2000). Comparative cytotoxicity of drinking water disinfection by-products in mammalian and bacterial cells. Environ. Reed, P., B. S. Minsker, and D. E. Goldberg. Designing a Mol. Mutagen., 35:63, Supp. 31 (2000). competent simple genetic algorithm for search and optimization. Water Resour. Res., 36:12, 3757-3761 Zhang, X., S. Echigo, R. A. Minear and M. J. Plewa. (2000). Characterization and comparison of disinfection by-products from using four major disinfectants, Reed, P., B. S. Minsker, and A. J. Valocchi. Cost-effective pp. 299-314. In Natural Organic Matter and Disinfection long-term groundwater monitoring design using a By-Products: Characterization and Control. National Center genetic algorithm and global mass interpolation. for Environmental Research, U.S. EPA, Washington, D.C. Water Resour. Res., 36:12, 3731-3734 (2000). (2000).
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56 Robinson, B., H. Viswanathan, and A. J. Valocchi. Environmental Hydrology and Efficient numerical techniques for modeling Hydraulic Engineering multicomponent groundwater transport based upon simultaneous solution of strongly coupled subsets of chemical components. Adv. Water Resour., 23:4, 307-324 Admiraal, D. and M. H. Garcia. Entrainment response of (2000). bed sediment to time-varying flows. Water Resourc. Res., 36:1, 335-348 (2000). Shih, L. H., J. R. Koseff, J. H. Ferziger, and C. R. Rehmann. Scaling and parameterization of stratified Admiraal, D. and M. H. Garcia. Laboratory homogeneous turbulent shear flow. J. Fluid Mech., 412, measurements of suspended sediment concentration 1-20 (2000). using an acoustic concentration profiler (ACP). Exp. Fluids, 28, 116-227 (2000). Tebes-Stevens, C. and A. J. Valocchi. Calculation of reaction parameter sensitivity coefficients in Huang, X. and M. H. Garcia. Pollution of gravel multicomponent subsurface transport models. spawning grounds by deposition of suspended sediment. Adv. Water Resour., 23:6, 591-611 (2000). J. Environ. Eng., 126:10, 963-967 (2000). Yen, B. C. and J. A. Gonzalez-Castro. Open-channel Kaleita, A. L. and P. Kumar. AVHRR estimates of surface capacity determination using hydraulic performance temperature during SGP97. J. Geophys. Resourc., graph. J. Hydraul. Eng., 126:2, 112-122 (2000). 105(D20), 20791-20802 (2000). Yen, B. C. et al. Risk Analysis and Uncertainty in Flood Koster, R. D., M. J. Suarez, A. Ducharne, M. Stieglitz, Damage Reduction Studies. National Academy Press, and P. Kumar. A catchment-based approach for modeling Washington, D.C., 202 pp. (2000). land-surface processes in a GCM, part 2—parameter estimation and model demonstration. J. Geophys. Res., 105(D20), 24823-24838 (2000). Geotechnical Engineering Morita, M. and B. C. Yen. Numerical methods for conjunctive 2-D surface and 3-D subsurface flow model. Stark, T. D. and G. N. Richardson. Flexible Int. J. Numer. Methods Fluids, 32:8, 921-957 (2000). geomembrane interface strengths. Geotech. Fabrics Rep., 18:3, 22-26 (Apr. 2000). Morita, M. and B. C. Yen. Study on interaction between surface and subsurface flows using conjunctive flow Stark, T. D., H. T. Eid, W. D. Evans, and P. Sherry. model, pp. 265-270. In Groundwater Updates (Sato and Municipal solid waste landfill slope failure I: foundation Iwasa, eds.), Springer-Verlag, Tokyo, Japan (2000). and waste properties. J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 126:5, 397-407 (May 2000). Nino, Y., F. Lopez, I. Hillmer, C. Pirard, and M. H. Garcia. Numerical modeling of wind-induced turbulent Stark, T. D., H. T. Eid, W. D. Evans, and P. Sherry. mixing processes in stratified water bodies (in Spanish). Municipal solid waste landfill slope failure II: stability Hydraul. Eng. Mex., XV:1, 13-25 (2000). analyses. J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 126:5, 408-419 (May 2000). Parsons, J. D. and M. H. Garcia. Particle scavenging due to double-diffusive convection. J. Sediment. Res., 70:1, Stark, T. D., S. M. Olson, W. H. Walton, and G. Castro. 47-52 (2000). 1907 static liquefaction flow failure of the North Dike of Wachusett Dam. J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 126:12, Rehmann, C. R. and T. F. Duda. Diapycnal diffusivity 1184-1193 (Dec. 2000). inferred from scalar microstructure measurements near the New England shelf/slope front. J. Phys. Oceanog., 30, 1354-1371 (2000).
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59 dos Reis, H. L. M. and A. K. Habboub. Evaluation/ Characterization of Airport Pavements Using the Papers Presented at Impact-Echo and Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves, COE Report No. 12, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Ill. Conferences and (Jan. 2000). Symposia El-Zohairy, Y. M., and R. F. Benekohal. Evaluation of Expected Accident Frequency Formula for Rail-Highway Crossings. Report No. ITRC FR 98-2, Illinois Transporta- Construction Management tion Research Center (Sep. 2000).
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60 Soibelman, L. and H. J. Kim. Generating construction Balberg, M., M. Mau, D. Frigon, K. Hristova, H. C. knowledge with knowledge discovery in databases. 8th Zeringue, D. Brady, D. Beebe, and L. Raskin. Multi-color Int. Conf. on Computing in Civil and Building fluorescence detection of ribosomal RNA in Engineering (VIII-ICCCBE) (Stanford, Calif., Aug. 2000) micro-channels (abstract). SPIE BiOS 2000, Int. Symp. (2000). on Biomedical Optics (San Jose, Calif., Jan. 2000) (2000).
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Artan, N., P. A. Wilderer, D. Orhon, E. Morgenroth, and Dillner, A. and S. M. Larson. Radiative effects of a rural N. Ozgur. Application of sequencing batch reactor midwestern aerosol. American Association for Aerosol systems for nutrient removal—the state of the art. 2nd Research, 19th Ann. Conf. (St. Louis, Mo., Nov. 2000) Int. Symp. on Sequencing Batch Reactor Technology (2000). (Narbonne, France, Jul. 10-12, 2000) (2000). Dunahee, N. K. and B. J. Marinas. Mechanisms Balberg, M., K. Hristove, D. J. Brady, D. J. Beebe, and contributing to pathogen survival in drinking water L. Raskin. Optical detection of molecular beacons in distribution systems. Proc. 2000 American Water Works microfluidic devices. 1st Int. IEEE EMBS Special Topic Association Water Quality Technology Conf. (Salt Lake Conf. on Microtechnology in Medicine and Biology City, Utah, Nov. 5-9, 2000) (2000). (Lyon, France, Oct. 12-14, 2000) (2000). Echigo, S., R. A. Minear, H. Yamada, and P. E. Jackson. Balberg, M., K. Hristova, H. C. Zeringue, D. J. Brady, A study comparing three post-column reaction methods D. J. Beebe, and L. Raskin. Microfluidic devices for for bromate analysis in drinking water. Int. Ion detecting hybridization of molecular beacons in solution Chromatography Symp. 2000 (Nice, France, Sep., 11-14, (abstract). BioMEMS and Biomedical Nanotechnology 2000) (2000). World 2000 Conf. (Columbus, Ohio, Sep. 23-26, 2000) (2000).
61 Echigo, S., X. Zhang, H. Lei, M. Smith, and R. A. Kim, J. H., M. A. Urban, S. Echigo, R. A. Minear, and Minear. Optimizing control strategies for disinfection B. J. Marinas. Integrated control of Cryptosporidium by-products for small water supplies using ozone as an parvum oocysts and bromate in ozone contactors. alternative disinfection process. 220th American 1st World Cong. of the International Water Association Chemical Society, Division of Environmental Chemistry (Paris, France, Jul. 3-7, 2000) (2000). (Washington, D.C., Aug. 20-24, 2000) (2000). Kim, J. H., M. Urban, S. Echigo, R. A. Minear, and Echigo, S., X. Zhang, H. Lei, M. Smith, and R. A. B. J. Marinas. Optimization of bromate formation and Minear. Ozone disinfection by-products from different Cryptosporidium control in drinking water. Proc. 2000 water sources and different molecular size fractions. 23rd American Water Works Association Inorganics Workshop Ann. Midwest Environmental Chemistry Workshop (Albuquerque, New Mex., Feb. 27-29, 2000) (2000). (Kalamazoo, Mich., Oct. 7-8, 2000) (2000). Kirisits, M. J., V. L. Snoeyink, H. Inan, J. C. Chee- Frigon, D., L. Angenent, and L. Raskin. Filamentous Sanford, L. Raskin, and J. C. Brown. Effect of water bacteria growth in upflow anaerobic sludge blanket quality on bromate reduction in BAC filters. Proc. reactors at high-loading rates (abstract). 100th American American Water Works Association Ann. Conf. Society of Microbiology Gen. Mtg. (Los Angeles, Calif., (Denver, Colo., Jun. 11-15, 2000) (2000). May 21-25, 2000) (2000). Kus, P., K. E. Winter, M. J. Rood, D. S. Covert, and Herricks, E. E. An ecological design paradigm for J. A. Ogren. Ambient aerosol optical properties at a watershed management. Int. Workshop on Watershed midwestern USA site: closure for measured and modeled Management in the 21st Century (Taipei, Taiwan, May light scattering coefficients. 93rd Ann. Air and Waste 30-31, 2000) (2000). Management Association (Salt Lake City, Utah, Jun. 2000) (2000). Holt, J. F., H. Howerton, R. Larson, and R. Sanford. Where has all the creosote gone? An exploration of PAH Larson, M. A. and B. J. Marinas. Comparing the degradation by microbes and sunlight. 100th American inactivation kinetics of Bacillus subtilis spores and Society of Microbiology Gen. Mtg. (Los Angeles, Calif., Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts with ozone and May 21-25, 2000) (2000). monochloramine. Proc. 2000 American Water Works Association Water Quality Technology Conf. (Salt Lake Hristove, K., M. Balberg, D. Frigon, M. Mau, D. Brady, City, Utah, Nov. 5-9, 2000) (2000). D. Beebe, and L. Raskin. Quantification of rRNA with molecular beacons in microfluidic channels (abstract). Lee, Y., C. Combe, M. Kumar, Y. Wang, R. Riley, and M. 100th American Society of Microbiology Gen. Mtg. M. Clark. Characterization and fouling of SPEES/PES- (Los Angeles, Calif., May 21-25, 2000) (2000). PS UF membranes. 11th Ann. Mtg. of the North American Membrane Society (Boulder, Colo., May 23-27, Hsi, H. C., M. Rostam-Abadi, M. J. Rood, S. Chen, and 2000) (2000). R. Chang. Preparation of sulfur-impregnated activated carbon fiber clothes (ACFCs) for removal of mercury Lei, H., R. A. Minear, and B. J. Marinas. Formation of vapor from simulated combustion flue gases. 93rd Ann. CNBr in 03/NH2Cl sequential disinfection. 220th Air and Waste Management Association (Salt Lake City, American Chemical Society, Division of Environmental Utah, Jun. 2000) (2000). Chemistry (Washington, D.C., Aug. 20-24, 2000) (2000).
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R. Sanford. The effects of periodic flooding on a soil HCHO with NH2Br and the decomposition of NH2Br. contaminated with heavy metals. American Geophysical 23rd Ann. Midwest Environmental Chemistry Workshop Union Fall Mtg. (San Francisco, Calif., 2000) (2000). (Kalamazoo, Mich., Oct. 7-8, 2000) (2000).
Kim, J., M. Urban, S. Echigo, R. A. Minear, and B. J. Leung, K. Y. and R. A. Sanford. An assessment of natural Marinas. Bromate formation and Cryptosporidium chlorinated compounds and anaerobic dechlorination parvum disinfection during ozone treatment of natural activity in regional river sediments. Ann. Mtg. of the waters. Proc. 2000 American Water Works Association American Society for Microbiology (Los Angeles, Calif., Water Quality Technology Conf. (Salt Lake City, Utah, 2000) (2000). Nov. 5-9, 2000) (2000).
62 Liang, S., J. H. Min, and V. L. Snoeyink. Biological Morgenroth, E. Opportunities for nutrient recovery in reduction of perchlorate and bromate at low handling of animal residuals. WEF Conf. on Animal concentrations in an activated carbon filter after the Residuals Management (Kansas City, Mo., Nov. 12-14, ozonation process. Proc. American Water Works 2000) (2000). Association Ann. Conf. (Denver, Colo., Jun. 12-16, 2000) (2000). Morgenroth, E. and P. Harremoes. Hydrolysis of very large organic particles: how do bacteria chew their food? Liu, Y., B. S. Minsker, and F. Saied. Multiscale 3rd Bio to Bio Network Mtg. (Paris, France, Jun. 2000) computational techniques for optimal groundwater (2000). in-situ bioremediation design. Proc. XIII Int. Conf. on Computational Methods in Water Resources (Calgary, Najm, I. N., T. Gillogly, G. L. Amy, R. A. Minear, Alta., 2000) (2000). B. J. Marinas, R. Andrews, and J. P. Croue. Bromate formation and control during ozonation of low bromide Liu, Y., B. S. Minsker, and F. Saied. Spatial multiscale waters. 2000 AWWA Ann. Conf. and Expo. (Denver, techniques for groundwater management modeling. Colo., Jun. 11-15, 2000) (2000). Proc. ASCE Water Resources Planning and Management and Water Resources Engineering Joint Conf. Oh, S., J. Kim, N. Adrian, L. Raskin, and R. Sanford. (Minneapolis, Minn., 2000) (2000). The impact of TNT loading on microbial community structure in an anaerobic fluidized-bed bioreactor Lytle, D. A. and V. L. Snoeyink. The effect of water designed to treat pink water (abstract). 100th American chemistry on the physical properties of iron colloids and Society of Microbiology Gen. Mtg. (Los Angeles, Calif., aqueous iron suspensions. Proc. American Water Works May 21-25, 2000) (2000). Association Ann. Conf. (Denver, Colo., Jun. 12-16, 2000) (2000). Peters, S., S. M. Larson, F. Coleman, and W. Zyznieuski. Screening and refined CO analyses for signalized Lytle, D. A., V. L. Snoeyink, and M. R. Schock. The intersections in Illinois. Proc. 93rd Ann. Conf. of the Air effect of pH and bicarbonate concentration on the and Waste Management Association (Salt Lake City, Utah, oxygenation of ferrous iron in aqueous solutions. Proc. 2000) (2000). American Water Works Association Ann. Conf. (Denver, Colo., Jun. 12-16, 2000) (2000). Plewa, M. J. and R. A. Minear. Quantitative geneotoxicity analysis of drinking water disinfection Minear, R. A. Halogenated solvents: from ideal “safety by-products employing a mammalian cell assay. solvents” to environmental nightmare. 23rd Ann. International Society of Exposure Analysis 2000 Conf. Midwest Environmental Chemistry Workshop (Monterey Peninsula, Calif., Oct. 24-27, 2000) (2000). (Kalamazoo, Mich., Oct. 7-8, 2000) (2000). Plewa, M. J., Y. Kargaliolu, D. Vankerk, and R. Minear. Minsker, B. S., B. Padera, and J. B. Smalley. Efficient New methods for comparative toxicity of water methods for including uncertainty and multiple disinfection by-products employing bacterial and objectives in water resources management models using mammalian cell systems. 1st World Cong. of the genetic algorithms. Proc. XIII Int. Conf. on International Water Association (Paris, France, Jul. 3-7, Computational Methods in Water Resources 2000) (2000). (Calgary, Alta., 2000) (2000). Ramirez, D., C. Lehmann, P. Sullivan, and M. J. Rood. Minsker, B. S., J. B. Smalley, and B. Padera. The role of Adsorption of methyl ethyl ketone and acetone by risk and uncertainty in groundwater remediation design. tire-derived activated carbon and activated carbon fiber 220th ACS National Mtg. (Washington, D.C., 2000) cloth. 93rd Ann. Air and Waste Management Association (2000). (Salt Lake City, Utah, Jun. 2000) (2000).
Morgenroth, E. and P. Harremoes. Unbalanced growth in Ramirez, L. M., J. L. Rennecker, B. Corona-Vasquez, and biofilm reactors—influence of transport limitations. B. J. Marinas. Disinfection of C. parvum oocysts in a COST 624 WG 4 Mtg. (Delft, Netherlands, Apr. 6-7, batch reactor. Proc. 2000 American Water Works 2000) (2000). Association Water Quality Technology Conf. (Salt Lake City, Utah, Nov. 5-9, 2000) (2000).
63 Raskin, L. Molecular microbial ecology of wastewater Sarin, P., J. Bebee, M. A. Beckett, K. K. Jim, D. A. Lytle, treatment systems. Gordon Research Conf. on J. A. Clement, W. M. Kriven, and V. L. Snoeyink. Environmental Sciences: Water, Environmental Pressures Mechanism of release of iron from corroded iron/steel and Chemical Pathways from the Molecular to Ecosystem pipes in water distribution systems. Proc. American Scale (Plymouth, N.H., Jun. 25-30, 2000) (2000). Water Works Association Ann. Conf. (Denver, Colo., Jun. 12-16, 2000) (2000). Raskin, L. Quantification of microbial population abundance and activity in bioreactors by oligonucleotide Snoeyink, V. L., Q. Li, L. Schideman, and B. J. Marinas. probe hybridization. 100th American Society of Removal of trace compounds from drinking water using Microbiology Gen. Mtg. (Los Angeles, Calif., May 21-25, activated carbon in the U.S.A.. Proc. Conf. on 2000) (2000). Conventional and Advanced Water Treatment Processes (Amsterdam, Netherlands, Sep. 26-29, 2000) (2000). Rausch, K. D., C. I. Thompson, R. L. Belyea, H. Plata, L. T. Angenent, and L. Raskin. Variation in composition Snoeyink, V. L., Q. Li, L. Schideman, and B. J. Marinas. of coproducts and wastewater from a commercial wet Removal of trace organic compounds from drinking milling facility. 2000 Corn Utilization and Technology water using activated carbon in the USA. Proc. 2000 Conf. (St. Paul, Minn., Jun. 5-7, 2000) (2000). American Water Works Association Water Quality Technology Conf. (Salt Lake City, Utah, Nov. 5-9, 2000) Rausch, K. D., C. I. Thompson, R. L. Belyea, L. M. (2000). Raskin, S. R. Eckhoff, and M. E. Tumbleson. Enhanced coproduct quality resulting from process design. 2000 Sullivan, P. D., M. J. Rood, and K. J. Hay. Volatile American Society of Agricultural Engineers Ann. Int. organic compound recovery using activated-carbon Mtg. (Milwaukee, Wisc., Jul. 9-12, 2000) (2000). fiber-cloth with rapid electrothermal desorption. 93rd Ann. Air and Waste Management Association (Salt Lake Reed, P. M., B. S. Minsker, and A. J. Valocchi. City, Utah, Jun. 2000) (2000). A multiobjective approach to long-term groundwater monitoring design. Proc. ASCE Water Resources Sun, B., J. R. Cole, R. A. Sanford, and J. M. Tiedje. Planning and Management and Water Resources New reductively dechlorinating taxa isolated from Engineering Joint Conf. (Minneapolis, Minn., 2000) marine sediments. Ann. Mtg. of the American Society for (2000). Microbiology (Los Angeles, Calif., 2000) (2000).
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64 Zhang, A., R. A. Minear, K. Ikeda, Y. Shimizu, S. Matsui, Edwards, W. J., D. A. Culver, C. R. Rehmann, Y. Guo, C. J. Hwang, and S. E. Barrett. Optimization of D. Rockwell, and S. Hellman. Mixing processes and electrospray/MS/MS for identifying unknown oxygen depletion in the central basin of Lake Erie: chlorinated disinfection by-products in drinking water. current status of lake recovery. American Geophysical 23rd Ann. Midwest Environmental Chemistry Workshop Union Ocean Sciences Mtg. (San Antonio, Tex., 2000.) (Kalamazoo, Mich., Oct. 7-8, 2000) (2000). (2000).
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65 Reed, P. M., B. S. Minsker, A. J. Valocchi, and D. E. White, A. B., P. Saco, P. Kumar, B. Yen, and B. Rhoads. Goldberg. Efficient use of genetic algorithm for long- Relative scales of hydrodynamic and geomorphologic term groundwater monitoring design. Proc. XIII Conf. influence on the hydrologic response in the Illinois River on Computational Methods in Water Resources (Calgary, Basin. American Geophysical Union Fall Mtg. (San Alta., 2000) (2000). Francisco, Calif., Dec. 2000). (Abstract published in EOS, Trans., American Geophysical Union, 81:48, F553) (2000). Rehmann, C. R. Efficiency of boundary mixing processes in lakes. American Geophysical Union Ocean Sciences Yen, B. C. 100-year return period: of what? ASCE 2000 Mtg. (San Antonio, Tex., 2000) (2000). Joint Water Resources Conf. (Minneapolis, Minn., 2000) (2000). Rehmann, C. R., J. H. Hwang, and P. R. Jackson. Mixing and structure in a double-diffusive gravity current. 5th Yen, B. C. Conjunctive overland, soil and tile transport Int. Symp. on Stratified Flow (Vancouver, B.C., 2000) model for farm drains. Illinois Water 2000 Conf. (2000). (Urbana, Ill., 2000) (2000).
Rodriguez, J. F., F. A. Bombardelli, M. H. Garcia, and Yen, B.C . Half century of hydraulic research. Golden J. M. Guzman. Application of computational river Anniversary Conf. of Hydrotech Research Institute mechanics to stream naturalization. Proc. Environmental (Taipei, Taiwan, 2000) (2000). Horizons (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Ill., Mar. 2000) (2000). Geotechnical Engineering Rodriguez, J. F., F. A. Bombardelli, M. H. Garcia, J. M. Guzman, K. Frothingham, and B. L. Rhoads. A numerical model for meandering rivers. Proc. XIX Latin- Abrams, D. P., B. J. Goodno, and T. D. Stark. Research American Cong. on Hydraulics (Cordoba, Argentina, in on reducing economic losses from infrequent, high- Spanish, 2000) (2000). consequence earthquakes. Proc. 1st Int. Workshop on Commemoration of the Chi-Chi Earthquake in Taiwan Rodriquez, J. F., M. H. Garcia, F. A. Bombardeli, J. M. (Taipei, Taiwan, Nov. 2000) (2000). Guzman, B. Rhoads, and E. E. Herricks. Naturalization in urban streams using in-channel structures. 2000 Joint Hashash, Y. M. A. Seismic site response analysis for deep Conf. on Water Resources Engineering and Water deposits in the New Madrid seismic zone. Int. Young Resources Planning and Management, ASCE Geotechnical Engineers Conf. 2000 (Southampton, U.K., (Minneapolis, Minn., Jul. 30-Aug. 2, 2000) (2000). Sep. 8-13, 2000) (2000).
Saco, P. and P. Kumar. Spatial celerity variation as a Mesri, G. The general principle of effective stress. dispersion mechanism in hydrologic response. American Year 2000 Geotechnics, Geotechnical Engineering Conf. Geophysical Union Fall Mtg. (San Francisco, Calif., Dec. (Bangkok, Thailand, Nov. 2000) (2000). 2000). (Abstract published in EOS, Trans., American Geophysical Union, 81:48, F553-554) (2000). Stark, T. D. and W. D. Arellano. Importance of three- dimensional slope stability analyses in practice. Proc. Troy, C. D., J. R. Koseff, and C. R. Rehmann. A Specialty Conf. GEO-Denver, ASCE (Denver, Colo., laboratory investigation of breaking internal waves. Aug. 2000) (2000). 5th Int. Symp. on Stratified Flow (Vancouver, B.C., 2000) (2000). Stark, T. D. and P. D. Kerpan. Legal issues associated with landfill slopes. Proc. Sem. on Legal Aspects of Wade, R. J., B. L. Rhoads, J. F. Rodriguez, M. Newell, Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE (Washington, D.C., D. Wilson, E. E. Herricks, F. Bombardelli, and M. H. Jan. 2000) (2000). Garcia. Integrating science and technology to support stream naturalization near Chicago, Illinois. Proc. Stark, T. D., R. M. Ebeling, and K. R. Daly. Stress-strain Watershed Symp., Environmental Protection Agency behavior and hyperbolic parameters of structured silt. (Chevy Chase, Md., 2000) (2000). Proc. Specialty Conf. GEO-Denver, ASCE (Denver, Colo., Apr. 2000) (2000).
66 Stark, T. D., W. D. Evans, and V. Wilson. An interim Aschheim, M. The primacy of the yield displacement in slope failure involving leachate recirculation. Proc. Waste seismic design. U.S.-Japan Workshop on Performance- Tech ‘00, National Solid Wastes Management Association Based Design of Reinforced Concrete Buildings (Sapporo, (Orlando, Fla., Mar. 2000) (2000). Japan, Sep. 10-12, 2000) (2000).
Aschheim, M. Yield point spectra: a simple alternative to Railroad Engineering the capacity spectrum method. ASCE Structures Cong. (Philadelphia, Penn., May 8-10, 2000) (2000).
Barkan, C. P. L. AAR locomotive fueling interface Aschheim, M. and A. Halterman. Shear-yielding standard: performance and testing results. 2nd Ann. moment-resistant steel frames: phase one specimens and Railroad Environmental Conf. (University of Illinois at pre-test analyses. U.S.-Japan Joint Technical Coordinating Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Ill. Sep. 2000) (2000). Committee Mtg. (Berkeley, Calif., Mar. 22, 2000) (2000).
Barkan, C. P. L. Hazardous materials transportation risk Bani-Hani, K., J. Ghaboussi, and S. P. Schneider. management. 13th Ann. BOE Hazardous Materials Experimental study of the parametric and Seminar (Chicago, Ill., May 2000) (2000). non-parametric system identification using neural networks. Proc. 12th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering (Auckland, New Zealand, Jan. 20-Feb. 4 Structural Engineering and 2000) (2000). Structural Dynamics Black, E., and M. Aschheim. Effect of prior earthquake damage on response of simple structures. Proc. STRESS- MAE Center Workshop on Structural Design Issues for Abrams, D. P. Damage and performance of unreinforced Buildings in Moderate Risk Seismic Zones, CD Release masonry buildings in earthquakes. Proc. 2nd Multilateral 00-01, Mid-America Earthquake Center Apr. (2000). Workshop on Development of Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster Mitigation Technologies and Their Integration Carpenter, R., J. C. Gibeling, Z. A. Munir, and G. H. for the Asia-Pacific Region (Kobe, Japan, Mar. 1-2, 2000) Paulino. Mechanical properties and fracture testing of (2000). layered functionally graded materials. 6th Int. Symp. on Functionally Graded Materials (Estes Park, Colo., Sep. Abrams, D. P. Design and retrofit of unreinforced 2000) 35 (2000). masonry buildings. Proc. Sem. on U.S. Experience with Seismic Disaster: Public Policy, Assessment Technology Cuesta, I. and M. Aschheim. Waveform independence of and Building Rehabilitation Workshop (Taipei, Taiwan, R-Factors. 12th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering Feb. 23, 2000) (2000). (Auckland, New Zealand, Jan. 30-Feb. 4, 2000) (2000).
Abrams, D. P. New perspectives on seismic rehabilitation. Gao, X. and R. Dodds. Effects of loading rate on the Proc. Int. Workshop on Annual Commemoration of Weibull stress model for simulation of cleavage fracture Chi-Chi Earthquake, National Center for Research on in ferritic steels. Fracture, Fatigue and Weld Residual Earthquake Engineering (Taipei, Taiwan, Sep. 2000) Stress (ASME, PVP) (2000). (2000). Halterman, A. and M. Aschheim. Analytical studies of Abrams, D. P. Seismic rehabilitation methods for shear-yielding moment-resistant steel frames. 12th World unreinforced masonry walls. Proc. 3rd Multilateral Conf. on Earthquake Engineering (Auckland, New Workshop on Development of Earthquake and Tsunami Zealand, Jan. 30- Feb. 4, 2000) (2000). Disaster Mitigation Technologies and Their Integration for the Asia-Pacific Region (Manila, Philippines, Nov. Hamburger, R. O., D. A. Foutch, and C. A. Cornell. 2000) (2000). Performance basis for evaluation, upgrade and design moment-resisting steel frames. 12th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, New Zealand Earthquake Commission (Auckland, New Zealand, Jan. 30-Feb. 4, 2000) (2000).
67 Kornkasem, W., S. I. Nam, D. A. Foutch, J. Ghaboussi, and M. A. Aschheim. Seismic analysis of truss arch Structural Engineering and bridge crossing the Mississippi River. 12th World Conf. Structural Mechanics on Earthquake Engineering, New Zealand Earthquake Commission (Auckland, New Zealand, Jan. 30-Feb. 4, 2000) (2000). Carrillo-Heian, E. M., J. C. Gibeling, G. H. Paulino, and Z. A. Munir. Synthesis and densification of ceramic Kuchma, D. A. and E. C. Bentz. Shear capacity and FGMs in one step. 6th Int. Symp. on Functionally design strength of reinforced and prestressed members Graded Materials (Estes Park, Colo., Sep. 2000) (2000). cast with high-performance concrete. PCI/FHWA/FIB Int. Symp. on High-Performance Concrete (Orlando, Chan, Y. S., G. H. Paulino, and A. C. Fannjiang. Fla., Sep. 25-27, 2000) (2000). Gradient elasticity theory for a mode I crack in homogeneous and nonhomogeneous materials. 20th Int. Kuchma, D. A. and T. N. Tjhin. Advances and challenges Cong. of TAM (Chicago, Ill., Aug. 2000) (2000). to design by the strut-and-tie method. Fall Conf. of the American Concrete Institute (Toronto, Ont., Oct. 16, Chan, Y. S., G. H . Paulino, and A. C. Fannjiang. Strain 2000) (2000). gradient elasticity theory for a mode III crack in nonhomogeneous materials. 3rd SIAM Conf. on LaFave, J. M. and D. W. Pfeifer. Performance evaluation Mathematical Aspects of Material Sciences (Philadelphia, of combinations of durability enhancing admixtures Penn., May 2000) (2000). (mineral and chemical) in structural concrete. Proc. 79th Ann. Mtg. of the Transportation Research Board Gray, L. J., T. Kaplan, J. D. Richardson, and G. H. (Washington, D.C., Jan. 2000) (2000). Paulino. Boundary integral analysis for functionally graded materials. 6th Int. Symp. on Functionally Graded LaFave, J. M. and D. J. Sund. Structural concrete with Materials (Estes Park, Colo., Sep. 2000) 39 (2000). combinations of mineral and chemical durability enhancing admixtures. ACI Spring Conf. (San Diego, Hawkins, N. M., W. L. Gamble, F. P. Shkurti, and Y. Lin. Calif., Mar. 2000) (2000). Seismic strengthening of inadequate length lap splices. Proc. 12th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering LaFave, J. M., D. Lovett, and S. A. Civijan. On the use of (Auckland, New Zealand, Jan. 2000) (2000). combinations of durability-enhancing admixtures (mineral and chemical) in structural concrete. ACI Fall Jin, Z. H., and G. H. Paulino. Transient thermal stress Conf. (Toronto, Ont., Oct. 2000) (2000). analysis of an interior crack in a functionally graded material. 2000 ASME Int. Mechanical Engineering Cong. Nam, S. I., W. Kornkasem, J. Ghaboussi, D. A. Foutch, and Expo. (Orlando, Fla., Nov. 2000) (2000). and M. A. Aschheim. Analysis of soil structure interaction of major river-crossing bridges. 12th World Jin, Z. H. and G. H. Paulino. Transient thermal stress Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, New Zealand analysis of cracked functionally graded materials. 6th Int. Earthquake Commission (Auckland, New Zealand, Symp. on Functionally Graded Materials (Estes Park, Jan. 30-Feb. 4, 2000) (2000). Colo., Sep. 2000) (2000).
Pothisiri, T. and K. D. Hjelmstad. Damage detection for Mukherjee, S., M. K. Chati, and G. H. Paulino. Adaptive spatially sparse and noise-polluted modal response. meshless boundary node methods for three-dimensional EM2000, 14th Engineering Mechanics Conf., ASCE problems. 20th Int. Cong. of TAM (Chicago, Ill., Aug. (Austin, Tex., May 21-24, 2000) (2000). 2000) 206 (2000).
Wen, Y. K. and D. Simpson. Multivariate regression Paulino, G. H. and Z. H. Jin. Fracture mechanics of analysis of tank car lading loss. RPI-AAR Railroad Tank viscoelastic functionally graded materials. 6th Int. Symp. Car Safety Research and Test Project (Jan. 2000) (2000). on Functionally Graded Materials (Estes Park, Colo., Sep. 2000) (2000).
68 Paulino, G. H. and Z. H. Jin. Fracture of viscoelastic Wu, C. L. and Y. K. Wen. Generation of uniform hazard functionally graded materials. 2000 ASME Int. response ground motions for mid-America cities. Proc. Mechanical Engineering Cong. and Expo. (Orlando, Fla., Int. Conf. on Monte-Carlo Simulation (Monte Carlo, Nov. 2000) (2000). Monaco, Jun. 18-21, 2000) (2000).
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69 Aycin, M. F. and R. F. Benekohal. Longitudinal control Ceylan, H., E. Tutumluer and E. J. Barenberg. Neural algorithms for simulation of driver and intelligent network modeling of slabs under simultaneous aircraft cruise-controlled vehicles. Proc. 79th Ann. Mtg. of the and temperature loading. Proc. 14th ASCE Engineering Transportation Research Board (Washington, D.C., Jan. Mechanics Conf. (Austin, Tex., May 2000) (2000). 2000) (2000). Chen, P. S. Earthquake vulnerability of air transport Benekohal, R. F. and Y. El-Zohairy. Progression systems. 40th Ann. Symp. of the Airline Group of the adjustment factors for closely spaced intersections. International Federation of Operational Research Societies Compend. Technical Papers, Inst. of Transportation (Istanbul, Turkey, Aug. 2000) (2000). Engineers, 70th Ann. Mtg. (Nashville, Tenn., Aug. 2000, accepted for publication) (2000). Chen, P. S. and G. Basar. Intermodal systems approach to model air traffic leakage in a multiple-airport region. Benekohal, R. F., Y. M. El-Zohairy, and J. C. Barnett. Institute for Operations Research and the Management Evaluation of WIM/AVI for truck conflict reduction at Sciences Mtg., TD 16 (Salt Lake City, Utah, May 2000) weigh station ramps. Proc. 6th Int. Conf. on Application (2000). of Advanced Technologies in Transportation Engineering, ASCE (Singapore, Jun. 2000, accepted for publication) Chen, P. S. and C. H. Chang. A hybrid GA-ANN nodel (2000). of Tripmaker learning and adjustments for dynamic traffic assignment. Institute of Operations Research and Benekohal, R. F., M. Aycin, C. Sikaras, C. Jonak, and the Management Sciences Mtg., WA16 (Salt Lake City, T. Kennedy. Lessons learned and achievements in the Utah, May 2000) (2000). development of an in-vehicle railroad warning system. ITS America Ann. Mtg. (Boston, Mass., May 1-4, 2000, Chen, P. S., D. Bartolai, J. Gilbert, H. Hsing, and M. accepted for presentation and publication) (2000). Karow. An integrated model of air transport networks, system fragility and economic impacts. Institute for Bham, G. and R. F. Benekohal. A fast high-fidelity traffic Operations Research and the Management Sciences Mtg., simulation model based on car-following and cellular TE16 (Salt Lake City, Utah, May 2000) (2000). automata models. Proc. 6th Int. Conf. on Application of Advanced Technologies in Transportation Engineering, Coleman, F. III, E. R. Russell, and R. W. Eck. ASCE (Singapore, Jun. 2000, accepted for publication) Transportation in the new millennium: railroad- (2000). highway-grade crossing safety. Transportation Research Board, 79th Ann. Mtg. (Washington, D.C., Jan. 2000) Bozkurt, D., and W. G. Buttlar. Cost-effectiveness of (2000). reflective crack control treatments in Illinois. Proc. 4th Int. RILEM Conf. and Exhibition of Reflective Cracking El-Zohairy, Y. M. and R. F. Benekohal. Comparison of in Pavements (Ottawa, Ont., Mar. 2000) (2000). the 1994 and the 1997 HCM delay models for pretimed undersaturated intersections. Proc. 79th Ann. Mtg. of the Buttlar, W. G. and S. M. Smith. Rehabilitation Transportation Research Board (Washington, D.C., Jan. alternatives for runway 18-36 at Rantoul: Phase 2000) (2000). 2—report on construction, materials testing, field instrumentation and post-construction distress survey, Ghuzlan, K. and S. H. Carpenter. A dissipated Illinois Division of Aeronautics, Illinois Department of energy/damage accumulation approach for defining Transportation (Springfield, Ill. Jul. 2000) (2000). failure in flexural fatigue testing. Transportation Research Board Mtg. (Washington, D.C., Jan. 2000) (2000). Ceylan, H., E. Tutumluer, and E. Barenberg. Effects of combined temperature and gear loading on the response Girianna, M., A. Butzke, R. F. Benekohal, and J. Hicks. of concrete airfield pavements serving the Boeing B-777 Algorithms for delay and speed estimation using AVI aircraft. Proc. 6th Int. Air Transportation Conf. (San and ETC. Proc. 6th Int. Conf. on Application of Francisco, Calif., Jun. 2000) (2000). Advanced Technologies in Transportation Engineering, ASCE (Singapore, Jun. 2000, accepted for publication) (2000).
70 Kapiri, M., E. Tutumluer and E. J. Barenberg. Analysis of temperature effects on pavement response at Denver Theses International Airport. Proc. 26th Int. Air Transportation Conf. (San Francisco, Calif., Jun. 2000) 125-143 (2000).
Lange, D. A. and S. A. Altoubat. Early age creep- Construction Management shrinkage interaction of cement-based matrices. Proc. 5th Int. Symp. on Brittle Matrix Composites (Warsaw, Assem, I. An AI methodology to quantify the impact of Poland, Oct. 2000) (2000). change orders on construction productivity. M.S. thesis, Department. of Building, Civil and Environmental Moon, Y. J. and F. Coleman III. System simulation of a Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, Que., dynamic dilemma zone for train-vehicle collision K. El-Rayes, adviser (2000). avoidance at highway-rail intersections. Proc. 7th World Cong. on Intelligent Transportation Systems, ERTICO Ramanathan, R. Computerized scheduling and control of and ITS America (Turin, Italy, Nov. 6-9, 2000) (2000). residential housing projects. M.S. thesis, Department. of Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seyhan, U. and E. Tutumluer. Advanced characterization Concordia University, Montreal, Que., K. El-Rayes, of granular materials for mechanistic based pavement adviser (2000). design. ASCE Geo-Institute Cong. (Denver, Colo., Aug. 2000) 51-72 (2000).
Tirums, C. M., R. F. Benekohal, and J. C. Barnett. Effects Construction Materials of truck type and speed on accuracy of weigh-in-motion scales. Proc. 79th Ann. Mtg. of the Transportation Abell, A. Microstructure and its relationship to fracture Research Board (Washington, D.C., Jan. 2000) (2000). in Portland cement mortar and concrete. Ph.D. thesis, D. A. Lange, adviser (2000). Tutumluer, E. and U. Seyhan. Directional dependency of aggregate stiffnesses: an indicator of granular base Altoubat, S. Early age stresses and creep-shrinkage performance. Proc. 8th Ann. Symp. of the International interaction of restrained concrete. Ph.D. thesis, Center for Aggregate Research (ICAR) (Denver, Colo., D. A. Lange, adviser (2000). Apr. 2000) (2000). Bicer, B. Thermal stresses in bonded concrete overlays at Tutumluer, E. and U. Seyhan. Effects of fines content on early ages. M.S. thesis, D. A. Lange, adviser (2000). the anisotropic response and characterization of unbound aggregate bases, in unbound aggregates in road Park, C. Fracture behavior of masonry bond. Ph.D. construction. Proc. Unbound Aggregates in Roads Symp. thesis, D. A. Lange, adviser (2000). (Nottingham, England, Jun. 2000) 153-160 (2000). Rau, N. Stress distribution in early age bonded concrete Tutumluer, E., U. Seyhan, and J. Chan. Characterization overlays. M.S. thesis, D. A. Lange, adviser (2000). of granular materials subjected to complex static and dynamic loadings. Proc. 14th ASCE Engineering Shin, H. C. Early age behavior of bonded concrete Mechanics Conf. (Austin, Tex., May 2000) (2000). overlays due to shrinkage and thermal changes. Ph.D. thesis, D. A. Lange, adviser (2000). Waldhoff, A. S., W. G. Buttlar, and J. Kim. Evaluation of thermal cracking at Mn/ROAD using the superpave IDT. Proc. Canadian Technical Asphalt Association, 45th Annual Conference, Winnipeg, Man. Polyscience Publications, Inc., Laval, Quebec, pp. 228-259 (2000).
Yen, J. R. and P. S. Chen. Measuring the level of service at airports using a fuzzy algorithm. Conf. on Integrating Theory and Application, Institute of Operations Research and the Management Sciences Mtg., WB15 (San Antonio, Tex., Nov. 2000) (2000).
71 Kiristis, M. J. The abiotic and biotic reductions of Environmental Engineering and bromate. Ph.D. thesis, V. L. Snoeyink, adviser (2000). Science in Civil Engineering Loor-Vela, S. Anaerobic dissipation of 14C-acetochlor in flooded soil microcosms. M.S. thesis, L. Raskin, adviser Aragon, A. Characterization of non-aqueous phase liquid (2000). dissolution in porous media using nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. M.S. thesis, C. Werth, adviser (2000). Medrano Gener, A. Biodegradation of methyhl tert-butyl ether by a mixed bacterial culture. M.S. thesis, Technical Arnaiz, E. Foaming potential of Gordonia amarae grown University of Denmark, E. Morgenroth and E. Arvin, under different conditions. Is foaming linked to cell wall advisers (2000). hydrophobicity? M.S. thesis, L. Raskin, adviser (2000). Ramirez, D. Adsorption of organic vapors on tire, coal Bebee, J. Interactions between aluminum and phosphate and phenol derived activated carbons. M.S. thesis, in treated drinking water. M.S. thesis, V. L. Snoeyink, M. J. Rood, adviser (2000). adviser (2000). Urban, M. A. Ozonation of low-bromide waters in a Bleisteiner, S. Hydrolysis of particulate organic matter in flow-through ozone contactor: bromate formation and biofilm reactors. M.S. thesis, Technical University of minimization. M.S. thesis, R. A. Minear, adviser (2000). Denmark and the Technical University of Munich (Germany), E. Morgenroth, P. Harremoes, and P. Vera, S. Evaluation of different polymeric organic Wilderer, advisers (2000). materials (POMs) to stimulate reductive dechlorination. M.S. thesis, C. Werth, adviser (2000). Carrico, C. Direct aerosol radiative forcing based on optical measurements at contrasting, climatically important sites. Ph.D. thesis, M. J. Rood, adviser (2000). Environmental Hydrology and Chu, H. H. The use of wavelet analysis to assess the Hydraulic Engineering valve-movement response data of Corbicula fluminea and Dreissena polymorpha to environmental change. M.S. thesis, E. E. Herricks, adviser (2000). Caisely, M. E. Hydraulic model study of a canoe chute for Illinois streams. M.S. thesis, M.H. Garcia, adviser Corona-Vasquez, B. Sequential inactivation of (2000). Cryptosporidium parvum with chlorine dioxide followed by free chlorine or monochloramine. M.S. thesis, B. J. Gonzalez-Castro, J. Applicability of hydraulic Marinas, adviser (2000). performance graph for unsteady flow routing. Ph.D. thesis, B. C. Yen, adviser (2000). de los Reyes, F. Filamentous foaming in activated sludge systems: a study combining molecular and engineering Hwang, J. H. Flow structure and mixing rate in double approaches. Ph.D. thesis, L. Raskin, adviser (2000). diffusive gravity currents. M.S. thesis, C. R. Rehmann, adviser (2000). Dillner, A. M. Speciated local aerosol characteristics and radiative forcing at a rural midwestern site. Ph.D. thesis, Peabody, A. M. Hydraulic model study of the Boneyard S. M. Larson, adviser (2000). Creek at Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, Illinois. M.S. thesis, M. H. Garcia, adviser (2000). Driedger, A. M. Inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts with ozone, free chlorine and monochloramine. Schuster, J. M. Hydraulic model study for the M.S.E.E. thesis, B. J. Marinas, adviser (2000). optimization of the spillway at Batavia Dam, Fox River, Illinois. M.S. thesis, M. H. Garcia, adviser (2000). Eppich, J. D. Sodium fate and transport in an urban stormwater wetland treatment system. Ph.D. thesis, E. E. Herricks, adviser (2000).
72 Geotechnical Engineering Structural Engineering and Structural Mechanics Ajlouni, M. A. Geotechnical properties of peat and related engineering problems. Ph.D. thesis, G. Mesri, adviser (2000). Sidarta, D. E. Neural network based constitutive modeling of granular materials. Ph.D. thesis, Al-Zoubi, M. S. Stability of embankment dams following J. Ghaboussi, adviser (2000). reservoir drawdown. Ph.D. thesis, G. Mesri, adviser (2000). System Safety, Reliability Structural Engineering and and Design
Structural Dynamics Song, S. H. Structural redundancy of dual and steel moment frame systems under seismic excitation. Black, E. Seismic design and evaluation of multistory Ph.D. thesis, Y. K. Wen, adviser (2000). buildings with yield point spectra 2000. Ph.D. thesis, M. Aschheim, adviser (2000). Wu, C. L. Earthquake motion simulation and reliability implications. Ph.D. thesis, Y. K. Wen, adviser (2000). Chou, J. H. Study of condition monitoring of bridges using genetic algorithm. Ph.D. thesis, J. Ghaboussi, adviser (2000). Transportation Facilities
Cuesta, I. Using pulse R-factors to estimate structural and Systems response to earthquake ground motions. Ph.D. thesis, M. Aschheim, adviser (2000). Al-Khateeb, G. G. Development of a hollow-cylinder tensile tester to obtain fundamental mechanical Kim, Y. J. Active control of structures using genetic properties of asphalt paving mixtures. Ph.D. thesis, algorithm. Ph.D. thesis, J. Ghaboussi, adviser (2000). W. G. Buttlar, adviser (2000). Lee, K. Performance prediction and evaluation of steel Habboub, A. K. Evaluation/characterization of airport special moment frames for seismic loads. Ph.D. thesis, pavements using the impact-echo and spectral analysis of D. A. Foutch, adviser (2000). surface waves. Ph.D. thesis, H. L. M. dos Reis, adviser (2000). McMahon, G. W. Development of an engineering model for prediction of ground shock from decoupled Hongschaovalit, P. Development and evaluation of a detonations. Ph.D. thesis, W. J. Hall, adviser (2000). modified VFR lighted flyway marker. Ph.D. thesis, B. Dempsey, adviser (2000). Yun, S. Y. Performance prediction and evaluation of low ductility steel moment frames for seismic loads. Ph.D. Shin, H. C. Early age behavior of bonded concrete thesis, D. A. Foutch, adviser (2000). overlays due to shrinkage and thermal changes. Ph.D. thesis, D. A. Lange, adviser (2000).
Vavrik, W. R. Asphalt mixture design concepts to develop aggregate interlock. Ph.D. thesis, S. Carpenter, adviser (2000).
Waldhoff, A. S. Investigation of thermal cracking at Mn/ROAD using the superpave IDT. M.S. thesis, W. G. Buttlar, adviser (2000).
73 William G. Buttlar Awards and Honors Walter J. Emmons Award, Runner-up, Best Technical Paper and Presentation, Journal of the Association of Daniel P. Abrams Asphalt Paving Technologies, 1996 William and Flora Hewlett Fellowship, 1989 General Electric Scholar Award, U of I College of Xerox Award for Faculty Research, U of I College of Engineering, 1997 Engineering, 1992 Outstanding Poster Award, International Society of Hanson Engineers Professorship in Civil Engineering, Asphalt Pavements, 8th International Conference on U of I, 1997 Asphalt Pavements, 1997 President’s Award, The Masonry Society, 1997 Andersen Consulting Award for Excellence in Advising, Scalzi Research Award, The Masonry Society, 1997 U of I College of Engineering, 1999 Fred Burggraf Award, National Academy of Sciences, Alfredo H. S. Ang, Emeritus Transportation Research Board, 2000 Member, National Academy of Engineering Fellow, American Society of Civil Engineers Samuel H. Carpenter Associate Fellow, American Institute of Aeronautics and D. Grant Mickle Award, Transportation Research Board, Astronautics 1989 Past President, International Association for Structural Andersen Consulting Award for Excellence in Advising, Safety and Reliability College of Engineering, U of I, 1992 Everitt Award for Teaching Excellence, U of I College of Mark A. Aschheim Engineering, 1994 General Electric Scholar Award, U of I College of Advisor’s Lists for Excellence in Advising, U of I College Engineering, 1997 of Engineering, 1997
R. F. Benekohal Peter S. Chen Honorary Professorship in Transportation Engineering, Fellow, Advanced Institute for Transportation Harbin University of Civil Engineering and Infrastructure Engineering and Management, University Architecture, China of Texas, 1998 Certificate of Appreciation, Illinois Institute of American Society of Civil Engineers Outstanding Transportation Engineers, 1989 Instructor Award, U of I, 2000 Chi Epsilon Faculty Honor Member, U of I, 1989 Collins Scholar, College of Engineering, U of I, 2000 Andersen Consulting Award for Excellence in Advising, U of I College of Engineering, 1991, 1993 Mark M. Clark IBM Innovations Award for Teaching, U of I Educational Research Initiation Award, National Science Foundation, Technologies Board, 1991 1988 Arthur M. Wellington Prize, American Society of Civil Xerox Award for Faculty Research, U of I College of Engineers, 1993 Engineering 1994 Advisor’s List for Excellence in Advising, U of I College Advisor’s Lists for Excellence in Advising, U of I, College of Engineering, 1994 of Engineering 1997 Faculty Honor Member, Phi Kappa Phi, 1994 Certificate of Recognition for Outstanding Mentoring of Edward J. Cording Graduate Students (finalist), U of I Graduate College, Member, National Academy of Engineering 1997 Hogentogler Award, American Society for Testing and Past President’s Award, Institute of Transportation Materials, 1976 Engineers, 1998 Thomas Middlebrooks Award, American Society of Civil Engineers, 1985 LeRoy T. Boyer Martin S. Kapp Award, American Society of Civil Andersen Consulting Award for Excellence in Advising, Engineers, 1993 U of I College of Engineering, 1989 David E. Daniel Member, National Academy of Engineering Croes Medal, American Society of Civil Engineers, 1984 William J. Murray Fellowship in Engineering, 1985-92
74 Faculty Excellence Award, College of Engineering, 1989 Douglas A. Foutch Standards Development Award, American Society for Arthur M. Wellington Prize, American Society of Civil Testing and Materials, 1991 Engineers, 1990 L. B. (Preach) Meaders Professorship in Engineering, Haliburton Award for Engineering Education Leadership, University of Texas at Austin, 1992-1996 U of I College of Engineering, 1992 Special Service Award, American Society for Testing and Norman Medal, American Society of Civil Engineers, Materials, 1994 1992 Middlebrooks Award, American Society of Civil Arthur M. Wellington Prize, American Society of Civil Engineers, 1995 Engineers, 1998 Richard R. Torrens Award, American Society of Civil Engineers, 1995 Marcelo H. García Hokkaido River Institute Lectureship, Japan, 1990 Robert H. Dodds, Jr. MUCIA International Development Travel Grant, 1992 Burlington Northern Foundation Faculty Achievement Invited Professor, Institute di Idraulica, University of Award, U of I, 1990 Genoa, Italy, 1993 Walter L. Huber Research Prize, American Society of Civil Invited Professor, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Engineers, 1991 Argentina, 1995 Nathan and Anne M. Newmark Professor of Civil Guest Lecturer, University of Essen, Germany, 1995 Engineering, U of I, 1997-2000 MUCIA International Program Development Award, Munro Prize, International Journal of Engineering Argentina, 1995 Structures, 2000 Karl Emil Hilgard Hydraulic Prize, American Society of M. T. Geoffrey Yeh Chair in Civil Engineering, Civil Engineers, 1996 U of I, 2000- Advisor’s List for Excellence in Advising, U of I College of Engineering, 1997 J. Wayland Eheart Invited Professor, California Institute of Technology, 1997 Distinguished Professor Award, Council for International Walter L. Huber Research Prize, American Society of Civil Exchange Scholars, 1988 Engineers 1998 Karl Emil Hilgard Hydraulic Prize, American Society of K. El-Rayes Civil Engineers, 1999 American Association of Cost Engineers Competitive Invited Professorship, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Scholarship Award, 1992 Spain, 2000 Project Management Institute Excellence Award, 1993 Supervised and supported research of Emmauelle Gira, Concordia University External Grant Holder Doctoral exchange student from France 2000 Scholarship, 1993-1996 University Scholar Award, U of I, 2000-2001 FCAR-Bourse d’excellence pour des etudes de cycles superieurs, de perfectionnement et de reintegration a la Jamshid Ghaboussi recherché, Quebec, Canada, 1993-1996 Research Fellowship, Royal Norwegian Council for American Association of Cost Engineers Scholastic Scientific and Industrial Research (SINTEF), Scholarship Award, 1994 1972-1973 School of Graduate Studies Teaching Assistantship Award, Best Theoretical Paper Award, International Conference Concordia University, Canada, 1996 on Intelligent Engineering Systems through Artificial Doctoral Prize in Engineering and Computer Science, Neural Networks in Engineering, November 1997 most deserving graduate of the Doctor of Philosophy Short Term Invitation Fellowship, Japanese Society for Programme, Concordia University, Canada, 1999 Promotion of Science, Spring 2000 Guest Chair Professorship, National Research Council of Ben B. Ewing, Emeritus Taiwan, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Diplomate, American Academy of Environmental Fall 2000 Engineers Fellow, American Society of Civil Engineers German R. Gurfinkel, Emeritus Past President, American Association of Professional Fellow, American Society of Civil Engineers Sanitary Engineers First Prize, Bridge Design Competition, Commission for National Development of Cuba, 1959 Danforth Teacher Award, Danforth Foundation, 1964
75 James F. Lincoln Arc Welding Foundation, nine awards, Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and 1973, 1977-1983, 1988 Engineers, President of the United States, William J. Three Awards for Innovative Design, Structural Engineers Clinton, 2000 Association of Illinois, 1981, 1984, 1989 Special Recognition, Technical Council on Forensic Neil M. Hawkins Engineering, American Society of Civil Engineers, 1988 Edward Noyes Prize, Institution of Engineers, Australia, Certificate of Achievement, U.S. Army in Europe, 1990 1965 Outstanding Civil Engineering Undergraduate Teaching Wason Medal for Research, American Concrete Institute, Award, American Society of Civil Engineers, U of I 1969 Student Chapter, 1991, 1995, 1999 State-of-the-Art Award, American Society of Civil Harriet and Charles Lucian Undergraduate Distinguished Engineers, 1974 Teaching Award, U of I, 1992 Raymond C. Reese Structural Research Award, American Most Outstanding Paper Award, ASCE Journal of Society of Civil Engineers, 1976 Performance of Constructed Facilities, 1997 Raymond C. Reese Award, American Concrete Institute, 1978, 1981 William J. Hall, Emeritus T. Y. Lin Award, American Society of Civil Engineers, Member, National Academy of Engineering 1988 Honorary Member, American Society of Civil Engineers UNESCO Distinguished Visiting Scientist, International Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Institute of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering, Science BRI, MOC, Japan, 1988 Howard Award, American Society of Civil Engineers, Structural Research Award, American Concrete Institute, 1984 1991 Nathan M. Newmark Medal, American Society of Civil Charles C. Zollman Award, Precast/Prestressed Concrete Engineers 1984 Institute, 1994 Distinguished Engineering Service Award, University of Joe W. Kelly Award, American Concrete Institute, 1996 Kansas School of Engineering, 1986 Erskine Scholar, University of Canterbury, New Zealand, Senior University Scholar, U of I, 1986 1997 C. Martin Duke Lifeline Earthquake Engineering Award, American Society of Civil Engineers, 1990 Alfred J. Hendron, Jr., Emeritus John Parmer Award, Structural Engineers Association of Member, National Academy of Engineering Illinois 1990 Norman Medal, American Society of Civil Engineers, Edwin E. Herricks 1992 Guest Professor, University of Essen, Germany Daniel C. Drucker Tau Beta Pi Eminent Faculty Award, Fulbright Distinguished Professor, Yugoslavia U of I College of Engineering, 1993 Education and Public Services Award in Water Resources, Houser Medal, Earthquake Engineering Research Universities Council on Water Research, 1992 Institute, 1998 Andersen Consulting Award for Excellence in Advising, National Honor Member, Chi Epsilon, 1998 U of I College of Engineering, 1992, 1993, 1998
John D. Haltiwanger, Emeritus Moreland Herrin, Emeritus Distinguished Visiting Professor, U.S. Air Force Academy, Past President, Association of Asphalt Paving Technologies 1977-1978 Man-of-the-Year Award, Illinois Asphalt Paving Bliss Medal, Society of American Military Engineers, 1981 Association, 1985 Meritorious Public Service Award, U.S. Coast Guard, 1984 Keith D. Hjelmstad Andersen Consulting Award for Excellence in Advising, Alfred Noble Prize, American Society of Civil Engineers, U of I College of Engineering, 1989 1987 Stanley H. Pierce Award, U of I College of Engineering, Presidential Young Investigator Award, National Science 1990 Foundation, 1987 Public Service Commendation, U.S. Coast Guard, 1994 Andersen Consulting Award for Excellence in Advising, U of I College of Engineering, 1993 Yousef Hashash University Scholar, U of I, 1993 Arthur Casagrande Professional Development Award, Advisor’s List for Excellence in Advising, U of I College Geo-Institute, ASCE, 2000 of Engineering, 1995
76 Clyde E. Kesler, Emeritus Harold Munson Outstanding Teacher Award, School of Member, National Academy of Engineering Civil Engineering, Purdue University, 1992 Honorary Member and Past President, American Concrete Ross Judson Buck ‘07 Outstanding Counselor Award, Institute School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, 1992 Honorary Member, Wire Reinforcement Institute Arthur and Virginia Nauman Faculty Scholar, U of I Fellow, American Society of Civil Engineers Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1999-2000 Praveen Kumar New Young Investigator Award, National Aeronautics and W. Hall C. Maxwell, Emeritus Space Administration, 1996 Fellow, American Society of Civil Engineers Fellow, International Water Resources Association David A. Lange Editorial Award, International Water Resources CAREER Award, National Science Foundation, 1996 Association, 1994 Narbey Khachaturian Faculty Scholar, U of I Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1998 Gholamreza Mesri Fellowship, Royal Norwegian Council for Scientific and Susan M. Larson Industrial Research, 1970 Lilly Endowment Teaching Fellowship, 1989 Visiting NTNF Senior Scientist, Norwegian Geotechnical Everitt Award for Teaching Excellence, U of I College Institute, 1981 of Engineering, 1991 Norman Medal, American Society of Civil Engineers, Presidential Young Investigator Award, National Science 1988 Foundation, 1991 Visiting Senior Scientist, National Defense Academy of Andersen Consulting Award for Excellence in Advising, Japan, 1988 U of I College of Engineering, 1993 Thomas A. Middlebrooks Award, American Society of Finalist, Harriet and Charles Luckman Undergraduate Civil Engineers, 1992 Distinguished Teaching Award, 1993 Visiting Renowned Foreign Scholar and Scientist, Xerox Award for Faculty Research, U of I College of Republic of China, 1994 Engineering, 1994 Kersten Lecture, Minnesota Geotechnical Society, 1997 Advisor’s List for Excellence in Advising, U of I College Ralph B. Peck Professorship, 2000 of Engineering, 1995 Roger A. Minear Jon C. Liebman, Emeritus Faculty Achievement Award, University of Tennessee Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of College of Engineering, 1977 Science American Water Works Association, adviser of student Outstanding Civil Engineering Teacher Award, U of I (J. C. Bird) receiving Academic Achievement Award for Student Chapter, American Society of Civil Engineers, Best Master’s Thesis, 1980 1976, 1986, 1996 Past President, Association of Environmental Engineering Daniel L. and Irma Evans Visiting Distinguished Lecturer, Professors, 1980 University of Washington, 1988 Tennessee Tomorrow Professor Award, University of Andersen Consulting Award for Excellence in Advising, Tennessee College of Engineering, 1980 U of I College of Engineering, 1989 Armour T. Granger Professorship in Engineering, Rose Award for Teaching Excellence, U of I College of University of Tennessee, 1983 Engineering, 1997 American Water Works Association, adviser of student (C. M. Morrow) receiving Academic Achievement James H. Long Award for Best Master’s Thesis, 1984 Shell Faculty Award, 1987 First Distinguished Service Award, Association of Newmark Scholar Award, U of I, 1991-1992 Environmental Engineering Professors, 1984 Distinguished Service Award, American Chemical Society, Benito J. Mariñas Division of Environmental Chemistry, 1985 Abraham Rosenberg Research Fellowship, University of Certificate of Merit for co-authorship of paper, American California, Berkeley, 1984 Chemical Society, Division of Environmental University of California Regents Fellowship, University of Chemistry, 1991, 1992, 1993 California, Berkeley, 1986, 1987
77 Commander’s Award for Distinguished Public Service, Outstanding Paper Award, ASCE Journal of Performance U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research of Constructed Facilities, 1997 Laboratories, 1993 Universities Council on Water Resources, adviser of John T. Pfeffer, Emeritus student (M. A. Nanny) receiving first place award for Illinois Association of Sanitary Districts Trustee Service outstanding water resources dissertation, 1995 Award, 1989 Guest Professorship, Nankai University Department of J. J. James R. Croes Medal, American Society of Civil Environmental Science, China, 1996 Engineers, 1993 Visiting Research Scholar, Kyoto University Laboratory Clarence W. Klassen Award, Illinois Association of Water for the Control of Environmental Micropollutants, Pollution Control Operators, 1991 Japan, 1996 Lutgarde Raskin Barbara S. Minsker Research Initiation Award, National Science Foundation, CAREER Award, National Science Foundation, 1998 1994 Faculty Fellow, National Center for Supercomputing Fellow, U of I Center for Advanced Study, 1996 Applications, 1999 Montgomery Watson and Association for Environmental Army Young Investigator Award, U.S. Army Research Engineering Professors, adviser of student (M. Griffin) Office, 2000 receiving second prize in the M.S. Thesis Competition, Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and 1997 Engineers, 2000 Xerox Award for Faculty Research, U of I College of Engineering, 1997 Eberhard Morgenroth CAREER Award, National Science Foundation, 1998 Ulrich-Finsterwalder-Award for an outstanding Ph.D. Narbey Khachaturian Faculty Scholar, U of I Department thesis, sponsored by Dykerhoff & Widmann, presented of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1998 by the Technical University of Munich Department of Illinois Water Environment Association, adviser of student Civil Engineering, 1998 (F. de los Reyes) receiving Best Student Paper Award, Collins Scholar in the Academy for Excellence in 1998 Engineering Education, U of I, 2001 Incomplete List of Teachers Ranked as Excellent by Their Students, 1998-2000 William H. Munse, Emeritus Montgomery Watson and Association for Environmental Honorary Member, American Society of Civil Engineers Engineering and Science Professors, adviser of student Honor Member, Chi Epsilon, U of I (D. B. Oerther) receiving first prize in the M.S. Thesis Special Citation Award (with E. H. Gaylord), American Competition, 1999 Institute for Steel Construction, 1988 Water Environment Federation, adviser of student (F. de los Reyes) receiving first place in Student Paper Joseph P. Murtha, Emeritus Competition Ph.D. Category, 1999 Andersen Consulting Award for Excellence in Advising, U of I College of Engineering, 1989 Chris R. Rehmann Commander’s Award for Distinguished Public Service, Post-Doctoral Scholarship, Woods Hole Oceanographic U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Institution, 1996 Laboratory, 1989 Incomplete List of Teachers Ranked as Excellent by Their Students, U of I, 1998-2000 I. Dennis Parsons Presidential Young Investigator Award, National Science Arthur R. Robinson, Emeritus Foundation, 1991 Walter L. Huber Civil Engineering Research Prize, American Society of Civil Engineers, 1969 Glaucio H. Paulino Moisseiff Award, American Society of Civil Engineers Collins Scholar, U of I, 2000 (with Harry H. West), 1970
David A. Pecknold Mark J. Rood Outstanding Civil Engineering Undergraduate Teaching Past Treasurer and Executive Board Member, Association Award, U of I Student Chapter, American Society of of Environmental Engineering Professors Civil Engineers, 1978, 1992
78 Adviser to graduate student advisees who have won Halliburton Engineering Education Leadership Award, national paper-writing and presentation awards from the U of I College of Engineering, 1990 Air and Waste Management Association, American American Water Works Association, adviser of student Chemical Society and Biennial Conference on Carbon, (I. Najm) receiving the Best Ph.D. Thesis Award, 1992 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1995, 1997, 1999 American Water Works Association, adviser of student Incomplete List of Teachers Ranked as Excellent by Their (F. Cannon) receiving second prize in the Ph.D. Thesis Students, U of I, 1990, 1992, 1998, 1999 Competition, 1994 Andersen Consulting Advisor Award, U of I College of Distinguished Monsanto Lecturer, Purdue University, Engineering, 1991, 1993, 1994, 1999 1994 James M. Montgomery Master’s Thesis Advisor Award, Samuel Arnold Greeley Award, American Society of Civil Association of Environmental Engineering Professors, Engineers, 1995 1992 Tau Beta Pi Daniel C. Drucker Eminent Faculty Award, Associate Editor, Journal of Air and Waste Management U of I College of Engineering, 1996 Association, 1994- Chi Epsilon Honor Member, 1998 Associate Editor, Journal of Environmental Engineering, Ambassador Award, American Water Works Association, 1998- 1999 Richard A. Glenn Best Paper Award, 214th ACS National Best Paper Award, Research Division, American Water Meeting Fuel Chemistry Division, 1997 Works Association (with F. Courson), 1999 Founders Award, Association of Environmental William C. Schnobrich, Emeritus Engineering and Science Professors, 1999 Fellow, American Concrete Institute Life Member, American Water Works Association, 1999 Senior U.S. Scientist Award, Alexander Von Humboldt Excellence in Advising Award, U of I College of Foundation, Germany Engineering, 2000 Warren A. Hall Medal, The Universities Council on Chester P. Siess, Emeritus Water Resources, 2000 Engineering Hall of Distinction, Louisiana State University Timothy D. Stark Member, National Academy of Engineering Summer Research Fellow, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Honorary Member and Past President, American Concrete U.S. Army Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Institute Miss. 1988, 1991 Honorary Member, American Society of Civil Engineers Outstanding College of Engineering Professor, San Diego National Honor Member, Chi Epsilon State University Tau Beta Pi Honor Society, 1989 Meritorious Performance and Professional Promise Award Vernon L. Snoeyink by President of San Diego State University, 1990 Member, National Academy of Engineering Timeos Award, Outstanding Assistant Professor at San Past President, Association of Environmental Engineering Diego State University, Phi Eta Sigma Honor Society, Professors 1990 Nalco-AEEP Award for Significant Chemical Research in Edmund Friedman Young Engineer Award for Industrial Waste Treatment, 1981 Professional Achievement, American Society of Civil William L. Everitt Undergraduate Teaching Excellence Engineers, 1991 Award, U of I College of Engineering, 1982, 1998 Arthur Cassagrande Professional Development Award, Outstanding Civil Engineering Teacher Award, U of I American Society of Civil Engineers, 1992 ASCE Student Chapter, 1982 Xerox Award for Faculty Research, U of I College of Best Paper Award, Research Division, American Water Engineering, 1993 Works Association, 1983 DOW Outstanding New Faculty Award, American Campus Award for Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching, Society for Engineering Education, 1994 U of I, 1983 William J. and Elaine F. Hall Scholar Award, U of I Fuller Award, American Water Works Association, 1986 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Best Paper Award, Illinois Section, American Water Works 1994-1996 Association, 1987 News Correspondent Award, American Society of Civil Association Research Award, American Water Works Engineers, 1995 Association, 1988 Outstanding Section Campus Representative Award, Boston Society of Civil Engineers, Thomas R. Camp American Society for Engineering Education Lecture, 1989 Illinois/Indiana Section, 1998
79 Thomas A. Middlebrooks Award, American Society of Kam W. Wong, Emeritus Civil Engineers, 1998 Walter L. Huber Civil Engineering Research Prize, University Scholar, U of I, 1998-2001 American Society of Civil Engineers, 1971 Walter L. Huber Civil Engineering Research Prize, Talbert Abrams Award, American Society for American Society of Civil Engineers, 1999 Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 1971 Outstanding Teacher Award, U of I Student Chapter, Leslie J. Struble American Society of Civil Engineers, 1985 Fellow, American Ceramic Society Meritorious Service Award, American Society of Young Investigator Award, National Science Foundation, Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 1994 1992 Talbert Abrams Award, Honorable Mention, American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 1996 Marshall R. Thompson, Emeritus Ronald D. Kenyon Research and Education Award, Ben C. Yen National Asphalt Pavement Association Research and Fellow, American Society of Civil Engineers Education Foundation, 1997 Fellow, International Water Resources Association Distinguished Research Award, Aggregates Foundation for Fellow, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Technology, Research and Education, 1998 Fulbright Distinguished Senior Lecture Award, 1988 K. B. Woods Award, Transportation Research Board, Member, Center for Advanced Studies, University of National Research Council, 1999 Virginia, 1988-1991 National Science Council (Taiwan) Distinguished Erol Tutumluer Lectureship, 1989 Certificate of Recognition, Engineering Education National Science Council (Taiwan) Distinguished Scholars Program, 1997 Professorship, 1992 General Electric Scholar, U of I, 1997 Best Technical Note Award, American Society of Civil General Electric Fellow, U of I Academy for Excellence in Engineers Hydraulic Division, 1994 Engineering Education, 1999 Honorary Distinguished Professor, Hohai University, Collins Fellow, U of I, 2000 China, 1994 Fred Burggraf Award for Excellence in Transportation Ven Te Chow Memorial Lecture Award, International Research, Transportation Research Board, National Water Resources Association, 1996 Academy of Sciences, 2000 Best Discussion Award, ASCE Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 1999 Valocchi, Albert J. Hunter Rouse Hydraulic Engineering Lecture Award, NATO Fellowship, Visiting Lecturer, Summer School on American Society of Civil Engineers, 1999 Environmental Dynamics, Venice, Italy, 1990 Sino Tech Science and Technology Distinguished Lecture Invited Lecturer, NATO Advanced Study Institute on Award, Taiwan, 2000 Migration and Fate of Pollutants in Soils and Subsoils, Hong Kong Environmental Hydraulics Fellowship, 2001 1992 Danish Research Academy Fellowship to support a visiting J. Francis Young, Emeritus professorship at the Technical University of Denmark, Fellow, American Ceramic Society 1993 Fellow, American Concrete Institute Bruanauer Award, Cements Division, American Ceramic William H. Walker, Emeritus Society, 1988 Andersen Consulting Award for Excellence in Advising, Copeland Award, American Ceramic Society, 1992 U of I College of Engineering, 1989 Y. K. Wen Patents Fellowship, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 1986, 1996 Moisseiff Award, American Society of Civil Engineers, Rood, M. J., P. Sullivan, and K. J. Hay. Selective Sorption, 1986 Desorption, and Liquification of Vapors for Gas Streams. Walter L. Huber Civil Engineering Research Prize, Invention Disclosure Statement to RTMO, TF00018 American Society of Civil Engineers, 1986 (2000). Research Prize, International Association of Structural Safety and Reliability, 1997
80 Computer Science
M. Snir, Head The National Computational Science Alliance (NCSA) M. D. Mickunas, Associate Head supercomputers are a Convex/HP Exemplar and a Silicon 3270 Digital Computer Laboratory Graphics Origin 2000 system along with a number of 1304 W. Springfield Ave., MC-258 other large-scale systems. The department maintains a Urbana, IL 61801-2987 strategic collaborative relationship with NCSA, where 217-333-4428 • http://www.cs.uiuc.edu grand challenge computational science problems are explored. The Department of Computer Science is one of the largest and oldest of its kind in the country. Founded in 1949, the department, housed in the Digital Computer Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (DCL), continues a long tradition as one of the world’s leaders in computer research. From the earliest days in the history of automatic Agent Generation and Control computation, the department has been one of a small G. Agha,* N. Jamali, P. Thati number of university groups to design complete systems U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, of hardware as well as software. The ORDVAC computer, F49620-97-1-0382 built in DCL and subsequently shipped to the Aberdeen Ballistic Research Laboratories, was the first working Agents provide a natural abstraction for using bit-parallel shared-program computer. ILLIAC I was geographically distributed computational and memory completed following a similar design shortly thereafter and resources. Agents are autonomous mobile actors that may was in operation from 1952 until 1962. It was one of the be invoked to satisfy specific goals that may require first electronic computers built and owned entirely by an traveling across physical and economic boundaries. educational institution. Following ILLIAC I, the Agents and agent ensembles can exhibit resource department was involved in the design and construction consumptive or otherwise unsafe behavior, raising security of ILLIACs II, III, IV, and Cedar. and resource management concerns. Agents must, Today, the department offers a broad program in therefore, be limited by the resources they consume in computer science. A new building for the department was pursuing a goal. The project is developing concepts completed in 1990. An extensive network of computing necessary to provide linguistic and system support for facilities and support equipment is available within the defining multiagent architectures. A related goal is to department as well as campuswide for use in faculty and extend the mathematical theory of actors to allow graduate student research. reasoning about multiagent systems. • Departmental facilities are organized around a central network with a number of virtual subnets serving the An Integrated Approach to Concept various research groups. Learning in Humans and Machines G. DeJong,* B. Ross, G. Murphy, L. Pitt, K. Rosengren • Central facilities consist of multiple servers that provide National Science Foundation, SBR-97-20304 mail, ftp, software distribution, computation, and NFS file services to more than 400 workstations. An integrated multiparadigm model of concept • The distributed part of the system comprises equipment acquisition requires a single mechanism to exhibit appropriate to a given research group’s needs, including SBL-like or EBL-like behavior as appropriate and be Sun, Silicon Graphics, HP, and Intel systems. sensitive both to the learning problem and context. • More than 200 UNIX and PC workstations are available Furthermore, the model must be sufficiently rigorous to to students in departmental instructional laboratories. support the mathematical analysis of computational • The College of Engineering operates more than learning theory. This research integrates knowledge into 80 workstations to support introductory computing learning and examines compound concept acquisition instruction. (the facilitation of later concept acquisition resulting from • In collaboration with the Center for Simulation of the acquisition of earlier ones). The project involves Advanced Rockets, the department also operates a large psychological experiments, model building, computer Intel PC cluster for parallel computing research.
* Denotes principal investigator. 2 implementation, and analysis of the emergent formal of the user’s implicit preferences. Intelligent interpretation properties. of interactions can support a conceptually coherent display tailored to this user. The research holds the Complex Skill Acquisition Using Combined promise of insulating the user from the growing Symbolic and Numeric Reasoning complexities of computer software through artificial G. DeJong,* M. Brodie intelligence. This research is part of a larger U.S. Office of Naval Research, N00014-94-1-0684 multidisciplinary effort.
Researchers are developing and evaluating methods to Visual Tracking as a Feedback System combine prior symbolic knowledge with numerical G. Hager* (Yale Univ.), D. Kriegman observations. Simultaneously exploiting analytic and U.S. Army Research Office, DAAG55-98-1-0168 empirical sources results in greatly improved sample complexity and enhanced concept robustness. The Researchers are developing models for image dynamics approach employs the prior knowledge to “explain” arising from moving cameras, dynamic scenes, or observations. Explanations annotate the observations, changing lighting; the incorporation of image dynamics adding many features not observed together with a models into visual tracking algorithms; and the hypothesized causal analysis. The approach also dismisses application of these algorithms to tracking articulated as irrelevant other observed features that do not objects such as humans walking. Approaching vision from participate in the causal analysis. The resulting structure a dynamic perspective emphasizes the temporal continuity can be seen as a hypothesis of great specificity requiring of the incoming image stream with the goal of simplifying concomitantly far fewer examples to confirm or the computational problem. This perspective leads refute empirically. naturally to techniques for embedding vision in a feedback loop. By taking this approach, researchers have been able Machine Learning to Improve to demonstrate a variety of high-performance visual User/Software Attitudes tracking capabilities using only desktop hardware or PCs. G. DeJong,* M. Brodie Yamaha Motor Co. Analogical Approaches to Reuse of Software Artifacts Researchers are examining machine learning as an M. T. Harandi,* S. Yao alternative to the current one-size-fits-all approach to U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, software applications. There is a large potential DACA88-94-K-0014 value-added component to such learning. After a few weeks or months of interactions with a particular software While software reuse promises improved programmer product, the user will naturally and unavoidably have productivity, greater code quality, and reduced expressed a great deal of his or her own goals, preferences, developmental costs, it has been difficult to achieve under and personality. Explanation-based learning is being past paradigms. This research investigates the hypothesis explored as a mechanism to recover this ignored that software reuse benefits are better realized at higher information. In adapting to the user, the application will levels of abstraction than is typically attempted and that increase the effectiveness of the user/software system and automated analogical reasoning, applied to knowledge- improve the user’s attitude toward the software package. based domain-specific models, can greatly facilitate the reuse process. This work is being conducted within the Next Generation Displays: Adapting context of the development of intelligent design assistance Software Preferences to the User for the ISLE programming environment and in G. DeJong,* M. Cibulskis conjunction with the Advanced Collaborative Systems U.S. Army Research Laboratory, DAAL01-96-2-0003F Laboratory (ACSL).
As displays become more flexible and sophisticated, Distributed Knowledge Acquisition System the number of options available to a user increases M. T. Harandi,* B. Park combinatorially. It becomes increasingly difficult for the University of Illinois user to select display preferences that best fit the user’s strengths and weaknesses. This research investigates an This project aims to build a distributed knowledge intelligent display which analyzes, explains, and generalizes acquisition system by which domain experts can user interactions. User interactions are seen as expressions independently contribute to the gradual construction of a
3 * Denotes principal investigator. communal knowledge base. The knowledge base contains Knowledge-based Programming Assistant entities, such as subdomains, concepts, and variables, as M. T. Harandi* well as relations between these entities. The system allows U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, experts to enter information concerning a domain-related DACA88-94-K-0014 topic and to determine how this information affects the existing knowledge structures. Researchers are studying the The knowledge-based programming assistant (KBPA) use of such theories in proving, completing, or modifying project has been researching, designing, and constructing user-specified knowledge segments. Researchers are also the elements of an intelligent programming support developing a new knowledge representation language and system capable of aiding programmers in various facets of domain modeling tools and techniques. program production, such as specification, design, coding, debugging, and testing. In this system, techniques of Hybrid Reasoning in Multiagent computer inference, general problem solving, planning, Cooperative Systems and data management are applied to a rich database of M. T. Harandi,* C. Tinelli knowledge about different phases of program production. U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, This study focuses on issues of program synthesis and DACA88-94-K-0014 analogical programming. This work is part of the research being conducted in the Advanced Collaborative Research Distributed problem solving has been widely used to Laboratory (ACSL). provide intelligent support for cooperative activities. While a distinguished feature of hybrid reasoning systems Domain-independent Vision-based Navigation is the use of multiple specialized subreasoners, they D. Kriegman,* G. Hager (Yale Univ.) generally assume a centralized model of computation and National Science Foundation, IRI-9711967 rely on single-agent logics. Researchers on this project believe that the basic ideas of hybrid reasoning can be Researchers are solving a set of problems associated with successfully extended to both distributed problem solving constructing a robust, domain-independent vision-based and multiagent logics. Researchers will be developing a navigation system suitable for both structured and hybrid reasoning framework for problem solving in unstructured environment. Visual tracking is used to multiagent cooperative systems. This work is being monitor a set of automatically selected image features, and pursued in conjunction with the Advanced Collaborative vision-based control guides the robot’s motion while Systems Laboratory (ACSL). avoiding obstacles. An environment is represented as a graph which may be constructed under human control Intelligent Support for Distributed (giving the system a tour) or autonomously as the system Problem Solving explores. The representation is constructed bottom-up M. T. Harandi,* G. Rendon from information derived directly from sensor U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, measurements. A recognition system is used to annotate DACA88-94-K-0014 the representation with symbolic labels.
This research deals with issues of distributed problem Face Recognition under Variable Illumination solving. In particular, researchers are looking for D. Kriegman,* P. Belhumeur (Yale Univ.) mechanisms that provide intelligent support for problem National Science Foundation Young Investigator Award, solving. This support could be in the form of reasoning IRI-9257990 mechanisms for handling interdependencies among tasks and interactions among agents. It could also be in the Because of illumination variability, the same object can form of providing scenario analysis for decision making. appear dramatically different even when viewed in fixed A goal of this project is to develop a framework for pose. Researchers have proven that the set of images of an representation of all relevant aspects of a problem-solving object under all lighting conditions is a convex polyhedral process. The framework provides a language composed of cone in the image space. The cone representation can be three primitives: agents, actions, and artifacts. This work is constructed from a small number of images and accounts being pursued in conjunction with the Advanced for shadowing and multiple light sources. Recognition is Collaborative Systems Laboratory (ACSL). performed through nearest neighbor classification by measuring the minimal distance of an image to each cone. In this project, researchers have demonstrated the utility of this approach for solving the problem of face
* Denotes principal investigator. 4 recognition, and the results exceed those of popular Three-dimensional Vision Systems existing methods. J. Ponce* University of Illinois Environment-independent Perception and Navigation for Tactical Mobile Robots: The aim of this project is to develop practical vision A Diktiometric Approach systems capable of 3-D interpretation of various types of D. Kriegman;* G. Hager, D. McDermott (Yale Univ.); image data. The focus is on interactive image synthesis M. Hyman from video clips using parameterized image varieties and Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, upgrading projective reconstructions to metric ones using DAAE07-98-C-L031 a minimal set of assumptions on the cameras.
While algorithms for autonomous mobile robot An Intelligent Microscope for Transmission exploration and navigation in unknown environments Electron Microscopy have been proposed, few of these have been implemented C. Potter, B. Carragher, D. Kriegman,* R. Milligan on real robots because of a mismatch between the (Scripps Research Inst.) theoretical models of sensors and the actual sensors. National Science Foundation, DBI-9904547 Instead, this bottom-up approach starts with well developed and understood sensing methods (visual In this project, researchers are developing, implementing, tracking coupled with low resolution range sensing) and and testing an intelligent software system for the from these methods derives a representation which can be acquisition of images from a transmission electron used to guide navigation and exploration. The microscope. Molecular microscopy can provide unique Diktiometric Boundary Representation is a topological information about biological structure from the molecular representation augmented with metric information to cellular level, yet a bottleneck to this technique is that constructed from sensor information as the robot an enormous number of images must be acquired for navigates. structural analysis. This project integrates instrument control, feature recognition, machine learning techniques, Capture Regions for Grasping, Manipulating, and reconstruction to improve the quality and quantity and Reorienting Parts of data collected. This approach is being applied to J. Ponce* determine structural models of motor proteins, National Science Foundation, IRI 990709; Beckman particularly muscle filaments and microtubes. Institute for Advanced Science and Technology Model of Superior Colliculus with a This project addresses the problem of manipulating Spatiotemporal Neuron Model objects by characterizing the regions of their configuration S. R. Ray,* C. Seguin, T. Anastasio space where they are confined by physical constraints Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (obstacles, friction, and gravity). The current focus is on planning planar manipulation tasks using three mobile The superior colliculus is a region of the central nervous robots, constructing collision-free motion plans for these system which fuses input data from several modes (visual, robots, constructing a new prototype of a reconfigurable auditory, somatosensory, and so forth) and computer gripper and developing its control algorithms, and taking orienting output for directing attention, such as head the role of friction into account. rotation. This project uses a neuron model with trainable temporal response. Spatiotemporal maps are learned by Reconfigurable Part Feeding self-organizing algorithms which simulate known J. Ponce,* S. Akella (Beckman) functions of the superior colliculus. The result is expected National Science Foundation, IRI 990709; Beckman to have engineering applications. Institute for Advanced Science and Technology Neural Network Methods for Temporal This project addresses the problem of manipulating Sequence Processing mechanical parts with simple reconfigurable mechanisms. S. R. Ray,* H. Shah Researchers have developed and constructed a novel part University of Illinois feeder and its control software, capable of constructing reorientation plans from known part geometry. The storage of long temporal vector sequences and their The applicability of this approach to other problems, such recognition and recall is a subject of considerable interest as part recognition and mating, is being investigated. both in engineering application and in neuroscience.
5 * Denotes principal investigator. A new method for storing long temporal sequences which neural network which comprises the superior colliculus. can be content-addressed and retrieved from the starting This research team has developed and continues to point is under study. The method applies multilayer develop models of the SC that learn to adapt to variations “chunking” of invertible vectors in feature map in the head dimensions and visual/auditory properties. architectures. This multilayer method has the potential to To demonstrate the overall system, including learning, store a quantity of distinct sequences in the same elements researchers are constructing a camera and microphone and to demonstrate the property of replay of long system which will supply input to the model SC and experiential memories discovered by Wilder Penfield in respond to its directives. The camera/microphone system human subjects some decades ago. is fully operative on a physically fixed frame.
Probabilistic Learning of Causal Inference with Classifiers Relationships through Time D. Roth,* V. Punyakanok S. R. Ray,* W. H. Hsu National Science Foundation, Information Technology University of Illinois Research, IIS-00-85836
Predicting, forecasting, or monitoring of time series In many situations it is necessary to make decisions that require the capability to build complex models from data. depend on the outcomes of several classifiers in a way that To take proper account of the spatial and temporal provides a coherent inference that satisfies some referencing of data sets, a quantitative analysis of their constraint. These constraints might arise from the causal and temporal characteristics is required. This sequential nature of the data or other domain specific analysis yields two benefits: a criterion for hierarchical constraints. Researchers are studying two general decomposition or automatic relevance determination and approaches for this problem and are evaluating those in a metric for choosing and applying the “right tool for the the context of an important inference problem in natural right job.” The first criterion is an unsupervised learning language—identifying phrase structure. The first approach mechanism; the second is a high-level variety of metric- studied is a Markovian approach that extends standard based model selection. The resulting problem components HMMs to allow the use of a rich observation structure can be more effectively learned, then recombined, using and of general classifiers to model state-observation sensor and data fusion algorithms. Such an approach finds dependencies. The second is an extension of constraint application in agricultural monitoring. satisfaction formalisms.
Large-Scale Temporal Associative Memory Intermediate Knowledge Representations S. Ray,* S. Swarup that Facilitate Learning University of Illinois D. Roth,* S. Agarwal, C. Cumby, W. T. Yih, D. Zimak National Science Foundation, Information Technology The basic problem addressed is to research methods for Research IIS 00-85836; NSF IIS 00-85980; (Office of learning to store and recognize a large body of temporal Naval Research) Multidisciplinary Research Program of the sequential percepts (presented in any order) utilizing University Research Initiative (MURI) Award neuroscience compatible techniques. Further, the system must be capable of stable learning and forgetting of Learning becomes easy once the correct input randomly presented samples. In spite of a decade or more representation has been chosen. A representation that of research in artificial neural networks, temporal sequence produces linearly separable point sets is an example. associative memory is still very poorly understood. Several projects are aimed at automatically generating Researchers are studying, analyzing, and simulating a intermediate representations to aid supervised learning number of different models. algorithms, developing methods that allow the use of relational representations and of learning relational Self-Aiming Camera definitions, and developing a flexible knowledge S. Ray,* T. Anastasio, P. Patton representation language that can be used along with University of Illinois feature-efficient learning algorithms. Applications of this general knowledge representation paradigm are studied in The superior colliculus in vertebrates appears to be a the context of learning in the natural language domain primary agent in deciding the direction of saccades and and visual recognition. head-turning actions. Multisensory information, especially visual, audible, and somatosensory, feeds the two-layer
* Denotes principal investigator. 6 Learning Coherent Concepts evaluate it on large-scale, knowledge-intensive inferences D. Roth,* A. Garg, V. Punyakanok in the natural language domain. Recent studies within the National Science Foundation CAREER Award, learning-to-reason framework have shown that there is IIS-9984168 much to gain from studying these issues within a unified framework. This research investigates some of the This research seeks to develop an integrated view fundamental issues within this framework, concentrating (theoretical understanding, algorithms development, and on a probabilistic setting. experimental evaluation) for learning coherent concepts. These are learning scenarios that are common in cognitive Machine Learning in Natural Language learning, where multiple learners co-exist and may learn Processing different functions on the same input, but there are D. Roth,* Y. Even-Zohar, A. Garg, V. Punyakanok mutual compatibility constraints on outcomes. This effort National Science Foundation, IIS-9801638; NSF, will consist of developing a learning theory for these KDI SBR 98-73450 situations and of studying algorithmic ways to exploit them in natural language inferences. The theoretical Two main lines of research are being pursued. One focus study concentrates on developing a semantics for the is on developing a coherent learning theory account of the coherency conditions and study of it from a learning major statistical approaches to learning in natural theory point of view. The goal is to understand ways that language. This is an attempt to develop better learning learning can become easier and more robust in these methods and an understanding of the role of learning in situations. The algorithmic study concentrates on natural language inferences. A second focus is on the developing ways to exploit coherency and makes use of study of knowledge representations and learning several important problems in natural language processing techniques for various language-understanding related as a testbed for investigating chaining of coherent tasks. The emphasis is on learning techniques that classifiers and inferences that rely on the outcomes of tolerate data of high dimensionality and on incorporating several classifiers. additional knowledge. Projects include context-sensitive spelling correction, prepositional phrase attachment, part Learning from Data and Additional of speech tagging, shallow parsing, and applications to Knowledge Sources information extraction. D. Roth* National Science Foundation, IIS-9801638 Robust Methods for Natural Language-based Human and Machine Interaction The majority of the work in learning assumes that the D. Roth,* X. Li, V. Punyakanok, W. T. Yih learner interacts with the world via examples. This (Office of Naval Research) Multidisciplinary Research research focuses on situations in which the learner can Program of the University Research Initiative (MURI) interact with many information sources. Some of these Award may supply the learner with examples, while others may supply other types of information. In text-understanding This research is direct toward development of robust, related tasks, for example, in addition to examples (text) freestyle, and adaptive natural language-based human and the learner may make use of dictionaries, thesaurus, machine interaction. These include developing robust experts of various sorts, various general and domain- methods for identifying phrases in sentences. This is a specific taxonomies, and other sources. In other cases, the fundamental technology that underlies the ability to additional information can be viewed as cross-modality extract key phrases and perform shallow parsing of information. This research is a study of how learning sentences. The research also targets methods for algorithms can make use of this additional information in information extraction, a robust identification of various learning models and for various applications. functional phrases in sentences. This is part of an effort to construct a more abstract representation of sentences that Learning to Perform Knowledge-intensive will be used to respond to queries and/or access a Inferences knowledge base. Another focus is on question– answering. D. Roth* This approach integrates the two other methods with National Science Foundation, IIS-9801638 relevant learning, knowledge representation, and inference methods in the natural language domain to a preliminary The goals of this research are to study an integrated theory open domain question–answering system. of learning, knowledge representation, and reasoning, and
7 * Denotes principal investigator. The Role of Experience in Natural Language networks (having possibly thousands of nodes); D. Roth,* K. Bock, J. Cole, G. Dell, C. Fisher, S. specification of simple, adaptable message routing schemes Garnsey, A. Goldberg, S. Levinson which can be implemented on those networks; network National Science Foundation, KDI SBR 98-73450 survivability under partial degradation; and discovery of practical applications of such networks. An integrated multiparadigm approach to the study of learning mechanism in language production and comprehension is studied. The language processing system is constantly changing. It adapts quickly to recent Compilers experience while continuing to reflect the accumulated experience of a lifetime of speaking, listening, reading, and Compiler Optimizations for Multilevel writing. This project integrates research efforts in Memory Hierarchies psycholinguistics, linguistics theory, and computational V. Adve,* Q. Yi (Rice Univ.), K. Kennedy (Rice Univ.) models of learning in an attempt to address the U.S. Department of Energy ASCI Academic Strategic mechanisms that enable the language processor to adapt Alliances Program, B347884 to experience. In addition, the research will suggest learning mechanisms for language processing technology, Managing performance on deep memory hierarchies is particularly for rapid adaptation to changing linguistic widely considered to be a critical open problem for environments. high-performance systems. This research team is exploring a novel class of compiler transformations that provide The SNoW Learning Architecture improved locality at multiple levels of memory hierarchy D. Roth,* A. Carlson simultaneously. The transformations exploit the property National Science Foundation, IIS-9801638; NSF, that recursive algorithms have identical reuse patterns at KDI SBR 98-73450 each level of recursion, providing a hierarchy of working sets. Researchers are developing compiler algorithms to A learning architecture and algorithms that are tailored for transform existing loop-based codes into efficient recursive learning on large-scale, knowledge-intensive problems are form automatically. Such a transformation has wide being developed. The SNoW learning architecture is a applicability, including automatic blocking for multiple sparse network of linear units over a common predefined levels of cache hierarchy and improving communication or incrementally learned feature space. It is tailored for locality in shared memory codes. learning in domains in which the potential number of features taking part in decisions is very large, but may be Compiler Support for Performance Modeling unknown a priori. Preliminary versions of SNoW have of Parallel and Distributed Programs already been used successfully on a variety of large-scale V. Adve* learning tasks in NLP and in the visual processing Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, domain, including face detection and object recognition. N66001-97-C-8533
Researchers are developing compiler techniques that Communications enable fast, accurate, and automatic performance modeling of highly scalable applications. One focus of this effort is a compiler-generated program representation that Bus Connection Networks allows one to automate a wide range of analytical, M. D. Mickunas* simulation, and hybrid models of parallel programs. University of Illinois A second focus is to use additional compiler analysis, together with this representation, to enable efficient Researchers are investigating the properties of various bus simulation of highly scalable applications. One such connection networks (viewed as generalized incidence compiler technique achieved 10-2000x reduction in systems, such as projective planes). The mathematical memory usage and 2-10x reduction in simulation time for properties of such networks suggest some intriguing new the simulation of large message-passing programs. techniques for performing both computation and This work is part of a broader collaboration with five communication. This investigation centers on four topics: other universities. discovery of simple, expandable, and inexpensive interconnection strategies that can be applied to large
* Denotes principal investigator. 8 Error Recovery in Compilers The analysis techniques under investigation are type M. D. Mickunas* analysis, dependence analysis (for generating SMP code), University of Illinois code signature generation, and array bounds check analysis (to eliminate superfluous array bounds checks). In this project, researchers devised a syntactic error The compilation and execution phases in MaJIC overlap recovery scheme for programming languages. The scheme and can be executed in parallel on multiprocessor is based on LR parsing and is driven by information that machines. Researchers also are considering stepwise is directly and automatically obtainable from the LR refinement of compiled code to improve performance. tables. The method shows good promise for providing excellent error diagnostics. Continuing work will focus on Analysis of Irregular Memory Accesses improving the efficiency of the method and relating the D. Padua,* Y. Lin mechanism to other parsing schemes. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, DABT63-95-C-0097 Multiprocessor Compilation M. D. Mickunas* This project aims to develop compiler techniques to University of Illinois extract precise information about irregular memory accesses. Traditional loop optimization methods require This project investigates techniques for compiling in array subscripts to be closed-form expressions of loop parallel. One phase was to devise an extension to standard indices. However, in sparse/irregular programs, array shift-reduce parsing, called “piecewise” LR parsing, which subscripts usually do not have this form, leaving many permits multiple parsers to be situated at arbitrary places codes unoptimized as a result. Researchers have developed in an input string. This research with piecewise LR parsers a demand-driven interprocedural array property analysis demonstrated that it is not only possible to parse in a truly method for indirectly accessed arrays and a single-indexed parallel fashion, but that significant speedup can often be array analysis method for irregular single-indexed arrays. achieved using such piecewise LR parsers. The continuing The team has successfully improved the precision of data goal is to characterize the class of languages acceptable by dependence and privatization tests, which has resulted in such parsers and to devise unconventional programming significant performance improvements for the collection language constructs which exploit the power of of sparse codes. the technique. Compile-Time Performance Prediction Tools for Compiler Construction D. Padua,* D. Reed,* C. Cascaval M. D. Mickunas* Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, University of Illinois N66001-97-C-8532
This project is focused on developing a generalized shift- As part of the Delphi project, University of Illinois reduce parser generating system which allows interactive researchers have developed compiler techniques to predict generation and modification of noncanonical LR-style the performance of scientific codes on different parsers. This is coupled with a tree evaluator which architectures. The compiler is both the primary tool for provides interpretive execution of attribute-like semantics estimating the performance and the beneficiary of the for the language. This will be used as a tool to produce results obtained from predicting the program behavior at parsers for unconventional languages, to experiment with compile time. The research team developed a simple error recovery techniques, and to investigate aspects of compile-time performance prediction model that, when parallel parsing. augmented with profiling data from very light instrumentation, can be accurate within an average of A MATLAB Just-in-Time Compiler (MaJIC) 20% of the measured performance for codes using both D. Padua,* G. Almasi, L. DeRose dense and sparse computational methods on uniprocessor National Science Foundation, ACI98-70687 machines. A next step is to extend this model to multiprocessors. In cooperation with researchers at Cornell University, a University of Illinois team is developing MaJIC, a just-in-time compiler for MATLAB. The main goal of the project is to maintain a MATLAB-like working environment while achieving significant speedups.
9 * Denotes principal investigator. Compiler and Run-Time Environment Signal Processing Algorithm for Numerical Java Compiling Engine (SPACE) D. Padua,* L. Kale,* J. Decker, Z. Sura, D. Wong, P. Wu D. Padua,* A. Huang, J. Xiong National Science Foundation, NSF DMS 98-78945 Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, DABT63-98-1-0004 In this project, compiler and run-time techniques will be developed to achieve a performance comparable to that of Fast signal processing algorithms have been obtained by Fortran programs for numerical Java applications. properly factorizing the transformation matrix into several The system consists of a Java restructurer, a JVM that matrices. The Tensor Product Language (TPL) was supports vector operations efficiently, an optimized native designed to describe linear transformations. Using numerical library, and a source-to-source Fortran 95 to predefined parameterized matrices and their operations, Java translator. The restructurer automatically identifies TPL can represent several well-known signal processing macro-operations (vector operations and BLAS routines) algorithms. The goal of this project (which is part of a in the source program and replaces them with calls to larger project involving researchers from Carnegie-Mellon, library routines. The source-to-source translator provides a Drexel, and the University of Southern California) is to tool to convert legacy Fortran codes to Java and to build a compiler to generate efficient programs from TPL produce a convincing testing benchmark suite for formulas. Issues to be studied include techniques to the system. predict the effect of loop unrolling/rerolling on performance and optimization techniques to very long Compilers for Processors in Memory basic blocks. D. Padua,* J. Torrellas,* J. Lee IBM Partnership Award Computational Geometry Processors in memory (PIM) technology integrates processor logic and DRAM in the same chip. The goal of this research is to explore compiler techniques for Approximation in Computational Geometry FlexRam, a computer system that consists of a commodity S. Har-Peled* host microprocessor and several PIM chips. The research University of Illinois team is exploring compiler techniques to identify macro- operations (such as vector operations) from the source Research has concentrated on the development of code. The strategy is to partition the source code into approximation algorithms. These algorithms provide a several functions based on the profitability of running the close-to-optimal solution and tend to be simple and easy functions on the PIM chips or the host processor. This to implement. Research encompasses both theory and research encompasses performance prediction, parallelism implementation, with a focus on developing general extraction, cache locality enhancement, synchronization techniques that perform well in practice. The research overhead reduction, and load balancing. also will explore applying the insights and techniques from computational geometry to other fields, such as databases, Compiling for PC Clusters data-mining, graphics, and geographic information D. Padua,* J. Hoeflinger, Y. M. Kim, J. Zhu systems (GIS). National Science Foundation, ACI 96-19019 COOP
In this project, researchers are retargeting the Polaris parallelizing compiler to a network of Sun workstations and a Windows NT-based cluster using the TreadMarks virtual shared memory system to provide a shared view of memory. Researchers ported TreadMarks to the NT cluster and made it compatible with FORTRAN77 codes. The basic functionality of the compiler for TreadMarks has been built. Some programs from the Spec95 and Perfect Benchmarks have been tested and valid results obtained. Next steps are to measure the performance of a group of benchmark codes and design optimizations to improve their performance.
* Denotes principal investigator. 10 Simulation Techniques for Systems Computer Architecture with ILP Processors and Systems S. Adve,* C. J. Hughes, R. Jain, P. Kaul, V. Pai, C. Park, P. Ranganathan, J. Srinivasan Alfred P. Sloan Research Foundation; IBM Corp.; National Architectures for Media-processing Science Foundation CCR-0096126; University of Illinois Applications S. Adve,* C. J. Hughes, R. Jain, P. Kaul, C. Park, Previous simulators for shared-memory multiprocessors P. Ranganathan, J. Srinivasan have imposed a large tradeoff between simulation accuracy Alfred P. Sloan Research Foundation; National Science and speed. Most such simulators model simple processors Foundation CCR-0096126; University of Illinois that do not exploit common instruction-level parallelism (ILP) features, consequently exhibiting large errors when This research seeks to develop general-purpose used to model current systems. A few newer simulators architectures for emerging media-processing applications. model current ILP processors in detail, but are much These applications require orders-of-magnitude higher slower. This research team is exploring the use of performance than available today with high predictability. execution sampling to alleviate this accuracy versus speed The research team used detailed simulation to develop a tradeoff. Work includes conducting a validation of the quantitative understanding of these applications and now ILP-based simulator against real machines to quantify is using this understanding to develop novel architectures simulation error. with higher performance and predictability. A key attribute of the designs is flexibility, which allows for Tolerating Memory Latencies in responding to changing application requirements and Multiprocessors with Merged DRAM-Logic system constraints. Specifically, the reconfigurable cache S. Adve,* C. J. Hughes architectures can be used for activities other than Alfred P. Sloan Research Foundation; University of Illinois conventional caches for different applications. The next stage for research is to focus on more general adaptive Memory latency and bandwidth have long been an architectures. impediment to high performance. Recent advances in integrating processor logic and DRAM onto the same Code Transformations to Increase Memory chip, called a PIM (processor-in-memory), address this Parallelism with Instruction-Level Parallel problem for applications that have memory requirements Processors met by a single chip. However, important applications S. Adve,* V. Pai with more demanding memory requirements exist and Alfred P. Sloan Research Foundation; University of Illinois will require the use of additional techniques to hide memory latency for remote data transfers. This research Current microprocessors employ techniques to aggressively examines techniques that take advantage of PIMs to hide exploit instruction-level parallelism (ILP). Previous work such latency. has shown that these techniques are often ineffective in providing parallelism for the memory system. This is Building Dynamic Interoperable Security because compilers often generate code that does not Architecture for Active Networks exploit the available hardware resources for parallelism. R. Campbell,* M. D. Mickunas, Z. Liu, P. Naldburg, In this project, researchers developed code transformations S. Yi that enable multiple loads to overlap with each other in Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, modern out-of-order processors, thereby increasing F30602-98-1-0192 memory parallelism and hiding memory latency. This research has shown that these techniques also Current active network research efforts propose novel significantly benefit alternate latency hiding techniques network architectures to enable fast protocol and service such as prefetching. deployment. However, the dynamic and proactive nature of these active networks increases the malicious usage of the networks. There is little research into the nature of the security provisions. Researchers working on this project believe that the security architecture should be dynamic, reconfigurable, extensible, and interoperable. The active security architecture supports dynamic security policies
11 * Denotes principal investigator. interoperability among different security domains, active Luckily, advances in processor-memory integration allow capabilities providing application-specific security us to build computers that, thanks to being more functions, and defense against distributed denial of science integrated, faster and cheaper, may solve the problem. attacks. In this project, researchers in computer hardware, software, and computational biology team up with IBM Dynamic Security System researchers to design improved algorithms for protein for Distributed Objects folding and to design a Processor-In-Memory architecture R. Campbell,* M. D. Mickunas, A. Kapadia, that can speed up the solution of the problem. The work J. Al-Muhtadi, S. Yi involves using the IBM Blue Gene prototype and will help U.S. Department of Defense, MDA 904-98-C-A895 design its next generation system.
The Cherubim security architecture supports dynamic Automatically and Manually security systems for distributed object systems and Programming a Server supports the requirements of many emerging applications. J. Torrellas,* D. Padua, B. Fraguela, J. Lee, Y. Solihin In particular, it permits run-time adaptation in the face of National Science Foundation, EIA 99-75018, CCR 99- unexpected security attacks. This is vital to mission- 70488, EIA 00-81307, EIA 00-72102; IBM Corp.; critical environments like those of military systems. Intel Corp. The team will build upon the architecture to research and develop solutions to the problems of interoperability This project addresses the problem of how to program a between security systems, cooperative security policies server with an intelligent memory system, such as between independent administrative security domains, FlexRAM. Such a machine includes two classes of and integrity assurance for distributed objects running on processors: one or several off-the-shelf powerful processors commercial and research operating systems. and a myriad of simple processors in the memory system. Researchers examine two approaches to program this Architectural Support for Speculative machine. The first approach is to implement compiler Thread-Level Parallelization algorithms so that the compiler can automatically map the J. Torrellas,* M. Cintra, J. Martinez, M. Prvulovic, code onto the architecture. The second approach is to M. Garzaran design language constructs and a programming National Science Foundation, EIA 99-75018, CCR methodology that make it possible and easy for a 99-70488, EIA 00-81307, EIA 00-72102; IBM Corp.; programmer to directly write code for the machine. Intel Corp. Dynamically Managing Energy in Chips Speculative thread-level parallelization is a technique to for Energy and Efficiency execute in parallel code that the compiler cannot fully J. Torrellas,* M. Huang, J. Renau, S. Yoo analyze. In this technique, a program is dynamically National Science Foundation, EIA 99-75018, CCR divided into tasks and assigned to different threads. 99-70488, EIA 00-81307, EIA 00-72102; IBM Corp.; The threads execute in parallel, optimistically assuming Intel Corp. that sequential semantics will not be violated. As the threads run, the data that they access are tracked. If a While technology is delivering increasingly sophisticated dependence violation is detected, the offending threads are and powerful chip designs, it is also imposing alarmingly stopped. Then a repair action re-executes the offending high energy requirements on the chips. Many techniques tasks, possibly after recovering some old, safe state. In this have been proposed to manage the energy consumed, project, researchers examine the support for this technique including voltage scaling and various forms of storage in both chip multiprocessors and scalable multiprocessors. reconfiguration. In this project, the different techniques are compared. A framework that applies techniques Architectural and Application Support to dynamically, in a fine-grained manner and according to a Crack the Protein Folding Problem given policy is built. Goals are to maximize energy savings J. Torrellas,* K. Ekanadham, G. Martyna, J. Nakano, without extending application execution time beyond a D. Newns, M. Tuckerman given tolerable limit and to guarantee that the temperature National Science Foundation, EIA 00-81307; IBM Corp. remains below a given limit while minimizing any resulting slowdown. Solving the protein folding problem would have an enormous pay-off: providing a true understanding of diseases and the discovery of more effective drugs.
* Denotes principal investigator. 12 FlexRAM: An Intelligent Memory detect and recover from transient faults. Under speculative Architecture System parallelization, speculative threads must keep their J. Torrellas,* D. Padua, D. Reed, M. Huang, J. Lee, memory state buffered until they are proved to be correct. J. Renau, Y. Solihin, S. Yoo In addition, they must be able to roll back to a safe state National Science Foundation, EIA 99-75018, CCR after a violation is detected. These same architectural 99-70488, EIA 00-81307, EIA 00-72102; IBM Corp.; supports can be used to provide fault detection and fault Intel Corp. recovery. This project extends existing architectural support for speculation to provide inexpensive support Major advances in Merged Logic DRAM (MLD) for fault tolerance. technology coupled with the popularization of memory- intensive applications provide fertile ground for architectures based on Processors-in-Memory (PIM). In the FlexRAM project, researchers use PIM chips as the Computer Graphics memory of an intelligent server. If such a server runs an application without recompiling it, the intelligent memory Simplification and Multiresolution appears as plain memory. However, if the application is Modeling of Polygonal Surfaces recompiled, the memory becomes a high-performance M. Garland* accelerator. In this project, the focus is on issues related to University of Illinois architecture design, energy dissipation, programming, compilation, run-time system, and applications for the Extremely precise polygonal surface models are now FlexRAM intelligent memory system. widely available, in large part due to advances in scanning technology. Models of this complexity, perhaps several M3T: Morphable Multithreaded Memory Tiles million polygons, frequently contain far more detail than J. Torrellas,* B. Abbott, T. Bapty, H. Franke, J. Moreira, required for the target application. This project is focused C. Myers, J. Renau on the design and implementation of efficient algorithms Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, for the automatic simplification of highly detailed F30602-01-C-0078 polygonal surface models into faithful approximations containing fewer polygons. Using such simplification The M3T system is a novel malleable computing system algorithms, researchers can also construct new composed of polymorphous hardware and polymorphous multiresolution representations for surfaces that allow software that can adapt to changing mission demands. the application to treat an object at many different levels The system is built by tiling M3T processor chips. of detail. Each processor chip is composed of many general-purpose RISC cores interleaved with memory blocks. Cores and Applications of Morse Theory and memories are reconfigured at run-time, allowing the chip Catastrophe Theory to Computer Graphics to morph into a superscalar, VLIW, systolic array, MIMD, J. C. Hart,* T. Fleury SIMD, or fault-tolerant engine, or even a combination of Evans-Sutherland Computer Corporation these. The system has a compiler that reconfigures the [email protected] platform (hardware and run-time system) for which it is generating code. This project investigates techniques for detecting, analyzing, and controlling the topology of shapes during Using Architectural Support for Speculation the modeling process. to Provide Fault Tolerance J. Torrellas,* M. Garzaran, M. Prvulovic, Z. Zhang Real-Time Procedural Solid Texturing National Science Foundation, EIA 99-75018, CCR J. C. Hart,* N. Carr 99-70488, EIA 00-81307, EIA 00-72102; IBM Corp.; Evans-Sutherland Computer Corporation; University Intel Corp. of Illinois [email protected] Microprocessors occasionally suffer transient faults. This research is aimed at finding ways to detect transient This project has developed a new technique for simulating faults and recover from them. While past work has the procedural solid textures in real-time on recent addressed this problem in different ways, speculative consumer graphics cards, thus improving the realism of parallelization opens up a potential new approach to graphics used for video games, virtual environments, and
13 * Denotes principal investigator. modeling/animation software. Procedural solid textures simulate the appearance of objects sculpted from wood Databases and Information and stone and are also useful for modeling clouds, water, Systems fire, and planets.
Image-based Modeling and Rendering Evaluating Rank Queries across Y. Yu* Probe Sources University of Illinois K. C. Chang,* S. Hwang University of Illinois This research includes image-based modeling and rendering, texture synthesis, detail modeling, and Supporting database queries that return ranked results is simulation. This work on image-based modeling and critical for decision support applications as well as rendering tries to extend its manipulability in terms of multimedia and information retrieval. Such rank queries lighting and scene composition. Work on texture synthesis order results by combining the scores of fuzzy predicates leads to algorithms for 3-D textures which have both that are evaluated by different sources, which can be a spatially varying height and reflectance. Research on the local database, a multimedia subsystem, or a Web source. details focuses on both geometric and appearance models This project develops efficient algorithms for processing that account for all visual effects introduced by rank queries, focusing on expensive sources that can only intermediate and microstructure level details. Past research be accessed by per-object probes. Such algorithms will resulted in development of segmentation techniques for enable integrated rank queries over online information organizing points from laser range images into coherent sources and search engines. objects and a well-known technique for simultaneously recovering reflectance models of multiple objects from Query Routing in the Invisible Web photographs of the objects in a scene that accounts for K. C. Chang* both the direct illumination of the objects from light University of Illinois sources as well as the indirect illumination from light reflected by neighboring objects. Research extends to There are many databases on the Web that can only be investigation of techniques to recover the appearance of accessed through structured query interfaces. As contents complex materials such as skin to make more convincing are hidden behind these databases, they are invisible to synthetic pictures of humans. typical Web search engines. Given a user query (such as searching for cars by make and model), how can relevant sources for answering the query be found? This project is aimed at enabling this routing of queries to their Computer-aided Design destinations in the invisible Web. Researchers will develop of Digital Systems the modeling of online databases and then develop algorithms for matching queries in the model.
Logic Synthesizers for VLSI Chip Design S. Muroga,* V. Jayasena, Y. Luo, Y. Nakano, Y. Wang University of Illinois Distributed Systems
Automated design of logic networks for VLSI chips is Actor Coordination Abstractions, indispensable for designing powerful processor chips. Semantics, and Implementation Although logic networks have been designed without G. Agha,* C. Varela loops for combinational functions, this research team University of Illinois found systematic algorithms for designing networks with loops, using no more logic gates or interconnections. This research focuses on the complexity of expressing In addition to this project, research continues on a new interaction and coordination in Web-based computing. synthesizer of logic networks with minimum delay or area Researchers are working on providing high-level for engineering changes where a logic network is mechanisms to manage the complexity of scaling up interactively modified for the adjustment of delay time or computations over the Web, piggy-backing on the area as a logic network is laid out. For this purpose, availability of Java byte-code for portability. The project researchers are developing new algorithms and extending defines several actor-based abstractions (casts, directors, the transduction method. messengers) to effectively harness the power of the World
* Denotes principal investigator. 14 Wide Web as a global computing infrastructure. Groups manufacturing. But first, further work is needed on of actors, or casts, represent an abstraction unit for problems such as maintaining the consistency of replicated naming, synchronization, migration, composition, and data in an efficient, reliable manner. This research load balancing. Each cast contains a director, and intercast addresses these and related problems by the development communication is performed via special actors named of provably correct, reliable protocols and by the analysis messengers. and simulation of competing protocols and algorithms.
Software Architectures for 2K-A Component-based Network-centric Distributed Systems Operating System G. Agha,* M. Astley R. H. Campbell,* M. D. Mickunas,* K. Nahrstedt,* University of Illinois; National Science Foundation, J. Al-Muhtadi, D. Carvelho, B. Gill, C. Hess, F. Kon, S. CCR 9619522 Kowshik, P. Liu, L. Magalhaes, M. Roman, P. Viswanathan, D. Wichadakul, T. Yamane The term middleware describes a set of services for National Science Foundation, EIS 98-70736 integrating components of a distributed application, such as coordination and communication mechanisms. This research investigates an adaptable operating system Recently, middleware services have been developed which architecture based on network-centric components. The support fault-tolerance, security, and other high-level architecture encompasses a framework for architecture policies. Such services have a fixed semantics, their awareness which provides the basis for adaptable QoS, implementation being influenced by the semantics of the dynamic security, and self-configuration. This approach application and the nature of the execution environment. adopts an application-oriented and user-oriented service The goal of this research is to provide a modular model in which the system customizes itself to better framework for developing middleware services. fulfill the user and application requirements. In this The project is formulating theoretical, linguistic, and model, a “user” is no longer an entity local to one specific run-time support for developing the needs of a particular machine—each user is a machine-independent entity that application. Particular attention is paid to placement and exists in the network and can transparently carry its profile mobility issues and vertical integration requirements. across different hardware and software platforms. The operating system manages and allocates the resources Specifying and Deriving Mobile Systems to support the user on the platforms selected. G. Agha,* P. Thati, R. Ziaei U.S. Army, JHU 8812-48151 Customizable ORBs R. H. Campbell,* F. Kon, M. Roman This research is focused on studying formal methods for University of Illinois; IBM Fellowship specifying and verifying distributed software systems. The objective is to use automated deduction tools to Middleware is an important distributed computing reason about certain properties of mobile agents in open solution that bridges legacy applications and new distributed systems. More specifically, security issues in technologies. While middleware supports application authentication protocols and agent design are being evolution, the evolution of its own architecture is studied. The project is formalizing an appropriate problematical. As technology, economics, and trade-offs semantic framework that captures the fundamental change, middleware may become obsolete if it is difficult properties of mobile computing and simplifies the task of to retrofit with new technology. Such problems are already reasoning. A specification language and logic will be being encountered with CORBA extensions for real-time, developed based on the semantic framework. Finally, group communication, and fault-tolerance. Therefore, automated reasoning environments will be explored to researchers are investigating middleware solutions that can find a suitable platform to implement the reasoning be evolved and customized with technology. Research system. includes customizable, reflective ORBs that support application specific customization to overcome Studies in Distributed Database Systems these problems. G. G. Belford* University of Illinois
Distributed databases can provide enhanced data availability to support applications such as office automation and computer-aided design and
15 * Denotes principal investigator. Optimizations and Compilation Techniques services toolkit. The goal is to use these technologies to for Networks of Workstations create network-aware middleware that can sustain R. H. Campbell,* A. Dave performance both by adapting network protocol and University of Illinois middleware parameters to minimize the adverse effect of transitory resource demand and availability and by Networks of workstations (NOW) provide an inexpensive adapting itself to evolving network behavior. environment for running parallel applications. However, performance results indicate that generic network Human−Computer Interactions and protocols like TCP which guarantee reliable message Interfaces Collaboration Support for the delivery add unnecessary overheads that degrade the Development and Evolution of Complex performance of parallel applications. Communication Systems compilation is an automatic technique for generating D. A. Reed,* S. Kaplan,* H. George, Y. Huang, C. Lu, efficient application-specific network protocols. B. Schaeffer, E. Shaffer, S. Whitmore, S. Wu We investigate algorithms for communication compilation Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, which use knowledge of a parallel application’s F30602-96-2-0264 communication and computation behavior to generate optimized network protocols that guarantee the reliable Complex systems are developed and evolved by groups, delivery of messages. The resulting network protocols are often separated in time and space and using disparate more efficient than conventional communication libraries tools and techniques. No circumscribed tool suite can used in current NOW environments. encompass all future needs. Instead, software support and collaboration environments must themselves evolve and Hybrid Adaptive Algorithms for grow to meet the needs of collaborative groups. As a End System Middleware solution to this problem, this research is focused on K. Nahrstedt,* B. Kalter, B. Li developing an extensible collaboration framework that Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, supports the full range of activities undertaken by current F30602-97-2-0121 team members, integrates the wide variety of tools and artifacts they use to realize their goals, and supports the Current distributed multimedia applications demand evolution of the development team and its processes Quality-of-Service (QoS) from the supporting system. over time. However, within the QoS demands, lower level transport facilities may not constantly provide guaranteed QoS Intelligent Information Spaces: A Testbed to without perturbation. In this scenario, researchers are Explore and Evaluate Intelligent Devices and investigating hybrid adaptive algorithms in the Augmented Realities middleware level of end systems to perform QoS D. A. Reed,* R. H. Campbell, R. Kravets, D. Mickunas, adaptation on a critical QoS metric. The research K. Nahrstedt, L. Sha concentrates on analysis of QoS adaptation in dependence National Science Foundation, EIA 99-72884 of system resource availability changes by applying theories from digital control systems. To support information environments where ubiquitous, intelligent devices unobtrusively share data, preferences, Enabling Network-Aware Middleware for the and contexts about users and their movement among Next Generation Internet: Uniform Detection, environments, this project is developing interoperable Notification, and Adaptation Mechanisms for component architectures for device coordination, seamless Grid Environments object communication for user quality of service, and D. A. Reed,* M. Medina, S. Peechu adaptive user context and modality management. The goal U.S. Department of Energy, DEFC02-99ER25401 is to define a software architecture capable of enabling a mobile, responsive, and contextual information To catalyze the development of both network-aware environment where a broad collection of high-end data middleware and sophisticated, network-aware display and visualization systems, low-power mobile applications, this project is exploring uniform detection, devices, and “smart” devices with widely varying notification, and adaptation mechanisms that can be capabilities are seamlessly integrated using dynamically applied across layers. The project aims to exploit the tailored software components. substantial technology base embodied in the Pablo Scalable Performance toolkit and the Globus “Grid”
* Denotes principal investigator. 16 Virtual Environments for Direct Software Manipulation Human–Computer Interaction D. A. Reed,* D. Cox, J. Estabrook, M. George, Y. Huang, C. Lu, B. Schaeffer, S. Whitmore, W. Wu Multimodal Human−Computer Interaction: Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Toward a Proactive Computer DABT63-96-C-0027 D. Roth,* T. S. Huang, D. E. Brown, D. Kriegman, S. Levinson, G. W. McConkie Current software tools provide an increasingly myopic, National Science Foundation, Information Technology unnecessarily limited window on the complex world of Research, IIS-00-85980 large-scale heterogeneous metacomputing, with few options to study application software structure or to This project is based on the belief that to be more modify behavior during execution. To address this accessible to the general population, computers must be problem, researchers are developing virtual environments more proactive in their interactions with people. that allow software developers to directly manipulate In human interaction, someone who waits for each software components and their behavior while immersed command before making any communication attempt in scalable, hierarchical representations of software would be regarded as uncooperative and unhelpful. structure and real-time performance data. Such a virtual In order for a computer to be more proactive and bear its environment will allow users to explore 3-D part of the burden of initiation in interactions, it must representations of executing software, interactively replace have much more real-time information about its user and software components via physical manipulation, and algorithms that select actions based on this information modify software parameters. rather than simply on user commands. The computer needs information about the user’s current and past Wide-Area, Adaptive I/O Systems for emotional, motivational, and cognitive state as well as the Data and Visualization Corridors state of the task at hand. A theory is needed to guide the D. A. Reed,* F. Rothganger, E. Shaffer, S. Whitmore development of algorithms that select appropriate actions U.S. Department of Energy, LLNL B505214 based on user and task states. This research constitutes the next steps in an attempt by the multidisciplinary team to Working with the DoE’s Accelerated Strategic Computing develop this capability. Initiative (ASCI) laboratories, this effort is extending and deploying the PPFSII toolkit to support DVC Context-Sensitive Natural visualization, focusing on key issues in distributed caching Language Inferences and prefetching, access pattern classification, and D. Roth,* A. Carlson distributed access. Further, to focus research on I/O National Science Foundation, IIS-980163; IBM Corp problems most likely to benefit DVC visualization and immersive display systems, it will integrate this toolkit The future of intelligent human-machine interaction is in with other advanced visualization software and hardware, the ability to perform context-sensitive inferences. including CAVERNsoft, Virtual Director, and PC-based These are knowledge intensive tasks that are difficult to Scalable Display Walls, for collaborative visualization of make without a significant learning component. grid-based data sets. Additionally, a series of extended This research studies a learning approach that targets PPFSII prototypes will be tested and deployed. knowledge intensive language understanding related tasks and directly addresses the issue of scalability. It is tailored to large-scale processes in terms of data and computation. The approach developed can be applied to support a variety of inferences of the sort required in intelligent human-machine interactions, as demonstrated in this project by development of a system that exhibits a wide coverage and accurate context-sensitive spelling correction.
17 * Denotes principal investigator. Multidimensional Computation of Electronic Numerical and Scientific Properties of Semiconductor Microstructures Computing of High-Performance Heterojunction Devices T. Kerkhoven;* J. P. Leburton,* U. Ravaioli* (Elect. & Comput. Engr.); Y. Saad,* J. Arends Center for Simulation of Advanced Rockets National Science Foundation, EET-87-19100 M. T. Heath,* E. de Sturler, P. E. Saylor, X. M. Jiao, A. Pinar The goal of this research is to design numerical programs U.S. Department of Energy, B341494 for the simulation of multidimensional quantum wells. The numerical model consists of Poisson’s equation The center carries out a wide variety of research in coupled with Schrodinger’s equation. Poisson’s equation is combustion, fluid dynamics, structural analysis, and solved as an elliptic boundary value problem, while computer science. Research in numerical computation Schrodinger’s equation defines an eigenvalue problem. focuses on solvers for large linear systems and on data The model is nonlinear and requires repeated solution of transfer between disparate meshes. Work on linear solvers such eigenvalue problems. Researchers compare the includes development of direct and iterative methods for performance of Lanczos procedures with subspace symmetric and nonsymmetric linear systems and iteration and examine the use of inverse iteration. eigenvalue problems. Specific emphases include grid-based Consistency of the two problems is obtained in an outer solvers, enhanced sparse matrix-vector products, iteration that will be accelerated with a conjugate preconditioners, and improved error estimates that enable gradient procedure. sharper stopping criteria. Also under development are algorithms for mesh association and data interpolation at Inclusion of Overshoot Effects in the component interfaces. Drift-Diffusion Semiconductor Model U. Ravaioli* (Elect. & Comput. Engr.), T. Kerkhoven, Ultimate Speed of Quantum-Well E. Kan Optoelectronic Devices National Center for Computational Electronics; National K. Hess,* U. Ravaioli* (Elect. & Comput. Engr.); Science Foundation, EET 88-09023 T. Kerkhoven, D. Bailey, H. Song, J. Bude, G. Kosinovsky U.S. Office of Naval Research, SDI-IST/N00014-86-K- Researchers cooperate on the development of a numerical 0512 program in which overshoot effects are included in the drift-diffusion model. The model is extended by the This research focuses on opportunities in optoelectronics introduction of mobility functions for which field that arise from the possibility of bandgap engineering. dependence is computed by Monte Carlo simulation. The goal is to simulate new forms of semiconductor The Scharfetter-Gummel discretization is adapted so that heterolayers and thereby advise as to the optimum it can be applied to the modified model. materials and structural forms that will lead to ultrahigh switching speeds in single devices and in optoelectronic Preconditioning Radiation Transport integrated circuits. Researchers investigate the dynamic P. E. Saylor,* D. Smolarski, D. Swesty equations of lasers, detectors, and modulators, and National Aeronautics and Space Administration, transient electronic transport in structures that are NCCS 5-153 prototypical for optoelectronic devices. This numerical approach, mostly based on Monte Carlo methods, goes far Scalable methods are under development for beyond conventional device modeling. Researchers also preconditioning certain large linear systems arising from simulate optoelectronic processes pertinent to astrophysical applications. femtosecond spectroscopy transients.
* Denotes principal investigator. 18 Termination Criteria for Iterative Methods Curriculum Development in Computational P. E. Saylor,* K. Warnick Materials Science and Nanoscale Science Center for the Simulation of Advanced Rockets; Center for and Engineering Computational Electromagnetics; Lawrence Livermore E. de Sturler,* D. Ceperley, D. Johnson, R. Martin, National Laboratory T. Martinez, M. Parks, P. Saylor National Science Foundation, EEC-0088101 Following some suggestions from Karl Warnick, a goal of this research was to derive a comparison between This project encompasses development of course materials termination criteria for the conjugate gradient method (lecture notes, demos, practical assignments, numerical derived from Gaussian Quadrative (Dahlquist, Eisenstat, experiments) on Krylov subspace methods for linear Golub, et al.) and termination criteria based on systems and eigenvalue problems, nonlinear problems, norm estimates. multigrid methods, and fast multipole methods for summer school (summer 2001) and general curriculum in NASA Grand Challenge Coalescing College of Engineering. Neutron Star Binaries P. Saylor* Parallel Linear Solvers and Preconditioners National Aeronautics and Space Administration, for Rocket Simulations and Other NCCS 5-153 Applications E. de Sturler,* D. Parsons, A. Namazifard; R. Lehoucq The objective of this project is the simulation of the (Sandia National Laboratories); E. Chow (Lawrence collision of binary neutron stars. The code implements Livermore National Laboratory) general relativity coupled with the equations of fluid U.S. Department of Energy, B341494 mechanics, called hydro, and has been submitted to NASA Earth and Space Sciences. This project aims at the further analysis and development of very robust and efficient (parallel) linear solvers and Analysis and Improvement of preconditioners for very large, sparse problems. Such Jacobi-Davidson Type Methods research is of paramount importance to address the huge E. de Sturler,* E. Martinez (Chem.), R. Martin (Physics), systems and sequences of systems that result from the A. Najarian (Comput. Sci.), A. Stathopoulos (College of problems addressed in the ASCI project. One important William and Mary) topic is to understand and effectively use the truncation National Science Foundation, Focused Research Group schemes that are used to make optimal iterative methods Grant, DMR-997655 for non-Hermitian problems tractable. Another important topic is the mathematical study of methods based on the An important new class of eigenvalue solvers for very nonsymmetric Lanczos process. These methods are large, sparse problems is formed by methods of Jacobi- popular because they are cheap per iteration. However, Davidson type. The Jacobi-Davidson method has been they may behave erratically and their convergence is not introduced only recently, and although it has proven guaranteed. One goal of this research is to make these successful for a variety of problems it still may converge methods much more reliable. slowly. Indeed, under some circumstances the method may not converge at all. In a recent paper, this research Programming Environment for team showed why this happens, and offered a solution Multi-Application Simulations that remedies the problem. However, to improve the E. de Sturler,* M. Bhandarkar, M. Campbell, M. Heath, method in an efficient way and improve the convergence J. Hoeflinger, J. Jiao, L. Kale, D. Padua, D. Reed, more generally, research is needed to better understand the J. Zheng underlying mathematics. These methods have applications U.S. Department of Energy, B341494 in physics, chemistry, and materials science. This project involves the design of a programming environment for the coupling and flexible use of stand- alone applications to jointly simulate the physical and mechanical processes taking place in solid propellant rockets. The simulation of solid propellant rockets requires a variety of complex physical processes to be simulated. In contrast to many other integration or software
19 * Denotes principal investigator. environment efforts, researchers aim to integrate these conditions to generate unstructured meshes and partition applications mainly at the application level itself. them for subsequent parallel numerical simulation. Simulation programs will interact through the exchange A second direction is to apply mesh partitioning of boundary data. The applications do not have to share techniques to the solution of sparse-linear systems, to common data structures, common meshes, or even use adaptive and hierarchical computations, and to dynamic the same finite element or finite volume load balancing for N-body simulations. approximation scheme. Surface Parameterization for Operating Systems Mesh Generation E. de Sturler,* A. Sheffer U.S. Department of Energy (CSAR, de Sturler & Sheffer), ACCORDS (Automatically Configurable, B341494; National Science Foundation (CPSD, Sheffer), COmponent-based, Reflective Distributed DMS 98-73945 Systems) R. H. Campbell,* M. D. Mickunas This project is focused on development of new methods for two-dimensional parameterization of triangulated Cooperative project with Departments of Computer Science surfaces and generation of smooth three-dimensional of the University of Sao Paulo and the University of surface meshes. The methods are based on constrained Campinas optimization with angles as primary variables. This project also involves research on a variety of meshing issues, The goal of this project is to apply knowledge about nonlinear solvers, optimization, and computational component requirements and dependencies to permit the geometry. The methods developed can also be applied to automatic configuration of software systems with little or texture mapping (computer graphics) and potentially to no intervention. The research will develop formal models other applications. and tools for reifying the interactions between components, producing an infrastructure for automatic Iterative Methods and Matrix Function configuration of distributed component-based systems and Approximation in Material Science a framework for collecting, analyzing, and visualizing Simulations information about component interaction. Quantitative E. de Sturler;* D. Johnson, A. Smirnov (Mat. Sci. & information about component interaction will help to Engr.); R. Yu (Theoret. & Appl. Mech.) decide when the system must be reconfigured. The National Science Foundation, Focused Research Group infrastructure for automatic configuration will guarantee Grant, DMR-997655 that the new configuration will be achieved affordably, reliably, and with the best quality of service. This research is focused on study of a variety of techniques related to iterative methods for linear systems LegORB for problems arising in material science. An important R. H. Campbell,* M. D. Mickunas,* F. Kon, M. Roman topic is formed by cheap methods to compute selected University of Illinois coefficients of the inverses of matrices. LegORB is a component-based reflective ORB that uses a Geometric Methods for Numerical microkernel-like approach, where only essential Computing: Graph Partitioning, Mesh components are offered. The core of LegORB is a Generation, and Parallel Computation component configurator that provides the glue to hold all S. H. Teng* the components together. LegORB permits connection of National Science Foundation CAREER Award different components belonging to different categories. Each category defines a specific functionality and provides This proposed research program focuses on the different implementations (components). LegORB defines development of geometric methods and their numerical a standard set of categories that can be extended to applications. It involves the design of efficient algorithms provide new functionality. Components can be changed for fundamental problems and their software on-the-fly. The number of components and the way they implementation. The research has two principal are interconnected defines the behavior, functionality, and directions. Some effort will focus on determining how to size of the ORB. use underlying geometric structures and numerical
* Denotes principal investigator. 20 Renaissance UNIX: An Architecture End-to-End QoS over Heterogeneous for Robust UNIX System Networks R. Campbell,* P. Apu, S. Chetan, B. He, C. Li, D. Raila K. Nahrstedt,* R. H. Campbell,* Y. Zhou Hewlett-Packard Motorola Inc. [email protected] This research focuses on investigating Quality-of-Service This project is designed to research an architecture for a (QoS) translations in edge devices, connecting robust UNIX system. The UNIX kernel is a monolithic heterogeneous networks, and end-to-end setup protocols structure that makes debugging, error containment, over heterogeneous networks. The current topology resiliency, information assurance, security, and dynamic consists of Ethernet and cable LAN networks that are reconfiguration difficult. These problems are exacerbated interconnected via an ATM backbone. The LAN networks for systems with large numbers of processors, peripherals, run RSVP/IP network protocols which need to be storage, and complex applications. Goals of this research translated into ATM service classes and the corresponding are to provide a platform for debugging, error protocols once they arrive at the ATM edges. Researchers containment, resiliency, information assurance, and investigate the QoS translation between RSVP, ATM, and integrity effectively and efficiently within enterprise class cable networks, the end-to-end connection setup between systems. The approach is to create a management service the receiver-oriented RSVP protocol and the sender- and interface that provide local and remote access and oriented ATM signaling protocol, and impact on QoS control to system configuration, debugging, analysis, and between the asymmetric cable channels and symmetric system control. Researchers are building a lightweight data network channels. run-time environment that virtualizes key UNIX components, subsystems, and hardware. Existing UNIX QoS Issues in the 2K Distributed subsystems are supported by and interact with the Operating System framework for debugging, error containment, resiliency, K. Nahrstedt,* D. Wichadakul, D. Xu information assurance, and security. The run-time National Science Foundation, EI S98-70736 environment will assure continuous operation of the management service, irrespective of the behavior of This project investigates 2K, a Quality-of-Service (QoS) the kernel. model for a distributed operating system. The QoS model will be encapsulated in a QoS proxy, which will provide Application/System QoS proper QoS translation and contracting between the Interface Capabilities application and the 2K system as well as provide proper K. Nahrstedt,* W. J. Jeon, B. Kalter, J. H. Seo reservation capabilities to access distributed services. Issues National Aeronautics and Space Administration, such as service coordination, resource coordination, NAG 2-1250 reservation protocols, and service adaptation must be present to allow for QoS and guarantees services in the Researchers are investigating application-system QoS distributed operating system. interface capabilities for visual tracking distributed applications. The interface between the application and QoS Routing the underlying QoS-aware resource management system K. Nahrstedt,* J. Qian, L. K. Shan must provide several important functionalities: application Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, QoS application programming interface, translation F30602-97-2-0121 between the application QoS into the system QoS parameters, integrated reservation coordination policies The task of Quality-of-Service (QoS) routing is to find a and protocols to avoid and prevent deadlock situations, path in the network that satisfies constraints on such adaptation policies and their application enforcement, and metrics as bandwidth, delay jitter, and cost. This study others. These functions will reside in the end-system focuses on QoS routing algorithms and their design management entity called the QoS Broker, which within routers. The problem of finding a path with represents the application/system interface for provision of constraints on two or more additive metrics (delay and end-to-end QoS guarantees. delay jitter) is NP-complete. This research concentrates on heuristic algorithms and study of the family of distributed and hierarchical routing algorithms to solve the multiconstrained routing problem. The QoS routing solutions are applied to point-to-point as well as multicasting scenarios.
21 * Denotes principal investigator. QoS-Aware Resource Management Data Parallel Programming K. Nahrstedt,* K. Kim, A. K. Viswanathan, J. Wang L. V. Kale* Partnerships for an Advanced Computational Infrastructure University of Illinois
Operating systems and communication systems need new Highly regular, array-oriented computations constitute a algorithms, services, and protocols to support processing significant majority of computation-intensive scientific of audio/visual streams according to QoS specification. and engineering applications. Data parallel languages, This project concentrates on the CPU brokerage service such as High Performance Fortran, simplify and support with advanced reservation, admission, scheduler, and the parallelizations of such applications. This project adaptation control for soft real-time and nonreal-time explores novel techniques for making such languages more tasks. At the communication level researchers provide efficient and flexible. One of the techniques developed IntServ bandwidth brokers in the edge networks and causes different parallel subcomputations to overlap, DiffServ brokers within the backbone routers to provide increasing the tolerance of the performance to end-to-end guarantees. communication latencies. A rich set of intrinsics is being developed. The system provides flexible intermodule Unstructured Mesh Generation for ASCI’s connectivity, so a high degree of reuse of parallel software Center for Simulation of Advanced Rockets becomes possible. Also, data parallel components can be S. H. Teng* integrated with nondata parallel components at will. DOE Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Debugging and Performance Feedback Numerical methods approximate a continuous physical for Parallel Programs problem by discretizing the geometric domain into single L. V. Kale* elements. The most versatile type of mesh is the University of Illinois unstructured triangular mesh where each element is a simplex. Not all discretization serves equally well, Debugging parallel programs and improving their however. The approximation errors depend on the performance is a daunting task. Researchers are developing geometric quality of the mesh, which is often measured by debugging and performance feedback tools that can the aspect ratio of elements. The simplest mesh is the maintain and exploit refined application-specific data regular Cartesian grid, as used in finite-difference better than is possible with traditional techniques. Such methods. However, regular grids are limited to problems tools can be significantly beneficial in developing and with simple domains and smooth changes in solution. improving parallel programs. This work is carried out For problems with complex geometry boundaries and using the Charm/Charm++ object parallel programming solutions that change rapidly, researchers are studying system. It is being extended to other languages in a algorithmic issues for unstructured three-dimensional multilingual framework. By exploiting “specificity” at mesh generation. language constructs, and by recording specific events, it becomes possible to provide visual feedback on performance and to suggest improvement paths via expert Parallel Computing analysis. Dynamic Load-balancing Strategies Compilation Technology for Scalable L. V. Kale* Parallel Computing University of Illinois G. Agha,* W. Kim National Science Foundation, CCR96-19522 A small grain of parallelism is essential and natural in executing irregular symbolic computations. The efficiency This project involves developing compiler technology to of a parallel processing system depends on how uniformly provide efficient execution of actor programs on these granules of action are distributed to processors. heterogeneous distributed networks. In particular, it Researchers have developed a dynamic load-balancing focuses on efficient execution of fine-grain concurrent scheme that speedily distributes newly created work to the programs. Current implementations are on “needy” processors. It employs a corrective redistribution multicomputers. Issues in resource management, such as component and saturation control (not moving pieces of automatic reclamation of inaccessible potentially active work around while everyone has sufficient work). Also, objects, are being investigated. new strategies appropriate for the current generation of
* Denotes principal investigator. 22 multicomputers are being designed. Some of these computations. Such problems arise in state-space search, strategies support prioritized load balancing and control branch-and-bound, game-tree search, planning, and memory requirements simultaneously. theorem proving. Each of them requires a different set of techniques. Successful in obtaining satisfactory results for Highly Parallel Discrete Event Simulation state-space search, the research team is working on L. V. Kale,* T. Wilmarth other problems. University of Illinois Parallel and Distributed Object-oriented Many complex systems are characterized by the presence Programming of asynchronous events. A flexible manufacturing system, L. V. Kale,* M. Bhandarkar, R. Brunner a digital circuit, and vehicular traffic in cities are examples University of Illinois of such systems. Neither analytical solutions nor time- marching simulations are appropriate for modeling such This project extends earlier research on Charm, a portable systems; they are modeled by discrete event simulations. parallel programming language based on message-driven The efficiency of many industrial processes is dependent objects. Message-driven execution makes it possible to on their speedy modeling. Researchers are engaged in adaptively overlap computation and communication, even developing a parallel computing-based approach for this across multiple modules. Charm supports dynamic challenging problem. The objective is to develop easy-to- creation and load balancing of parallel objects and specific use modeling tools and enable their simulation on highly information-sharing abstractions. Its branched chare and parallel supercomputers and in workstation clusters. chare array constructs facilitate interfacing parallel modules and implementation of distributed data Java Extensions for Parallel Computing structures. Charm is highly suitable for irregular parallel L. V. Kale,* M. Bhandarkar computations. Several applications and libraries are University of Illinois written using Charm. Current research includes support for heterogeneity and client-server environments. Java has emerged as a dominant object-oriented language that could replace or augment C++ for building large-scale Run-Time Framework for Multilingual parallel applications. Several studies show that Java boosts Interoperability among Parallel Languages programmer productivity because of its well thought out L. V. Kale,* M. Bhandarkar, J. Yelon, R. Brunner design, garbage collection, and standard libraries. For this University of Illinois project, researchers implemented a prototype parallel extension to Java that provides dynamic creation of To tackle the difficult problem of parallel software remote objects with load balancing and object groups. development, many parallel languages are being The language constructs are based on those of Charm++. developed, each with its own unique features and The prototype is implemented using the Converse advantages. To benefit from this multitude of languages, interoperability framework, which makes it possible to one should be able to compose modules written in integrate, in a single application, parallel libraries written different languages into a single application program. in Java with modules in other parallel languages. This is difficult because of different scheduling models assumed by each language run time. This research is Parallel Execution of Speculative aimed at developing Converse, a framework for facilitating Computations such interoperability. Converse also simplifies L. V. Kale* development of the run-time systems for new languages. University of Illinois Converse includes components supporting flexible threads, message passing, and processor scheduling. A large class of interesting computational problems has Several languages are being implemented using Converse. the following property: if one attempts to solve them in parallel, one often ends up solving subproblems that are not needed or that are not solved in a sequential execution. This leads to anomalous behavior. The speedups may vary from sublinear to superlinear from run to run and may increase or decrease with the addition of processors. This research is aimed at obtaining consistent and monotomically increasing speedups for such
23 * Denotes principal investigator. CADRE: A National Facility for High- Parallel I/O Characterization and Performance I/O Characterization and Optimization Optimization D. A. Reed,* D. Wells, Y. Zhang D. A. Reed,* D. Israel, G. Wang, D. Wells, Y. Zhang U.S. Department of Energy, CIT PC 228906 National Science Foundation, EDA 99-75248 (A multi-institution collaborative project)
To catalyze research on I/O system design, analysis, and As part of the Caltech Computational Facility for optimization for scalable, parallel, and distributed systems, Simulating the Dynamic Response of Materials, this this work will create a national facility to disseminate research team is working closely with application and I/O characterization and optimization tools and data for computing researchers at three national laboratories quantitative study of I/O systems. The work will (Los Alamos National Laboratory, Sandia National extend, document, and distribute a multilevel Laboratories, and Lawrence Livermore National I/O characterization toolkit with logical and physical Laboratory) to instrument and analyze the input/output I/O instrumentation, statistical and visual data analysis behavior of large-scale applications in the Accelerated tools, and documentation; instrumented I/O libraries, Strategic Computing Initiative (ASCI). This effort focuses including MPI-IO and HDF; instrumented, I/O-intensive on instrumentation of input/output libraries, such as the applications; documented I/O traces in a portable data NCSA Hierarchical Data Format (HDF) and the metaformat; and I/O trace analyses based on statistical laboratory input/output libraries. In addition, the team is analyses, hidden Markov models, and time series analysis developing adaptive parallel input/output libraries and that can be used for constructing configurable working closely with Caltech researchers to optimize their I/O benchmarks. parallel application codes.
Intelligent, Adaptive Parallel File Systems Performance Analysis and Adaptive Software D. A. Reed,* N. Tran, H. Simitci, J. Mainzer, L. Taveva D. A. Reed,* J. Oly National Science Foundation, ASC 97-20202 DOE Center for Simulation of Advanced Rockets
This research explores the thesis that adaptive file systems As part of the Center for Simulation of Advanced based on real-time performance data streams, automatic Rockets, this research team is developing performance and access pattern classification using neural networks and analysis tools, input/output analysis and optimization hidden Markov models, and fuzzy logic file system policy software, and an adaptive run-time system for dynamic selection can dramatically improve input/output performance optimization. The focus of the work is on performance for parallel scientific applications. The results creation of a software environment for optimization of of this exploration are being embodied in a parallel file multidisciplinary computational simulations on massively system prototype. parallel systems.
Language-directed Performance Scalable Performance Analysis Tools Prediction and Analysis D. A. Reed,* R. A. Aydt, D. Israel, J. Karim, J. Mainzer, D. A. Reed,* D. A. Padua,* R. Aydt, K. Mahesh, Y. B. Schaeffer, J. Wendling Zhang National Computational Science Alliance (A multi- Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, N66001-97-C- institution collaborative project) 8532 (A multi-institution collaborative project) As part of the national Partnerships for an Advanced Achieving a large fraction of peak performance on parallel Computational Infrastructure (PACI), this research team and metacomputing systems has proven difficult. is focusing on three interrelated areas of performance To address this challenge, researchers are developing an analysis for scalable parallel systems: augmentation of integrated performance modeling, measurement, analysis, current tools for performance analysis of parallel codes; and prediction environment that will allow application analysis of the interactions among application I/O and system developers to explore the performance patterns, file systems, and I/O hardware configurations; implications of software and hardware design choices for and design and testing of an adaptive resource extant systems, hypothetical systems, and combinations of management infrastructure that uses real-time the two. This work is based on compiler-supported performance data to interactively and automatically program annotation, symbolic performance scalability choose and configure run-time resource management models, integrated performance instrumentation, and policies. The results of this work are being shared comparative analysis of multiple system configurations. throughout the national PACI alliance.
* Denotes principal investigator. 24 High-Performance Input/Output Defect-Tolerant System Integration for Parallel Computing and Evolution M. S. Winslett,* Y. Cho, S. Kuo, J. Lee L. Sha,* J. Lopes, C. Parrott, K. Wehner National Aeronautics and Space Administration, U.S. Office of Naval Research, Sha 2063 NAGW 4244, NCC5 106; DOE Center for Simulation of Advanced Rockets Large software systems are developed by integrating software components. Unfortunately, many complex Often I/O is a bottleneck for applications running on software components often contain defects. On the other parallel platforms. Researchers are developing algorithms hand, the technology exists to develop modest size to provide high-performance parallel I/O with an easy-to- software components with a high degree of confidence. use, portable interface. The current focus of this work is Flight control software is an example. This research automatic selection of optimal plans for handling focuses on algorithms and architectures that can leverage sequences of high-level I/O requests. simple high assurance components to ensure the integrity of large distributed real-time systems, in spite of faults in complex software components, to support reliable upgrade Real-Time Systems of and online tuning of deployed systems and to detect and resist cyber attacks.
Customizable Coordination Services for Real-Time Infrastructure for Context- Large-Scale Network Embedded Systems Dependent Networked Agents G. A. Agha,* P. Chang, P. Thati, R. Ziaei L. Sha,* X. He, X. Liu, M. Tian Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Electric Power Research Institute F49620-97-1-0382 The control of the next generation of power generation The focus of this research is on developing application and distribution systems will utilize networked control independent services to coordinate large network agents whose actions will be context dependent. This embedded systems. The coordination services will use work will provide a distributed real-time computing customization and composition to enable dynamic infrastructure for agent-based control. The research adaptation in uncertain environments. The approach is to focuses on ways to provide real-time, coherent views to define algorithms that are based on stochastic models of distributed control agents; support the fault tolerant, system behavior, which enable the research team to dynamic replacement of control agents; and check to represent the incompleteness in information about the determine if an agent is compromised by a computer current global system state as well as the unpredictability virus. of the environment. The operational model uses probabilistic transitions rather than simple nondeter- ministic interleavings of actions, and it explicitly accounts Security for duration of transitions. The goal is to develop algorithms that provide coordination in real-time and guarantee the desired properties with sufficiently high Analysis of 2G and 3G Mobile Security probabilities. Examples include algorithms for R. Campbell,* M. D. Mickunas, J. Al-Muhtadi, R. Bansal approximate consensus (such as approximate synchrony), Motorola, RPS #15 recovery, and hierarchical coordination. The algorithms [email protected] will be implemented to provide a code basis for application independent coordination services. Wireless communication technologies are advancing The implementation strategy is to build a repository of rapidly. We are on the verge of a new revolutionary basic coordination services using reflective middleware. advancement in wireless communications: the 3rd The goal will be to derive more complex algorithms Generation of mobile telecommunications. Wireless data, based on simpler core resource management services. multimedia applications, and integrated services will be among the major driving forces for 3G. However, security of the wireless link is still a concern. In addition to regular security threats for data in wired networks, wireless communications rely on open and public transmission media that may raise additional security vulnerabilities.
25 * Denotes principal investigator. The goals of this project are to explore existing and designers’ responsibility to manage this change process. proposed authentication and encryption mechanisms for Managing this process, however, is a tedious and often mobile communications and to analyze the impact upon complicated task. This research is aimed at developing an performance imposed by the deployment of these automated support tool to assist with object change mechanisms under different quality of protection and management. Researchers address such issues as types of traffic scenarios, particularly with reference to 2G and 3G design change, semantics of change, formalization of mobile systems. This project involves building a model change operators, and knowledge required for automated for simulating wireless communications using OPNET change management. Modeler and analyzing the results obtained from the use of various encryption and authentication mechanisms Formalization of Code Reuse through under different scenarios. Abstract Algorithms M. T. Harandi,* J. Caplan National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Software Engineering NAG 1-613 This project intends to study the form and use of a new Advanced Collaborative Systems abstraction method using data structure independent Laboratory (ACSL) algorithm skeletons called task-oriented abstract M. T. Harandi* algorithms (TOAA). These algorithm skeletons represent U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, the essence of a common task, without the details that DACA88-91-D-0005, DACA 88-91-D-0006; Intel Corp.; apply to special cases. Deciding what data structure to use Sun Microsystems Inc.; Bull; Fujitsu/Open Systems Solutions; in an abstract algorithm is part of its specialization and Hewlett-Packard Co. implementation information. Reusable software artifacts are most useful when they carry verification information. The Advanced Collaborative Systems Laboratory is a The proposed method of research is expected to provide collaborative venture with the U.S. Army Corps of partially verified reusable skeletons and correctness Engineers and various industrial sponsors. The goal of preserving specializations that provide the final proof of an research at ACSL is the development of next-generation implementation. The verification information includes environments to address the complex issues associated assertions, data invariants, and restrictions on subtasks or with understanding and supporting collaborative data structure operations. engineering processes. A particular focus is the development of knowledge-based tools that support Compiling Functional Languages with State collaborative software development processes. This should S. N. Kamin,* M. Beckman, W. Harrison be viewed as a prototypical area of endeavor rather than a National Aeronautics and Space Administration, closure of interests. The research has three major thrusts: NAG 1-613 models and technologies for the support of collaborative activities, development and application of knowledge- The major challenge in bringing functional languages into based theories and methodologies to increase the level of practice is compiling them into code that matches the support that can be provided to users, and development of efficiency of conventional languages. One approach to advanced user-interface management systems. doing this is to mix functional and imperative features in a single language. However, such a language is much harder Automated Support for Object-oriented to compile than either a conventional or a functional Design Evolution language. This study is focused on static analysis methods M. T. Harandi* for the compilation of one such language, the Imperative U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, Lambda Calculus. DACA88-94-K-0014
In large-scale software development, design occurs in an evolutionary manner. This is particularly true in object- oriented software development. During the design process many objects, relations, and other aspects of the system will change. Each change would necessitate other changes and may make the system inconsistent. It is usually the
* Denotes principal investigator. 26 Domain-specific Languages behavior to be parametric in terms of variables that S. N. Kamin* represent aggregated behavior of large numbers of agents. University of Illinois The approach is to use stochastic methods. The operational model uses probabilistic transitions over an Domain-specific languages are those computer languages abstract representation of the current state of the system. designed for convenience when programming applications The use of statistical techniques on this model for in a restricted domain. They are also called special-purpose aggregating behaviors opens up the possibility of studying languages, or simply “minilanguages.” In practice, the conditions under which either a stable equilibrium or design of such languages is often ad hoc, or based on the chaotic behavior may occur. Another goal is to develop a design of outmoded general-purpose languages. However, radically different logical framework for expressing the most advanced programming language concepts properties of large-scale agent systems. The framework is (which frequently involve a trade-off of efficiency for inspired by Quantum Logics, which allow the expression programmer convenience) may be more easily applied in of testable properties. This is in contrast to the usual special domains than in general-purpose programming. algebraic approach which assumes that every sentence This project seeks to find ways in which advanced (whether testable or not) can be assigned a truth value. functional programming concepts can be applied to the Specifically, this research will enable macroscopic design of domain-specific languages. properties to be expressed without implying assertions about how they arise. Functional Programming and Scientific Computation Learning Theory S. N. Kamin,* U. S. Reddy,* M. Beckman, W. Hsu D. Roth* National Science Foundation, ANTC CCR 93-03043 National Science Foundation, IIS-9801638; NSF CAREER Award, IIS-9984168 The goal of this project is the design, implementation (both sequential and parallel), and realistic application of a This is a study of several questions in learning theory that functional programming language supporting the pertain to the problem of learning a number of concepts development of scientific codes. Functional languages are from common data. The study encompasses interactions characterized by higher-order functions and lazy and constraints imposed on outcomes. The main evaluation, two features which make them uniquely direction is the development of a theoretical framework expressive and elegant, though at times inefficient. for learning coherent concepts. This is a study of learning Scientific programming, on the other hand, demands situations in which learning does not occur in isolation. great efficiency and has traditionally been done in Rather, the input is observed and processed by multiple FORTRAN. Design and implementation issues of these learners. The goal is to understand what ways learning languages will be studied, and an application framework becomes easier and more robust in these situations. will be developed for the construction of programs in the domain of computerized tomography. Eigenvalue Problem for Graph Theory S. H. Teng* Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellowship Theoretical Computing The graph eigenvalues and eigenvectors have been used in optimization problems that are important to information Parametric Models for Large-Scale organization and parallel processing. For example, the Agent Systems Fiedler vector (the eigenvector of the second-smallest G. A. Agha,* N. Jamali, P. Thati, R. Ziaei eigenvalue of the Laplacian matrix) can be used to find Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, good partition of a graph, an important component of F30602-00-2-0586 many circuit design and numerical algorithms. This method has been demonstrated by experiment to work A goal of this research is to develop mathematical models extremely well. However, the quality of the partition has to support the analysis and modeling of complex, large- eluded precise analysis. Goals of this project are to find a scale agent systems. Instead of simple nondeterminism, mathematical explanation for why this method works in the new theory will represent behavior stochastically. practice and then to determine how to properly use the Moreover, instead of the current approach of using input- spectral structure of a graph to design provably good output behavior of individual agents, it will allow the optimization algorithms.
27 * Denotes principal investigator. Journals and Books Compilers
DeRose, L., B. Marsolf, K. Gallivan, E. Gallopoulos, and Architecture and Systems D. Padua. Design issues in a Matlab-based environment for numerical program development, pp. 315-326. In Technologies for Computational Science (Houstis, Bramley, Pai, V. S. and S. Adve. Code transformations to improve and Gallopoulos, eds.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, memory parallelism. J. Instrucr. Level Parallel, Volume 2 Mass. (2000). (special issue on the best papers from MICRO-32) http://www.jilp.org/vol2 (2000). Kamin, S. and J. Jones. Annotating Java class files with virtual registers for performance. Concurrency: Practice Exp., 12:6, 389-406 (2000). Artificial Intelligence Lin, Y. and D. Padua. Analysis of irregular single-indexed arrays and its applications in compiler optimizations, Harandi, M. T. Distributed problem solving, pp. 23-33. pp. 202-218. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 1781 In Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology, (Watt, ed.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany (2000). Volume 2, Marcel Dekker, Inc., N. Y., (2000). Padua, D. The Fortran I compiler. Comput. Sci. Eng., Shimshoni, I. and J. Ponce. Probabilistic 3D object 12:1, 70-75 (2000). recognition. Int. J. Comput. Vision, 36:1, 51-70 (2000). Sudsang, A., J. Ponce, and N. Srinivasa. Grasping and Distributed Systems in-hand manipulation: geometry and algorithms. Algorithmica, 26, 466-493 (2000). Agha, G., N. Jamali, and C. Varela. Agent naming and coordination: actor-based models and infrastructures, Communications Chapter 9. In Coordination of Internet Agents: Models, Technologies and Applications (Omicini, Zambonelli, Klusch, and Tolksdorf, eds.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany Li, B. and K. Nahrstedt. QualProbes: middleware QOS (2000). profiling services for configuring adaptive applications, pp. 256-272. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 1795 Agha, G., P. Thati, and R. Ziaei. Actors: A model for (Sventek, Coulson, eds.), ACM Springer-Verlag, New York, reasoning about open distributed systems, pp. 281-320. N.Y. (2000). In Formal Methods for Distributed Process—An Object- Oriented Approach (Bowman and Derrick, eds.), Cambridge Liu, Z., R. H. Campbell, and M. D. Mickunas. Securing University Press, Cambridge, England (2000). of an active network, pp. 128-140. In Active Middleware Services (Hariri, Lee, and Raghavendra, eds.), Kluwer Ballesteros, F. J., R. Jimenez, M. Patiño, F. Kon, S. Academic Publishers, Boston, Mass. (2000). Arevalo, and R. H. Campbell. Using interpreted composite calls to improve operating system services. Servetto, S., K. Ramchandran, V. Vaishampayan, and Software Practice Exper., 30:6, 589-615 (2000). K. Nahrstedt. Multiple description wavelet-based image coding. IEEE Trans. Image Process., 9:5, 813-826 (2000). Varela, C. and G. Agha. A hierarchical model for coordination of concurrent activities, pp. 166-182. Xu, D., D. Wichadakul, and K. Nahrstedt. Resource- In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 1594, Springer- aware middleware for active and configurable distributed Verlag, Berlin, Germany (2000). services, pp. 167-176. In Active Middleware Services (Hariri, Lee, and Raghavendra, eds.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, Mass. (2000).
28 Adve, V. S., R. Bagrodia, J. C. Browne, E. Deelman, A. Dynamic Configuration Dube, E. Houstis, J. Rice, R. Sakellariou, D. Sundaram- Stukel, P. J. Teller, and M. K. Vernon. POEMS: end-to- Kon, F. and R. H. Campbell. Dependence management end performance design of large parallel adaptive in component-based distributed systems. IEEE computational systems. IEEE Trans. Software Eng., 26:11, Concurrency, 8:1, 26-36 (2000). 1027-1048 (2000).
High-Performance Computing Programming Languages
Vetter, J. S. and D. A. Reed. Real-time performance Kamin, S. and W. Harrison. Metacomputation-based monitoring, adaptive control, and interactive steering of compiler architecture, pp. 28-50. In Lecture Notes in computational grids. Int. J. High Perf. Comput. Appl., Computer Science, 1837, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany Winter, 357-366 (2000). (2000).
Logic Design Reflective Middleware
Muroga, S., S. Minato, Y. Nakamura, K. Yoshikawa, Kon, F., M. Román, P. Liu, J. Mao, T. Yamane, L.C. K. Yano, N. Takagi, H. Tago, and C. R. Baugh. Logic Magalhães, and R. H. Campbell. Monitoring, security, design, Section V. In VLSI Handbook (Chen, ed.), CRC and dynamic configuration with the dynamic TAO Press and IEEE Press, Boca Raton, Fla. (2000). reflective ORB, pp. 121-143. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 1795, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany (2000). Numerical and Scientific Computing Software Engineering
Heath, M. T. and W. A. Dick. Virtual prototyping of Kamin, S., Callahan, M., and L. Clausen. Lightweight solid propellant rockets. Comput. Sci. Eng., 2:2, 21-32 and generative components II: binary-level components, (2000). pp. 213-229. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science 1924, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany (2000). Skeel, R. D. and K. Srinivas. Nonlinear stability analysis of area-preserving integrators. SIAM J. Numer. Anal., 38, 129-148 (2000).
Zou, G., R. D. Skeel, and S. Subramaniam. Biased Brownian dynamics for rate constant calculation. Biophys. J., 79, 638-645 (2000).
Parallel Computing
Adve, V. S. and R. Sakellariou. Application representations for multi-paradigm performance modeling of large-scale parallel scientific codes. Int. J. High Perf. Comput. Appl., 14:4, 304-316 (2000).
29 Rauchwerger, L., N. Amato, and J. Torrellas. SmartApps: Papers Presented at an application-centric approach to high-performance computing. Proc. 13th Int. Workshop on Languages and Compilers for Parallel Computing (Yorktown Heights, Conferences and N.Y., Aug. 2000) 75-92 (2000). Symposia Solihin, Y., J. Lee, and J. Torrellas. Adaptively mapping code on an intelligent memory architecture. Proc. 2nd Workshop on Intelligent Memory Systems (Boston, Mass., Architecture and Systems Nov. 2000) 41-56 (2000). Torrellas, J., L. Yang, and A. Nguyen. Toward a Bhandarkar, M. A. and L. V. Kal. A parallel framework cost-effective DSM organization that exploits for explicit FEM. Int. Conf. on High-Performance processor-memory integration. Proc. 6th Int. Symp. Computing (HiPC 2000) (Bangalore, India, Dec. 2000) on High-Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA) (2000). (Toulouse, France, Jan. 2000) 15-25 (2000).
Bhandarkar, M., R. Brunner, and L. V. Kale. Runtime support for adaptive load balancing. RTSPP-2000 Artificial Intelligence Workshop on Runtime Support for Parallel Programming (Cancun, Mexico, May 2000) (2000). Baillargeon, R., C. Fisher, and G. DeJong. Teaching Cao, Q., J. Torrellas, and H. V. Jagadish. Unified infants about support: what data must they see? Bienn. fine-granularity buffering of index and data: approach Int. Conf. on Infant Studies (Brighton, United Kingdom, and implementation. Proc. Int. Conf. on Computer Jul. 2000) (2000). Design (ICCD) (Austin, Tex., Sep. 2000) 125-134 (2000). Blind, S., C. McCullough, S. Akella, and J. Ponce. A reconfigurable parts feeder with an array of pins: a Cintra, M., J. Martinez, and J. Torrellas. Architectural method and a machine. IEEE Conf. on Robotics and support for scalable speculative parallelization in Automation (Hilton Head, S.C., Apr. 2000) 147-153 shared-memory multiprocessors. Proc. 27th Ann. Int. (2000). Symp. on Computer Architecture (ISCA) (Vancouver, B.C., Jun. 2000) 13-24 (2000). Cumby, C. and D. Roth. Relational representations that facilitate learning. Proc. Int. Conf. on Knowledge Huang, M., J. Renau, S. M. Yoo, and J. Torrellas. Representations and Reasoning (Breckenridge, Colo., Energy/performance design of memory hierarchies for Apr. 2000) 425-434 (2000). processor-in-memory chips. Proc. 2nd Workshop on Intelligent Memory Systems (Boston, Mass., Nov. 2000) Daelemans, W., H. Déjean, R. Koeling, V. Punyakanok, 70-77 (2000). D. Roth D., and E. F. T. K. Sang. Applying system combination to base noun phrase identification. 18th Huang, M., J. Renau, S. M. Yoo, and J. Torrellas. Int. Conf. on Computational Linguistics (COLING A framework for dynamic energy efficiency and 2000) (Saarbrucken, Germany, Aug. 2000) (2000). temperature management. Proc. 33rd Int. Symp. on Microarchitecture (MICRO) (Monterey, Calif., DeJong, G. Hidden strengths and limitations: an Dec. 2000) 202-213 (2000). empirical investigation of reinforcement learning. Proc. Int. Conf. on Machine Learning (Palo Alto, Calif., Ranganathan, P., S. Adve, and N. P. Jouppi. Jun. 2000) 215-222 (2000). Reconfigurable caches and their application to media processing. Proc. 27th Int. Symp. on Computer Architecture (Vancouver, B.C., Jun. 2000) 214-224 (2000).
30 Liu, Z., R.H. Campbell, S. K. Varadarajan, P. Naldurg, Communications S. Yi, and M. D. Mickunas. Flexible secure multicasting in active networks. Proc. Int. Workshop on Group Campbell, R. H., Z. Liu, M.D. Mickunas, P. Naldurg, Computation and Communications (Taipei, Taiwan, and S. Yi. Seraphim: dynamic interoperable security Apr. 2000) C15-C22 (2000). architecture for active networks. Proc. IEEE OPENARCH 2000 (Tel-Aviv, Israel, Mar. 2000) 55-64 Lui, K. S., K. Nahrstedt, and S. Chen. Hierarchical QOS (2000). routing in delay-bandwidth sensitive networks. Proc. IEEE LCN 2000, 25th Ann. IEEE Conf. on Local Chen, S., K. Nahrstedt, and Y. Shavitt. A QOS-aware Computer Networks (Tampa, Fla., Nov. 2000) 579-588 multicast routing protocoL. INFOCOM 2000 (Tel-Aviv, (2000). Israel, Mar. 2000) (2000). Nahrstedt, K., D. Wichadakul, and D. Xu. Distributed Kalter, W., B. Li, W. Jeon, K. Nahrstedt, and J. H. Seo. QOS compilation and runtime instantiation. IWQoS A gateway-assisted approach toward QOS adaptations. 2000 (Pittsburgh, Penn., Jun. 2000) (2000). Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Multimedia and Expo. (New York, N.Y., Jul. 2000) 855-858 (2000). Talwar, V. and K. Nahrstedt. Securing RSVP for multimedia applications. ACM Multimedia Security Kim, K. and K. Nahrstedt. A resource broker model with Workshop (Los Angeles, Calif., Nov. 2000) (2000). integrated reservation scheme. Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Multimedia and Expo. (New York, N.Y., Jul. 2000) Varadarajan, S. K., T. Qian, and R. H. Campbell. 859-862 (2000). Dynamic, distributed, secure multicast in active networks. IEEE Int. Conf. on Communication Kon, F., R. Campbell, D. Mickunas, and K. Nahrstedt. (New Orleans, La., Jun. 2000) (2000). 2K: distributed component-based system. Proc. IEEE HPDC 2000 (Pittsburgh, Penn., Aug. 2000) 201-208 Wang, J. and K. Nahrstedt. Design and implementation (2000). of DiffServ routers in OPNE. Proc. OPNETWORK ‘00 (Washington, D.C., Aug 2000) (2000). Li, B. and K. Nahrstedt. QualProbes: Middleware QOS profiling services for configuring adaptive applications. Xu, D., K. Nahrstedt, and D. Wichadakul. MeGaDiP: a Proc. IFIP/ACM Int. Conf. on Distributed Systems wide-area media gateway discovery protocol. Proc. IEEE Platforms and Open Distributed Processing (Middleware Int. Performance, Computing, and Communications 2000) (Hudson River Valley, N.Y., Apr. 2000) 256-272 Conf. (IPCCC 2000) (Phoenix, Ariz., Feb. 2000) (2000). 257-263 (2000).
Li, B., W. Jeon, B. Kalter, K. Nahrstedt and J. Seo. Xu, D., D. Wichadakul, and K. Nahrstedt. Multimedia Adaptive middleware architecture for a distributed service configuration and reservation in heterogeneous omni-directional visual tracking system. Proc. SPIE environments. Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Distributed MMCN 2000 (San Jose, Calif., Jan. 2000) 101-112 Systems Computing (Taipei, Taiwan, Apr. 2000) 512-519 (2000). (2000).
Liu, K. S. and K. Nahrstedt. Topology aggregation and Xu, D., D. Wichadakul, and K. Nahrstedt. QOS and routing in bandwidth-delay sensitive networks. Proc. contention-aware multi-resource reservation. Proc. IEEE Globecom 2000 (San Francisco, Calif., Nov. 2000) HPDC 2000 (Pittsburgh, Penn., Aug. 2000) 3-10 (2000). 410-414 (2000). Xu, D., D. Wichadakul, and K. Nahrstedt. Resource- Liu, Z., P. Naldurg, S. Yi, R. H. Campbell, and M. D. aware configuration of ubiquitous multimedia services. Mickunas. Pluggable active security for active networks. Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Multimedia and Expo. Proc. 12th IASTED Int. Conf. on Parallel and Distributed (New York, N.Y., Jul. 2000) 851-854 (2000). Computing and Systems (PDCS 2000) (Las Vegas, Nev., Nov. 2000) 93-98 (2000). Zhou, Y. and K. Nahrstedt. OPNET simulations of IntServ/ATM edge devices. Networks and Multimidea Track, 2000 Applied Telecommunication Symp. (Washington, D.C., Apr. 2000) 238-243 (2000).
31 Compilers Databases and Information Systems Almasi, G. and D. Padua. MaJIC: a Matlab just-in-time compiler. 13th Int. Workshop on Languages and Compilers for Parallel Computing (LCPC ‘00) Chang, K. C. and H. Garcia-Molina. Approximate query (Yorktown Heights, N.Y., Aug. 2000) (2000). translation across heterogeneous information sources. Proc. 26th Int. Conf. on Very Large Databases Almasi, G., C. Cascaval, and D. Padua. MATmarks: (Cairo, Egypt, Sep. 2000) 566-577 (2000). distributed shared Matlab. 2nd. Int. Workshop on Software Distributed Shared Memory (Santa Fe, N. Mex., May 2000) (2000). Distributed Operating Systems
Johnson, J., R. Johnson, D. Padua, and J. Xiong. Searching for the best FFT formulas with the TPL Carvalho, D., F. Kon, F. Ballesteros, M. Román, compiler. Proc. 13th Int. Workshop on Languages and R. Campbell, and D. Mickunas. Management of Compilers for Parallel Computing (LCPC ‘00) execution environments in 2K. Proc. 7th Int. Conf. on (Yorktown Heights, N.Y., Aug. 2000) (2000). Parallel and Distributed Systems (ICPADS 2000) (Iwate, Japan, Jul. 2000 ) 479-485 (2000). Lee, J. and D. Padua. Hiding relaxed memory consistency with compilers. Int. Conf. on Parallel Carvalho, D., F. Kon, M. Román, F. Ballesteros, C. Hess, Architectures and Compilation Techniques R. Campbell, and D. Mickunas. Interaction and (Philadelphia, Penn., Oct. 2000) (2000). distribution of execution environments in 2K. Proc. 4th World Multiconf. on Systemics, Cybernetics and Lin, Y. and D. Padua. Analysis of irregular memory Informatics (SCI 2000) (Orlando, Fla., Jul. 2000) access. Proc. ACM SIGPLAN ‘00 Conf. on Programming 491-496 (2000). Language Design and Implementation (PLDI 00) (Vancouver, B.C., Jun. 2000) 157-168 (2000). Hess, C. K., F. J. Ballesteros, and R. H. Campbell. An adaptable distributed file service. ECOOP PhD Workshop on Object-Oriented Systems (PHDOOS ‘00) Computer Graphics (Cannes, France, Jun. 2000) (2000). Kapadia, A., J. Al-Muhtadi, R. H. Campbell, and Ferencz, A., Y. Yu, and J. Malik. Color balancing and D. Mickunas. I-RBAC 2000: secure interoperability compression for texture mapping real environments. using dynamic role translation. 1st Int. Conf. on Internet SIGGRAPH 2000 Course Notes on Image-Based Surface Computing (IC 2000) (Las Vegas, Nev., Jun. 2000) Details (New Orleans, La., Jul. 2000) 3.26-3.31 (2000). (2000).
Yu, Y., A. Ferencz, and J. Malik. Compressing texture Kon, F., J. Al-Muhtadi, R. H. Campbell, and M. D. maps for large real environments. Proc. SIGGRAPH Mickunas. My dream of Jini. OOPSLA 2000 Workshop 2000 Visual Proc. (New Orleans, La., Jul. 2000) 192 on Jini Pattern Language (Minneapolis, Minn., October (2000). 2000) (2000). Kon, F., R. H. Campbell, M. D. Mickunas, K. Nahrstedt, and F. J. Ballesteros. 2K: a distributed operating system for dynamic heterogeneous environments. Proc. 9th IEEE Int. Symp. on High-Performance Distributed Computing (HPDC 9) (Pittsburgh, Penn., Aug. 2000) 201-208 (2000).
32 Liu, Z., P. Naldurg, S. Yi, T. Qian, R. H. Campbell, and Sheffer, A. and E. de Sturler. Parameterization of CAD M. D. Mickunas. An agent-based architecture for surfaces for meshing by triangulation flattening. 7th Int. supporting application-level security. DARPA Conf. on Numerical Grid Generation in Computational Information Survivability Conf. and Expo. (Hilton Head Field Simulations (Whistler, B.C., Sep. 2000) (2000). Island, S.C., Jan. 2000) (2000). Sheffer, A. and E. de Sturler. Surface parameterization for Manuel, R. and R. H. Campbell. Gaia: enabling active meshing by triangulation flattening. Proc. Int. Meshing spaces. Proc. 9th ACM SIGOPS Euro. Workshop Round Table Conf. 2000 (New Orleans, La., Oct. 2000) (Kolding, Denmark, Sep. 2000) 229-234 (2000). http://www.andrew.cmu.edu/user/sowen.imr9.html (2000). Dynamic Configuration Parallel Computing Kon, F., B. Gill, M. Anand, R. H. Campbell, and M. D. Mickunas. Secure dynamic reconfiguration of scalable Adve, V. and R. Sakellariou. Compiler synthesis of task CORBA systems with mobile agents. Proc. IEEE Joint graphs for parallel programs. Proc. 13th Int. Workshop Symp. on Agent Systems and Applications/Mobile Agents on Languages and Compilers for High-Performance (ASA/MA 2000) (Zurich, Switzerland, Sep. 2000) 86-98 Computing (Yorktown Heights, N.Y., Aug. 2000) (2000). (2000). Programming Languages Mobile Computing and Compilers
Liu, Z., M. D. Mickunas, and R. H. Campbell. Secure information flow in mobile bootstrapping process. Int. Yi, Q., V. S. Adve, and K. Kennedy. Transforming loops Workshop on Wireless Networks and Mobile Computing to recursion for multi-level memory hierarchies. Proc. (Taipei, Taiwan, Apr. 2000) D44-D51 (2000). ACM SIGPLAN 2000 Conf. on Programming Language Design and Implementation (Vancouver, B.C., Jun. 2000) 169-181 (2000). Numerical and Scientific Computing Real-Time Systems
DeSturler, E., J. Hoeflinger, L. Kale, and M. Bhandarkar. Arzen, K. A., A. Cervin, J. Eker, and L. Sha. Introduction A new approach to software integration frameworks for to control and scheduling co-design. Proc. IEEE Conf. multi-physics simulation codes. 8th Conf. IFIP WG 2.5 on Decision and Control (Sydney, Australia, Dec. 2000) Working Committee on Software Architecture for (2000). Scientific Computing Applications (Ottawa, Ont., Oct. 2000) (2000). Caccamo, M., G. Buttazzo, and L. Sha. Capacity sharing for overrun control. Proc. IEEE Real-Time Systems Dick, W. A., R. A. Fiedler, and M. T. Heath. Integrated Symposium (Orlando, Fla., Nov. 2000) (2000). simulation of solid propellant rockets. 2nd Euro. Conf. on Launcher Technology (Rome, Italy, Nov. 2000) (2000). Caccamo, M., G. Butazzo, and L. Sha. Elastic feedback control. Proc. Euromicro Conf. on Real-Time Systems Heath, M. T., R. A. Fiedler, and W. A. Dick. Simulating (Stockholm, Sweden, Jun. 2000) (2000). solid propellant rockets at CSAR. 36th AIAA/ASME/ SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conf. (Huntsville, Ala., Schwarz, J., A. Polze, H. Wehner, and L. Sha. Integration Jul. 2000) (2000). of CORBA services with a dynamic real-time architecture. Proc. IEEE Real-Time Technology and Applications Symp. (Washington, D.C., Jun. 2000) (2000).
33 Sha, L. and D. Seto. A distributed real-time coordination Cascaval, G. Compile-time performance prediction of protocol. Proc. IEEE Workshop on Distributed and scientific programs. Ph.D. thesis, D. Padua, adviser Parallel Systems (Cancun, Mexico, May 2000) 671-677 (2000). (2000). Cheng, B. C. Compile-time memory disambiguation for Sha, L., X. Liu, M. Caccamo, and G. Buttazzo. Online C programs. Ph.D. thesis, W. Hwu, adviser (2000). control optimization using load-driven scheduling. Proc. IEEE Conf. on Decision and Control (Sydney, Australia, Hughes, C. Prefetching linked data structures in systems Dec. 2000) (2000). with merged dram-logic. M.S. thesis, S. Adve, adviser (2000). Reflective Middleware Lam, V. Selecting the number of executing threads to achieve efficient execution of open MP programs. M.S. thesis, J. Torrellas, adviser (2000). Román, M., D. Mickunas, F. Kon, and R. H. Campbell. LegORB and ubiquitous CORBA. Proc. IFIP/ACM Renau, J. Memory hierarchies in intelligent memories: Middleware 2000 Workshop on Reflective Middleware energy/performance design. M.S. thesis, J. Torrellas, (Palisades, N.Y., Apr. 2000) 1-2 (2000). adviser (2000).
Rivera-Alvarez, L. Disk-to-disk parallel sorting on HPVM clusters running Windows NT. M.S. thesis, Security A. Chien, adviser (2000).
Al-Muhtadi, J., M. Anand, M. D. Mickunas, and R. H. Venkitaraman, N. Providing weighted fairness in the Campbell. Secure smart homes using Jini and UIUC corelite QOS architecture: design and evaluation. SESAME. Proc. 16th Ann. Computer Security M.S. thesis, B. Vaduvur, adviser (2000). Application Conference (ACSAC 2000) (New Orleans, La., Dec. 2000) 77 (2000). Artificial Intelligence Kapadia, A., J. Al-Muhtadi, R. H. Campbell, and M. D. Mickunas. I-RBAC 2000: Secure interoperability using dynamic role translation. 1st Int. Conf. on Internet Brodie, M. Iterated phantom induction: a little Computing (IC 2000) (Las Vegas, Nev., Jun. 2000) knowledge can go a long way. Ph.D. thesis, G. DeJong, (2000). adviser (2000).
Bulitko, V. Envisionment-based scheduling using time- interval Petri networks: representation, inference, and Theses learning. Ph.D. thesis, D. Wilkins, adviser (2000).
Kim, P. Interactive image segmentation using level set Architecture and Systems methods in a virtual reality environment. M.S. thesis, S. Hutchinson, adviser (2000). Basu, S. Design of efficient simple Coma architectures. Lake, J. Sequentialized language models. Ph.D. thesis, Ph.D. thesis, J. Torrellas, adviser (2000). J. DeJong, adviser (2000). Cantu-Paz, E. Designing efficient and accurate parallel Spillner, B. An expert system architecture for fault- genetic algorithms. Ph.D. thesis, D. Goldberg, adviser tolerant control in unstable domains. M.S. thesis, (2000). D. Wilkins, adviser (2000). Cao, Q. Performance characterization and buffer Wen, Z. 3D tongue, teeth modeling and system memory optimization of databases. Ph.D. thesis, implementation for realistic facial animation. M.S. J. Torrellas, adviser (2000). thesis, T. Huang, adviser (2000).
34 Yang, M. H. Hand gesture recognition and face detection in images. Ph.D. thesis, N. Ahuja, adviser (2000). Databases and Information Systems Yang, T. H. Detecting emerging conceptual contexts in textural collection. M.S. thesis, W. Pottenger, adviser (2000). Hwang, S. W. Optimization of sequential overwrite requests on the IBM SP. M.S. thesis, M. Winslett, adviser (2000).
Communications Wang, C. M. Dynamic online data clustering for object- oriented databases. Ph.D. thesis, G. Belford, adviser Giles, J. R. An information-theoretic and game-theoretic (2000). study of timing channels. Ph.D. thesis, B. Hajek, adviser (2000). Distributed Systems Trachtenberg, A. Error-correcting codes on graphs: lexicodes, trellises, and factor graphs. Ph.D. thesis, A. Vardy, adviser (2000). Fernandes, L. Analysis of streaming protocols for cave images and video. M.S. thesis, K. Nahrstedt, adviser (2000).
Computer Graphics Geisler, R. A remote monitor system for distributed applications using the soft real-time scheduler. M.S. Ferrar, G. PIG: platform independent graphics. M.S. thesis, K. Nahrstedt, adviser (2000). thesis, S. Kamin, adviser (2000). Haridas, D. Rebecca—a received based congestion control algorithm for TCP. M.S. thesis, K. Nahrstedt, Computer Networks adviser (2000). Hiltenbrand, J. A development framework for highly Viswanathan, A. Design and evaluation of a CPU-aware interactive virtual reality application. M.S. thesis, communication broker for RSVP-based networks. M.S. K. Nahrstedt, adviser (2000). thesis, K. Nahrstedt, adviser (2000). Hu, K. Exploiting laziness for improving performance in Zhou, Y. QOS-aware interconnectivity of Ethernet/ data replication management. Ph.D. thesis, S. Mehrotra, ATM/CATV Mac protocols with RSVP/IP network adviser (2000). protocols. M.S. thesis, K. Nahrstedt, adviser (2000). Kalter, W. Design, implementation, and experimentation Zou, B. Mobile ID protocol: a badge-activated of a gateway architecture for end-to-end QOS application-level handoff of a multimedia streaming to adaptation. M.S. thesis, K. Nahrstedt, adviser (2000). support user mobility. M.S. thesis, K. Nahrstedt, adviser (2000). Kriengkrai, P. Database support for similarity retrieval and querying mobile objects. Ph.D. thesis, S. Mehrotra, adviser (2000).
Computer-aided Design Lee, K. W. Multicast support for heterogeneous packet of Digital Systems flows. Ph.D. thesis, B. Vaduvur and K. Nahrstedt, advisers (2000).
Wang, Y. On functional decomposition. M.S. thesis, Li, B. Agilos: a middleware control architecture for S. Muroga, adviser (2000). application-aware quality of service adaptations. Ph.D. thesis, K. Nahrstedt, adviser (2000).
35 Liu, T. Case studies on fault injection-based network system evaluation. M.S. thesis, R. Iyer, adviser (2000). Parallel Computing Kim, Y. M. Code transformation for software distributed Naldurg, P. A componentized framework for dynamic shared memory. M.S. thesis, D. Padua, adviser (2000). security policies. M.S. thesis, R. Campbell, adviser (2000). Li, X. Dynamic load balancing for parallel adaptive mesh refinement. M.S. thesis, S. Teng, adviser (2000). Qian, T. Dynamic authorization support in large distributed systems. Ph.D. thesis, R. Campbell, adviser Lin, Y. Compiler analysis of sparse and irregular (2000). computations. Ph.D. thesis, D. Padua, adviser (2000). Rubel, P. Passive replication in the AQUA system. Liu, R. Task scheduling of parallel application with M.S. thesis, W. Kubitz, adviser (2000). dependence structure and object constraint. M.S. thesis, L. V. Kale, adviser (2000). Sivakumar, R. Dynamic networks: architectures and algorithms. Ph.D. thesis, B. Vaduvur and M. Winslett, Oly, J. Markov model predictions of I/O requests for advisers (2000). scientific applications. M.S. thesis, D. Reed, adviser (2000). Ssu, K. F. Heterogeneous and mobile recovery. Ph.D. thesis, W. K. Fuchs, adviser (2000). Paranjpye, S. A checkpoint and restart mechanism for parallel programming systems. M.S. thesis, L. V. Kale, Varela, C. Browsing databases over the world-wide web. adviser (2000). M.S. thesis, G. Agha, adviser (2000). Simitci, H. Adaptive disk striping for parallel Xue, W. Studies on fault-tolerant techniques using input/output. Ph.D. thesis, D. Reed, adviser (2000). DEPEND. M.S. thesis, R. Iyer, adviser (2000). Tada, Y. Tara: actor-based object-oriented language for efficient distributed software development. M.S. thesis, Numerical and Scientific G. Agha, adviser (2000). Computing Programming Languages Hartman, A. A domain decomposition preconditioning method for a conjugate gradient finite element scattering solver. M.S. thesis, P. Saylor, adviser (2000). Harfst, G. Texlogo: a language and system for illustrating Latex documents with logo turtle graphics. Izaguirre Paz, J. Longer time steps for molecular M.S. thesis, E. Reingold, adviser (2000). dynamics. Ph.D. thesis, R. Skeel, adviser (2000). Thati, P. Toward an algebraic formulation of actors. Zou, G. Biased Brownian dynamics for rate constant M.S. thesis, G. Agha, adviser (2000). calculation. M.S. thesis, R. Skeel, adviser (2000). Real-Time Systems Operating Systems Goel, P. Thread management in dynamic, soft, real-time Yamane, T. The design and implementation of the 2K framework for multi-threaded multimedia application. resource management service. M.S. thesis, R. Campbell, M.S. thesis, K. Nahrstedt, adviser (2000). adviser (2000). Hull, L. An environment for imprecise computations. Ph.D. thesis, J. Liu, adviser (2000).
36 Tian, M. A framework for collaboration membership service for power network simulation. M.S. thesis, L. Awards and Honors Sha, adviser (2000).
Wehner, K. An architecture for online multicast routing Sarita Adve upgrade. M.S. thesis, L. Sha, adviser (2000). Research Initiation Award, National Science Foundation, 1994-1997 CAREER Award, National Science Foundation, 1995-1998 Software Engineering Associate Editor, ACM Transactions on Modeling and Computer Simulation, 1997- Chai, I. Pedagogical framework documentation: how to IBM Partnership Award, 1997-1999 document object-oriented frameworks; an empirical Research Fellowship, Alfred P. Sloan, 1998-2000 study. Ph.D. thesis, R. Johnson, adviser (2000). Co-author of a paper chosen as one of forty-one for an anthology of selected papers from the first twenty-five Garrido, A. Software refactoring applied to C International Symposia on Computer Architecture programming language. M.S. thesis, R. Johnson, adviser (Sohi, editor), ACM Press, 1998 (2000). Gul A. Agha Kon, F. Automatic configuration of component-based Incentive for Excellence Award, Digital Equipment distributed systems. Ph.D. thesis, R. Campbell, adviser Corporation Faculty Program, 1989-1992 (2000). Young Investigator Award, U.S. Office of Naval Research, 1990-1993 Lu, P. The type editor. M.S. thesis, R. Johnson, adviser Fellow, U of I Center for Advanced Study, 1992 (2000). International Lecturer, Association for Computing Machinery, 1992-1997 Maiya, G. Translation of Ross method rules to the object Editor, ACM Computer Survey, 1995- query language. M.S. thesis, R. Johnson, adviser (2000). Editor-in-Chief, IEEE Parallel and Distributed Technology, 1995-1996 Norris, B. An environment for interactive parallel Editor, Theory and Practice of Object Systems, 1995- numerical computing. Ph.D. thesis, M. Heath, adviser Editor-in-Chief, IEEE Concurrency, 1997-1998 (2000). Golden Core Member, IEEE Computer Society, 1999 Meritorious Service Award, IEEE Computer Society, 1999 Raghavan, V. On the design and implementation of a policy administrator for a dynamic security system. M.S. Geneva G. Belford, Emeritus thesis, R. Campbell, adviser (2000). Distinguished Visitor, IEEE Computer Society, 1982-1985 Wu, L. C. Interactive source-level debugging of Halliburton Engineering Education Leadership Award, optimized code. Ph.D. thesis, W. Hwu, adviser (2000). U of I College of Engineering, 1986 Award for Outstanding Faculty Member, Dad’s Association, U of I, 1991
Gerald DeJong Fellow, American Association for Artificial Intelligence
Jeffrey G. Erickson Everitt Award for Teaching Excellence, U of I College of Engineering, 2001 Outstanding Junior Faculty Award, C. W. Gear, 2001
Michael Faiman, Emeritus Halliburton Engineering Education Leadership Award, U of I College of Engineering, 1988
37 H. George Friedman, Jr., Emeritus David J. Kuck, Emeritus Individual Plans of Study Outstanding Service Award, Member, National Academy of Engineering U of I College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, 1986 Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Certificate of Merit, Outstanding Faculty Member, U of I Science Dad’s Association, 1988 Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Andersen Consulting Award for Excellence in Advising, Associate, U of I Center for Advanced Study, 1982-1983 U of I College of Engineering, 1991, 1992 Outstanding Paper Award, International Conference on Parallel Processing, 1986 Mehdi T. Harandi Emanuel R. Piore Award, Institute of Electrical and Editor-in-Chief, International Journal of Expert Systems: Electronics Engineers, 1987 Research and Applications, 1986- Alumni Merit Award, Northwestern University, 1989 Certificate of Appreciation, Conference on Expert Systems Technology in the ADP Environment, 1987 Duncan H. Lawrie, Emeritus Best Paper Award, 3rd International Workshop on Board of Directors, Computing Research Association Computer-Aided Software Engineering, 1989 Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Best Paper Award, 5th Conference on Knowledge-based Past President, IEEE Computer Society Software Assistant, 1990 Best Paper Award, International Conference on Parallel Editor, Journal of Automated Software Engineering, 1992- Processing, 1980 Recognition of Service Award, Association for Computing Distinguished Service Award, IEEE Computer Society, Machinery (ACM), 1997 1993 Editor-in-Chief, Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Michael T. Heath Systems, 1994-1997 Editor, International Journal of High-Performance Outstanding Electrical Engineer Award, Purdue Computing Applications, 1993- University, 1996 Editor, SIAM Review, 1994- Everitt Award for Teaching Excellence, U of I College of Chung L. Liu, Emeritus Engineering, 1988 Fellow, Association for Computing Machinery ACM Fellow, 2000 Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Honorary Member, Golden Key National Honor Society Laxmikant V. Kale Associate, U of I Center for Advanced Study, 1983 NCR Award of Excellence, 1989 Certificate of Merit, U of I Dads Association, 1983 C. W. Gear Outstanding Junior Faculty Award, U of I Everitt Award for Teaching Excellence, U of I College of Department of Computer Science, 1990 Engineering, 1983 University Scholar, U of I, 1985 Samuel N. Kamin Alumni Achievement Award, Cheng Kung University, Stanley H. Pierce Faculty Award, U of I College of 1986 Engineering, 2001 Best Paper Award, ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference, 1986 David J. Kriegman Faculty Achievement Award, Burlington Northern Young Investigator Award, National Science Foundation, Foundation, 1987 1992 Fellow, J. S. Guggenheim Foundation, 1987 Best Paper Award, IEEE Conference on Computer Vision Campus Award for Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching, and Pattern Recognition, 1996 U of I, 1988 Golden Core Member, IEEE Computer Society, 1996 Karl V. Karlstrom Outstanding Educator Award, Editor, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Association of Computing Machinery, 1990 Intelligence, 1997- Meritorious Service Certificate, IEEE Computer Society, Best Paper Award, European Conference on Computer 1991 Vision, 1998 Halliburton Engineering Education Leadership Award, Associate Editor-in-Chief, IEEE Transactions on Pattern U of I College of Engineering, 1992 Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 2000- Taylor L. Booth Award, IEEE Computer Society, 1992 Associate Editor, IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Education Award, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Automation, 2000- Engineers, 1994
38 Jane W. S. Liu, Emeritus Edward M. Reingold, Emeritus Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Fellow, Association of Computing Machinery Halliburton Engineering Education Leadership Award, U of I College of Engineering, 1991 Dan Roth Teachers Ranked as Excellent by Their Students, U of I, Best Paper, 16th International Joint Conference on 1999 Artificial Intelligence, 1999 IBM Faculty Equipment Award, 1999 Saburo Muroga CAREER Award, National Science Foundation, 2000 Honorary Member, Information Processing Society of C. W. Gear Outstanding Junior Faculty Award, U of I Japan Department of Computer Science, 2000 Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Xerox Award for Junior Faculty Research, U of I College Distinguished Visitor, Institute of Electrical and of Engineering, 2001 Electronics Engineers, 1988-1990 Contribution Award, Information Processing Society of Lui Sha Japan, 1991 Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Honorary Member, Information Processing Society of Japan, 1998 Robert D. Skeel Profesor Visitante Iberdrola, Universidad de Valladolid, Klara Nahrstedt 1994-1996 Weierstrass Prize, Weierstrass Institute of Mathematics, Editor, SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing, 1985- Berlin, 1985 CAREER Award, National Science Foundation, 1996 Josep Torrellas Campus Award for Innovation in Undergraduate Research Initiation Award, National Science Foundation, Instruction Using Educational Technologies, U of I, 1993-1996 2000 Young Investigator Award, National Science Foundation, 1994-1999 David Padua Intel Research Council Award, 1995, 1996, 1998 Xerox Award for Faculty Research, U of I College of C. W. Gear Outstanding Junior Faculty Award, U of I Engineering, 1992 Department of Computer Science, 1997 Best Paper Award, International Conference on IBM Partnership Award, 1997-1999 Supercomputing, 1995 Junior Xerox Award for Outstanding Research, U of I Fellow, IEEE, 2000 College of Engineering, 1997 Senior Xerox Award for Outstanding Faculty Research, Jean A. Ponce U of I College of Engineering, 2000 Xerox Award for Faculty Research, U of I College of Vice-Chairman, IEEE Technical Committee on Computer Engineering, 1993, 1998 Architecture (TCCA), 2000 Area Editor, Computer Vision and Image Understanding, 1994- Pravin M. Vaidya Beckman Associate, U of I Center for Advanced Study, Presidential Young Investigator Award, National Science 1994-1995 Foundation, 1990 Critical Research Initiative Planning Award, U of I, 1996 Beckman Associate, U of I Center for Advanced Study, Associate Editor, IEEE Transactions on Robotics Research, 1991 1998- Fellow, U of I Center for Advanced Study, 1991 Xerox Award for Faculty Research, U of I College of Daniel A. Reed Engineering, 1991 IBM Faculty Development Award, 1984 Presidential Young Investigator Award, National Science Marianne S. Winslett Foundation, 1987 Presidential Young Investigator Award, National Science Beckman Associate, U of I Center for Advanced Study, Foundation, 1989 1989 Xerox Award for Faculty Research, U of I College of University Scholar, U of I, 1989 Engineering, 1989, 1997 Xerox Award for Faculty Research, U of I College of University Scholar, U of I, 1992 Engineering, 1991 Associate Editor, ACM Transactions on Database Systems, Gutgsell Professorship, Fall 2000-Fall 2005 1994-
39 Associate Editor, IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Management, 1994- Associate Editor, Journal of Intelligent Information Systems, 1994- Stanley H. Pierce Award, U of I College of Engineering, 1999
40 Electrical and Computer Engineering
R. E. Blahut, Head N. N. Rao and S. A. Hutchinson, Associate Heads Advanced Automation 155 William L. Everitt Laboratory Augmented Reality 1406 W. Green St., MC-702 N. Ahuja,* J. Ma Urbana, IL 61801-2991 U.S. Army Research Laboratory, DAAL01-96-2-0003F 217-333-2300 • http://www.ece.uiuc.edu/ (Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory) Research in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering serves two main purposes. The generation of The objective of this project is to develop computer new fundamental knowledge is a primary function. vision-based approaches to augmentation of 3-D displays Of equal importance is the education of graduate students of real scenes. Displays may select a subset of original who participate in research and contribute to the image features or add new ones to enhance the perception advancement of knowledge through their thesis research. of the scene structure and dynamics. The displays may The research programs described here provide facilities also overlay on the images information from a variety of and support for graduate students and enable them to sources to increase the situational awareness. pursue their advanced study. Another important function of research is the continuing development of the faculty Development of Head-mounted Projective members. A forward-looking undergraduate program Displays for Distance Collaborative depends upon the existence of a strong graduate program Environments and the presence of excellent faculty members who are N. Ahuja,* H. Hua,* L. Brown, C. Gao leaders in their respective fields. National Science Foundation Research in electrical and computer engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign encompasses a The objectives of this project are to develop a novel broad spectrum of areas that reflect the wide range of visualization device, called head-mounted projective interest and expertise of the faculty, as illustrated by the display (HMPD), which allows real-time superposition number and diversity of the research projects denoted in of a direct image of the scene with a stored virtual view; the following pages. Almost all of the faculty members in build a multi-user interactive workbench by integrating the department are engaged in research and many do the developed HMPD with a high-performance real-time research in interdisciplinary programs and hold joint image acquisition system; and evaluate the performance appointments in other departments and interdisciplinary of the resulting system as a tool for remote collaboration. laboratories. More than 450 graduate students and many undergraduates assist in this research effort. Higher Order Feature Detection Support for this research is provided by contracts and N. Ahuja,* A. Sehgal, A. Jagmohan, K. H. Tan grants from several agencies of the federal government as Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency well as from industrial sources. Other departments and laboratories in which the department’s faculty hold (Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory) affiliate status and are engaged in interdisciplinary research include Computer Science; General Engineering; This project is concerned with higher order features for Materials Science and Engineering; Nuclear, Plasma, recognition of objects in multisensory images. The target and Radiological Engineering; Physics; the Coordinated characteristics are known because the target is known. Science Laboratory; the Materials Research Laboratory; The sensor characteristics are known too. A model of the the Microelectronics Laboratory; and the Frederick Seitz target is to be created in terms of complex features that Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology. are defined in terms of more low-level, primitive features extracted by simple detectors from the data acquired by known sensors.
* Denotes principal investigator. 2 Image Matching and Interpretation their spectral properties as well as temporal behavior. N. Ahuja,* M. H. Yang Such representations are used for information access as ATR International well as for recognition using methods such as support vector machines. This project is aimed at the interpretation of moving, nonrigid surfaces carrying little or limited detail, Real-Time Path Planning with applications to virtual space teleconferencing. in Changing Environments The objectives include delineation of moving parts S. Hutchinson of a scene, active selection of viewpoints and data National Science Foundation acquisition, and integration of focus, shading, and silhouette information for functionality under a range New methods are proposed to generate collision-free paths of environmental conditions. for robots that operate in environments that change over time. The proposed approach is related to recent Image Segmentation probabilistic roadmap approaches. These planners use N. Ahuja,* R. Dugad preprocessing and query stages and are aimed at planning Eastman Kodak Co. many times in the same environment. In contrast, the preprocessing stage for this research creates a (Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory) representation of the configuration space that can be easily modified in real-time to account for changes in the The goal of this project is to segment an image, or environment. As with previous approaches, the proposed an image sequence, into its constituent regions such approach began by constructing a roadmap in the that each region is characterized by homogeneity of configuration space, but this roadmap is not constructed a three-dimensional property. Currently, we are for a specific workspace. Instead, it is constructed for an developing segmentation algorithms that use obstacle-free workspace, and the mapping from workspace uniformity of three-dimensional surface texture cells to nodes and arcs in the roadmap is encoded. and three-dimensional object motion as When the environment changes, this mapping is used to homogeneity criteria. make the appropriate modifications to the roadmap, and plans can be generated by searching the modified Path Planning for Robot Navigation roadmap. At the heart of the method is the encoding N. Ahuja* for mapping workspace obstacles to configuration space Rockwell International obstacles. To make the proposed approach truly viable, a major component of the proposed research will focus on (Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory) robustness and complexity issues. These issues will be addressed by using tools from the fields of image This project concerns efficient generation of object processing, information theory, graph theory, representations from multiple perspectives. We are computational geometry, and incremental algorithms. developing algorithms to generate octree representation of an object from its planar projections. We use the Development of a Robot known representation of obstacles to plan efficient that Plays Air Hockey motion trajectory to move an object from one location M. W. Spong,* S. Hutchinson, S. Kuo, S. Bunchongchuits to another. National Science Foundation, IRI-9216428, CMS- 9712170; Electric Power Research Institute, RP 8030-14 Recognition and Contents-based Retrieval of Hand Gestures from Video This project is to develop a three-degree-of-freedom robot N. Ahuja,* M. H. Yang, S. C. Yoon that can play air hockey. Research issues being addressed U.S. Office of Naval Research include real-time visual servoing, adaptive camera calibration and windowing, hybrid estimation, and hybrid (Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory) nonlinear control. Based on the reliability of sensory information, a supervisory control system switches among This project is concerned with recognition of scenes from a fixed set of nonlinear controllers, each designed for a the spatiotemporal structure of the video data. Trajectories particular task such as blocking or striking the puck. of scene contents seen in the video sequence are used as Future research is aimed at learning through the basis for this purpose. Objects are characterized by repetitive play.
3 * Denotes principal investigator. Nonlinear Control of Underactuated Mechanical Systems Advanced Processing M. W. Spong* and Circuits National Science Foundation, CMS-9712170, CMS-9840985 AlGan/GaN HFET Fabrication and This project seeks to develop stability and tracking results Characterization for underactuated mechanical systems using tools from I. Adesida,* V. Kumar, A. Kuliev Lagrangian and Hamiltonian dynamics, geometric Triquint Corporation nonlinear control theory, hybrid control, and saturation. This work exploits the underlying structure of the This project involves a collaboration with Triquint nonlinear dynamics, makes efficient use of passivity and Corporation on the fabrication of AlGaN/GaN HFETs. energy, and complements existing energy and passivity Technologies for the fabrication of the HFETs will methods and more recent backstepping methods, all of be developed. which attempt to exploit more fully the inherent nonlinearities of the system, by “shaping” rather than Gallium Nitride Optoelectronics by “canceling” all of the nonlinearities in the system. I. Adesida,* L. Zhou Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Learning Sensorimotor Control DAAD19-99-1-0011 of Balance and Locomotion M. Spong,* G. DeJong, S. Hutchinson, K. Rosengren, This project focuses on experimental issues for the R. Sreenivas fabrication of novel optoelectronic devices and circuits in National Science Foundation, ECS-9812591 gallium nitride and related materials. UV detectors, field effect transistors, and heterojunction bipolar transistors The goal of this project is to investigate computational will be investigated. Methods for integrating these devices methods for learning sensorimotor control in bipedal will also be explored. locomotion. The project will integrate ideas from engineering, psychology, and kinesiology. Researchers Porous GaN: Production, Characterization, will utilize techniques from control theory and artificial and Applications intelligence to improve understanding of the dynamics I. Adesida,* P. Bohn,* X. Li,* S. Kim and control of human movement and the mechanisms by U.S. Office of Naval Research, N00014-01-1 which humans learn sensorimotor control. The research team will use studies of human movement to develop This program involves the generation and characterization improved learning and control techniques for multi- of porous GaN and SiC for applications in growth of high degree-of-freedom mechanical systems. Applications quality epitaxial layers. Matrices with dimensions down include more dexterous robots, more effective diagnostic to 50 nm are to be achieved for the porous materials. and physical therapy approaches for disabled humans, and better balance training and falls prevention programs for Processing of Gallium Nitride elderly and individuals with balance deficits. and Related Compounds I. Adesida,* L. Zhou, F. Khan ATMI/Air Force
This program consists of the development of viable processing methods for gallium nitride and related compounds. A systematic study of etching techniques, ohmic contact formation, and other metallizations will be conducted and applied to devices.
* Denotes principal investigator. 4 Resonant Enhanced Modulators Metal Silicide Source/Drain MOSFETs I. Adesida,* S. Rommel for Nanoscale CMOS Air Force; Sarnoff Corporation J. Tucker,* C. Faulkner U.S. Office of Naval Research, N00014-97-1-0588 This is a collaborative program with Sarnoff Corporation on resonant enhanced modulators in InP-based Experimental MOS transistors are fabricated at ~25nm heterostructures. Waveguides with coupling rings are to gate-length by substituting a metal silicide for highly be fabricated and characterized in InP-heterostructures. doped silicon within the source and drain regions. High precision patterning using inductively coupled The naturally formed Schottky barrier confines carriers plasma reactive ion etching and electron beam lithography in the “off” state, and gate-induced field emission causes will be used in fabricating the modulators. tunneling into the silicon channel as the device is turned
“on.” PtSi is used for p-type and ErSi2 for n-type. Silicon Heterojunction Terabit Electronics Fabrication is greatly simplified, scaling is greatly I. Adesida,* J. Tucker,* K. Ismail,* C. Faulkner, W. Lu, improved, and most parasitics that plague conventional W. Lanford devices at sub-0.1µm dimensions are eliminated. The goal Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, is ultrafast nanoscale CMOS with immunity to latch-up N66001-97-1-8906 and single-event upsets, pursued as part of the silicon heterojunction terabit electronics effort. This is an exploratory research project on advancing the performance of silicon-based field effect transistors. The utilization of shallow metal silicide Schottky Aeronomy source/drain and the use of strained Si/SiGe materials are two of the pathways being explored to realize ultrasmall (~ 25 nm) channel silicon-based heterojunction electronics Engineering Services and Utilities for ST capable of low power and terabit operation. This is a Radar Operation at the Sidney Field Station collaborative effort with IBM Corp. and Yale University. E. Kudeki,* S. Henson National Science Foundation; SBC Utah State University Silicon-Germanium Modulation-doped Field Effect Transistors This grant concerns the operation of an ST radar at the I. Adesida,* K. Ismail* university’s Sidney Field Station. Tropospheric and National Science Foundation, ECS 97-10418 stratospheric wind, reflectivity, and aspect sensitivity measurements to be conducted with the Sidney radar will This collaborative program with IBM Corp. is intended complement similar measurements conducted by similar to significantly advance the growth and fabrication radars operated at the Urbana Atmospheric Observatory technologies for SiGe/Si modulation-doped field effect and Bondville Field Station. The three-radar network will transistors (MODFETs) needed for low-power, high-speed be used in correlative studies of atmospheric gravity wave microwave and digital applications. Specific goals are to propagation in the troposphere and the lower stratosphere study the physics of short gate-length p-type, n-type, and as well as phenomena associated with the evolution and complementary MODFETs and to demonstrate dynamics of weather fronts. simple circuits.
Ultra-High-Power GaN Power Amplifier at X-Band I. Adesida,* W. Lu, D. Selvanathan Air Force; TRW Corporation
This collaborative project with TRW Corporation is to fabricate an ultra-high-power GaN-based HFET amplifier on SiC at X-Band. Various processing techniques for GaN will be developed as part of this project
5 * Denotes principal investigator. Engineering Services and Utilities HMM. The research team also designed an efficient for the Bondville Field Station algorithm to construct a binary search tree that is close E. Kudeki,* S. Henson to the optimum. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 52 RANR 100075
Continuous operation of the FLATLAND ST Bioacoustics (stratosphere-mesosphere) radar administered by NOAA is maintained at the Bondville Field Station. The Development of Intelligent Hearing Aid FLATLAND radar, operating at a frequency of 50 MHz, A. Feng* (Physiol.); D. Jones, B. C. Wheeler, W. D. has been designed to investigate the dynamics of the O’Brien; C. Lansing, R. Bilger (Speech & Hearing) atmosphere above a plain area with insignificant Phonak, Inc. orographical forcing. The routinely measured reflectivity profiles and Doppler spectra are collected in a NOAA This project aims to refine binaural signal processing database. Joint measurements with the Urbana Field algorithms for hearing aids so that they are suitable for Station MST radar are performed to investigate the real-time implementation in a commercial hearing aid. horizontal scale lengths of atmospheric gravity waves Also studied is wireless communication between hearing and to follow the transit of weather fronts. aids and support devices located on the body.
Radar Studies of the Equatorial Ionosphere High-Intensity Ultrasound E. Kudeki,* E. Chapin, S. Bhattacharyya, J. Urbina for Prostate Treatment National Science Foundation, ATM 90-22400 L. A. Frizzell,* J. S. Tan National Institutes of Health, CA81340; SBC Interscience The 50 MHz Jicamarca Radio Observatory located near Research, Inc. Lima, Peru, is used to investigate the structure and dynamics of the equatorial ionosphere. In the mesosphere Ultrasound phased array applicators are being developed ionospheric D region, investigations aim to resolve the by several groups for use in high-intensity surgical internal structure of narrow echoing layers and determine treatment of the prostate. It is proposed in this study to the relevant scattering/reflection mechanisms. In the use larger elements than most groups are using to keep the higher ionosphere, E- and F-region plasma drifts, number of elements to a reasonable level and thereby instabilities, and turbulence are under study. Current reduce the cost and complexity of manufacture. Grating projects include efforts to quantify the anisotropies of lobes will be kept to an acceptable level by using random equatorial plasma turbulence, obtain interferometric size and spacing of the elements. The first phase of the images of plasma irregularity structures, and measure the study involves investigation of the effects of various design component of ionospheric drifts in the geomagnetic parameters with theoretical modeling of the acoustic field field direction. Major research effort is dedicated to the of the array. Once an acceptable design has been refinement of radar techniques suitable for these studies. determined theoretically, an experimental prototype will be constructed and tested.
Applied Computation Theory Development of a Biomimetic Acoustic Microsensor D. Jones,* B. C. Wheeler,* W. D. O’Brien; A. Feng Algorithms on the Hierarchical (Physiol.); C. Lansing, R. Bilger (Speech & Hearing) Memory Model DARPA M. C. Loui,* S. Thite University of Illinois This subcontract to SUNY Binghamton aims to develop acoustic signal processing algorithms to support an The hierarchical memory model (HMM) of computation advanced biomimetic acoustic sensor. is similar to the standard random-access model, except that the memory of the HMM is organized in levels with progressively longer access times. Researchers designed several dynamic programming algorithms for the construction of minimum cost binary search trees on the
* Denotes principal investigator. 6 In Vivo Ultrasonic Microprobe better quality and consumer utility while retaining for Tumor Diagnosis microbial safety comparable to that of traditional W. D. O’Brien, Jr.,* J. F. Zachary (Vet. Pathobiol.),* cans and jars. D. A. Payne (Mat. Sci. & Engr.), D. L. Jones, K. A. Topp, P. Han, M. A. Haun, M. L. Oelze Portable Integrated MEMS National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Sonar Imaging System CA079179 W. D. O’Brien, Jr.,* C. A. H. Frazier, S. A. Hertleben, V. Lassale The objective of this interdisciplinary research program U.S. Office of Naval Research, BAA 97-33; SBC is to develop the basis for a fundamentally new sensor Pennsylvania State University technology for an in situ evaluation of solid tumors with the expectation of rapid and accurate detection and The research objective of this program is to develop a diagnosis of cancer. The specific goal is to develop an diver-held underwater acoustic imaging (sonar) capability, in vivo ultrasonic microprobe sensor that operates at using novel thin-film piezoelectric and/or ferroelectric ultrasound frequencies up to 300 MHz and image materials, small-scale acoustic microelectromechancial resolution to 5 micrometers. With these sensor and system (MEMS) receivers, and unique two-dimensional imaging capabilities, research is scheduled to assess transducer array and beam-forming designs. The differences in acoustic cytoarchitectural features of normal immediate need for the navy is to have an underwater tissues from neoplastic tissues at the cellular level. imaging capability that can be used in shallow, limited visibility waters to detect and identify man-made objects. Human Ultrasound Dosimetry in Ovarian, The program is a highly collaborative activity with Embryonic, and Fetal Examinations investigators from The Pennsylvania State University’s W. D. O’Brien, Jr.,* M. Goueygou Applied Research Laboratory, Bioengineering Program, National Institutes of Health, HD 21687; SBC University and Materials Research Laboratory, and from industry. of Cincinnati Medical Center Real-Time Acoustic Imaging Development The specific research aims are to measure the ultrasonic for Defect Detection in Shelf-Stable Food energy delivered to the human ovary, early embryo, and Packages mid-trimester fetus using currently available diagnostic W. D. O’Brien, Jr.,* S. A. Morris* (Food Sci. & Human imaging equipment. Specially designed hydrophones will Nutrition), C. A. H. Frazier, X. Yin be placed as close as possible to the ovaries in normal University of Illinois Value-added Research Opportunities volunteers. Exposure to the embryo will be determined by Program, Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station placing the hydrophones as close as possible to the embryo in utero. Once the dosimetry in these clinical situations Typical real-time ultrasonic imaging is performed with has been established, then meaningful data regarding the phased-array ultrasonic transducers using the ultrasonic effect of diagnostic ultrasound in human pregnancy can backscattered signal. Previously, researchers demonstrated be obtained and “safe” levels of ultrasonic energy that ultrasonic backscattered signal evaluation can detect established for patients of varying size and gestation. packaging defects better than the system’s resolution limit. This was accomplished with the development of a new Improved Food Package Quality and Safety pulse-echo image processing strategy called backscattered Using Nondestructive Ultrasonic Sensing integrated imaging, or BII-mode imaging. These images W. D. O’Brien, Jr.,* S. A. Morris* (Food Sci. & Human were constructed under laboratory (static) conditions with Nutrition), C. A. H. Frazier, X. Yin off-line computer processing (nonreal-time processing). Illinois Council on Food and Agricultural Research, The research aim is to evaluate the extent to which the IDA CF-00E-01-4 BII-mode pulse-echo technique can detect and classify packaging defects under real-time, production-line The objective of this program is to define the engineering speed conditions. trade-offs of the nondestructive ultrasonic sensor that University of Illinois researchers have developed. The aim of the engineering trade-offs is to define the design parameters necessary for an online ultrasonic sensor technology that will allow for the safe, high-speed production of shelf-stable foods in packages that offer
7 * Denotes principal investigator. Subsurface Acoustic Imaging experimental and theoretical evaluations in order to of Cultural Artifacts develop a fundamental understanding of the mechanisms W. D. O’Brien, Jr.,* R. G. Darmody (Natural Resources responsible for producing lung damage and from this & Environ. Sci.), C. A. H. Frazier, W. D. Zierfuss, understanding provide a best-case extrapolation to the J. Mamou likelihood of similar damage in humans. U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, DACA42-00-R-006 A Database System for Neuronal Pattern Analysis The objective of the research program is to evaluate the B. C. Wheeler, B. Mihalas; M. Gabriel,* feasibility for subsurface detection of cultural artifacts. W. T. Greenough, J. Malpeli (Psychol.); M. Nelson, The hypothesis is that subsurface artifacts can be detected A. Feng, R. Gillette (Physiology & Biophys.) using various acoustic imaging approaches. The principal National Science Foundation, DBI 9116763 unknowns are the axial and lateral spatial resolutions required as a function of buried artifacts in ground soil Neuronal pattern analysis documents the dynamic brain and the contrast resolution at which detection can be processes of sensation, perception, learning, and cognition achieved for various soil types and conditions. by recording the electrical activity of brain neurons. Recent advances in multi-array recording have greatly Ultrasonic Anistropy of Biological Tissues expanded the rate at which these data can be obtained, W. D. O’Brien, Jr.,* M. L. Oelze making possible the study of dynamic intercorrelations in National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, neuronal networks. Computational modeling has fostered CA09067 major increments in data processing requirements, which call for parallel development of adequate database systems The object of this project is to evaluate ultrasonic for organization, rapid access, and sharing of these data. anisotropy of biological tissues. This work will impact This work establishes a database system for time series the ability to diagnose malignant tissue, whereas current neurophysiological data recorded by the Neuronal Pattern diagnostic ultrasound capability can only identify whether Analysis Group at the Beckman Institute for Advanced the tissue is abnormal and not necessarily malignant. Science and Technology, carried out with collaboration The quantification of ultrasonic propagation properties is from the National Center for Supercomputing dependent on tissue anisotropy. Therefore, it is necessary Applications. to have the capability to assess tissue anisotropy in order to diagnose tissue abnormalities such as malignancies. Chemical Communication between Cells The approach is to measure the ultrasonic propagation and Engineered Bioscaffold Materials properties which include propagation speed, attenuation, B. C. Wheeler; D. E. Leckband* (Chem. Engr., and backscatter. The approach is also to develop a Biophysics); D. L. Gross, T. E. Eurell (Vet. Biosci.) theoretical basis for the ultrasonic anisotropic behavior University of Illinois Critical Research Initiative Program of propagation speed, attenuation, and backscatter. A powerful emerging strategy for biomaterials engineering Ultrasound-induced Lung involves integrating materials and biological systems by Damage Assessment mimicking the signaling that occurs between biological W. D. O’Brien, Jr.,* J. F. Zachary (Vet. Pathobiol.),* matrices and the cells with which they interact, which in T. G. Waldrop (Molec. & Integrative Physiol.), turn determines the cells’ viability and stimulates D. G. Simpson (Statistics), L. A. Frizzell, J. M. Sempsrott, communication with other cells. The specific research N. H. Darwish, R. J. Miller, J. P. Blue, J. M. Kramer aims of this proposal are to identify the physical and (Molec. & Integrative Physiol.) biochemical mechanisms that control short-term (1 to 4 National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung days) cellular localization and to identify mechanisms and and Blood Institute, HL58218 chemical signals that control the long-term adhesion strength, cell localization, and viability of neurons and The objective of this interdisciplinary research program epithelial cells cultured on bioscaffolds. is to evaluate a significant ultrasound-induced biological effect of lung tissue. It is known that diagnostic ultrasound exposure conditions can produce damage to lung tissue in a limited number of animal species. Thus, the emphasis of the program is to conduct both
* Denotes principal investigator. 8 Micropatterning Neurons Real-Time Implementation B. C. Wheeler,* G. J. Brewer of Intelligent Hearing Aids (Southern Illinois Univ. School of Medicine) B. C. Wheeler, D. Jones, W. D. O’Brien; A. Feng National Institutes of Health, PHS 1 R21 NS 38617-01 (Physiol.); C. Lansing, R. Bilger (Speech & Hearing) National Institutes of Health The goal is to create a technology that permits the design and reliable creation of ordered in vitro neural networks. The long-term goal is to create high-performance hearing Essential elements of this technology are the ability to aids for use in noisy environments. The immediate goal is retard cell attachment and growth from background areas, pilot data and feasibility demonstrations of a real-time confine somata to desired positions, and control axonal implementation of two novel signal processing algorithms extension so as to create an oriented network. Further, to that process binaural inputs, optimally reject interfering permit input, output, and control over the network, sounds, and reconstruct the desired signal in real-time. researchers will superpose the neurons on electrode arrays One localizes the interfering sound source and steers a for stimulation and recording. null in the reception pattern toward the largest in each frequency band. The second algorithm employs minimum Microstamping Proteins and variance beamforming to minimize off-axis sound energy Micropatterning Neurons on a frequency by frequency basis. Work will include B. C. Wheeler,* G. J. Brewer human-subject testing. (Southern Illinois Univ. School of Medicine) National Institutes of Health, RR 13320-01 U.S.–Korea Cooperative Research: Micropatterned Neural Networks and Microstamping technology will be developed and used Microelectrode Arrays to stamp proteins that control the position at which B. C. Wheeler,* S. J. Kim (Seoul National University) neurons in culture attach to glass substrates. Further, by National Science Foundation simultaneously stamping multiple proteins, researchers will control the extension of axons as opposed to dendrites This grant supports travel to facilitate cooperative and somata. Finally, the technology will be combined with research between the University of Illinois and the microelectrode arrays to create designable biological neural NanoBioelectronics and Systems Research Center at Seoul networks in a dish. The technology will give insight into National University. The topic of the research is the use of basic brain sciences as well as be applicable to biosensors, microlithography to control the patterns of growth of prosthetics, and drug testing. neurons, to superpose them on microelectrodes, and to stimulate and record neuroelectric activity. The results Physical Exercise, Mental Activity, should be applicable to basic neuroscience, cell-based and Brain Plasticity biosensors, and neural prosthetic devices. B. C. Wheeler,* W. T. Greenough* (Psychol.) National Institutes of Health, PHS 2R01 AG10154-07 Circuits Researchers propose to use morphological and morphometric, electrophysiological, immunocytochemical, and behavioral methods in An Integrated Design Methodology for Low- mature adult and aging cerebellar cortex to determine Power DSP and Communications Systems which synapse and neuron types in cerebellar cortex I. N. Hajj,* N. R. Shanbhag,* S. Bobba exhibit plasticity in response to learning and to physical National Science Foundation, MIP-9710235 exercise; which nonneuronal elements exhibit plasticity; the molecular mechanisms underlying this plasticity; The goal of this project is to develop an integrated and functional correlates. computer-aided design (CAD) approach for the design of low-power hardware for digital signal processing (DSP) and communications applications. The approach incorporates high-level (algorithmic) and low-level (circuit) parameters and includes novel capabilities for design exploration and low-power circuit synthesis. The design exploration will be done by developing low-power constrained algorithm design procedures that
9 * Denotes principal investigator. employ an analytic relation between word-level and Several benchmark circuits, such as adders and multipliers, bit-level signal statistics. The synthesis effort will are used to demonstrate significant power savings and low incorporate signal statistics, high-level hardware models, leakage currents without resorting to power supply scaling, and algorithm transformations to generate low-power substrate biasing, or threshold voltage tuning. dedicated implementation of DSP algorithms. Reliable High-Speed I/O Circuits Composite CAD for Microelectromechanical S. M. Kang,* J. S. Lee Systems (MEMS) L. G. Electron S. M. Kang,* J. H. Chen Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, In deep submicron technology, the speed and ESD F30602-97-0328 reliability of I/O circuits play a critical role not only in chip-to-chip interface, but also protection of internal MEMS finds many unique applications in circuits. The conflicting requirements between high speed communications systems and sensory systems. and high reliability must be met through rigorous analysis Micromechanical systems can be integrated with and innovative design concepts. Various circuit and device microelectronic systems on a common substrate. techniques are being investigated for high-speed VLSI For the development of such systems, new CAD chip applications. Testers have been designed, fabricated, models and simulation tools are essential. In this project, and characterized for proof-of-concept and practical new models for mechanical switches, tunable capacitors, applications in close collaboration with industry. and other core components are being developed for their use in mixed-level, mixed-signal simulation. One of the Simulation and Synthesis of highly challenging modeling tasks is to develop a ESD Protection Circuits systematic nonlinear model reduction technique, S. M. Kang,* E. Rosenbaum,* P. Juliano, Q. Li especially for micromechanical systems, and this Semiconductor Research Corp. challenging problem is being addressed. The electrothermal circuit simulator iETSIM will be Domino Logic Synthesis enhanced with the addition of an SCR model, monitoring S. M. Kang,* K.W. Kim of gate oxide voltages for prediction of gate oxide Intel Corp. breakdown, and parameter extraction procedures for diffusion capacitances that impact protection device CMOS domino logic has been widely used for high-speed turn-on time. A layout extraction program ILEX will be VSLI circuits and systems. Due to the inherent developed to generate input decks for iETSIM. It will nonconverting nature of domino logic, duplicate logic judiciously select for inclusion in the input deck those had to be used with significant area penalty. In this parasitic devices that may carry current during an project, researchers apply implication graph theoretic ESD event. ILEX will also generate the substrate approach to minimize duplicated logic by maximizing resistance network. the inverter-free logic portion. For inverter elimination, automatic test pattern generation techniques are adopted. Early Interconnect Prediction Preliminary results show as much as 30% improvement F. N. Najm,* S. Bodapati of the CMOS technology power. Various gift funds
Low-Voltage Digital CMOS Circuits Interconnect delay is becoming dominant in deep S. M. Kang,* S. M. Yoo, C. W. Kim, S. W. Jung, submicron technology. Researchers are developing K. H. Baek techniques for predicting the interconnect resources Semiconductor Research Corp. that will be required by a certain design specification. The challenge is to do this early on, before the design State-of-the-art VLSI chips are being used in portable has been described all the way to the layout level. This is systems that require compactness, high speed, and long needed to help avoid the prohibitive delays associated battery life. New innovative circuit design techniques are with large interconnect networks. required for high speed with low power consumption. Power-minimum high-speed circuit design methods with charge recycling are being developed to drastically reduce the power consumption of low-voltage CMOS circuits.
* Denotes principal investigator. 10 High-Level Power Estimation in VLSI Circuits to electrostatic discharge (ESD) induced failures. This F. N. Najm,* K. Buyukasahin project will answer the fundamental questions about the National Science Foundation, MIP 97-10235; ESD reliability of SOI-CMOS technology. Thermal Semiconductor Research Corp. modeling, design of protection devices, and experimental testing form the basis of this investigation. Device models The high density of modern integrated circuits has led and stress limits developed in this research project will to unacceptably high levels of chip power consumption. be implemented in a CAD tool for full-chip ESD Because of limited battery life, this presents a severe reliability verification. limitation in the design of portable or mobile electronics. Even in line-powered equipment, high-power chips Electrothermal Simulation of SOI Circuits require expensive packages and heat-sinks. Researchers are with an Emphasis on ESD Protection Circuit developing power estimation techniques that work at high E. Rosenbaum,* Y. Wang levels of abstraction, so that the power can be estimated Semiconductor Research Corp. even before the gate-level design description is available. Researchers are developing an electrothermal circuit Characterization and Optimization of simulator with accurate high-current models targeted Deuterium-annealed Ultrathin Dielectrics for the periphery of SOI (silicon-on-insulator) chips. for 100 nm CMOS Applications Self-heating and thermal failure are particular concerns E. Rosenbaum,* J. Wu for SOI devices because the buried oxide layer Semiconductor Research Corp. impedes cooling.
Under optimized anneal conditions, deuterium can SOI-Specific Physical Design Flow passivate the Si/SiO2 interface and, under subsequent E. Rosenbaum,* R. Kanj electron injection, the silicon-deuterium bonds are much Semiconductor Research Corp. more difficult to dissociate than the Si-H bonds formed during the conventional forming gas anneal. Detailed Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) technology offers many studies are being performed to characterize fully the hot advantages over bulk-Si CMOS such as shorter delay, carrier and oxide reliability of deuterium-annealed MOS smaller area, lower power, latch-up immunity, reduced transistors, to determine whether there are any substrate noise coupling, and reduced short channel interactions between the deuterium and other chemical effects. It is necessary to use floating-body (FB) species (such as boron) introduced during device transistors to obtain the area advantage and to maximize processing, and to ascertain the role of hydrogen in the speed improvement over bulk-Si. However, new gate oxide degradation. It is anticipated that deuterium design styles and guidelines are needed to take advantage annealing will allow the use of performance-driven drain of the opportunities offered by floating-body SOI devices engineering and perhaps of new gate dielectric materials. while avoiding functional errors. Soft errors may occur in dynamic logic circuits when the floating body node ESD Protection Circuits for Submicron gets charged up with respect to the source and the Analog and RF Integrated Circuits parasitic BJT turns on. E. Rosenbaum,* S. Joshi Motorola, Inc. Substrate Noise Coupling E. Rosenbaum,* A. Cangellaris Circuit level models for the ESD protection devices Motorola, Inc. used in RF and analog circuits are being developed. Computationally efficient methods for extracting a circuit Electrostatic Discharge Protection equivalent model of the substrate from the 3d chip layout in SOI-CMOS Circuits are being developed. E. Rosenbaum* National Science Foundation, ECS 96-23424 CAR
Silicon-on-insulator CMOS technology holds great promise as an improved substrate for low-power, high- speed integrated circuits. However, SOI-CMOS ICs will not be produced on any large scale if they are susceptible
11 * Denotes principal investigator. Design and Prototyping of Broadband Low-Power VLSI Algorithms Communications Systems and Architectures for DS N. R. Shanbhag,* B. Chau N. R. Shanbhag,* J. Baker, M. Goel, S. Ramprasad Analog Devices, Inc. Rockwell International; Samsung, Inc.
Adaptive equalizers are a major component of receivers This research seeks to develop low-power equalizer in modern day communications systems. With the architectures for digital subscriber loop applications, drive toward increasingly higher transmission rates, a which includes receivers based upon a discrete multitone corresponding increase in the complexity and therefore transmission (DMT) scheme for asymmetric digital power dissipation and area of adaptive receivers occurs. subscriber loops (ADSL), carrierless amplitude and phase This research focuses on the development of low-power (CAP) modulation for very high-speed digital subscriber adaptive equalizers via the application of algorithm loops (VDSL), and asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) transformation techniques. local area networks (LANs). System partitioning of functionality into programmable and dedicated processing Dynamic Algorithm Transformations units is being determined to achieve the lowest power. for Low-Power Communication Systems A key feature of our approach is the joint organization of N. R. Shanbhag,* J. Minocha, W. Li algorithmic performance and power dissipation via the University of Illinois; Motorola, Inc. application of algebraic, Hilbert, and dynamic algorithm transformations. The goal of this research is to develop configurable modules for signal processing and communication Noise-Tolerant DSP in the systems. Parametrizable modules for commonly employed Deep Submicron Era blocks such as equalizer, Reed-Solomon coders and N. R. Shanbhag,* R. Hegde, L. Wang, G. Balamurugan decoders, and motion-estimators are being designed. National Science Foundation, CCR-9902745 These blocks have the property that the power consumption is a function of the data and the This research addresses the design of reliable and energy- environment. Thus, power-aware reconfigurable s efficient DSP systems in deep submicron (DSM) SMOS ignal-processing systems can be designed via such blocks. technology in a unified manner via the development of The usefulness of the research is being demonstrated noise-tolerant algorithmic and circuit design techniques. by employing it in the design of a cable modem. In particular, circuit design techniques that tolerate leakage, crosstalk, ground bounce, and process variations Fundamental Bounds on VLSI Computation are being developed. Algorithmic approaches that exploit N. R. Shanbhag,* R. Hegde, L. Wang the statistical structure of multimedia signals to combat National Science Foundation, MIP 96-23737 DSM noise are also being studied. A design methodology is being formulated that jointly applies circuit and The goal of this research is to develop an information- algorithmic noise-tolerance techniques to achieve an theoretic basis for VLSI computation so that fundamental overall level of system reliability while minimizing energy. achievable bounds on VLSI performance (such as power, area, and throughput) can be determined. Furthermore, methods to achieve these bounds are also being investigated. The usefulness of the proposed theory is being demonstrated via numerical calculations of lower bounds on power dissipation for simple static CMOS circuits as well as pipelined and parallel processing architectures.
* Denotes principal investigator. 12 algorithms, which, without doubt, are one of the most Communications significant coding-theoretic developments of the last decade. The goal of the investigator's research is to Fair Scheduling and Admission Control for develop a broad, analytical, and constructive approach to Shared-Channel Wireless Packet Networks research and education, unifying graphical models, coding V. Bharghavan,* R. Srikant,* S. Shakkottai, A. Eryilmaz theory, and iterative algorithms. The interplay between National Science Foundation codes on graphs and other areas, like iterative graph-based algorithms, system theory, and network information Fair scheduling of traffic sources in wireless networks is theory, is in the focus of this investigation with the goal difficult due to bursty channel errors and location- of discovering and utilizing fundamental connections dependent channel capacity. In this project, researchers between these fields. study MAC, scheduling and admission control algorithms for indoor and outdoor wireless networks that allocate High-Performance Short Iterative Codes the available bandwidth in a fair manner to R. Koetter* competing sources. Motorola, Inc.
High-Performance Decoding of Algebraic This project aims at developing excellent codes for Codes Beyond their Packing Radii application requiring short- to moderate-length (64 bits R. Blahut,* N. Shanbhag, R. Koetter to <1,000 bits) codes. Traditional coding schemes for National Science Foundation, CCR-0073490 these lengths rely typically on algebraic constructions or convolutional codes. Researchers strive to make the The objective of this research is to investigate practical tremendous gains achievable for long blocklengths and theoretical aspects of interpolation/factorization (> 10,000 bits) by turbo and other iteratively decodable algorithms that were pioneered by M. Sudan for decoding codes available for much shorter code length. beyond half the minimum distance of Reed-Solomon, Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (BCH), and algebraic Unwrapping Phase Images: Theory and geometry codes. The research has two main thrusts. Applications Using Probabilistic Inference The first is the characterization of the decoding algorithm Techniques and its complexity or performance trade-off, together with R. Koetter,* B. Frey, D. Munson subsequent improvements in the decoding of BCH and National Science Foundation, CCR 01-05719 algebraic geometry codes; these are at the theoretical core of this proposal. The second main thrust is the Phase unwrapping in two-dimensional topologies is a development of efficient computational architectures for signal processing problem that has been studied implementing the algorithms and the demonstration of extensively over the past 20 years and has important the feasibility and practicality of very large scale integrated applications, such as medical imaging and synthetic circuit (VLSI) implementation of decoders that will aperture radar. However, despite its importance in science dramatically outperform the decoding algorithms that and engineering, to date, phase unwrapping in two- are in use in current commercial communications and dimensional grids has remained an essentially unsolved storage systems. problem. This research takes a fresh approach to the problem using methods from probabilistic inference. Codes on Graphs, Factor Graphs, The work not only holds the promise of resulting in and Iterative Algorithms powerful phase unwrapping schemes based on the R. Koetter* sum-product algorithm and structured variational National Science Foundation Career Award, methods, but also has the potential to provide deep CCR 99-84515 theoretical insight into the ill-posed nature and solvability of the phase unwrapping problem. The primary focus of this research is the investigation Such an insight is extremely important for guiding of creative new methods for reliable transmission of the development of practical algorithms. information in the context of modern error-control techniques. Error-correcting codes are an essential part of modern communication and storage systems and much of today's technology would not be possible without them. This study is focused on graph-based, iterative decoding
13 * Denotes principal investigator. Design Principles for Wideband Wireless Communications Decision and Control V. V. Veeravalli,* Ashok Mantravadi Cornell University (NSF CCR-9980616) Complex Interactive Networks and Systems T. Basar,* T. Alpcan, E. Coumert, O. C. Imer This research is aimed at enhancing the performance of U.S. Army Research Office; Electric Power Research Institute, wideband wireless multi-access systems by optimizing 35352-6086 tradeoffs between coding and spreading, capitalizing on advantages afforded by spatial diversity, and developing This is a multi-university research effort that addresses techniques for accommodating multirate users. general issues of faults and failures within a large distributed network system. This specific project addresses New Techniques for Optimizing the Quality two subtasks. One is the development of an agents theory and Capacity of Wireless Communication and an incentive-based control theory for networks, where Systems the overall goal is to devise incentive schemes whereby V. V. Veeravalli,* J. F. Chamberland, Y. Liang, N. Wang agents acting under their own local objectives end up National Science Foundation, Faculty Early Career working as a team toward ensuring global efficiency. Development, Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists The second sub-task deals with the issue of allocation of and Engineers, CCR-0049089 scarce resources to multiple users in a dynamic network, driven by considerations such as user priorities, fairness, The research in this project is directed toward the cost-effectiveness, and efficiency. development of future generation multimedia wireless communication systems. Specifically, the research spans Dynamic Team and Game Theory for the following four areas: wireless channel modeling and Congestion Control in High-Speed Networks analysis; information theory for wireless systems; wireless T. Basar,* R. Srikant,* D. Wiedenheft CDMA systems; and dynamic radio resource National Science Foundation, ANI 98-13710 management. This project is related to NSF 98-13710, and involves Research at the Frontier research for undergraduate students on various aspects of the Physical Layer of communication networks, particularly in the area of V. V. Veeravalli,* R. Prakash, K. C. Reddy congestion control. National Science Foundation, CCR-0049085 Dynamic Team and Game Theory for The research conducted under this grant has a broad Congestion Control in High-Speed Networks perspective from the viewpoint of the physical medium in T. Basar,* R. Srikant,* T. Alpcan, E. Coumert, that it covers wireline (twisted pair or a coaxial cable); A. Eryilmaz, O. C. Imer, S. Kunniyor, C. Leybold, wireless (satellite, cellular/PCS, or wireless local area D. D. Polis, S. Shakkottai network, WLAN); and recording, (magnetic or optical National Science Foundation, NSF 98-13710 disc) media. The research has a narrow focus in that the problems addressed all involve some form of forward The main goal of this project is to develop a general error control (FEC). A major component of the project theory of control for high-speed communication is on coding and information theory for wireless networks, allowing for cooperation as well as CDMA systems. noncooperation among the users. The focal point of the research is flow control of traffic that can adapt to the congestion state of the network by regulation of the input transmission rate of packets into the system. This involves the use of a rich set of tools from decentralized team theory, dynamic game theory, and robust identification and estimation. The framework adopted accommodates many realistic scenarios, such as variable feedback delays, unknown feedback delays, bursty sources, and multiple bottleneck nodes to accommodate max-min fairness.
* Denotes principal investigator. 14 Hierarchical and Reconfigurable Schemes Smart Icing Systems for Distributed Control over Heterogeneous T. Basar,* W. R. Perkins,* P. Voulgaris,* J. Melody, Networks V. Sharma, P. Pawola T. Basar,* G. Dullerud,* C. Hadjicostis,* S. Hutchinson,* NASA Glenn Research Center, NAG3-2135 C. Polychronopoulos,* R. Srikant,* P. Voulgaris,* M. R. Drzal, P. Kalogiannis, F. Koopmans, A. Stubbs, This part of the larger interdisciplinary/interdepartmental B. Yoo, C. Tang, Y. Wu research program addresses the identification and control National Science Foundation, CCR 00-85917 ITR research required to develop a smart icing system for aircraft. A smart icing system would sense the effect of ice This research project deals with issues arising in accretion on the aircraft performance and handling controlling geographically distributed complex real-time qualities and provide information to the flight crew, systems over a heterogeneous communication network. operate ice protection systems, provide envelope It is aimed at developing the foundations of network- protection, and possibly adapt the flight controls. based control, from theory to applications. The overall The research conducted here involves in-flight parameter objectives are in two areas: first, the design, analysis, identification of aircraft flight dynamics utilizing implementation, and performance characterization of excitation generated by only natural (and not forced) hierarchical and heterogeneous distributed control maneuvers of the aircraft and turbulence. Subsequently, algorithms and middleware that are affected through this information would be fed (along with other sensor- hierarchical heterogeneous networks comprised of wired based data) into an appropriate neural network that and wireless subnets; and second, the specification and would, in turn, lead to an accurate detection of the level implementation of network services and support required of severity of ice accretion on the flight surfaces of the for the development and deployment of distributed aircraft. The ultimate goal of this effort is to provide both control algorithms over hierarchical heterogeneous the pilot and the autopilot with needed information to networks, and the demonstration of efficient and improve the safety of aircraft operating in icing fault-tolerant remote control using such networks conditions. for a number of emerging commercial and scientific/engineering applications. The Theory of Dynamic Games and Robust Controller Designs with Applications in Optimization-based Robust Identification and Communication Networks Control of Uncertain Dynamical Systems T. Basar,* R. Srikant* T. Basar,* G. Arslan, C. Tang National Science Foundation, INT 98-04950 U.S. Department of Energy, DE-FG02-97ER13939 This is a collaborative research project between the This program involves fundamental research on University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and INRIA optimization-based robust identification and control of (France). The project deals with fundamental issues in uncertain dynamical systems. The class of systems dynamic game theory and with applications in robust considered includes large-scale, stochastic, nonlinear, control of nonlinear systems and control of hybrid, and distributed parameter systems, all subject to communication networks. different types of static as well as dynamic uncertainties. The optimality criteria adopted include minimax, risk- Transportable Agents for Reconfigurable sensitive, and receding horizon formulations. The main Wireless Networks theme is optimality-based identification, control, and T. Basar,* P. R. Kumar,* P. Gupta, O. C. Imer, model simplification under severe internal and external R. Maheswaran, R. Rozovsky uncertainties. Research involves not independent, but U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, DC 5-36128 a combined design of observer/filter and control architectures supported by optimization-based model- The goal of this project is to develop technologies reduction, decomposition, and aggregation techniques. that will maximize the usability of complex, global communications networks, especially wireless networks. The key technologies include transportable-agent systems, dynamic stochastic control for agent planning and network management, and adaptive wireless-network configuration and routing. Special attention is paid to the last two topics.
15 * Denotes principal investigator. Coding and Graph Theoretic Approaches Learning, Adaptation, and Layered to Fault Tolerance in Dynamic Systems Intelligence Systems C. Hadjicostis,* E. Athanasopoulou P. R. Kumar,* K. Huang, K. Plarre Campus Research Board National Science Foundation, ECS-9873451
The overarching goal of this research is to develop (Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory) applicable theory and techniques for constructing reliable dynamic systems and networks out of unreliable As we move through the “Data Age” into the components or communication links. Apart from the “Information Age,” the problem of making inferences immediate implications in terms of designing reliable based on data will loom large. We are examining the life-critical or remotely operating systems, such techniques problems of learning, function estimation, and the will significantly enlarge the scope of research in emergence of hierarchy. computational and networked architectures, potentially enabling cost-effective system designs, novel A Network Virtual Machine for Real-Time manufacturing technologies (such as those based Coordination Services on chemical, biological, or quantum principles), and P. R. Kumar* computational speeds that far exceed the limits DARPA F33615-01-C-1905 imposed by silicon-based manufacturing. (Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory) Communicating Networked Control Systems P. R. Kumar* The goal of this proposal is the creation of a real-time U.S. Army Research Office, MURI network coordination and control layer (middleware) that DAAD19-01010-465 abstracts, controls, and ultimately guarantees the aggregate behavior of large unreliable networks such as those (Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory) composed of sensors and actuators.
The goal of this project is to investigate the modeling, Quality of Surveillance and Control analysis, design, and control of communicating networked P. R. Kumar* systems of sensors and actuators on fixed and mobile DARPA MURI N00014-01-1-0576 platforms. (Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory) Information Processing in Sensor Networks P. R. Kumar* The objective of this proposal is to create a scientific U.S. Army Research Office, MURI DAAD19-00-1-0466 foundation for the distributed optimization problem of surveillance and control. (Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory) Transportable Agents for Reconfigurable This project studies sensor webs that involve both a Wireless Networks: The ActComm Project physical layer and an information layer. The physical P. R. Kumar,* P. Gupta layer includes the distributed sensor array and a network U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, structure that allows both coordination and fusion. AF-DC-5-36128 The information layer captures not only how the data collected by each sensor is related to that in other (Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory) sensors, but also how the data are related to the environment being sensed. The goal of the ActComm project is to develop technologies that will maximize the usability of complex, global computer and communications networks, focusing especially on wireless networks. The main technical innovation is the concept of an active communications system. An active communications system consists of dynamic elements: active software, active information, active hybrid networks, and active resource allocation. Active elements will be coordinated by a novel architecture
* Denotes principal investigator. 16 that uses advanced agents to manage network, computer, Large-Scale Simulation of Manufacturing and information assets delivering high confidence and Communication Systems communications and computing. S. Meyn* and S. Henderson (Cornell) National Science Foundation, DMI-0085165 Hybrid Supervisory Control of Uncertain Nonlinear Systems (Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory) D. Liberzon* University of Illinois, Research Board In the past decade we have seen astonishing growth in both the theory and application of queuing networks. Hybrid systems are systems that combine continuous and Industry is driving research in communication and data discrete dynamics. This research is concerned with networks, computer systems, and manufacturing systems. problems of the following kind: given a process, typically Semiconductor manufacturing plants and the Internet are described by a continuous-time system, find a hybrid two infamous examples of networks of almost controller such that the closed-loop system displays some unimaginable complexity. A powerful need exists for desired behavior. An important situation in which such a methods for deriving and evaluating operational policies control paradigm is useful arises when the model of the that may be used to effectively drive these systems. system contains large-scale uncertainties. Logic-based This project sets out to develop methods for control switching introduced together with, or even instead of, synthesis and evaluation for truly complex networks. more traditional continuous tuning has been shown to improve performance and has become quite popular in Optimization and Performance Evaluation of the recent adaptive control literature. Such control Network Models Using Linear Programming, techniques are also much more amenable to computer Reinforcement Learning, and Fluid implementation. However, a vast majority of the available Approximations results on this subject are limited to linear systems. S. Meyn* The primary goal of the proposed research is to develop National Science Foundation, ECS-9972957 systematic tools for hybrid control design, applicable to useful classes of nonlinear uncertain systems. (Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory)
Adaptive Methods for Heterogeneous This project concerns the development of recent Wireless Services approaches to optimal control, reinforcement learning, S. Meyn,* M. Medard, J. Huang and performance evaluation for complex systems. National Science Foundation, NSF CCR 99-79381, The methods employed are based upon recent work NSF ITR 00-85929 conducted by the PI on Markov chain stability theory, linear programming methods, and fluid-model (Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory) approximations. Specific applications include the development of scheduling and routing algorithms for With communication and computing systems becoming multiclass queuing networks. The algorithms are based increasingly pervasive, future systems will require the upon translations of fluid policies; translations of fluid ability to accommodate, in real time, wireless services to value function approximations; and the application of support a variety of applications ranging from traditional reinforcement learning techniques. voice and paging services to nomadic computing applications. Different services such as voice, or data, Enhanced Equalization and Decoding may have vastly different requirements in terms of for EDGE, 3G, and Beyond burstiness, or rate and quality of service (QoS) A. Singer,* C. Hadjicostis, R. Koetter requirements. We consider coding, routing, and traffic Motorola, Inc. rate mechanisms to provide smooth heterogeneous services to a variety of users via wireless access to a network. This project investigates problems in equalization and decoding for wireless communications as applicable to EDGE, 3G, and future systems. Specifically, the project investigates the applicability of BAD and turbo-linear equalization algorithms to 3G and EDGE-type systems for wireless channels. The project also investigates space- time coding approaches for time-varying channels.
17 * Denotes principal investigator. Model-based Tomographic Imaging Methods Digital Signal and Z. P. Liang,* J. Ji, Y. Bresler* Imaging Processing National Institutes of Health, R21 HL62336 The mathematical basis of tomographic imaging is Unwrapping Phase Images conventionally rooted in the well-established Fourier or R. Koetter,* D. C. Muson,* Z. P. Liang* radon transform theories, so that image quality is mainly National Science Foundation, CCR 01-05719 dependent on how the data space is sampled. In practice, physical and temporal constraints often prevent a The primary goal of the project is to develop optimal sufficient coverage of the data space, resulting in various algorithms for the long-standing problem of unwrapping image artifacts, such as Gibbs ringing, resolution phase images from various imaging modalities such SAR degradation, and various motion effects. This project is and MRI. Probabilistic inference algorithms will be aimed at overcoming these problems by developing new developed and tested using SAR and MRI as testbeds. model-based imaging techniques that can incorporate a Prof. Liang is responsible for phase unwrapping of priori information into the imaging process effectively. MRI data. Application of these techniques to cardiac imaging and functional brain mapping is also addressed. Brain Image Segmentation by Integrated Multiscale Analysis and Shape Deformation Multisensor Information Fusion Z. P. Liang,* S. Wang Z. P. Liang, H. Pan, and K. Y. Cheng* NEC Research Lab, University of Illinois Research Board DARPA, MDA972-00-1-0020
Brain image segmentation is an important and challenging This project is a component of the DARPA grant on engineering problem confronting brain mapping. Center for Bio-Optoelectronic Sensor Systems (BOSS). By accurately segmenting gray-scale brain images into The primary mission of this center is to develop sensor various brain structures, we will be able to effectively and processing technology for detection of biochemical visualize three-dimensional brain structures and carry out agents in battlefield situations. Prof. Liang is responsible meaningful neuromorphometric studies. The long-term for developing statistical algorithms for multisensor goal of this project is to develop and implement a unified information fusion. processing software platform to effectively support various information processing tasks in neuroimaging or brain Statistical image reconstruction: mapping. The specific aim of the project is to capitalize Z. P. Liang,* C. Potter, B. Carragher on our recent, novel work on graph-based multiscale National Institutes of Health, RO1 GM61939 image analysis and shape deformation to produce an efficient, accurate and reliable algorithm for identifying The primary goal of the project is to develop practical brain structures from MR images. We expect to image reconstruction methods for high-resolution imaging accomplish three specific tasks during the project period: from electron microscopy data, particularly in the complete the development of a novel graph-theoretic presence of uncertainties in data acquisition parameters algorithm for multiscale analysis of MR brain images; (say, projection angle). We formulate the problem as a further develop, perfect, and validate a topology- statistical parameter estimation problem by introducing a preserving shape deformation algorithm so that prior proper model for the object (say, virus) to be imaged. shape information of brain structures can be incorporated This research effort promises to provide a brand-new into the image segmentation process effectively; and solution to the long-standing problem in electron integrate multiscale analysis with shape deformation for microscopy. accurate segmentation of brain images and develop a prototype software system to facilitate the application of the developed algorithms for practical applications in brain mapping.
* Denotes principal investigator. 18 layer’s electrical properties, resulting in an apparent phase Electromagnetics shift of the signal transmitted or received by the antenna. This structure will eliminate the need for a separate phase Intelligent Portable Antenna Systems for shifter and has the potential to create more economical High-Speed Wireless Communication and more compact phased arrays. J. T. Bernhard* National Science Foundation CAREER Award, Novel Active Antenna Elements for ECS 99-83460 High-Performance Phased Reflectarrays J. T. Bernhard* High-speed wireless data communication faces two University of Illinois challenges: high error rates caused by interference and unpredictable environments, and limited functionality and The objective of this research is a new active antenna battery life at the portable unit. “Intelligent” or “smart” element for reflectarrays in military, space, and antenna systems that respond to changing operating commercial applications. This new element will conditions can help meet these challenges. This research incorporate signal reception, amplification, and develops intelligent portable antenna systems to improve transmission functions in a single fabrication layer by the reliability, throughput, and noise immunity of including an MMIC amplifier inside the footprint of a high-speed wireless communication networks. microstrip antenna. Compared to current designs, arrays Specifically, this project implements new compact composed of these elements will exhibit increased radiated radiation-tunable antennas with a performance-driven power efficiency and higher polarization purity while fuzzy controller. This novel approach views portable possessing smaller size, weight, and fabrication complexity. antennas as dynamic components of the communication system, creating a new paradigm for antenna design Center for Computational Electromagnetics and control. of Complex Structures W. C. Chew,* J. M. Jin, E. Michielssen, J. M. Song Internal Antenna Systems for Portable U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, AFOSR Wireless Communications F49620-96-1-0025 J. T. Bernhard* Amphenol T&M Antennas This multimillion-dollar project encompasses five key goals: substantially advance knowledge in developing fast As wireless communication moves to higher and higher algorithms for solving integral equations of data rates, portable wireless devices will come in many electromagnetic scattering with reduced computational different shapes and sizes to deliver a range of wireless complexity and memory requirements; enhanced ability to services. This research develops guidelines for the design solve partial differential equations of magnetic scattering of internal antenna systems that improve connection by reducing grid-dispersion error and modeling error; reliability and battery life of portable devices while hybridization with high-frequency methods to further reducing the consumer exposure to radiated expand the class of problems that can be handled in electromagnetic fields. The work includes consideration addition to fast numerical methods; parallelization of of pertinent chassis materials and possible antenna algorithms on massively parallel machines and distributed integration positions. systems to harness maximal throughput from present day computers; and development of computational engines as Microstrip Antennas with Broadband workhorses and application-specific modules for easy Integrated Phase Shifting interfacing with real-world applications problems. J. T. Bernhard* National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NCC3-780
Typically, cost and weight limit phased array antenna technology. Two main sources of expense lie in the MMIC phase shifters and amplification networks required to counteract the signal losses incurred in these phase shifters. This research develops a microstrip antenna that incorporates a thin ferroelectric layer. An applied DC voltage bias to the antenna will change the ferroelectric
19 * Denotes principal investigator. Enhancements to and Characterization of the of-moments-based computer programs. The simulation Very Early Time Electromagnetics (VETEM) capability will be further enhanced by utilizing a Prototype Instrument and Applications to multilevel fast multipole iterative solver. Shallow Subsurface Imaging of Sites in the DOE Complex Characterization of Interaction of W. C. Chew,* T. J. Cui, A. Aydiner Electromagnetic Fields with Biological U.S. Department of Energy, DE-FG07-97ER14835 Objects J. Jin,* W. C. Chew This project is in collaboration with the U.S. Geological National Science Foundation, ECS 94-57735 Survey (USGS) to study the very early time electromagnetic (VETEM) system for the detection, The interaction of electromagnetic fields with biological imaging, and characterization of landfills. A combination objects such as a human body is an important issue in of hardware and software enhancement to the present MRI and microwave hyperthermia applications. Better system will be studied. The role of University of Illinois understanding of such interactions can not only provide researchers will be mainly concentrated on software vital safety information, but can also enable engineers to enhancement using novel computational electromagnetics design better and new devices. In this project, researchers methods and inverse scattering methods. Hence, this develop highly accurate and efficient three-dimensional study will include physical modeling, numerical forward computational methods for simulation of the interaction and inverse modeling, and antenna modeling over layered of electromagnetic fields with biological objects. and subsurface media. The software modeling and inverse modeling capabilities will in turn help USGS with the Fast Frequency-Sweep Analysis hardware design and enhancement of the VETEM system of Electromagnetic Problems as a better waste and landfill characterization tool. J. Jin,* D. Jiao, F. Ling U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, MURI Program Nonlinear Inverse Scattering Method for 3-D Objects This project applies the asymptotic waveform evaluation W. C. Chew,* T. Cui, A. Aydiner method to a variety of electromagnetic problems for a fast National Science Foundation, ECS 99-06651 frequency-sweep analysis. These problems include scattering by a perfectly electric conducting (PEC) body, In this project, researchers study an efficient nonlinear radiation of wire antennas on a PEC body, scattering by a inverse scattering method for 3-D objects. Inverse dispersive dielectric body, scattering and radiation of scattering involving 3-D objects is a difficult subject conformal cavity-backed microstrip patch antennas, and because of the computational workload and the microstrip circuits in a multiplayer medium. The use of ill-posedness of the problem. This project studies the use AWE can speed up the analysis by more than an order of fast solvers to solve the forward scattering problem, of magnitude. which in turn drives the inverse scattering algorithm via a distorted Born iterative method. The distorted Born High-Order Computational iterative method is a gradient search approach where the Electromagnetics Technology gradient is found by solving the forward scattering J. Jin,* K. Donepudi, J. Liu, J. Song, W. C. Chew problem. Researchers propose to use the multilevel fast U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, MURI Program multipole algorithm and FFT-based algorithms for the forward scattering part. The objective of this project is to develop high-order computational electromagnetics methods for a variety of Advanced Integral Equation electromagnetic problems such as antennas, scattering, and Computer Program circuit. The high-order methods include the differential- J. Jin,* M. Kowalski, B. Singh equation based ones (such as the finite-element method) Mission Research Corp. and the integral-equation based ones (such as the method of moments and fast multipole method). These methods The objective of this project is to develop advanced can provide a much more accurate modeling of problem physics-based basis functions for the integral equation geometry as well as more accurate representation of solution of electromagnetic scattering problems. electromagnetic fields and electric currents. Such basis functions would increase the maximum electrical dimension of structures analyzed using method-
* Denotes principal investigator. 20 Hybrid Methods for Electromagnetic The goal is to reduce the design cycle from several years Scattering to one week in the successful implementation of these J. Jin* MEMS structures. U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, MURI program Design and Fabrication of In this project, researchers develop hybrid numerical MEMS Probe Station methods to compute electromagnetic scattering from J. Schutt-Ainé,* C. Liu, D. Lambalot realistic three-dimensional targets. These hybrid methods University of Illinois, Research Board combine high-frequency techniques (such as the shooting-and-bouncing-ray technique) and low-frequency Recent advances in microelectronics have led to technique (such as the finite-element and integral considerable reduction in size of components in integrated equation methods) to take the advantages and eliminate circuits (ICs). Typical VLSI circuits have dimensions in the disadvantages of both. As a result, they are accurate the submicron range and feature size that can be as low and efficient and can be applied to large, complex targets. as 0.25 microns. This reduction is a result of several requirements for higher density and shorter Three-dimensional Finite-Element Method interconnection delays. Future state-of-the-art for Electromagnetic Field Computation microprocessors will accommodate more than a million J. Jin* transistors in an area of a few hundred squared National Science Foundation, ECS 94-57735 millimeters. Along with these trends, several issues related to signal integrity and testing have moved to the forefront. The goal of this project is to develop a finite-element With submicron dimensions, interconnect resistance has method using vector elements for electromagnetic analysis become a major bottleneck in circuit performance, leading of electronic devices, circuits, antennas, and radar to signal degradation and delays. In addition, scattering. Special emphasis is on the method’s accuracy, measurement and testing in submicron geometries, which efficiency, and versatility. Both frequency and allows for determining the performance of the structure, time-domain methods will be investigated and is a challenging task. Nowadays, the methods employed evaluated. Specific applications will be demonstrated. consist of fabricating special-purpose test vehicles for evaluation, which often require expensive mask processes and complex de-embedding schemes. This investigation Electromagnetics proposes to implement a nondestructive testing methodology for submicron integrated circuits using the Communication and recent advances in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). More specifically, we intend to fabricate and Electronics Packaging test a microprobe structure that will permit the high-frequency characterization of submicron interconnects and devices in integrated circuits. CAD Tools for Communications Microsystems J. Schutt-Ainé,* D. Lambalot, L. Jiang Development and Modeling of Flip Chip Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, AF ECE0849 and Interconnect Package Technology for Ka and W Band Recent developments in the area of wireless J. Schutt-Ainé,* F. Liu communication systems and microelectromechanical National Science Foundation, E-21-N50-G5 systems (MEMS) have enabled the networking of distributed transducers in a wireless mode. It is now (In collaboration with the NSF-Package Research Center possible to integrate monolithic microwave integrated Georgia Institute of Technology) circuit (MMIC) front-end modules with MEMS components such as antennas, switches, and filters. The electrical performance of mixed-signal integrated Our objective is to supply the necessary CAD tools to circuits strongly depends on the electromagnetic behavior improve first-pass success and reduce design iterations for of the components within the system. Future wireless and such systems. In particular, electromagnetic techniques are personal communication links will be strongly influenced used to model various MEMS switch structures. These by these considerations. Currently, millimeter-wave are combined with simulation techniques to predict the monolithic ICs (MMICs) chip sets are under development transient and steady state response of these components. in the 24-94 GHz range. In recent years, power
21 * Denotes principal investigator. distribution and parasitic noise control have become frequency range of validity of the computational models critical issues in the design of these MMICs. Nowadays, and generate useful information for high-frequency with increased frequencies, interconnect schemes, layout operation of radiating, optoelectronics, and and power distribution have become mainstream design waveguiding systems. issues. It is now recognized in the CAD community that electromagnetic effects will generally take place at the Low-cost Fully Monolithic RF Integrated forefront and will represent the critical limiting factor of Circuits for Wireless Applications MMICs performance. The collaborative effort between J. Schutt-Ainé* Georgia Tech and the University of Illinois focuses on National Science Foundation, ECS-9979292 developing the technology support for the implementation of low-cost packaging solutions for MMICs. This is to be The performance of radio frequency (RF) integrated achieved by harnessing the modeling, simulation, design, circuits will strongly influence the versatility and fabrication, and measurement infrastructure built over the portability of future wireless communication systems. past decade at these two institutions. With the ever-increasing demands for higher bandwidth and capacity as well as reductions in size weight and cost, High-Frequency Measurements and the need for more robust and efficient RF circuits is Validation of Electromagnetic Models expected to increase. Currently, millimeter-wave in Scattering Interconnects, and monolithic ICs (MMICs) chip sets are under development Optoelectronics in the 24-94 GHz range and will represent the platform J. Schutt-Ainé* for the RF components of most wireless systems. With the AFOSR, AF JS 1660 recent advent of microelectromechanical (MEM) systems, new potentials are being discovered for applications in the There is tremendous demand for increased capacity in RF/millimeter wave ranges. In order to implement RFICs high-speed communication networks and novel for future wireless communication systems, several applications in optical control of antenna phased arrays. fundamental issues must be resolved. First, a design With clock rates in the GHz range, interconnect methodology must be devised and tested. Next, a low considerations and electromagnetic phenomena have cost solution for the integration of MEM technology into moved to the forefront in the design of high-speed existing MMIC processes must be developed as well as a computers. Microwave modulation of optoelectronic reliable packaging scheme. Finally, a robust platform of devices such as semiconductor lasers and modulators plays design guidelines, tools and characterization techniques an important role in determining the high-speed must be made available to insure reliable implementation performance of these devices. Continuing development of these communication systems. More specifically, the of high-speed optical communication systems is effort will focus on these tasks: developing a computer- contingent upon advances in high-speed sources and aided design environment for the robust implementation wavelength conversion devices. While numerous of MMICs and MEMs as well as the generation of reliable theoretical models have been developed to predict ways design guidelines; implementing a robust MEM process to improve these devices, much experimental work for the fabrication of switches, filters, and tunable remains in order to verify these models and characterize capacitors; integration of MEM components into a devices based on new designs. This project proposes the reliable and well-established MMIC process; devising a experimental validation of various computational models low-cost and reliable packaging solution for RFICs. in inverse scattering, wave propagation, interconnects, and Executions of these tasks will make use of the existing optoelectronics. Most of the emphasis will be on the infrastructure and expertise of the principal investigators higher frequency range where measurement information in the related areas. These will define several design- is nonexistent. Computational electromagnetics has build-test cycles that will be optimized through several received in recent years growing interest due to the iterations during the course of the project. Special availability of fast computers and the recent development attention will be devoted to demonstrating the feasibility of fast algorithms. Models that allow the prediction of of these various tasks. Moreover, a testbed prototype will the most complex problems in scattering and wave be implemented to validate the proposed flow and assess propagation have been implemented. Unfortunately, the the hardware advantages of the designed RFICs. experimental verification of these models is seriously lagging, especially at higher frequencies where measurement accuracy and repeatability are more difficult to achieve. This project will allow us to determine the
* Denotes principal investigator. 22 Modeling and Simulation of Embedded simulation CAD tools in the web server. The study of Transmission Line Structures signal integrity issues is strongly dependent on the ability J. Schutt-Ainé,* F. Liu to simulate and model signal propagation. This task seeks Raytheon Systems to supply circuit modeling and simulation capabilities using state-of-the-art techniques and analysis tools that Embedded transmission line (ETL) structures have were previously developed. A combination of visualization become very commonplace in many high-frequency and tools and the ability to perform online simulations can high-speed electronic systems; however the analysis and provide students with immediate access to both qualitative design tools needed for their design are not readily and quantitative answers. Using our newly developed tool, available. The objective of this effort is the modeling, simulation results can be displayed and examined in a web extraction, and simulation of three-dimensional complex browser shortly after execution. This unique feature of interconnect structures embedded in multilayer structures. executing CAD software via the web will be a major asset The focus of the work will be on the development of in learning environment. software tools that facilitate and automate the designer's task. The tools will be based on recently developed electromagnetic parameter extraction techniques to determine the electrical parasitic capacitance and Engineering Education inductance coefficients of these structures. These parameters can next be used with efficient simulation Lois and Harlan Anderson Laboratory algorithms to predict the signal response of ETL structures for Global Engineering Education and provide information about noise immunity and T. N. Trick* high-speed performance. This will permit the generation University of Illinois Foundation of reliable design guidelines as well as a significant reduction in the time to market. The mission of the Anderson Laboratory is to conduct research on the effective use of multimedia technologies National Course in Signal Integrity for the creation of enhanced learning environments in the J. Schutt-Ainé* field of engineering; to support engineering faculty in the IEEE CPMT; National Science Foundation development of interactive credit and noncredit course modules for delivery over the Internet; and with the ASignal integrity has become a critical area in the design assistance of the Office of Continuing Engineering of high-speed communications systems and fast Education, to deliver these course modules to a diverse computers. Many research areas have emerged from group of clients worldwide. Further information on industry and universities to address issues related to the Anderson Laboratory can be found at electrical performance. However, the educational http://www.engr.uiuc.edu/ocee/anderlab. infrastructure is seriously lagging. The goal of the For information on engineering online courses go National Course in Signal Integrity project to http://online.cen.uiuc.edu/courses.htm. (http://natcsi.ece.uiuc.edu) project is to establish a web-based educational platform that will provide the education necessary for aggressive packaging schemes in High Frequency Devices the area of signal integrity. This is achieved by providing a better understanding of electromagnetics problems and through the use of modeling and simulation tools. 38-GHz Ion Implantation GaAs MESFET With the emergence of visualization tools and online Technology Transfer Program simulation packages, access to both qualitative and M. Feng,* J. Middleton, S. K. Hsia quantitative answers is immediate. In addition to the Northrop Grumman Corp.; M/A-Com/Amp standard components of web-based courses, we have This project is aimed at the technology transfer of the focused our attention on two major components. In the µ first part of the project, a Movie Creator was implemented University of Illinois 0.25 m gate GaAs MESFET for in this project; the tool allows the incorporation of taped 24-GHz and 38-GHz MMICs for LNA and VCO to lectures into a web site with synchronization between the M/A-Com. for low-cost production. audio and video components. In the second part of the project, an efficient Perl/Java interface was created that permits the execution of signal integrity modeling and
23 * Denotes principal investigator. 50-GHz Ion Implanted GaAs MESFET CAD Design Tools for an Integrated M. Feng,* H. Hsia, Z. Tang, D. Beecher Millimeter-Wave Wireless Communication TriQuint Semiconductor Microsystem M. Feng,* S. C. Shen, J. J. Hwang, M. Heins, in This program is to study the 50 GHz to 100 GHz ion collaboration with C. Liu implanted GaAs MESFET for millimeter-wave integrated Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, circuit application. F30602-97-2-0328
50-GHz Ion-implanted We are developing CAD capabilities for a gigahertz Enhanced/Depletion/Power GaAs MESFETs wireless communication and distribution microsystems. M. Feng,* H. Hsia, D. Becher, Z. Tang, J. J. Hwang, We are also developing scalable MMIC modules with S. Shen integrated MEMS components. Network Device Inc. Digital Radar Receiver This project is to develop enhancement mode, depletion M. Feng,* J. Fendrich mode, and power mode (E/D/P) GaAs MESFETs Mayo Foundation; Defense Advanced Research operated at 50 GHz. Projects Agency
50-GHz Self-aligned Gate MESFETs This project performs the design and fabrication of an M. Feng,* D. Becher, D. Caruth RF front end (400-700 MHz) fully tunable receiver Vitesse Semiconductor Corp. system. We are working closely with the Mayo Foundation MIT-Lincoln Lab and DARPA to build two brassboard We have investigate Vitesse self-aligned gate MESFET for RF receiver front ends for digital radar applications. the analog applications in term of noise gain and power. We have compare performance with the University of Direct Ion Implantation GaAs MESFETs Illinois re-aligned gate FET with Vitesse and to M. Feng,* H. Hsia, Z. Tang, D. Becher, S. Shen understand device improvement issues. GaAstronics Co.
ADC Circuit Design on a Sigma-Delta This project is to develop low-cost ion-implanted GaAs Modulator MESFETs for 5.8-GHz MMICs. M. Feng,* M. Heins, D. Barlage U.S. Army Research Office, DAAH04-96-0218 GaAs- and InP-based HBT Reliability (Intel Fellowship) M. Feng,* G. E. Stillman,* D. Barlage, M. Heins U.S. Army Research Office, DAAH04-94-0369 This project is aimed at design of 3 Gbit/s for an 8-bit ADC. Our first goal is to design the subcircuits library This project is to set up an HBT reliability test. of comparator, sample, and hold circuit and OA design HBT reliability has become a major issue because of of an ADC. heterostructure interface and fast diffuse p-type impurities in both InP- and GaAs-based HBTs. We will test HBT AlGaAs/GaAs HBT Modeling devices from Rockwell, Hughes, and TRW for the basic M. Feng,* P. Mares, M. Hein failure mechanism. Rockwell Microelectronics, Inc. GaN HBT Technology This project aims to establish a useful SPICE model for M. Feng,* G. E. Stillman,* J. J. Huang HBT integrated circuits application. Our approach is U.S. Navy, UTA 99-0302 based on 45-MHz to 50-GHz bias-dependent microwave data collection on an HBT device using HP-ICCAP. GaN has great potential to be a power source in Temperature-dependent microwave data collection will millimeter wave ICs and high-speed electronics due to its be included in the model. large breakdown voltage and higher saturation velocity. In collaborate with Professor Dupuis at the University of Texas at Austin, we have fabricated GaN HBT with beta >100. There are many problems to be solved in terms of current and power efficiency issues at millimeter wave frequency.
* Denotes principal investigator. 24 High-Frequency Measurement Project Intelligent Vehicle Highway on High-Tc Superconductor System Chip Sets (II) (IVHS) M. Feng,* J. Fendrich, H. S. K. Hsia M. Feng,* R. Shimon, D. A. Caruth, J. Middleton, National Science Foundation, DMR 89-20539 H. Hsia Northrop Grumman Corp. (In conjunction with the Science and Technology Center for Superconductivity) This project is a follow-up of the TRP/DARPA contract based on the success of the University of Illinois 24-GHz This project has contributed to the study of BKBO and and 38-GHz GaAs MESFET MMIC for LNA and VCO. YBCO film characterization at microwave and terahertz The new contract is aimed at low-cost implementation of frequencies. A parallel-plate resonator (10 GHz) was built a 0.1 µm gate GaAs MESFET and MMIC by direct ion to characterize sheet resistance in the microwave implantation for 77-GHz LNA and VCO collision frequency. A noncontact coherent time-domain avoidance radar. spectroscopy (THz) was used to characterize real and imaginary parts of conductivity. An on-wafer cryogenic Intelligent Vehicle Highway microwave probing technique (1-40 GHz, 15-300K) is System Chip Sets (IVHS) employed to establish patterned film scattering parameter. M. Feng,* J. Kruse, P. Apostolakis, J. Middleton, This work also aims to development engineering model D. Scherrer, R. Shimon parameters using a GHz on-wafer probe technique. Northrop Grumman Corp.
Hybrid and Monolithic OEIC Receivers This project is a joint development effort between the M. Feng,* J. Mu, J. Middleton University of Illinois and Northrop on millimeter-wave DARPA Center for Optoelectronics Science and Technology IC chip sets for IVHS. We will design transmitter, receiver, mixer, and oscillator millimeter-wave ICs using This project is aimed at hybrid integration of a PIN/GaAs co-planar technology. The mask and fabrication will use transimpedance amplifier at 20 GHz operation. The UIUC ion implanted, super-low-noise GaAs MESFETs, monolithic IC is involved in design and fabrication of and a monolithic IC process. 4-channel OEIC receivers using GaAs MESFET technology. Mechanically Conformal and Electronically Reconfigurable Aperture (RECAP) Using InGaAs/InP BiFET for ADC Applications Low-Voltage MEMS and Flexible Membrane M. Feng,* D. W. Seo, J. Mu, H. Hsia, Z. Tang, M. Heins for Space-based Radar Applications Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, M. Feng,* J. Bernhard,* E. Michielssen,* C. Liu,* N66001-97-C-8618 S. C. Shen, D. Becher Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, (In collaboration with G. E. Stillman’s group) F33615-99-C-1519
We have developed a 200-GHz InGaAs/InP HFET and We will integrated wide-band reconfigurable aperture integrated it with a 200-GHz HBT. Using this technology, arrays with wide-band T/R functions on a flexible/rollable we will construct a fifth-order Sigma-Delta ADC for a substrate in the 2-20 GHz range. We will investigate three 16-bit and 3 FDR > 100 dbc. reconfigurable arrays approaches (cavity-backed slot arrays, log periodic array, and coil based spiral array) and develop InGaP HBT for ADC Applications a low-voltage MEMS switch suitable for integration on a M. Feng,* D. W. Seo, J. Mu, M. Heins flexible substrate. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, N66001-96-C-8615 Millimeter-Wave ICs and Packages M. Feng,* R. Shimon, D. Caruth (In collaboration with G. E. Stillman’s group) Georgia Institute of Technology, NSF Package Research Center We are developing an InGaP HBT device model (thermal and electrical model) for implantation into MDS and This project is to develop 38-GHz and 77-GHz coplanar HSPICs. The second-order Sigma-Delta ADCs with MMICs for flip chip packages. 5 Gbits and 8-bit resolution has been designed, simulated, and fabricated.
25 * Denotes principal investigator. Millimeter Wave Technology HBT and HFET Noise Characterization of Self-Aligned M. Feng,* G. E. Stillman Gate GaAs MESFETs Sumitomo Chemical America, Inc. M. Feng,* D. Scherrer ITT Corp. We will design and fabricate MOCVD-grown, doped channel HFETs and InGaP and AlGaAs HBTs. We will This project aims to reduce the minimum noise figure characterize these devices and optimize their performance on the direct ion-implanted self-aligned GaAs MESFETs for 24- to 77-GHz applications. based on the design of experiments in terms of dose and gate overlay. MOCVD HEMT Technology M. Feng,* Z. Tang Novel Giga Sampling Analog-to-Digital Sumitomo Chemical America, Inc. Conversion for Direct Digital Receiver M. Feng,* D.W. Seo, A. Weil We will investigate the performance of MOCVD grown National Science Foundation, ECS-9979341 P-HEMT and HEMT technology and its performance comparison between MESFETs and MBE-grown HEMTs. We proposed novel GHz ADC architecture, the folding and interpolation-based 15-bit subrange A/D converter, Modeling of Flip Chip Interconnects will reduce the transistor count by one-third and the area for RF/Wireless by 60%. The subrange ADC requires a very precise and M. Feng,* R. Shimon, J. Schutt-Aine wide-band track and hold amplifier to maximize input Georgia Institute of Technology, NSF ERC Package bandwidth to great than 2 GHz and converter resolution Research Center SBC GIT E21-N50-G5 to greater than 15 bits.
The next generation of wireless personal communication VCSEL and Smart Pixels for VLSI Photonics links and wireless LAN and WAN will be focused in the M. Feng,* G. E. Stillman, N. Holonyak, Jr., millimeter wave range due to wide bandwidths and less K. Y. Cheng, K. C. Hsia interference effects. This work is to develop a low-cost Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, solution of millimeter-wave MMICs flip chip technology. DAAG55-98-1-0303 This work will provide the design, simulation, and process of MMICs operating at 38 GHz for a real application in This project is to develop oxide confined VCSELs at point-to-point communication links. The Georgia Tech 85 nm and 1330 nm, as well as smart pixels for VSLI PRC will provide the flip chip package technology. photonics.
Monolithic Millimeter-Wave YBCO Superconducting Transmission Integrated Circuits Technology Line Characterization M. Feng,* R. Shimon M. Feng,* J. Fendrich Northrop Grumman Corp. Superconductor Technology Inc.
This project is a joint effort with Northrup for developing This project studies the design rule of MCM using a 0.25 µm gate and 0.1 µm gate GaAs FET-based superconductor as an interconnect line. Loss and phase technology for the application in monolithic millimeter delay are compared between gold and the superconductor wave ICs (MMWICs). Based on the high-frequency line. Bit-error-rate and crosstalk will also be examined. device characterization, an equivalent circuit model will be generated. This model will then be used for MMWIC Low-Cost, Fully Monolitic, RF Integrated design. The fabrication of the MMWICs will be Circuits for Wireless Applications demonstrated. J. Schutt-Aine,* M. Feng,* D. Caruth, J. J. Huang National Science Foundation, ECS-9979292
The performance of RF integrated circuits will strongly influence the versatility and portability of future wireless communication systems. This program allows us to integrate MEMS with monolithic millimeter-wave integrated circuits MMICs to provide next-generation wireless system.
* Denotes principal investigator. 26 Analysis and Design of RF Resonators Magnetic Resonance for MRI Applications J. Jin,* R. L. Magin, A. G. Webb High-Resolution Optical Imaging of Biological National Science Foundation, ECS 94-57735 Cells and Tissue Using Optical Coherence Tomography and Multiphoton Microscopy RF resonators, also known as RF coils, RF antennas, and S. A. Boppart* electromagnetic probes, are crucial devices for obtaining Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; high-quality magnetic resonance images for clinical Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology diagnosis. In this project, researchers develop numerical methods for analysis and design of such resonators for Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and multiphoton MRI applications. Specific mathematical models will be microscopy (MPM) are two emerging high-resolution developed for low- and high-field MRI systems, which optical imaging techniques. OCT is analogous to may include high-frequency phase variation and bioeffect ultrasound, except reflections of near-infrared light are dosimetry for RF fields. detected instead of sound. With micron-scale resolutions and real-time acquisition rates, OCT has been applied Constrained Spectroscopic Imaging to a wide range of biological and medical specialties. Z. P. Liang,* P. C. Lauterbur* An integrated microscope combining these two National Institutes of Health, 1R01CA51430-01A4 complementary optical techniques is being constructed. OCT can image cell and tissue microstructure while Magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging promises to MPM is used to label cells site specifically using provide an entirely new way to examine the dynamics of fluorescent markers. This integrated microscope will be a human biochemical processes in vivo noninvasively. powerful investigative tool for imaging biological processes However, its practical applications have been limited and for diagnosing medical and surgical pathology. because of low sensitivity and long imaging time. The primary objective of this research is to develop Integrated Optical Coherence Tomography mathematical methods to effectively utilize the readily and Multiphoton Microscopy for Microfluidic available anatomical information to constrain the System Analysis and Molecular Beacon spectral distribution to reduce imaging time without Monitoring compromising spatial resolution. S. A. Boppart,* D. J. Brady, L. M. Raskin, M. Balberg National Science Foundation Biophotonics Partnership Functional Brain Imaging Initiative, #BES-0086696; Beckman Institute for Advanced Z. P. Liang,* J. Ji Science and Technology National Science Foundation, BES 95-02121; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology The microfabrication of bioMEMS and microfluidic systems is becoming increasingly complex, frequently The primary objective of this project is to develop new incorporating three-dimensional structures into design signal-processing algorithms for detecting brain activities parameters. The goal of this project is to develop an from functional MRI data. Researchers are investigating a integrated microscope combining optical coherence wavelet-transform-based filtering and t-test method for tomography (OCT) and multiphoton microscopy to signal detection and a multiscale method for image investigate microstructure and function within registration and motion correction. microfluidic systems. Optical Doppler OCT will map fluid flow velocities and three-dimensional flow profiles MR Imaging of Time-Varying Objects through these microsystems. Researchers will utilize Z. P. Liang,* Y. Bresler,* J. Ji, A. Sen Gupta, A. Guo molecular beacons as fluorescing markers for pathogen National Science Foundation, BES 95-02121; National detection. Multiphoton microscopy will detect the spatial Institutes of Health, NIH-R21-HL062336 distribution of these fluorescing molecules. These results will lead to improved designs of microfluidic bioMEM Conventional MR imaging techniques have been widely systems for detecting environmental or medical pathogens. used to obtain high-resolution images from stationary objects. For time-varying objects such as the beating heart, however, significant image artifacts often arise which render the image useless. This project aims to develop a new class of data acquisition and image reconstruction
27 * Denotes principal investigator. methods for real-time imaging of cardiac structures Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Microimaging and functions. A. G. Webb* National Science Foundation, DBI 97-22320 An Integrated NMR R. L. Magin,* A. G. Webb Using microscopic NMR coils and small magnetic field National Science Foundation, DBI 96-05829 gradients, the resolution of NMR microimaging can theoretically be improved to 1 to 2 cubic microns. Microlithographic and MEMS technology are being used Researchers are investigating the mechanisms which limit to integrate the individual components of the receiver for resolution and devising new methods to overcome these nuclear magnetic resonance. This leads to advantages in limitations. Biological experiments on spinal cord tissue packaging for planar microcoils and increases in the are also planned. signal-to-noise ratio. Ultrahigh Field Probes for Magnetic In Vivo MRI Thermometry Using New Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy Functional Imaging Agents A. G. Webb,* S. J. Blackband, T. H. Mareci A. G. Webb* National Science Foundation Whitaker Biomedical Engineering Foundation Nuclear magnetic resonance microprobes are being Fluorine- and proton-based phase-transition agents are constructed for operation at the highest frequency being synthesized for in vivo temperature mapping magnets in the world at the National High Magnetic Field using magnetic resonance imaging. Applications to Laboratory at Tallahassee, Fla. Coil characterization hyperthermia treatment of cancer are being investigated. includes measurements of self-resonant frequencies and magnetic susceptibility for different geometries. Applications of NMR Microspectroscopy High-resolution spectroscopy and microimaging to Combinatorial Chemistry experiments are being performed. A. G. Webb,* R. Subramanian, J. V. Sweedler Smith Kline Beecham Optical Physics and Combinatorial chemistry is the most recently developed synthetic pathway whereby up to a million new Engineering therapeutic drugs can be produced simultaneously. The very small quantities of material (less than 100 pmoles) preclude structural identification by traditional Equipment for Machining of high-resolution NMR. Our efforts are concentrated on Microdischarge Devices designing RF microcoils for operation at high magnetic J. G. Eden,* C. Herring, J. Gao, A. Oldenburg fields (>11 T) for efficient detection of these U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, chemical products. F49620-99-1-0106
Nanoliter Volume Nuclear Magnetic Under the DOD DURIP program, equipment is being Resonance purchased to facilitate the fabrication of microdischarge A. G. Webb,* J. V. Sweedler devices in silicon and other materials systems. A 1-kHz National Institutes of Health, PHS 1R01GM53030-01 pulse repetition frequency Ti:sapphire regenerative amplifier will be used with an existing oscillator to The aim is to develop microscopic hardware so that ablatively machine microchannels in silicon for use in single-cell imaging and spectroscopy experiments can be arrays of discharge devices. Also, vacuum ultraviolet optics µ run using the model system Aplysia californica. Using enabling arrays of sub-50 m diameter cylindrical techniques such as diffusion-ordered spectroscopy, the channels to be machined in Si metals or SiO2 at 193 nm physical environment of neuropeptides within vesicles can have been obtained. The introduction of polymer films be determined, giving valuable information on the mode into these multilayer devices as dielectrics or emission of action of these metabolites. down-converters is another thrust of this program.
* Denotes principal investigator. 28 Experimental Studies of Microdischarge single 100-400 µm diameter microdischarge are presently Devices and Arrays being studied as a diagnostic of molecular fragmentation J. G. Eden,* C. Wagner, S. Kim, P. Galvez, J. Tang in the discharge and as a means of detecting impurities in U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, the gas flow stream. F49620-99-1-0317 Visible and Infrared Laser Spectroscopy This research program is focused on fabricating and J. G. Eden,* F. Shen, J. Conway, A. Oldenburg examining the properties of arrays of microdischarge Northrop Grumman Corp. devices. A variety of processes (wet and dry chemical processing, laser ablation, and ultrasonic milling) are Atomic and molecular laser spectroscopy in the visible, employed to fabricate cylindrical and pyramidal cathodes ultraviolet, and infrared is the focus of this research effort. in silicon as part of a multilayer structure suitable for Currently, emphasis is being placed on the spectroscopy large-scale production. The properties of arrays and single of the Rydberg states of the neon dimer. Excitation devices operating in the rare gases are of particular spectroscopy of this molecule has yielded the first interest, and emphasis is being placed on the rotationally resolved bands as well as observation of triplet characteristics of devices smaller than 50 µm. splitting. As a result, structural constants of the molecule have been determined. Fluoride glass fiber lasers, pumped Microdischarges and Rare Earth-doped by a red InGaAlP diode laser and operating in the infrared Waveguide Devices: Visible and Ultraviolet (2.9 µm) are also of interest, and the spectral and output Sources for Lasers and Sensors power characteristics of these lasers are under study. J. G. Eden,* C. Wagner, A. Oldenburg, A. Senin, F. Shen, J. Conway U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, F49620-98-1-0030 Optical and Discharge Physics
The demonstration of new sources of ultraviolet and Startup Processes in Metal Halide Lamps visible radiation is the thrust of this research program. J. G. Eden, M. J. Kushner, T. Sommerer (GE) Current efforts are two-pronged. Microdischarge devices General Electric R&D Center developed in this laboratory are under study as emission sources for displays or as chemical sensors. Cylindrical and High pressure, metal halide lamps are typically the typically 20 to 400 mm in diameter, these microdischarges lighting sources used for street lamps, stadiums, have properties (VI characteristics, specific power loading) warehouses, and other large indoor arenas. Metal halide that are unique and quite attractive for a variety of lamps start as room temperature, glow discharges. applications. The second facet of this research effort is the Upon heating, metal-halide compounds in the lamps study of nonlinear optical phenomena on the sub-1000 fs vaporize to generate multi-atmosphere pressure plasmas, time scale and at intensities exceeding 1010 W-cm-2. Using which then produce nearly continuum radiation. colliding pulse, mode-locked and Ti:Al2O3 laser systems, The starting process usually involves applying high-voltage wave packet formation, four wave mixing, and high order pulses to tens to one hundred Torr of Ar gas with a small harmonic generation are being studied, both admixture of mercury or another low ionization potential experimentally and theoretically. rare gas. Optimizing this process will ultimately produce longer lived, more reliable lamps. In this research project, Novel Miniature Diagnostic Using advanced computer modeling and laser diagnostics are Microdischarge Technology being used to investigate the fundamental plasma J. G. Eden,* C. Wagner processes which occur during startup of metal-halide National Science Foundation, SBIR, lamps. Of particular interest are the plasma-surface SBC ETA UI-99-09-P1 interactions on the cathode that result in sputtering of cathode materials. Methods to minimize sputtering This SBIR program is developing chemical sensors based without using costly exotic materials are being formulated. on microdischarges fabricated in a “flow through” geometry. Because of the high specific power loadings accessible with microdischarges (> 100 kW-cm-3), arrays of these devices are well-suited for the remediation of toxic gases. The emission spectra of gases flowing through a
29 * Denotes principal investigator. Advanced Plasma Equipment: generation and transport processes and to investigate Design and Optimization methods to scale plasma reactors to process larger wafers. M. J. Kushner,* R. Kinder, D. Zhang, J. Lu, The PEMs are geometrically flexible and are able to A. Sankaran, P. Subramonium address a variety of chemistries. Particular attention is Applied Materials Corp. being paid to processes which generate particle contamination of the wafers and to coupling plasma Computer simulations of plasma equipment for transport codes to feature profile simulators. microelectronics fabrication have advanced to the point that new generations of equipment can be virtually Plasma Crystals designed and optimized prior to hardware prototyping. M. J. Kushner, V. Vyas, G. Hebner (SNLA) In a cooperative research program with Applied Materials Sandia National Laboratories Corp., plasma equipment models developed at the University of Illinois are being used to design new etching Plasmas are multicomponent systems consisting of and deposition reactors. Emphasis is being placed on electrons and ions as charged particles, and atoms, magnetically enhanced reactive ion etching (MERIE) and molecules, and radicals as neutrals. By virtue of their ionized metal physical vapor deposition (IMPVD) high mobilities, it is difficult to form identifiable reactors. New computational algorithms are being thermodynamic phases of these species in plasmas. developed and applied to the task. However, when small solid particles (a few microns in size) are added to plasmas, unique thermodynamic phases Hollow Cathode Magnetron Metal Deposition are created, called plasma crystals. When immersed in a M. J. Kushner,* J. Lu plasma, small particles acquire electrical charge, which Novellus, Inc. then allows them to interact with the electric fields and other charged species in the plasma, including themselves. The wiring pathways in advanced microelectronics devices Plasma fluids and crystals that have properties similar to are becoming smaller (2 mm) and will have vias with conventional crystals are the end result. In this research progressively larger aspect ratios. Filling these pathways project, computer simulations are being developed to with metal is therefore becoming problematic. The investigate the fundamental properties of plasma crystals, pathways can be filled using ionized metal physical vapor and experiments are being conducted at Sandia National deposition (IMPVD), by which sputtered metal atoms are Laboratories to validate the models. ionized and vertically accelerated into the vias. The next generation of microelectronics devices will use copper Plasma Remediation of Diesel Exhaust interconnect wiring, and so techniques for copper M. J. Kushner,* R. Dorai, J. Hoard (Ford) IMPVD must be developed and optimized. In this Ford Motor Co. project, computer models of copper IMPVD using an advanced hollow-cathode plasma source are being More stringent regulations on the allowable levels of toxic developed. The models are being used to investigate the gases in the exhausts from internal combustion engines unique quasi-magnetized plasma hydrodynamics of these have motivated research into more efficient methods to devices and so improve their performance. treat those gas streams. Researchers are developing reaction mechanisms multidimensional plasma chemistry Modeling of Plasma Equipment for models to investigate plasma remediation as a method to Microelectronics Fabrication remove toxins from atmospheric pressure gases and diesel M. J. Kushner,* R. Kinder, J. Lu, V. Vyas, exhaust in particular. In plasma remediation, electron A. Sankaran, P. Subramonium impact reactions produce oxidizing or reducing radicals Semiconductor Research Corp. that either convert the toxin to a harmless gas or to a gas for which conventional remediation methods can be used. Of the hundreds of processing steps in the manufacture of The research team is investigating reaction mechanisms silicon microelectronics devices such as memory chips and and the plasma hydrodynamics in dielectric barrier and microprocessors, approximately one-third use plasmas for corona discharges for remediation of NOx. Scaling laws etching, deposition, cleaning, or passivation. As wafer sizes for energy efficiency are being developed. continue to increase, the need for highly uniform, particle-free plasma-processing equipment also increases. In this project, researchers are developing plasma equipment models (PEMs) to study important plasma
* Denotes principal investigator. 30 Plasma-Surface Interactions processes. Moderately parallel algorithms are being for Polymer Treatment developed to enable simultaneous generation and M. J. Kushner, R. Dorai, A. Sankaran, utilization of electron energy distribution functions within M. Mastrobel (3M) the hybrid hierarchy. In doing so, long-term phenomena, 3M Inc. such as start-up and shut-down transients, and recipe changes will be addressed. Plasma treatment of polymers is an increasingly important industrial process to modify surface properties for wetability and functionality. In this collaborative research project, fundamental processes in the corona treatment of Optoelectronics polymers are being investigated by computer modeling. In this treatment method, atmospheric pressure plasmas Fiber Optic Sensors for Force Measurement are used to create gas phase radicals, such as oxygen atoms S. L. Chuang,* G. Liu or hydroxyl molecules, which then functionalize the Association of American Railroads surface. Of particular interest are treatment methods that can be used on temperature sensitive materials. Researchers will develop fiber optic sensors for force measurement applications. One important application is Radiation Transport in Low the detection of a flat spot on a defective wheel. Due to Pressure Plasma Lamps internal cracks, manufacturing defects, or long-term wear, M. J. Kushner, K. Rajaraman, G. Lister (Osram-Sylvania) rail car wheels can become geometrically deformed, which Osram Sylvania can cause possible train derailment. A time-domain measurement of the optical transmission through the Plasma-based lamps are the most efficient sources of fiber-optic sensor placed below the wheel of rail will be artificial indoor and outdoor lighting. Most low pressure developed and tested based on a previous design of plasma lamps generate ultraviolet radiation which is weigh-in-motion sensors. The approach is to use a fiber converted to the visible through phosphors. The transport optic sensor to measure force. The sensor will detect an of this UV radiation through the plasma is important to abnormal force response due to defective wheel and rail the lamp’s efficiency. In this research project, simulations interaction. The defective wheel can be detected while the of radiation transport are being developed using Monte train passes the sensor. This fiber optic sensor will offer a Carlo techniques. The radiation transport models are fast and cost-effective method to detect the deformities being incorporated into comprehensive plasma equipment in rail car wheels, particularly flat spots. simulators to assess the consequences of radiation transport on the lamp’s performance. These models are Fiber Optical Sensors for High-Speed also being used to assess new designs for low pressure Rail Applications plasma lamps, and to determine the limiting processes for S. L. Chuang,* C. Barkan,* A. Hsu, E. Young efficiency and improved lifetime. National Academy of Science, Transportation Research Board, NAS 101 TASK NO1 Simulations of Three-dimensional Transport and Transients in Plasma Processing A multimode fiber buckling sensor with a differential Reactors Using Moderate Parallelism signal technique will be designed. It will be used to M. J. Kushner,* R. Kinder, J. Lu, A. Sankaran, monitor crucial information for the safety of high-speed P. Subramonium rail tracks and railroad crossings. The sensor will detect National Science Foundation, CTS-99-74962 rail breaks and buckles, as well as the location and speed of a train. It is an integrated, low-cost warning system and The manufacture of microelectronics devices uses a large an alternative to conventional track circuits. Both variety of plasma sources for etching, deposition, and laboratory tests at the University of Illinois and field tests cleaning. Although a high degree of uniformity of at the Transportation Technology Center, Inc., Association processing across 20 to 30 cm diameter wafers is required, of American Railroads in Colorado, will be performed. many of the plasma sources used, such as helicons and The potential impact of this project is that optical fiber ECR, inherently have 3-D properties. In this research sensors are more robust than strain gauges, being immune project, 3-D hybrid plasma hydrodynamic and plasma to electromagnetic interference. Consequently, the chemistry models are being developed and applied to the applications of the optical fibers as sensors in high-speed investigation of these multidimensional transport rails offer a novel technology for railroad crossing safety
31 * Denotes principal investigator. and infrastructure integrity inspection. The payoff for Smart Fiber Optics System for Condition practice is that fiber optical sensors provide a potential Monitoring of Railway Bridges high-speed response at a much lower cost than J. Ghaboussi,* D. Foutch,* S. L. Chuang* conventional designs. National Science Foundation, CMS 99-08651
High-Speed Modulation of Novel The main objective of the proposed research is to develop Optoelectronic Devices and test a system for continuous condition monitoring of S. L. Chuang,* X. Jin railway bridges under service loads using computational University of Illinois, Research Board intelligence methods and fiber optics. The proposed system will be capable of continuous condition Information technology requires ultra-high-speed monitoring of the instrumented and remotely sensed optoelectronic devices such as semiconductor lasers for railway bridges under normal train traffic loading. telecommunications systems. The purpose of this research The proposed research will be conducted in three stages. is to investigate the ultimate limit of the high-speed In the first stage, the computational intelligence based performance of novel edge-emitting lasers, integrated smart condition monitoring methodology will be further electroabsorption modulator-lasers, and selectively expanded and improved and the associated software will oxidized VCSELs. Linewidth broadening and carrier be developed. The development and testing of fiber optic transport combine to impose an upper limit on the detection systems will take place in the second stage of the modulation frequency of the devices. A new scheme based proposed research. In the last phase of the proposed on injection locking will be applied to probe the intrinsic research, the smart condition monitoring system and fiber bandwidth limit of these devices. Experiments will be optics system will be tested in the structural laboratory performed to isolate and measure the effects of relative on a scale model of a railway. intensity noise and other high-speed phenomena. Theoretical models will be developed and compared to the measured data in an attempt to ascertain the interrelations Power and Energy Systems of important optoelectronic device parameters and provide new device designs. Optimal Power Flow Application Issues in the Pool Paradigm Modeling of Vertical-Cavity E. Bompard (Politecnico of Torino), G. Gross* Surface-Emitting Lasers The Italian Fulbright Commission; U.S. State S. L. Chuang,* G. Liu, A. Hsu Department; PSERC Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) The research focuses on the application of the Optimal The goal of this project is to develop a numerical model Power Flow (OPF) to competitive markets. Since the OPF for vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) in is a central decision-making tool, its application to the order to support the effort of SAIC to develop more decentralized decision making in the competitive PCAD-integrated simulation tools. An electromagnetic electricity markets requires considerable care. There are frequency-domain model for cavity eigenmode some intrinsic challenges associated with the effective OPF simulations, employing the Beam Propagation Method application in the competitive environment due to (BPM) with scalar electric fields, has been developed. inherent characteristics of the OPF formulation. Two such Results obtained from this code will be tested and characteristics are the flatness of the optimum surface and validated against other numerical results, such as the the consequent continuum associated with the optimum. results from finite-difference time-domain method. In addition to these OPF structural characteristics, the Also, researchers will perform experiments including level of authority vested in the central decision-making laser characterization and near-field measurements from entity has major ramifications. These factors have wide VCSELs for validation of the theoretical model. ranging economic impacts with implications which are pronounced due to the fact that, unlike in the old vertically integrated utility environment, various market players are affected differently. The effects include price volatility, financial health of various players, and the integrity of the market itself. Researchers apply appropriate metrics to evaluate market efficiency and how the various players fare. Researchers also study the impacts
* Denotes principal investigator. 32 of OPF applications in the Pool paradigm, with both The Role of Load Demand in Elasticity in supply and demand sides explicitly modeled, and use Congestion Management and Pricing extensive numerical simulations. The numerical results E. Bompard (Politecnico of Torino), G. Gross* show the variability of nodal prices and the skew possible The Italian Fulbright Commission; U.S. State in different “optimal” allocations among competing Department; PSERC suppliers. Such variability in the results may lead to serious disputes among the players and the central In the open access transmission regime, the common decision-making authority. carrier nature of the transmission system may give rise to frequent conditions of congestion. Under such conditions, Reactive Load Modeling Impacts on Nodal a violation of one or more physical or operational Prices in Pool Model Electricity Markets constraints in the base case or one of the contingency E. Bompard (Politecnico of Torino), G. Gross* cases is encountered. Congestion may result in certain The Italian Fulbright Commission; U.S. State cases in marked price volatility and leads to price spikes. Department; PSERC This is particularly true in competitive electricity markets that lack demand response. In this study, researchers The project is concerned with the interpretation of nodal examine the role that demand responsiveness can play in prices in competitive electricity markets based on the Pool competitive electricity markets. Typically, the task of paradigm. Such prices are the byproducts of the congestion management and pricing is vested in the hands optimization performed by the independent grid operator of an independent grid operator (IGO). The IGO uses an (IGO) to determine the centralized economic dispatch optimal power flow (OPF) based tool to determine the taking into account all the transmission network and the necessary actions to relieve the system of the congestion physical/operational constraints. The IGO implicitly takes and to determine transmission system usage charges. into account congestion considerations in determining the The actions of price responsive loads may be represented centralized economic dispatch. Under the Pool paradigm, in terms of the customers’ willingness to pay. From each a system marginal price no longer exists and each bus may customer’s demand curve, the elasticity of the load at have different real and reactive power nodal prices due to different prices is known and the benefit function is line losses and congestion avoidance considerations that derived. The load at each bus ceases to be a fixed quantity can arise when the limit of one or more constraints is and becomes a decision variable for the optimization reached. The objective is to explore the economic signals problem of the IGO. In this way, the IGO has additional provided by these prices and effectively apply them in the degrees of freedom in determining the necessary actions design of markets and the rules of the road for these for congestion relief. The project investigates the impacts markets. The main focus of the research is on the explicit of load elasticity in congestion management and pricing. evaluation of the impacts of the reactive load on the nodal Researchers analyze the salient characteristics of the real and reactive prices. Researchers adopt a rather general optimum determined by the IGO with elastic load model for the representation of the reactive load: the demand explicitly represented. The research team is reactive load at each node is represented as an affine evaluating elasticity effects on consumer, producer, function of the real power load at that node; that is, the merchandising, and social surplus. In addition, the reactive load is the sum of a constant and a constant demand responsiveness impacts on price volatility in terms power factor component. This model includes as special of average price and standard deviation are determined cases the constant reactive load and the constant power and compared to the case without load responsiveness. factor load including the case of purely real load The increase in market efficiency attainable in the corresponding to unity power factor. Researchers presence of load responsiveness is assessed. investigate the relationship between the real and reactive nodal prices and evaluate how they are impacted by Transmission Congestion Management the dual variables due to the various other Schemes: A Comparative Analysis Under physical/operational constraints in the system. a Unified Framework Additional study focuses on the significance of the E. Bompard (Politecnico of Torino), G. Gross* nodal price observations and the effective utilization in The Italian Fulbright Commission; U.S. State developing appropriate price signals in the Pool paradigm. Department; PSERC
The restructuring of the electricity industry has spawned the introduction of new independent grid operators or IGOs, typically called transmission system operators
33 * Denotes principal investigator. (TSOs), independent system operator (ISOs), or regional Autonomous Optimal Control transmission organizations (RTOs), in various parts of of Induction Machine Drives the world. An important task of an IGO is congestion P. L. Chapman,* P. T. Krein, J. R. Wells management (CM) and pricing. This activity has Grainger Center for Electric Machines and Electromechanics significant economic implications on every market participant in an IGO region. The research considers Direct Torque Control (DTC) of induction machine the congestion management schemes and the associated drives is a straightforward method of decoupling torque pricing mechanism used by the IGOs in five and flux that in itself provides for fast response and representative systems: England and Wales, Norway, minimal parameter sensitivity. However, setting the flux Sweden, PJM, and California. Researchers developed a command in DTC for optimal efficiency, like most other unified framework for the mathematical representation methods of optimal control of induction machine drives, of the market dispatch and redispatch problems that the relies heavily on parameterization or involves sacrificing IGO must solve in CM in these various jurisdictions. response time. A parameter insensitive optimization This unified framework is used to develop meaningful routine, known as ripple correlation control, that metrics to compare the various CM approaches so as to interferes minimally with the dynamic response of the assess their efficiency and the effectiveness of the market system has been developed. The control utilizes the signals provided to the market participants. perturbations inherent in power electronics driven motor drives to test for optimality of the operating Active Vibration Mitigation in Electric point. Since the perturbations are at high frequency, Drives Systems the optimization has high bandwidth. The machine P. L. Chapman,* S. A. McElhinney parameters are not critical in this robust control. Grainger Center for Electric Machines and Electromechanics Extraction of Low-Order Models Vibration of electric machines has many detrimental from Finite Element Representations effects, including acoustic noise and mechanical wear. of Electromechanical Devices Since there is an increasing trend in industry to utilize P. L. Chapman* power electronics for torque/speed control, it is logical to Grainger Center for Electric Machines and Electromechanics consider using the electronics for vibration mitigation as well. By detailed study of the mechanical properties of In designing complicated electromechanical systems, it is the machinery at hand and by utilization of appropriate imperative to have accurate, rapidly executing dynamic sensors, at least some of the noise can be eliminated. models. Traditional lumped-parameter models are not The goal of the project is to create a prototype system that usually as accurate as desired, since they rely on many will be significantly less noisy than a system without the assumptions in development and parameter extraction. proposed control. In many respects, the finite element method is a convenient means for eliminating some discrepancies, but Applications of GaN Technology to Power the method is computationally intensive. This project Electronics seeks to develop a methodology to extract a P. L. Chapman,* K. Kim computationally nonintensive model from an ordinary Grainger Center for Electric Machines and Electromechanics finite element representation. The resulting model will retain the salient features of the finite element model, but Recent advances in GaN semiconductor devices will execute rapidly enough to enable designers to consider enable new developments in the power electronics area. many designs and simulate large systems with GaN diodes and transistors can operate at higher many devices. temperature, speed, and voltage than the Si counterparts. This project will investigate the use of these devices in Fully Integrated Switch-Mode Power Supplies several typical power electronics applications, as well P. L. Chapman,* C. Liu as at least one application not previously possible with Grainger Center for Electric Machines and Electromechanics Si technology. Miniaturization is of supreme interest in all facets of electronics design, and power management is no exception. While power supply components have shrunk considerably in the last decades, the size decrease is limited by the large passive components. Recent developments in
* Denotes principal investigator. 34 MEMS technology have enabled fabrication of microscale Analysis of the Bilateral Transaction inductors and capacitors. Coupled with the integrated Paradigm for Electricity Markets switching devices, an entire power converter can be built G. Gross* on a single chip. The integration, which in itself results in The Grainger Foundation, Inc; Power Affiliates Program a small package, eliminates many of the parasitic effects and enables one to use higher switching frequency, thereby Researchers are investigating the structure and functioning reducing the size of passive components needed. of bilateral-transaction-based electricity markets such as One interesting application of the technology would be those created by restructuring in Norway and Sweden. for power MEMS electrostatic actuators, which typically The objective is to analyze the salient characteristics of the require high voltages (up to hundreds of volts). In this Nord Pool market and to perform a side-by-side application, a boost converter will be used to convert a comparison with the England and Wales Electricity Pool. logic level voltage to the high voltage needed. The focus is on the assessment of congestion management The converter and actuator will be entirely on one and pricing. A mathematical model representing the IC, representing a very compact system. market structure and rules governing the operation of the Nord Pool market has been developed. The study will Optimized Waveshaping for PM Motor assess the functioning of the Independent Grid Operator Drives with Unbalanced, Arbitrary, and and the critical role of transmission services. Asymmetrical Back EMF P. L. Chapman* Congestion Management Scheme Grainger Center for Electric Machines and Electromechanics for Multitransaction Systems G. Gross,* S. Tao By precisely shaping the current in permanent magnet EPRI/DOD motor drives, considerable improvement in performance can result in terms of efficiency and vibration. Previous Researchers are investigating the allocation of charges for work in this area has limitations in that it requires the congestion management (CM) in multiple transaction motor emf to be balanced, symmetrical, and to otherwise networks. The problem is formulated in two stages. be restricted in shape. By eliminating these restrictions, a In the congestion allocation stage, the operator determines more flexible control has been developed. An important the congestion burden attributable to each individual consequence is that with this control, the motor can be transaction. In the congestion relief stage, the operator operated with one or more phases absent with only some used an adjustment bidding to determine the congestion degradation in power output. relief actions. The allocation scheme is being tested on several systems. Analysis and Evaluation of VAr Support as an Ancillary Service Development of an Analytical Framework G. Gross,* S. Tao for Dispersed Generation Power Engineering Research Center through Cornell G. Gross,* Y. Lin University The Grainger Foundation Inc; Power Affiliates Program
The unbundling of electricity services has brought about Increased competition in the electricity supply industry, the need to evaluate and quantify the various services. increasing costs of transmission and distribution upgrades, VAr support is one such service. Researchers have analyzed greater pressures on cleaner environment, higher energy the principal attributes of this service and identified the efficiency, and decreasing marginal costs of new and dominant cost component. The research team is smaller generation technologies are some of the factors developing an analytic basis for the evaluation of the that are going to impact alternatives for adding electricity VAr support needs associated with transactions. supplies. The principal objective is to formulate a The objective is to develop an allocation mechanism comprehensive analytical framework for dispersed for VAr support among the transactions on the system. generation within which the economic, technological, environmental, and reliability aspects can be studied. Simulation of systems with transmission constrained load pockets and dispersed generation expansion alternatives are being performed.
35 * Denotes principal investigator. Development of an Analytical Framework for electricity. Such instruments can be used for risk Strategic Bidding in Competitive Electricity management as well as speculation. The focus of this Markets: Modeling and Policy Analysis research is on the effective incorporation of these G. Gross,* G. Deltas (Econ.), M. Joung instruments into the operation of electricity trading. National Science Foundation, ECS-0000577 Researchers will investigate certain design and definitional issues in the deployment of financial derivative concepts The work is focused on the design, functioning, and to electricity markets. Of particular interest is the performance of competitive mechanisms in wholesale evaluation of the risk mitigation capabilities provided by electricity markets taking explicit account of the specific these instruments for the trading of electricity and their characteristics and constraints of electrical generation and impacts on the spot markets. In this project, researchers consumption. The objective is to develop a general and will investigate the salient uniqueness of electricity comprehensive analytic framework that integrates the derivative contracts due to the physical power system. game theoretic aspects of electricity exchanges with the The research team also will investigate the possibility of unique constraints under which electric power systems developing new financial instruments and strategies to operate. This framework will lay the foundation for the accommodate the different risk preference of various evaluation of various designs for electricity market participants in the spot electricity market. Moreover, structures and “rules of the road” of auction mechanisms researchers will study the impact of financial derivatives that incorporate the constraints imposed by the physical, on various players of the market. engineering, and operational constraints inherent in electricity systems, so as to maximize economic efficiency. Loss Allocation Scheme for The in-depth analysis of the structural characteristics of Multitransaction Systems electricity markets will provide a basis for the formulation G. Gross,* S. Tao of optimal bidding and offering strategies with both The Grainger Foundation Inc.; Power Affiliates Program supply- and demand-side bidders. Researchers aim to use the framework to address the various aspects of the Researchers are studying the allocation of losses as a implementation and performance of auctions for function of physical power flows in multitransaction electricity; the explicit incorporation of uncertainty; the systems. The research team has recast the power flow interrelationships between the MWh commodity markets problem in a transaction-based network and is studying and specific markets in ancillary services; and the impacts the issue of appropriately allocating losses on the basis of of longer term forward and future markets. These issues flows that the transactions bring about. Extensive tests of will be investigated together with topics related to the the approach are being carried out on systems of varying opportunities for gaming, the existence and exercise of sizes. A mechanism for loss compensation has been market power, and the impacts on electricity prices. developed to provide choice to transacting entities. In addition, the framework will serve as an effective testbed for a wide range of policy experiments, including Metering Requirements and Metering Data those focused on the nature and scope of regulation in the Applications in Open Access Bulk Electricity restructured industry. Throughout the proposed work, Systems researchers will implement simulation tools to illustrate G. Gross,* J. W. Lee the performance of various market designs, rule Power Engineering Research Center through Cornell specifications, regulatory policies, and strategic behavior University; Grainger Foundation of various players. The FERC Order No. 888 specified six unbundled Effective Deployment of Financial ancillary services that may be provided to transmission Instruments in Competitive Electricity customers. The NERC has developed a classification of Markets 12 separate interconnected operations services. G. Gross,* S. Tao The unbundling of the services and the disintegration The Grainger Foundation Inc.; Power Affiliates Program of the vertical structure of the electricity business have set up new requirements for information acquisition, With the recent emergence of the well defined electricity metering, and communications. This project will examine spot markets and the establishment of the trading of the communication protocols and the data management electricity futures on specific exchanges, the application aspects of the metering activities. of financial instruments such as options, futures, and forwards provides significant new tools to players in
* Denotes principal investigator. 36 Power Electronic Building Blocks technology. The simulation focuses on the dissemination Interconnected Network and use of the available transmission capability G. Gross,* P. Krein,* D. Logue information. Applications of the new simulator for SRI International training and analysis are under study.
Conceptually, Power Electronic Building Blocks (PEBBs) The Load Frequency Control (LFC) are smart power electronic modules that are superior to Performance Assessment conventional power devices in that they have increased G. Gross,* J. W. Lee sensing, protection control, and interfacing capability. The Grainger Foundation Inc.; Power Affiliates Programs This research is directed toward development of a conceptual framework for an interconnected network of Load frequency control is used to regulate the frequency PEBB devices. The objective is to use the framework for of the power system to be within acceptable bounds addressing analysis, design, and control issues. A hybrid around the synchronous value. Researchers are electric vehicle at the University of Illinois is intended to constructing a framework for the evaluation of LFC be used as a testbed for this framework and other performance assessment taking into account the random conceptual developments. variations of the actual load over time. Appropriate metrics for the LFC performance assessment are Real-Time Security Monitoring constructed in the random process based framework. and Control These metrics are used to formulate the criteria for LFC G. Gross* performance assessment. The effectiveness of industry National Science Foundation criteria is assessed.
Researchers have prepared a White Paper that outlines the A Hybrid Systems View of Inverse Problems scope of issues, challenges, and opportunities in the area in Power System Dynamics of real-time security monitoring and control (RTSMC) of I. A. Hiskens,* D. Liberzon,* M. A. Pai* power systems in the restructured electricity industry. The Grainger Foundation The counterpart of power system reliability in real-time operations is security–the ability of the power system to Analysis of power system dynamic behavior frequently withstand contingencies. This White Paper is part of a set takes the form of inverse problems, where the aim is to of six papers on reliability aspects of the electric power find parameter values that achieve (as closely as possible) system prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy by a desired response. Examples include parameter the Consortium of Electric Reliability Technology estimation, quantifying parameter uncertainty, boundary Solutions (CERTS). value problems, and optimal control. The project is developing algorithms for solving such inverse problems. Simulation of the Multinode Open Access Power system behavior inherently involves interactions Same-Time Information System between continuous dynamics and discrete events. G. Gross,* Y. Tian A systematic hybrid systems framework for modeling, The Grainger Foundation Inc.; Power Affiliates Programs analysis, and algorithms is being pursued.
A Web-based simulator of the Federal Energy Regulatory Battery Equalization in Series Strings Commission (FERC) mandated Open Access Same-Time P. T. Krein,* S. West Information System (OASIS) network was implemented. S & C Electric Co.; The Grainger Endowments The purpose of the simulator is to provide a tool to study the various aspects of an OASIS network, to gain a strong Batteries are usually used in series strings. When a string is intuitive feel for its operations, and to train users. charged, the individual cells can become mismatched. For a specified time period, the OASISNET simulator Over time, this mismatch can grow, particularly if extreme reproduces an OASIS network of multiple nodes using the temperature conditions occur. Mismatch is corrected by same communications medium as the actual system, the equalization, in which the battery voltages are forced to Internet, and with multiple players using the simulator match. This is usually accomplished with a forced- simultaneously. Salient features of the simulator are its overcharge process, with elevated voltage applied after the modular architecture, the ability to simulate multinode end of a charge cycle. This project studies an elegant OASIS network operations and to accept simultaneous equalization method invented at the University of Illinois. access from remote users through use of client/server In this method, a capacitor string is switched between
37 * Denotes principal investigator. adjacent batteries, forcing them to reach a matching depth. Tests of efficiency and fuel economy, as well as condition whether or not they are charging. parametric studies of subsystems, have been conducted. A complete system simulation has been prepared. Coupled Filter Applications Strategies for system operation and control are being to DC Power Converters tested through simulation and experiments. P. T. Krein,* D. C. Hamill (Surrey), R. Balog The Grainger Endowments, in collaboration with the Modeling and Simulation University of Surrey, England of Distributed Energy Systems P. T. Krein,* D. Logue Coupled magnetic filters offer performance improvements Power Engineering Research Center in dc switching power circuits, but are not well understood in the field. In fact, one key coupled filter The electric power grid of the future is likely to include building block has been reinvented several times over an “distributed” generation, or small units dispersed interval of 60 years or more. This work seeks a throughout the system. This work considers a wide range fundamental understanding of coupled filter design, of possible power sources, including engine-generator performance, and applications. Coupled filters are combinations, batteries, fuel cells, and solar cells. Fast compared with more conventional approaches for models suitable for system simulation are to be developed. design sensitivity and utility. Buffering methods that decouple the dynamics of the power system and the small energy source are being Direct Digital Class-D Audio Amplifier developed. The buffering concept allows the device to P. T. Krein,* D. Sarwate,* Z. Song, C. Pascual, X. Geng act like a resistor over short time intervals. Motorola, Inc.; University of Illinois Motor System Simulation for Dynamic Loads Conventional “linear” audio amplifiers have low power P. T. Krein,* D. Logue efficiency. In modern digital audio systems, amplifiers Grainger Center for Electric Machinery and Electromechanics require digital-to-analog conversion, with the associated noise sensitivities and signal problems. Class-D amplifiers This project seeks to develop a general simulation tool for operate by direct pulse-width modulated (PWM) an ac motor in a complex system. The simulation includes switching and in principle, can be free of power loss. electronic motor controls, load dynamics, and interactions Because class-D circuits operate by switching, it is feasible between the motor, the load, and the controls. Time-scale to maintain the audio information in digital form right models are used to capture both electrical and mechanical through to the amplifier output. Researchers explore audio behavior. Losses generated by high-frequency switching processing to convert from conventional digital formats to are included based on behavioral models. The Simulink PWM. Class-D circuit design methods are being environment is being used. Sample applications include a developed to support audiophile performance with complete hybrid automobile system, a dc pump motor very low power loss. operated with a nonlinear controller, and several induction motor applications. Hybrid Electric Vehicle Systems P. T. Krein,* R. A. White* (Mech. & Indus. Engr.), Ripple Correlation Control for Power D. Logue Converters and Motor Drives University of Illinois; Grainger Center for Electric Machinery P. T. Krein,* P. Chapman, D. Logue, R. Balog, J. Wells and Electromechanics; Ford Motor Co.; Deere & Co. Grainger Center for Electric Machines and Electromechanics
(In conjunction with the Department of Mechanical Ripple correlation control is a new technique that might and Industrial Engineering) be unique to power electronic systems. According to this control approach, internal ripple signals in a power A complete hybrid electric car, combining an electric converter are correlated with gate drive signals or other traction system with an engine-generator set, has been internal converter signals. The results provide information built and is now under study in the laboratory and on the about state variables and converter operating points. It is highway. The car is designed to meet all performance, known, for example, that certain correlations can be used safety, and convenience characteristics of standard to drive a solar power processing converter to its automobiles, while reducing exhaust emissions by as much maximum power point. Researchers will explore a wide as 90% and tripling gas mileage. Objectives are to range of applications and related techniques. characterize major subsystems of a practical hybrid car in
* Denotes principal investigator. 38 Interactive Visualization of Electrical Power A major theme is to map formal languages that describe System Transmission System Capacity hybrid systems, such as Petri nets and finite state T. J. Overbye,* D. Wiegmann, Y. Sun automata, into a differential-algebraic model structure. Power Systems Engineering Research Center (PSERC) A linking strategy will be exploited to maximize model flexibility. Researchers will also focus on trajectory One of the major goals associated with restructuring in sensitivity analysis of hybrid systems. The results of the electrical power industry is to allow nondiscriminatory research will be in the form of formulating new areas of access to the high-voltage transmission grid. However, a research for the restructured power industry. key difficulty in achieving this goal has been the fact that the capacity of the transmission grid has a finite but not High Speed Dynamic Simulation Using easily determined value. That is to say, the ability of the the Krylov Subspace Method transmission system to support additional power M. A. Pai,* D. Chaniotis transactions is limited by the need to maintain system National Science Foundation, ECS 98-03055; security. The goal of this project is to develop and apply The Grainger Foundation Inc. innovative visualization methods to aid market participants in determining this availability. The differential-algebraic system of equations of the power system are algebraized using the simultaneous-implicit Optimal Bidding Strategies in Transmission method, and the resulting system of linear equations at Limited Electric Power Markets each time-step is solved using the generalized minimal T. J. Overbye,* I. Hiskens, P. Correia residual (GMRES) method. In previous research, the use National Science Foundation, ECS 00-80279 of preconditioners such as the ILUs was found to speed up the convergence. Further enhancement in speed-up was The electricity industry in the United States and obtained by using the preconditioner only when the throughout the world is undergoing radical restructuring, number of iterations increased. Various schemes of using with many markets moving from a cost-based paradigm LU type preconditioners have been tried with good for generation dispatch to a price-based paradigm. success for dynamic simulation and trajectory These changes require new analysis techniques, both for sensitivity computations. market participants and for regulators. The goal of this project is the development of a market solution algorithm New System Control Methodologies that allows market participants to determine optimal M. A. Pai,* I. A. Hiskens,* A. Nayak, C. L. DeMarco generation bidding strategies taking into account the (Univ. of Wisconsin) constraints imposed by the electric power PSERC Project transmission grid. In this project, researchers are looking at the effect of A Hybrid Approach to Transport Industry dynamic control in the new, deregulated environment. Modeling: A Power System Viewpoint In previous projects, researchers looked at the AGC in the M. A. Pai,* I. A. Hiskens,* V. Donde, W. new, restructured environment. Currently the research Tangmunarunkit team is investigating congestion related problems and National Science Foundation, ECS 0085755 ways to alleviate congestion.
With the emerging restructured nature of the power Trajectory Sensitivity as a Tool for industry, there is a need to look at new approaches to Dynamic Security Assessment modeling as well as tools of analysis. Among the transport M. A. Pai,* T. Nguyen industries, the power industry can both profit from the National Science Foundation, ECS 00-00474; experience of other deregulated industries, as well as offer The Grainger Foundation Inc. new ideas in terms of modeling and analysis. Increasingly, discrete events affect the performance of systems in real In this project, researchers use trajectory sensitivity time. Such events are common in the physical system, for information to generate information about critical values example relays, tap-changing transformers, and FACTS of parameters, such as clearing time, maximum power devices. However the rules underlying the market layer transfer, maximum generation, and so forth, before the also introduce discrete events. System performance under system becomes unstable. This is done for normal as well these conditions, where continuous dynamics and discrete as contingency cases. It does not use the traditional events interact, is the principal focus of the proposal. energy function methods but rather relies on two fast
39 * Denotes principal investigator. simulations of the system and the sensitivity model, Integrated Security Analysis computing a suitable metric from the latter and P. W. Sauer* extrapolating to compute the critical value of parameters. PSERC Industrial Membership through Cornell University The technique has been validated on small systems and a theoretical basis is being formulated. This project is formulating new security analysis tools for operators using existing computational software code with Power Industry Restructuring on-line data. Traditional security application programs are and Pricing in Siberia used to create historical security results that will be used to S. Palamarchuk, G. Gross* develop learning algorithms. These algorithms will use Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs; both new computational results and historical results. U.S. Department of State This work is being done jointly with Washington State University. The restructuring of the power industry in Russia is under way. The existing nationwide market is planned to be Minimizing Failures While Maintaining divided into three regional sectors, one of which will be Efficiency of Complex Interactive set up in the Siberian region of the country. The Networked Systems restructuring will allow the market arrangements to take P. W. Sauer,* M. A. Pai, I. Hiskens into account the regional characteristics of electricity Electric Power Research Institute/DoD through Cornell generation, transmission, and consumption. The project University-PSERC aims to develop an auction mechanism for the wholesale electricity trade in Siberia. Key aspects include review of This project is task two of the overall EPRI/DoD project the market structures currently in operation, design of the with this title. The task is to formulate the overall market forward trade and the associated pricing issues, design of a link-based mathematical model that can development of procedures for the evaluation of rational accommodate key functional and structural attributes bidding strategies for market players, and training of the necessary to analyze the interaction between layered players in the new environment. systems. It will use the four-layer power system as the testing ground for applications. Available Transfer Capability of Power Systems Reliability Tools for Power System Operators P. W. Sauer,* S. Grijalva P. W. Sauer,* T. Overbye National Science Foundation, EEC 96-15792 Department of Energy/CERTS through Cornell University-PSERC This project examines new approaches to the rapid computation of available transfer capability in electric This project is investigating advanced security analysis power systems. It focuses on efficient techniques to visualization concepts to enhance the reliability of the simultaneously include thermal, voltage, voltage collapse, interconnected grid. Results from on-line security analysis and transient stability margin constraints. New will be presented and displayed to operators in a format approaches to quantify the transmission reliability suitable for rapid decision making and for assessing the margin and capacity benefit margin are investigated. acceptability of the system state.
Extended Factors for Linear Contingency Analysis P. W. Sauer,* K. Reinhard The Grainger Foundation Inc.; Power Affiliates Program
This project is formulating new computational factors to extend linear contingency analysis to include phenomena such as angle shifts and generator torque changes in response to line outages or closings. The factors build on well-known power transfer distribution factors and line outage distribution factors.
* Denotes principal investigator. 40 years. The end product will be a high quality, readily Reliable and High-Performance available compiler environment that supports a wide Computing variety of advanced instruction-level parallel processing research.
Amalgam: a Clustered Programmable- Advanced Predicate-Domain Code Reconfigurable Processor Optimization N. P. Carter,* J. Cook, S. Ferrera, D. Gottlieb, W. M. Hwu,* D. I. August, J. W. Sias, D. A. Connors J. Walstrom, C. W. Wang Intel Corp. Office of Naval Research The predicated representation, in which control is The Amalgam processor integrates multiple programmable implemented via conditional execution of instructions processors and blocks of reconfigurable logic on a single rather than branches, presents two general categories of chip to deliver ASIC-like performance and high new optimization opportunities: the optimization of programmability. We are investigating techniques for program decision logic and the optimization of on-chip communication, the design of reconfigurable computation code using predication. This project aims to logic for computing applications, and methods of reduce control overhead by extracting control expressions compiling real-world programs to this architecture. from predicated code, optimizing these expressions using Initial experiments have shown that Amalgam achieves Boolean minimization techniques, and re-expressing speedups of up to 23x when compared to a single control using more efficient sequences of predicate programmable processor. defining instructions. In the second area, this project works toward a paradigm in which stores, branches, and Composable Processors loop boundaries can be reordered freely to achieve N. P. Carter,* I. Ayub, J. Manton performance goals. C2S2 DARPA/MARCO Center Architecture Support and Program The increasing effort required to implement a state-of-the- Analysis for Computation Reuse art integrated circuit is becoming a significant barrier to W. M. Hwu,* D. A. Connors, B. C. Cheng entry for many embedded applications. This project is Intel Corporation; National Science Foundation, developing reduced-effort design techniques based on a CCR 98-09478 set of composable processor modules that can be tiled together to form application-specific processors. Current Modern executable programs exhibit large amounts of research efforts focus on the development of software dynamic redundancy where instructions groups each techniques to automatically generate target architectures will repeatedly generate a small number of relevant for applications and the integration of sensors and computation results. Dynamic redundancy cannot be transmitters with computing resources. optimized away with traditional compiler techniques that require each instruction group to generate only one, Sharing the IMPACT ILP Compiler invariant value. The goal of this project is to develop a Technology with U.S. Researchers cost-effective architecture framework and enabling reuse J. C. Gyllenhaal,* S. Y. Hwu, R. Iyer, W. M. Hwu, of execution results from instructions that generate a small B. C. Cheng, J. W. Sias, M. C. Merten number of frequent values. This approach can potentially National Science Foundation, CCR 98-09404 result in drastic reduction of energy consumption while improving performance of a wide range of applications. The IMPACT compiler, with such advanced features as predicated compilation, instruction-level parallelism Architecture and Compiler Techniques optimizations, compiler engineered speculation, for Optimizing Memory Accesses profile-based optimizations, advanced machine description W. M. Hwu,* B. C. Cheng, E. M. Nystrom facilities, scheduling frameworks for resource-sensitive National Science Foundation, CCR 96-29948/98-09478; code optimizations, and pointer-based dependence Intel Corporation analysis and tracking facility, has become a premier compiler technology base for major U.S. companies as The goal of this research is to develop an integrated well as academic researchers. This project’s software and compiler and architecture approach to drastically reduce documentation will be released in several phases over two the frequency and cost of memory accesses in future
41 * Denotes principal investigator. computer systems. In particular, a compiler strategy that executables, thus preventing end users from optimizing is built upon interprocedural pointer analysis and new programs for their particular machines. To remedy this heuristics for estimating the probability of colliding problem, researchers are developing a static binary pointer contents will be developed to take full advantage optimization framework that will serve as a bridge of the data speculation features in future microprocessors. between the binary executable and the IMPACT compiler. The insights provided by fully disambiguated memory Using this framework, the team can implement both accesses may drastically change the future course of general and processor-specific optimizations and generate run-time data speculation supports. a new executable for the particular user’s machine. Such optimization could be performed at the time of program Compiler and Architecture Support installation or off-line, while the user’s machine is idle. for Program Tunneling W. M. Hwu,* M. T. Conte, M. C. Merten, A. R. Trick The IMPACT Run-Time Optimization Hewlett-Packard Framework W. M Hwu,* M. C. Merten, A. R. Trick, R. D. Barnes, Modern programming paradigms often impose major E. M. Nystrom, J. C. Gyllenhaal performance penalties on application programs. Object Advanced Micro Devices; Microsoft oriented programming, structured exception handling, automatic memory management, middleware services, Aggressively optimizing applications for diverse workloads and operating system calls are all examples of such costly without causing code explosion is often an intractable features. The goal of this research is to eliminate the cost problem. However, significant performance gain can be of these features for the frequently traversed paths of achieved through targeted optimization. To direct executable programs. Architecture support, in the form optimization efforts, it is critical to identify and optimize of new protection schemes and no-overhead profiling the execution hot spots for the current workload. mechanisms, will be developed to enable the run-time Therefore, researchers are developing a framework for optimizer to safely perform aggressive optimizations. adaptive, run-time optimization. This framework includes efficient run-time optimization algorithms, techniques Deep Program Analysis for identifying optimization candidates using nonintrusive W. M. Hwu,* J. W. Sias, B. C. Cheng, E. M. Nystrom, profiling, and seamless deployment of optimized code. H. C. Hunter This framework will allow profiling and optimization Intel Corporation; National Science Foundation 98-09478 of the application for the current workload even across dynamically-linked libraries. Current code analysis techniques draw dependences based largely on program structure and on register and memory Java Run-Time Architecture accesses, many of which are not inherent to algorithms W. M Hwu,* M. T. Conte, H. S. Kim but are merely side effects of implementation in a Hewlett-Packard particular architecture or coding paradigm. The conservative nature of these analysis techniques limits This project focuses on enhancements needed to create the compiler’s ability to perform broad, powerful code highly optimized native code for dynamic Java server optimizations. Deep program analysis is intended to applications. This includes the construction of a discern the fundamental algorithmic dependences of next-generation Java run-time prototype that includes a input programs from among those artificially imposed. means of integration between dynamic code production The application of deep program analysis techniques and static code reuse. Also included are a streamlined could revolutionize program optimization and execution object model, non-intrusive profiling, dynamic models, significantly boosting the performance–power optimizations, reduced inter-module communication ratio in future computer systems. overhead, run-time deployment of optimized code, improved memory management subsystem, and hardware IMPACT Post-Link Optimization Framework enhancements to support Java specific features. W. M. Hwu,* M. C. Merten, R. D. Barnes Hewlett-Packard; Microsoft
Commercial software vendors distribute products in binary executable form, compiled for a specific processor. Very limited technology exists for optimizing binary
* Denotes principal investigator. 42 Memory-Efficient EPIC Processors logical design for a next-generation compression W. M. Hwu,* N. Carter engine is developed. Semiconductor Research Corporation Predicate Analysis and Predicate-Aware Researchers are developing an improved EPIC architecture Dataflow Analysis that will provide the high performance required by W. M Hwu,* J. W. Sias upcoming embedded applications while significantly Intel Corporation reducing power consumption and memory bandwidth requirements. This architecture divides the processing Efficient and accurate analysis of predicate relationships resources of the chip into four independent clusters, with and predicate-aware dataflow analysis are essential to each cluster having its own program-controllable data effective optimization and scheduling of predicated code. memory. A decoded instruction buffer in each cluster A predicate analysis engine must first quickly analyze the reduces instruction fetch bandwidth and power code at the function level to determine all relationships consumption in loops. Compiler techniques are being among predicates. Then, it must store its findings in a developed to coordinate inter-cluster data movement to database which can accurately and efficiently answer eliminate many of the memory accesses required during queries about the relations among predicates. The first the execution of media programs on conventional objective of this project is to create a function level, architectures. accurate, and efficient predicate analysis engine. The second objective of this project is to create a Native Compilation Technology predicate-aware dataflow analysis engine which is both for Java Bytecode accurate and fast. W. M. Hwu,* A. R. Trick, M. T. Conte, A. C. H. Hsieh, J. C. Gyllenhaal Rapid Customization of Systems Software Hewlett-Packard Co.; Intel Corp. W. M. Hwu,* S. Patel, R. Iyer MARCO/DARPA (part of MARCO Center Soft Maximizing the cost-performance potential of Java for Systems Thrust) low-cost applications requires compiling and optimizing them for the architecture of the target machine. Java's The objective of the project is to develop compiler-based, highly modular and dynamic nature presents a challenge deep program analysis that transcends the boundaries to traditional static compiler approaches. This project currently separating the application, the dynamically combines the high-level program information contained linked libraries, and the operating system. Code- in Java bytecode with a precise knowledge of the host specialization of library functions and operating system machine's attributes, to design a compilation path services is based on interprocedural analysis of producing highly optimized code. Furthermore, the applications, programmatic logic analysis, data value native code version created is able to interact with a analysis, and interthread escape analysis. Unnecessary code Java run-time and contains access points allowing the and modules are eliminated. A new fundamental model dynamic loading and linking of modules. of the operating system functions, based on microkernel concepts, is developed to systematically verify the On-Chip Stable Storage Systems correctness of each customized version. Customization W. M. Hwu,* S. Patel technologies are developed at the source and then at the MARCO/DARPA (part of MARCO Soft Systems Thrust) binary level, with the long-term goal of handling commercial software. Potential benefits include rapid The objective of the project is to develop fundamental generation of software, smaller software footprints, software, systems, and circuit techniques to provide fast, reduced energy consumption, and higher performance. reliable, on-chip storage to future nanoscale systems. The focus is on MEMS-based storage, which has the Reliable Nanoscale Systems potential for bringing about dramatic improvements in W. M. Hwu,* S. Patel, N. Carter, R. Iyer performance, efficiency, and security. System architects MARCO/DARPA (part of MARCO Center Soft and circuit designers jointly develop magnetic probe tip Systems Thrust) component models and a high-level simulation framework for mass data storage systems. The LZW compression The objective is to develop architectural- and software- scheme is optimized to take advantage of the longer level mechanisms that provide a layer of robustness despite read/write times of MEMES drives, and a complete unreliable devices and potentially faulty applications.
43 * Denotes principal investigator. Both static and run-time approaches are pursued, due to Verification of Run-time Optimized Code their complementary capabilities in addressing reliability W. M. Hwu,* M. T. Conte, J. W. Sias, M. C. Merten, issues. On the static end, a hardware self-test during A. R. Trick, R. D. Barnes manufacturing allows a nanoscale chip system to detect Hewlett-Packard and work around defects. Self-healing techniques and verification of interoperability are primary goals. On the Executable programs are increasingly optimized and run-time end, ARMOR-based fault-tolerant services using modified in the field. Just-in-time compilation of Java programmable hardware support are integrated into programs is a well-known example of such run-time code processing devices. Micro- and nano-checkpointing in the modification. The goal of this research is to overcome the hardware and micro-checkpointing at the application level technical challenges involved in automatic verification of enable high-speed recovery. Customization of reliability run-time optimized code. An interdisciplinary approach mechanisms for each application are performed in that integrates program analysis algorithms and hardware connection with the Rapid Customization of Systems test/verification techniques will be developed to cover a Software project. wide variety of software defects.
Ubiquitous Instruction-Level Adaptive Software-Implemented Fault Parallelism Architectures Tolerance for Networked Systems W. M. Hwu, J. W. Sias, M. C. Merten, B. C. Cheng, R. Iyer,* S. Bagchi, S. Chen D. A. Connors, R. D. Barnes, E. M. Nystrom, National Science Foundation, CCR 99-02026 H. C. Hunter Intel; Motorola; Microsoft; National Science Foundation This experimental study investigates development of a set 98-09478 of general-purpose, fault tolerance services in a networked environment. The focus is on designing a software- As instruction-level parallelism (ILP) architectures such implemented fault tolerance (SIFT) layer that provides as Intel IA-64 and TI C6X move into the mainstream of fault tolerance services to user applications, manages user computing, it has become critical to solve the technical processes across the network, provides rapid error problems involved in making these architectures detection, and initiates recovery from errors in the appropriate for future embedded applications. The goal hardware, operating system, applications, and the of this research is to develop new compiler, architecture, SIFT layer itself. The SIFT layer protects all key and microarchitecture concepts to drastically reduce the components in a distributed system, including the code size, data transfers, energy consumption, and die size components of the SIFT layer. of future ILP processors. New techniques will also be developed to further enhance the performance of future Creating a Foundation for Service Quality: ILP microprocessors. Security, Performance, and Availability R. Iyer,* J. Xu Value Analysis Compilation Framework Motorola, Inc. W. M. Hwu,* D. A. Connors, J. W. Sias Intel Corp. The goal of this research is to investigate and to create a foundation for multidimensional (including fault Analyzing the flow of values through program tolerance, security, and performance) validation of the computation provides many opportunities for improving Service Quality of complex computing systems. To address the performance of computer systems. This project has this challenge, researchers study the complex nature and two related objectives: the optimization of existing control variety of unexpected conditions that can affect the flow through value analysis and value speculation. Value system. They explore the interactions of system fault flow analysis facilitates dead code elimination and control tolerance, security, and performance and their combined optimization. Value speculation refers to the execution of impact on the Service Quality delivered by the system. instructions before all source operand values have been In order to fully stress the system (jointly and along each determined. This can be done when instructions generate dimension) researchers explore the feasibility of developing the same value for each execution, the same value for a comprehensive stress generators capable of generating high percentage of executions, or predictable values. faults and security attacks, variable-intensity workloads, Compilers can exploit these regularities through code and emulated errors or failures. specializations, collectively referred to as value speculation.
* Denotes principal investigator. 44 Design and Fault-Injection-Based Evaluation of injecting faults and testing on NT platforms. Platforms of Error Detection and Recovery in X2000 include single nodes running shadow disks or a RAID Testbed system, NT clustered platforms with recovery, and R. Iyer* SMP clusters. Jet Propulsion Laboratory Fault-Injection-based Benchmarking The goal of this project is to develop a fault injection R. K. Iyer,* W. Gu, D. Stott, J. Zymla environment for evaluating the X2000 testbed with a Motorola, Inc. focus on the communication module supporting the IEEE 1394 bus architecture. The approach is to build a local Until now, fault injection tools have provided fault distributed testbed (consisting of at least three processing triggering, status and error logging, configuration, process nodes) that runs the VxWorks operating system, supports management, and the actual fault injection in a single the 1294 bus architecture, and contains a detection and tool. The complexity of these fault injectors and their recovery configuration sufficient to support automated reliance on platform-specific features generally makes it fault injection. A framework (NFTAPE) is developed to difficult or impossible to conduct a variety of fault conduct automated hardware and software fault injection injection experiments on a single target, since each experiments in this testbed to characterize the failure injector must be ported and configured individually for behavior of the 1394 architecture. each experiment. The goal of this research is development of NFTAPE, a distributed test and evaluation tool with Design and Validation of the following design objectives: use of a standard High-Availability Networks configuration process common to all fault injection R. K. Iyer,* D. Ahuja, D. Stott, J. Zymla experiments; placement of services common to most Compaq Computer Corp. fault injectors in a single tool; and use of a simpler fault injector conforming to an API. NFTAPE provides This project focuses on the design and validation of flexibility in conducting fault injection and reliable cluster computing systems. Issues include the experimentation on a variety platforms. reliability of switching technologies and the design and implementation of software environments to provide Providing Technology for Evaluation of adaptive levels of fault tolerance. The design topics address REE System and Application Software methods for ensuring predictable dependability and R. K. Iyer,* K. Whisnant, P. Jones, C. Basile responsiveness in network environments, including both Jet Propulsion Laboratory, NASAJPL 961345 homogeneous and heterogeneous systems. Validation topics include multidimensional validation of complex, Chameleon is an adaptive infrastructure that allows high-performance, networked configurations that must different levels of dependability requirements to be deliver high-availability services under heterogeneous concurrently supported in a networked environment. operating systems, computer platforms, and Chameleon provides dependability through the use of switching technologies. special ARMORs (Adaptive, Reconfigurable, and Mobile Objects for Reliability), which control all operations in Efficient Measurement and Validation the Chameleon environment. The goals of this project of Networked Systems are to continue development of Chameleon by extending R. K. Iyer* its fault tolerance, implementing a communications Microsoft Corp. interface, validating its fault tolerance using NFTAPE (a software-implemented fault injection environment), This project focuses on understanding and preventing and using it for evaluation of the REE system and network failures. Two issues are addressed: the monitoring application software. and measurement of network systems and the validation of these systems. Tools for collecting and analyzing failure Future Communication Technology data in a network environment are being developed to for Public Safety help in understanding network failure behavior and in L. Liu,* J. P. Monks, W. M. Hwu locating the problem areas. Validation focuses on Motorola availability and performance perspectives. A fault- injection-based validation tool is being developed that In the next decade, the communications technology for incorporates a synthetic workload generator and is capable public safety officials will be revamped to take advantage
45 * Denotes principal investigator. of the capability of modern digital communication Reliable, Efficient Communication systems. It is, however, unlikely that current commercial on a Fast Ethernet Cluster digital communication schemes will be able to satisfy the S. Lumetta,* J. Joh stringent requirement of constant connection, very low University of Illinois, Campus Research Board power, congestion control, and ease of use. The goal of this project is to define the architecture of the public Networks of workstations (NOWs) have proven to be an safety digital communication systems via careful analysis inexpensive yet effective alternative to vendor-packaged of field requirements and creation of new communication parallel architectures. The performance of NOW's protocols. An interdisciplinary approach is taken to running on Fast Ethernet is often limited by TCP/IP integrate user behavior studies with core technology communication overhead between the nodes in NOWs. development. Researchers are developing a new, lightweight, reliable communication protocol incorporating ideas of user-level An Adaptive, High-Performance Software communication, lightweight flow control, and multiple Infrastructure for Hierarchical Systems network interfaces per connection. The protocol supports S. Lumetta* the large body of existing parallel applications written to National Science Foundation, CISE/ACIR Career Award the Message Passing Interface standard. Researchers will evaluate the effectiveness of their design in terms of the Machines with deep memories now dominate performance of these applications when using their supercomputing and provide most enterprise-level protocol. computing, making the successful development of a general-purpose approach to such platforms imperative. Survivability and Reliability Researchers are developing a high-performance in Direct Access Networks infrastructure for these systems through the construction S. Lumetta,* L. Li of four key components: a virtual machine that abstracts Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, resource allocation and management issues into a simple MDA972-99-1-0005 interface; a hierarchy-aware run-time system that offers the illusion of a non-hierarchical system by adapting to Researchers are developing routing and recovery protocols the current hierarchical virtual machine; language to provide reliable connectivity in direct access optical constructs and dynamic compiler support to tune networks (DANs). DANs decouple access from routing, application behavior; and applications that demonstrate allowing new users to access to the network without the value of the framework. incurring the high cost of an optical switch. Through this decoupling, researchers enable more cost-effective and Capacity Versus Robustness: A Tradeoff reliable network expansion. Direct access also simplifies for Restoration in Mesh Networks the models of ownership by reducing the depth of the S. Lumetta,* S. Kim ownership hierarchy and the number of potential security Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, hazards and points of failure for a connection. Finally, MDA972-99-1-0005 DANs allow network providers to offer a wider variety of bandwidth and reliability options. Researchers are investigating capacity-efficient recovery methods in high-speed networks. The team recently Measurement of Transient Errors demonstrated an extension of generalized loopback that in Microprocessors operates on a subgraph of the full backup graph in an J. Patel,* K. Wells, H. Kommaraju existing network. The backup capacity on remaining Jet Propulsion Laboratory links can then be used to carry unprotected traffic, while all primary fibers retain failure protection. The results This research addresses the measurement of error rates in demonstrate robustness comparable or superior to that commercial microprocessors. Microprocessors are core available with covers of rings while providing an computing engines in the NASA Remote Exploration and additional unprotected traffic capacity of roughly Experimentation Project (REE). One serious problem is 20% of the network's primary capacity. single-event upsets due to high intensity radiation in outer space. Knowledge of these error rates is essential in the design of the highly fault-tolerant REE computing systems. It is the measurement of these error rates that is the focus of the proposed research. The research will
* Denotes principal investigator. 46 generate software tools that are capable of measuring and AQuA is designed to provide dependability for CORBA characterizing any errors in microprocessors. applications. It provides fault-tolerance mechanisms to ensure that a CORBA client can obtain reliable services, VLSI Test even if the CORBA server object that provides the desired J. Patel,* A. Pandey services suffers from crash failures and value faults. Semiconductor Research Corp. ITR: Experimental Validation of Large-Scale The cost of test application of a single chip grows as a Networked Software Systems function of the number of clock cycles and/or number of W. H. Sanders,* W. M. Hwu, S. S. Lumetta, R. K. Iyer, storage bits required to test a chip. As a result, test B. Brothers, S. Chen, M. Conte, K. R. Joshi, Z. application time and test data volume have become Kalbarczyk, R. Lefever, J. Matarazzo, J. Sias, H. Zhang, serious problems in testing of system-on-chip designs. J. Zymla In this research, new scan and BIST organizations are National Science Foundation, Information Technology being devised that reduce not just data volume but also Research Program, contract 0086096 test time and associated hardware. Hybrid DFT techniques that combine BIST with deterministic The validation of networked computing systems is scan vectors are also being investigated. challenging due to the complexity of these systems and the diversity of their components. The adaptability Design Verification of Pipelined requirements of such systems create additional problems Microprocessors for validation. The objective of this project is to develop E. M. Rudnick,* M. Bose, L. Lai, D. Burke the theory, methodology, and tools necessary to analyze Motorola Inc.; Semiconductor Research Corp. and validate a complete networked application and system for its reliability, performance, and security. The research This research involves architectural verification of is performed at code, node, and network levels, pipelined microprocessors using a simulation-based developing techniques to validate the system at each level methodology. Biased random instruction generators are and studying how the validation results at one level can be commonly used to provide tests for simulation, but used as input to the validation process at higher levels. generation of adequate test sequences to uncover all design errors continues to be a problem. The goal of this Intrusion Tolerance by Unpredictable research is to develop techniques to improve the quality Adaptation (ITUA) of tests generated by a biased random instruction W. H. Sanders,* M. Cukier, P. J. Lyons, P. Pandey, generator so that the tests cover design errors that are H. V. Ramasamy likely to occur. A genetic algorithm framework and Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, subcontracted deterministic procedures are being developed for this from BBN Technologies purpose, and experiments are being conducted using the PowerPC and ARM7 architectures. The goal of this project is to develop middleware-based intrusion tolerance techniques that help applications Distributed Object Integration tolerate (that is, continue to function without violating for the Quorum Program program and data integrity) a class of attacks. Researchers W. H. Sanders,* M. Cukier, S. Krishnamurthy, are investigating planned attacks that are carried out in J. Ren, M. Seri multiple phases in a coordinated manner, focusing on the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, subcontracted impacts they have on system resources. Researchers are from BBN Technologies developing algorithms and software tools that will allow applications to adapt to the effects of such attacks. The purpose of this work is to advance the development This approach builds upon adaptive middleware of the AQuA architecture, whose goal is to provide technology that enables applications to be aware of adaptive fault tolerance to distributed applications via and responsive to the availability and quality of commercial off-the-shelf hardware and operating systems. system resources. The AQuA architecture allows application programmers to request desired levels of dependability during run-times of applications. It also provides adaptive fault tolerance. In distributed systems, resources change dynamically, and different types of faults can occur anywhere and anytime.
47 * Denotes principal investigator. Motorola Center for High-Availability This project uses twin frequency-doubled YAG lasers to System Validation record two holograms of the fluid flow at two instants in W. H. Sanders,* G. Clark, T. Courtney, D. Daly, time. The complete velocity field is then reconstructed by D. Deavours, S. Derisavi, P. Webster performing 3-D correlations of tracer particles within Motorola, Inc. single volume elements (typically 1 mm3).
The Motorola Center, which operates under the umbrella High Latitude Mesospheric of the Motorola Communications Center, was established Dynamic and Chemistry Studies in December 1999. Researchers are developing new G. R. Swenson,* A. Liu theory, algorithms, and tools to predict the availability National Science Foundation, ATM 99-0859 of computer hardware, software, network, and telecommunication systems. In particular, research is Studies of atmospheric gravity waves in the mesosphere focused on providing the theory and tools to evaluate, via and aurora will be performed with imaging and model-based methods, whether a particular design meets spectroscopy instrumentation at the NSF backscatter radar its availability, reliability, or performance requirements. facility in Sondrestrom, Greenland. The measurement Benefits to the center sponsor include a corporate-wide studies will be complemented by radar measurements license of the UltraSAN and Moebius modeling packages, as well as all-sky imagery measurement provided by as well as the ability to consult with center researchers. established instrumentation at the site. University of Illinois instrumentation includes a 4-channel photometer Survivability of Large-Scale directed along the magnetic meridian, a CCD Information Systems transmission imaging spectrometer, and a CCD all-sky W. H. Sanders,* M. Cukier, S. Krishnamurthy, airglow camera. Scientific objectives include the study of J. Ren, M. Seri momentum and energy flux carried by propagating waves, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, subcontracted chemistry associated with thin sporadic E and metal from BBN Technologies layers, and particle energy flux and beam characteristic energy of precipitating auroral particle beams. Image This work provides a methodology for specifying the processing of 2-D spectrograms and 2-D images of survivability that an application desires in terms of the atmospheric observations is a major activity with quality of service delivered to it, and for specifying this program. mechanisms and policies that can be used to achieve the desired survivability, in terms of the specified measures. Imaging Studies of Mesospheric Choices of policies and mechanisms are not easy, and it Gravity Waves is not usually obvious how a change in resources will G. R. Swenson* translate to a change in survivability. Researchers provide National Science Foundation, ATM 97-14620 a method to specify the desired survivability and a specification of what information must be collected to Small-scale waves propagate from the lower atmospheric make adaptation decisions, and they implement several convection and mountain driven sources to the upper mechanisms that can aid in building a survivable system. atmosphere. Existing chemiluminescence produce airglows, which are perturbed by the waves. Airglow imagers observe the perturbations and the horizontal Remote Sensing wavelength and amplitude of the waves are measured. The waves carry momentum and energy, which can interact with the large-scale dynamics to cause major Holographic Velocimetry dynamic effects. Observations are made at Albuquerque, R. J. Adrian* (Theoret. & Appl. Mech.); G. Papen, New Mexico, where the University of Illinois lidar D. Barnhart; T. J. Hanratty (Chem. Engr.) (George Papen and Chet Gardner) measure wind and U.S. Office of Naval Research, N00014-90-J-1415; temperatures. Signal processing is accomplished to extract U.S. Department of Energy, DE-FG05-87ER75508; the intrinsic wave parameters and power and spectral Argonne National Laboratory, ANL 828-62403 characteristics of the horizontal wave structure.
One of the goals of experimental fluid flow is to verify large computational models. This requires the remote measurement of the 3-D velocity vector within a flow.
* Denotes principal investigator. 48 Technology Development for the MIDEX WAVES Satellite Semiconductor Lasers G. R. Swenson,* C. S. Gardner National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1065 and 1040 nm DBR Laser Diodes NAG5-8569 J. J. Coleman* HRL Laboratories This program involves the development of technologies associated with a multiple sensor remote sensing satellite Narrow linewidth, tunable semiconductor lasers are of designed to measure small-scale waves in the middle and interest to a variety of applications, including fiber optic upper atmosphere. These studies include specifically the communication systems, optical generation of microwave demonstration of infrared sensor array technology. Array radiation, remote optical sensing, and molecular sensors are planned for 1.26 and 1.45 microns that can be spectroscopy. Various configurations of tunable lasers have operated at elevated temperatures (160 K) but retain low been analyzed, and a two- or three-section distributed noise attributes. This technology allows passive radiators feedback (DFB) or distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) laser rather than active refrigeration, enabling the sensors to is often the choice. The goal of these programs is to operate with low power at a reliable, long lifetime on a develop narrow linewidth, single longitudinal mode, small satellite. Other technologies include the strained layer InGaAs DBR laser diodes operating near development of remote sensing signatures from optical 1065 and 1040 nm for remote sensing applications. emissions as indicators of atmospheric dynamics for both the stratosphere and mesosphere. Instrumentation Development of Advanced Laser Diode includes both nadir and limb imagers and spectrometers Sources for Remote-Sensing Applications as well as a Michelson interferometer to measure J. J. Coleman,* G. C. Papen* Doppler winds. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NAG 1-1861 Advanced Solid-State Lidar for the Scott-Admundsen South Pole Station There are several outstanding technical issues for G. C. Papen,* C. S. Gardner* narrowband systems, such as water vapor DIAL lidars, National Science Foundation, OPP 92-19898 DPP that must be resolved before solid-state, laser-based remote-sensing systems have widespread use. One issue is Current models of ozone depletion over the Antarctic the development of cw local oscillators (LOs) based on predict that some of the major chemical mechanisms semiconductor laser diode technology for use as injection occur on the surface of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs). seeders, which has not been fully realized because of the In addition, the energy-coupling mechanisms from the severe linewidth, tunability, and stability requirements of lower to the upper atmosphere over the Antarctic are not narrowband systems. This project will develop novel well understood. Researchers are deploying an advanced semiconductor devices specifically for use as tunable lidar system at the South Pole that is capable of measuring LO sources for narrowband water vapor DIAL systems characteristics of the morphology of the PSCs. They will operating in the 940 nm region. Researchers will focus on also measure upper atmospheric wave activity using a novel ridge-waveguide, distributed-Bragg-reflector laser, Na as a tracer. which has significant performance improvements for optical remote-sensing applications relative to Testing of Parallel Optical Fiber Links conventional Fabry-Perot or distributed-feedback lasers. G. C. Papen National Science Foundation, ECD 89-43166 EOSS+ Laser Diode Substrate J. J. Coleman* Advanced optical interconnections based on parallel space Northrop Grumman Corp. division multiplexing using a fiber ribbon or wavelength division multiplexing using multiple wavelengths within a The electro-optic test station known as the EOSS+ is single fiber require new techniques to measure and model designed to support the testing of laser platforms at performance. These techniques are being developed 1.064 mm through the use of a laser diode source. because the aggregate data rates through these parallel The characteristics of this diode, such as center spaces exceed 15 Gbits/s. Researchers are developing wavelength and peak power, are determined by the testing methodologies and equipment to test and model capabilities of the test receiver and the design of the the performance of these high-speed data links. EOSS+ unit itself. The purpose of this program is to
49 * Denotes principal investigator. provide for the fabrication of a custom-built diode grown selective epitaxy for wavelength division multiplexing from a novel substrate designed to meet specification. arrays and for multi-element integration, master oscillator-power amplifier (MOPA) configurations, High Brightness Laser Diodes frequency stabilization, and distributed Bragg pulse J. J. Coleman* shaper high-speed parallel-to-serial packet encoders. Nuvonyx, Inc. Naturally Nanostructured Epitaxial The objective of this program is to address several issues Semiconductors related to the MOCVD growth and characterization of J. M. Gibson,* D. G. Cahill, J. E. Greene, InGaAs-GaAs strained layer lasers in the range of 920 nm A. M. Zangwill, J. J. Coleman to 1080 nm for high brightness applications. This National Science Foundation, DMR 9705440 approach will be to develop a real index guided laser with integrated beam expanders and other active and passive (Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory) optics formed by selective area epitaxy. Present narrow stripe semiconductor lasers are generally limited to less This FRG/GOALI proposal addresses basic materials than 200 mW of fundamental mode output power, science and engineering issues in a collaborative program because of the narrow aperture. If the beam can be between the University of Illinois and Hewlett-Packard expanded while retaining fundamental mode operation, Laboratories to understand fundamental phenomena and then the operating power can be correspondingly interactions associated with naturally nanostructured increased. epitaxial semiconductors. Goals of the project are to obtain semiconductor epitaxial nanostructures smaller Narrow Linewidth, Multiple Wavelength, than feasible via lithography and to examine their Simultaneous-Emission Laser Diodes for applications to novel devices. Strain-induced Remote Optical Sensing and Other self-organization and kinetically driven pattern Applications formation are two approaches being taken to J. J. Coleman* achieve naturally nanostructured materials. National Science Foundation, ECS 9900258 The proposal describes a program to develop Semiconductors multiwavelength, simultaneous-emission lasers based on a ridge-waveguide distributed Bragg reflector semiconductor laser. The specific example of an application that defines Photoluminescence Studies of the need of such lasers is the differential absorption, Semiconductor Materials, Heterostructures, remote optical sensing of water vapor. A multiwavelength and Processing for Optoelectronic Devices source with closely spaced narrow laser lines would be S. G. Bishop,* I. Adesida,* J. J. Coleman,* G. Papen, useful to obtain the detailed absorption profile without A. Mitofsky having to turn the laser on and off the absorption peak as University of Illinois is practiced currently. This program is designed to study and develop a simple multiple wavelength source This research program applies photoluminescence (PL), suitable for these kinds of applications. photoluminescence excitation spectroscopy, time-resolved PL, and PL imaging to the characterization of defects and Semiconductor Laser Transmitters for impurities in bulk and epitaxial semiconductor materials; Integrated Optical Interconnects the composition, doping, thickness, interfaces, and J. J. Coleman* uniformity of semiconductor nanostructures; rare earth- National Science Foundation, ECD 89-43166 doped semiconducting glasses; and rare earth implanted GaN for near- and mid-IR sources. This program involves development of semiconductor lasers suitable for use in integrated optoelectronics. There are a number of key technical issues to be addressed in this program, including the development of etched facet structures, distributed feedback and distributed Bragg reflector grating structures, monolithic space division multiplexing arrays designed for fiber coupling,
* Denotes principal investigator. 50 Bio-Optoelectronics Sensor Systems Center VCSEL and Smart Pixel Research K. Y. Cheng,* S. L. Chuang,* M. Feng,* N. Holonyak, for VLSI Photonic Systems Jr.,* K. C. Hsieh,* Z. P. Liang* K. Y. Cheng,* N. Holonyak, Jr.,* M. Feng,* K. C. Hsieh* Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, MDA 972-00-1-0020 DAAG55-98-1-0303
The goal of this center program is the development of The purpose of this research is to develop technology integrated optoelectronic technologies, including related to VLSI photonic systems. The scope of the materials, devices, integrated interferometers, optical program ranges from basic materials research, to the microelectromechanical system (MEMS) spectrometers, fabrication of large-scale integrated circuits, to advanced and heterogeneous integration, that are critical to the technologies for the integration of systems in realization of integrated and reconfigurable biological and heterogeneous materials. Goals of the project include biochemical sensor systems. Microspectrometer and the design, growth, fabrication, and testing of III-V interferometer-waveguide based optoelectronic biosensor semiconductor vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers; the systems will be developed to improve the size, cost, development of smart pixels, circuits for the detection of sensitivity, and signature resolution of the fieldable sensors optical signals, intelligent routing of the information, and for detecting biological and chemical entities in the re-emission of optical signals; and the development of environment in real-time through on-chip techniques for the integration of heterogeneous materials. optical measurements. Nanometer-Scale Vertical Cavity Lasers GaAs-based Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor K. D. Choquette* Structures University of Illinois K. Y. Cheng,* K. C. Hsieh* Bell Laboratories; Lucent Technologies The development of ultracompact photonic light sources will be important for next generation applications in data The goal of this research program is to develop oxide communication, optical interconnects, and biological deposition techniques for the fabrication of GaAs-based sensing. This program will develop extremely small metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors volume vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) by
(MOSFETs). Various oxides including SiO2, Al2O3, incorporating photonic band gap structures within the Ga2O3, and Gd3Ga5O12 are deposited on GaAs in an laser active region. The objective of implementing strong ultrahigh vacuum system at Bell Laboratories to form transverse optical confinement is to establish single optical MOS structures. Researchers will characterize their mode cavities with significantly reduced threshold structural, optical, and chemical properties through operation. In addition, the artificially structured photonic transmission electron microscopy, photoluminescence gap may enable novel coupling schemes for coherent spectroscopy, and Auger electron spectroscopy, two-dimensional VCSEL arrays. respectively, to improve the oxide deposition process. Spatially Multiplexed VCSEL/Receiver Stable Wavelength Strained Optical Interconnect Quantum Wire Lasers Kent D. Choquette* K. Y. Cheng,* Y. C. Chang* University of Illinois National Science Foundation, ECS 9617153 For high data rate transmission, spatial multiplexing of The goals of this research are to develop technologies in many optical channels will enable multi-terabit/sec optical the fields of epitaxial growth of strained quantum wire interconnects. The foundation of such a system will rely (QWR) structures by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), on two-dimensional arrays of transmitters and receivers, multiaxial strain engineering, and computer modeling of with a means of interconnection. This program will low-dimensional strained structures based on efficient establish a spatially multiplexed interconnect testbed and band-structure models to make possible the fabrication of characterize the performance of the system components. wavelength stable semiconductor lasers for optical fiber Arrays of 8x8 individually addressable vertical cavity lasers communication and information applications. Specifically, (VCSELs) with driver chips and matching arrays of researchers will fabricate wavelength stable 1.55 µm metal/semiconductor/metal photodetectors monolithically
GaxIn1-xAs/InP lasers which employ strained QWR integrated with MESFET amplifiers will be examined. active regions formed in situ by the strain-induced A guided wave optical interconnect will be pursued lateral-layer ordering (SILO) process during MBE growth. utilizing an optical fiber image guide.
51 * Denotes principal investigator. Materials Research for High-Performance applications (including drug delivery systems). Microfluid Optoelectronic Devices Employing III-V circuits are on the scale of micrometer to millimeter; they Compound Semiconductor Native Oxide are used to transport biological and chemical materials. Layers N. Holonyak, Jr.,* J. Miller Integrated Biomimetic Sensors National Science Foundation, DMR-9612283; Using Artificial Hair Cells University of Texas-Austin C. Liu* National Aeronautics and Space Administration The primary thrust of this program is the growth and characterization of heteroepitaxial materials employing Biological systems provide essential inspiration for native oxide layers. A variety of optoelectronic structures integrated sensors development. This work is funded are being grown by MOCVD including AlGaAs/GaAs, by NASA and is aimed at developing modular sensor InAlP/GaAs, and InAlP/InGaP double heterostructures. building blocks to drastically simplify the sensor Currently under investigation are the minority carrier development process for future space applications. lifetime in the active regions, the interface recombination velocity between the active and oxide regions, and the Integrated Capillary Microelectrode Arrays effect of various oxidation conditions upon interface for Studies of Olfactory Response Patterns abruptness and impurity distributions. The results of this in the Insect Brain research will enable further advances in VCSEL (laser), C. Liu* field-effect transistor (MOSFET), and other technologies Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Controlled utilizing native oxide layers. Biological Systems Program
CAD Design Tools for Millimeter Wave This project aims to develop the first arrayed capillary Wireless Communication Microsystems microelectrodes using integrated microfabrication C. Liu,* M. Feng, S. Kang, E. Michielssen, J. Schutt-Aine technology and to demonstrate the enhanced capabilities Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Composite-CAD for monitoring neurological behavior of insect Program, F30602-97-0328 olfactory systems.
A mixed technology computer-aided design system is Mechanically Conformal and Electronically being developed for the cost effective design of wireless Reconfigurable Aperture (RECAP) Using communication modules that will ultimately enable Low-Voltage MEMS and Flexible Membrane networked distributed MEMS. The module, operating at for Space-based Radar Applications millimeter wave frequencies, will allow direct interface C. Liu* between MEMS transducers and the free-space Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency electromagnetic radiation. MEMS components offer unique advantages for RF circuits. As an example, The objective is to develop micromachined antennas with micromechanical switches exhibit lower insertion loss and reconfigurible wavelength and directionality using higher isolation compared with conventional electronics micromachined switches. We are currently developing switching components. MEMS fabrication technology for micromachining processes based on polymeric materials to silicon as well as composed semiconductor materials are realize three-dimensional RF MEMS. being studied, in order to realize mechanical RF switches as well as high-gain antennas to validate results of the Surface Engineering for Compliant Epitaxy E-M simulation. K. C. Hsieh,* K. Y. Cheng,* I. Adesida Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Efficient Computational Prototyping of Mixed F49620-98-1-0496 Technology Microfluidic Components and Systems The goal of this research is to realize dislocation-free and C. Liu* stress-relaxed lattice mismatched epitaxy growth of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency different compound semiconductors on various substrates across the whole wafer or on selected areas for device The objective is to develop microfluid components integration applications. Our immediate goals include (including pumps and valves), materials (including fundamental understanding of the growth conditions polymeric MEMS and biodegradable materials), and related to the formation of strained-modulated and
* Denotes principal investigator. 52 defect-absorbing templates and the development of techniques to fully control the formation of strain- Semiconductor Physics absorbing and deformable growth templates with an emphasis on processing simplicity and system Full-Band Monte Carlo Models for Advanced integrability. InP-based optoelectronic and microwave Transport Simulation in Silicon devices will be integrated selectively on K. Hess,* U. Ravaioli,* A. Kepkep, B. Winstead surface-engineered GaAs substrates. Semiconductor Research Corp.
Controlled Coupling of Donor Atom (Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory) Wavefunctions in Silicon J. Tucker, J. Kline, T. C. Shen (Utah State Univ.) The goal of this research is to develop full-band Monte U.S. Army Research Office DAAD 19-00-1-0407 Carlo simulation software for the analysis of hot-electron effects in advanced integrated silicon devices. Besides The goal of this project is to selectively place PH3 being used for self-consistent device simulation, the molecules onto the hydrogen-terminated silicon surface Monte Carlo software will provide calibration for faster via STM lithography and overgrow them into the crystal simulation tools designed for the solution of the as phosphorous donors. If successful, this work could Boltzmann equation in the spherical harmonics expansion provide a means for constructing quantum computers approximation or in the scattering matrix formalism. based on control of ground-state wavefunctions on The research has focused on the development of improved individual P-atom donors. Other potential applications physical models for interface scattering and carrier-carrier include single-charge electronics, cellular automata, and interaction, as well as efficient coupling with standard nanometer-scale field-effect transistors. Reproducible CAD tools used in industry. characteristics are made possible by the large ~5nm Bohr diameter for individual donor bound states, so that Heterojunctions, Transport, Ion coupling between nearest neighbors will be accurately Implantation, and Defects in III-V defined if redistribution is limited to ~1nm or less during Semiconductors ultra-low-temperature overgrowth. K. Hess,* Y. Liu, W. Ng, W. McMahon U.S. Office of Naval Research, N00014-89-J-1470 Wavefunction Engineering of Individual Donors for Si-Based Quantum Computers (Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory) J. Tucker,* M. Feng, Y. C. Chang, T. C. Shen (Utah State Univ.), R. R. Du (Univ. of Utah) A simulation tool for quantum-well laser diodes is U.S. Army Research Office, 42257-PH-QC developed. Particular emphasis is on electronic transport around and capture into the quantum wells. We also The goal of this multi-investigator program is to develop include the heating of quantum-well electrons and spectral the basic fabrication and measurement technologies as well as special hole burning. The resulting simulation needed to implement a silicon-based quantum computer. tool (MINILASE II) covers, therefore, all known To do this, researchers must place individual phosphorous nonlinear gain effects. Currently we are generalizing donors into the silicon lattice with atomic precision, MINILASE II to simulate vertical cavity surface-emitting establish electrical control over wavefunction overlap lasers. Work on quantum-dot and quantum-wire lasers between donor-pairs, and successfully detect spin states of is also planned. the resulting two-electron system by measuring the presence or absence of electronically-induced polarization. High Field Transport of Free The research team does not propose working quantum Carriers at Interfaces logic gates within this three-year project. If successful, K. Hess,* F. Register, A. O. Haggag however, that goal will be undertaken in a follow-up U.S. Army Research Office, DAAL03-86-K-0099 program that incorporates SiGe overgrowth and patterning of individual top-gates for each P-atom donor. (Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory)
In this research we are studying the ultimate limitations of electronic transport in silicon and III-V compounds including superlattices and the corresponding potential for new devices, as well as the advantages of including
53 * Denotes principal investigator. heterolayers in conventional devices. The theoretical into a coherent and interactive effort, leading to the approach includes Monte Carlo simulations and explicit realization of an elementary qubit circuit. solutions of the Boltzmann equation. We are also developing a new algorithm to solve problems of quantum transport in the presence of dissipation. Currently, we Signal and Image Processing apply our methods to the newly found phenomenon of reduced hot electron degradation in devices based on the Human-Computer Interaction deuterium isotope effect. T. S. Huang,* I. Cohen, A. Garg, Y. Chen, N. Petrovic, S. Chu, P. Hong, Y. Wu, J. Y. Lin, Z. Wen, Q. Liu Scattering Time Engineering National Science Foundation IIS 00-85980, EIA 99-75019, in Quantum Devices and CDA 96-24396; Army Research Laboratory DAAL01- J. P. Leburton,* W. Cheng, S. Naran 96-2-0003; National Science Foundation Alliance Program U.S. Army Research Office, DAAD19-99-1-0129 (through the National Center for Supercomputing Research)
(Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory) The term "human-computer" interaction is used here in a very broad sense to include communication between This theoretical research addresses major transport issues persons and computers as well as communication between in quantum dot (QD) nanostructures. We emphasize the persons via computer. Researchers are investigating a effects of 3-D confinement on the transport characteristics variety of issues related to the use of computer vision of systems of QDs. We specifically propose to investigate and image processing in HCI, as well as the integration quantum transport through single, coupled, and arrays of of vision with audio speech. Examples include human QDs by simulating the electronic and phonon properties (body, arm/hand, face) motion tracking and analysis, of the nanostructures by taking into account size, shape, combining speech and visual hand tracking in display and materials variations to modify the scattering processes control, and audio-visual speech recognition in noisy and ultimately the transport characteristics of the environments. structures. We use advanced numerical techniques featuring a 3-D self-consistent Poisson-Schroedinger solver Image and Video Databases within the density functional theory, continuous strain T. S. Huang, X. Zhou, Q. Tian, Z. Xiong, A. Velivelli, models, and confined phonon models developed by R. Wang, Q. Cheng, M. Nakazato our group. Army Research Laboratory DAAL01-96-2-0003; Yamaha Motor Corporation Scalable Spin-Qubit Circuits with Quantum Dots A number of challenging issues in image and video J. P. Leburton,* P. Matagne, R. Ravishankar, L. Zhang indexing and retrieval are being studied. Of particular DARPA-QuIST program, DAAD19-01-1-0659 interest are similarity- and example-based retrieval, the use of relevance feedback from users to improve retrieval This research is aimed at achieving a scalable elementary performance, and the recognition of semantic concepts spin-qubit circuit for quantum computing that is based on in video based on multimodal cues. the manipulation of electron spins in coupled III-V semiconductor quantum dots (QDs). We take advantage A Comprehensive Retargetable Embedded of the advanced technology for planar and lateral QDs Systems Software Development Environment AlGAs/GaAs heterostructures and the fact that the D. L. Jones,* S. Appadwedula, D. Sachs electron effective mass is small, which eases the conditions University of Virginia, National Science Foundation for quantum confinement. Moreover, III-V materials subcontract enjoy long spin coherence times, which is of utmost importance for preserving quantum information over New compiler technology and a high-performance many qubit operations. For this purpose, we have software development environment specialized for digital assembled an international research team involving the signal processors are being developed. Challenging signal University of Basel, the University of Delft, Harvard processing applications in wireless video communication University, Princeton University, and Tokyo University. will be used as a testbed for evaluating the performance Team members have complementary expertise in the of the new optimizing compiler technology. The new physics of quantum computation and spintronics in compilation and software tools will be introduced into an nanostructures. These areas of expertise are fully integrated
* Denotes principal investigator. 54 instructional Digital Signal Processing Laboratory course for leading-edge undergraduate education and Solid State Devices additional evaluation. Luminescence and Laser Studies Adaptive and Optimal Time-Frequency in III-V Semiconductors Methods for Nonstationary Signals N. Holonyak, Jr.,* J. Wierer, D. Kellogg D. L. Jones,* M. L. Kramer, A. Rao National Science Foundation, ECS 82-00517 U.S. Office of Naval Research, N00014-95-1-0674 (In conjunction with the Department of Physics) New adaptive and statistically optimal time-frequency analysis methods are being developed for improved Heterojunctions in AlxGa1-xAs-GaAs and related materials processing of nonstationary signals. The class of problems are being examined. Quantum size effects have been for which time-frequency-based detection is being observed and have led to single and multiple active layer characterized and optimal kernels for detection are being quantum-well diode light emitters and lasers. Stimulated derived. New adaptive time-frequency representations for emission, absorption, disorder, alloy clustering, carrier high-resolution visual characterization of signals are also scattering, phonon processes, tunneling effects, and under development. These methods are being applied to impurity diffusion in these structures are being studied. problems in condition assessment for machinery Impurity-induced disordering and Al-bearing native monitoring and fault detection, mine classification, oxides are being studied and used to form stripe-geometry and transient detection and analysis. lasers and more complicated array structures. Quantum well lasers have been operated in an external grating cavity Joint Source-Channel Matching for in an extended wavelength range. Newer forms of Wireless Multimedia Communication quantum-well lasers have been realized, including D. L. Jones,* N. Shanbhag native-oxide-defined lasers and waveguides. Motorola, Inc. Quantum-Well Heterostructures Techniques for minimizing the loss in quality of broadcast N. Holonyak, Jr.,* J. Wierer, D. Kellogg video for multiple users receiving different data rates are National Science Foundation, DMR 89-20538 being developed by jointly adjusting the source and channel coding for each level of service to achieve the (In cooperation with the Department of Physics and the same relative loss in performance for all levels. Methods Materials Research Laboratory) for joint source and channel coding of image and video data to maximize the end-to-end quality of the received The fundamental properties of III-V heterostructures image over a wireless network (packet-based) grown by vapor phase epitaxy are being studied. communications link are also studied. On quantum-well MOCVD AlGaAs-GaAs heterostructures, laser operation 400 meV above Unified Algorithms and Architectures Eg (GaAs) has been observed, the first cw 300 K laser for Low-Power Wireless Video operation has been achieved, laser operation on D. L. Jones,* K. Ramchandran, N. Shanbhag, L. Qian, phonon-sidebands below the confined-particle states has S. Appadwedula, M. Goel, D. Sachs been observed, and alloy disorder and clustering in National Science Foundation, MIP-9707742 quantum-well heterostructures have been identified. Impurity-induced disordering of quantum-well Methods for joint source and channel coding of image heterostructures and Al-bearing native oxides, that is, the and video data to maximize the end-to-end quality of the native oxide of AlxGa1-xAs formed at 400° to 500°C with received image over a wireless communications link are H2O + N2, are being examined via TEM and being developed. Additional new methods minimize the photoluminescence studies. This project is the first total power consumption of the wireless mobile unit (1977) to realize p-n quantum-well lasers and to coin (including the energy used to encode/decode the data the name “QW lasers.” as well as the radio transmitter power) for a specified end-to-end image quality, or maximize the image quality for a specified total power consumption.
55 * Denotes principal investigator. Coating of Liquid Crystal Display Panel Supercomputing Research Components Using the Charged Liquid and Development Cluster Beam Technique K. Kim,* H. Choi,* S. H. Rhee An Integrated Framework for Perfor LG. Philips LCD mance Engineering and Resource-Aware Compilation (In collaboration with Beckman Institute for Advanced C. Polychronopoulos,* W. H. Sanders, T. Huang, Science and Technology) S. Carroll, Y. Chen, G. Clark, T. Courtney, D. Daly, D. D. Deavours, S. Derisavi, P. Kalogiannis, W. Ko, This work focuses on extensive utilization of the CLCB F. Koopmans, J. Lin, K. Marukawa, N. Petrovic, Q. Tian, technique developed by this research group for deposition P. Webster, Y. Wu, M. Yankelevsky, X. Zhou of films needed for the manufacture and development of National Science Foundation, EIA 99-75019 high-performance LDCs. In particular, the work makes use of the unique capabilities of the CLCB technique to Design of next-generation computing and communication produce high-quality films of controlled chemical systems will be application-driven and will require compositions and stoichiometries that are needed for fundamental advances in performance engineering various key LCD components, including metallic frameworks, methods, and tools and in adaptive semiconducting and insulating films. These films are compilation and run-time support techniques. This work characterized and evaluated using the microanalysis takes a systematic and synergetic approach to developing facilities at the University of Illinois. both of these capabilities and will demonstrate their use via application to several important distributed Electromagnetic Railgun Hydrogen-Pellet applications. In conducting the work, researchers Accelerator for Magnetic Fusion Reactor will make fundamental advances in techniques for Refueling system and model composition, multilevel/formalism K. Kim,* H. Fan modeling and performance evaluation, adaptive U.S. Department of Energy, DE-FG02-84ER52111 compilation, and dynamic run-time support. Feasibility of an electromagnetic railgun as a high-velocity (~10 km/s) hydrogen pellet injector for refueling magnetic fusion reactors is investigated both experimentally and Thin Films and theoretically. A variety of advanced railgun configurations Charged Particles are considered, especially those which rely on magnetic propulsion of the pellet by a plasma-arc armature and which do not require a fuse to effect the system operation. A Novel Method for Preparing Thin Films The principal diagnostics used are laser interferometry, and Nanoparticles by Using Charged Liquid optical spectroscopy, streak camera, and magnetic probes. Cluster Beams of Liquid-Mix Precursors A CAMAC system is employed for data acquisition and K. Kim,* H. Choi,* Y. Yang processing. Using the present acceleration scheme, a solid University of Illinois hydrogen pellet velocity in the range of 3.3 km/s has been demonstrated. A novel scheme using field-injection electrohydrodynamic spraying of liquid-mix precursors is investigated for Epitaxial Growth and Characterization of development of a method for fabricating thin films of GaN-based Materials and Application to metals, semiconductors, superconductors, and insulators. Electronic and Optical Devices by The same technique is also suitable for fabricating Plasma-assisted Molecular Beam Epitaxy nanoparticles from a variety of liquid precursors. Unique K. Kim,* S. H. Rhee, C. W. Park aspects of this new technique are that it is inherently Concorde Diversified, Inc. capable of producing a uniform, charged fine spray of liquid precursors of controlled size, chemical composition, The objective of this work is to grow device-quality and stoichiometry, and that the energy of the spray can be GaN-based films for fabrication of short-wavelength controlled, allowing for fabrication of high-quality films optical devices and high-speed, high-power electronic and uniform nanoparticles. devices. The growth technique used is the plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy that employs an atomic nitrogen
* Denotes principal investigator. 56 beam from an rf-discharge nitrogen plasma and a ion channels are being utilized to interface between Ga source beam. The growth system is one designed and biology and silicon. Selective chemistry utilizing STM fabricated at the University of Illinois, and the nitrogen patterning is being used to fabricate the protein templates. plasma source is uniquely capable of producing contamination-free plasmas. The films are characterized using a variety of microanalysis techniques including RHEED, XRD, SEM, and TEM. Journals and Books Advanced Automation Tunneling Microscopy Nickels, K. and S. A. Hutchinson. Integrated object Nanoelectronics-Low-Power, models for robust visual tracking, pp. 30-51. In Robust High-Performance Components Vision for Vision-Based Control of Motion (Vincze and and Circuits Hager, eds.), IEEE Press (2000). J. W. Lyding,* K. Hess;* J. Moore* (Chem.); R. Martin,* H. Choi* (Physics) Rifai, H., I. Bloch, S. Hutchinson, J. Wiart, and L. U.S. Navy, ASUSG 98-152SG Garnero. Segmentation of the skull using deformable model and taking partial volume effect into account. This is a MURI program at the Beckman Institute Med. Image Anal., 4:3, 219-233 (2000). with the goal of combining STM nanofabrication with atomistic simulations to develop novel nanoelectronic device structures on the atomic and molecular size scale. Techniques are being developed to fabricate and test these Advanced Processing structures in situ in the UHV STM. This program also and Circuits involves collaborations with Arizona State University, University of Notre Dame, and University of California, Berkeley, to explore new interconnect schemes for Fay, P. and I. Adesida. Heterostructure for nanoelectronics and to interface nanoelectronic high-performance devices, p. 55. In Handbook of devices with conventional microelectronic circuits. Thin Film Devices: Frontiers of Research, Technology and Applications, Volume 1 (Francome and Wood, eds.), Nanoscale Interface Characterization Academic Press, Boston, Mass. (2000). by UHV STM Spectroscopy J. W. Lyding,* L. Liu, J. Yu, J. Tolomei Lu, W., S. Koester, X. W. Wang, J. O. Chu, T. P. Ma, Office of Naval Research, N00014-00-1-0234 and I. Adesida. Comparative study of self-aligned and nonself-aligned SiGe p-metal-oxide-semiconductor This research is focused on atomic scale dopant modulation-doped field effect transistors with nanometer mapping and the determination of the rms roughness gate length. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B, 18, 3488 (2000). and correlation lengths associated with oxide-silicon interfaces. The substitution of deuterium for hydrogen Lu, W., A. Kuliev, S. Koester, X. W. Wang, J. O. Chu, at oxide-silicon interfaces is also being studied. It has been T. P. Ma, and I. Adesida. High-performance 0.1 um determined that modern scaling trends that deuterium gate-length P-Type SiGe MODFETs and MOS- becomes increasingly effective at reducing hot carrier MODFETs. IEEE Trans. Electron. Devices, 47:8, degradation in CMOS technology. 1645-1652 (2000).
Protein Logic Ping, A. J., E. Piner, J. Redwing, M. A. Khan, and I. J. W. Lyding;* N. Aluru* (Gen. Engr.); P. Braun* Adesida. Microwave noise performance of AlGaN/GaN (Mat. Sci. & Engr.); S. Boppart;* M. Gruebele,* HEMTs. Electron. Lett., 36, 175-176 (2000). J. Moore* (Chem.); G. Timp National Science Foundation, NIRT Youtsey, C. and I. Adesida. Plasma processing of III-V materials, p. 459. In Handbook of Advanced Plasma This program seeks to integrate functional protein arrays Processing Techniques (Shul and Pearton, eds.), with nanoscale CMOS on silicon. Natural and artificial Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany (2000).
57 * Denotes principal investigator. Zhou, L., W. Lanford, A. T. Ping, J. W. Yang, M. A. Khan, and I. Adesida. Low-resistance Ti/Pt/Au ohmic Bioacoustics contacts to p-type GaN. Appl. Phys. Lett., 76, 3541 (2000). Branch, D. W., B. C. Wheeler, G. J. Brewer, and D. Leckband. Long-term maintenance of patterns of hippocampal pyramidal cells on substrates of Aeronomy polyethylene glycol and microstamped polylysine. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., 47, 290-300 (2000).
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75 Chew, W. C. Computational electromagnetics at the Coperich, K., A. Cangellaris, and A. Ruehli. Rigorous turn of the millennium. Proc. 2000 IEEE Antennas and modeling of the frequency dependence of ohmic losses in Propagation Society Int. Symp. (Salt Lake City, Utah, high-speed electrical interconnections. Proc. 2000 IEEE Jul. 2000) 1642-1643 (2000). Int. Symp. on Electromagnetic Compatibility (Washington, D.C., Aug. 2000) 301-306 (2000). Chew, W. C. Electromagnetic analysis–from simple solution to computational electromagnetics. EUROEM Coperich, K., J. Morsey, V. Okhmatovski, A.C. 2000 (Edinburgh, Scotland, May 2000) (2000). Cangellaris, and A. Ruehli. Systematic development of transmission line models for interconnects with Chew, W. C. Fast solvers for electromagnetic frequency-dependent losses. Proc. 9th IEEE Topical Mtg. simulations–a new age analysis tool. 16th Ann. Review of on Electrical Performance of Electronics (Scottsdale, Ariz., Progress in Applied Computational Electromagnetics Oct. 2000) (2000). (ACES ‘00) (Monterey, Calif., Mar. 2000) 668 (2000). Cui, T. J. and W. C. Chew. Inverse-scattering methods Chew, W. C. Fast solvers for electromagnetic for three-dimensional targets buried in the lossy earth. simulations–physics, mathematics, and computer Proc. 2000 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society Int. science. 2nd Conf. on BIM: Theory and Applications Symp. (Salt Lake City, Utah, Jul. 200) (2000). (Bath, England, Sep. 2000) (2000). Donepudi, K. C., J. M. Jin, S. Velamparambil, J. M. Chew, W. C. Modern graduate electromagnetic Song, and W. C. Chew. A higher-order parallelized education: a new perspective. PIERS 2000 multilevel fast multipole algorithm for 3D scatterings. (Cambridge, Mass., Jul. 2000) 431 (2000). Progress in Electromagnetics Research Symp. (PIERS 2000) (Cambridge, Mass., Jul. 2000) (2000). Chew, W. C. Recent advances in computational electromagnetics. ISAPE 2000 (Beijing, China, Donepudi, K. C., J. M. Jin, S. Velamparambil, J. M. Aug. 2000) (2000). Song, and W. C. Chew. A higher-order multilevel fast multipole algorithm for 3D scattering. Proc. 2000 IEEE Chew, W. C. and J. M. Song. Fast Fourier transform of Antennas and Propagation Society Int. Symp. (Salt Lake sparse spatial data to sparse Fourier data. Proc. 2000 City, Utah, Jul. 2000) 1872-1875 (2000). IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society Int. Symp. (Salt Lake City, Utah, Jul. 2000) 2324-2327 (2000). Donepudi, K. C., J. M. Jin, S. Velamparambil, J. M. Song, and W. C. Chew. Parallelized higher-order Chew, W. C., J. M. Jin, E. Michielssen, J. Schutt-Aine, multilevel fast multipole algorithm for 3D scattering. J. M. Song, J. S. Zhao, S. Velamparambil, and H. Y. Progress in Electromagnetics Research Symp. (PIERS Chao. Recent advances in fast solvers for computational 2000) (Cambridge, Mass., Jul. 2000) (2000). electromagnetics. ISAP 2000 (Fukuoka, Japan, Aug. 2000) (2000). Donepudi, K. C., J. M. Song, J. M. Jin, G. Kang, and W. C. Chew. A novel implementation of multilevel fast Choi, M. J., K. P. Hwang, and A. C. Cangellaris. Direct multipole algorithm for higher-order Galerkin-s method. generation of SPICE-compatible passive reduced-order 16th Ann. Review of Progress in Applied Computational models for power/ground planes. Proc. 50th Electronic Electromagnetics (ACES ‘00) (Monterey, Calif., Mar. Components and Technology Conf. (Las Vegas, Nev., 2000) 851-858 (2000). May 2000) (2000). Donepudi, K. C., J. M. Song, J. M. Jin, G. Kang, and Clark, R., H. Pan, and J. T. Bernhard. Microstrip antenna W. C. Chew. Point-based implementation of multilevel elements with internal amplifier slots for spatial power fast multipole algorithm for higher-order Galerkin’s combining reflectarray applications. Proc. 2000 IEEE method. Proc. 2000 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Antennas and Propagation Society Int. Symp. (Salt Lake Society Int. Symp. (Salt Lake City, Utah, Jul. 2000) City, Utah, Jul. 2000) (2000). 476-479 (2000).
76 El-Shenawee, M., V. Jandhyala, E. Michielssen, and Jiao, D. and J. M. Jin. Fast electromagnetic analysis using W. Chew. Analysis of low grazing angle scattering (LGA) the asymptotic waveform evaluation method. 16th Ann. from composite random rough surfaces based on the Review of Progress in Applied Computational steepest descent fast multipole method (SDFMM). Electromagnetics (ACES ‘00) (Monterey, Calif., Progress in Electromagnetics Research Symp. (PIERS Mar. 2000) (2000). 2000) (Cambridge, Mass, Jul. 2000) (2000). Jiao, D., J. M. Jin, and J. Shang. Characteristic-based Ergin, A. A., B. Shanker, and E. Michielssen. Accuracy time-domain method for electromagnetic analysis. Proc. and efficiency of PWTD enhanced exact radiation 2000 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society Int. Symp. boundary conditions in FDTD simulations. Proc. 2000 (Salt Lake City, Utah, Jul. 2000) (2000). IEEE Antenna and Propagation Symp. (Salt Lake City, Utah, Jul. 2000) 1354-1358 (2000). Jiao, D., J. M. Jin, and J. Shang. Characteristic-based time-domain method for antenna analysis. 16th Ann. Forgy, E. A. and W. C. Chew. A discrete exterior calculus Review of Progress in Applied Computational and electromagnetic theory on a lattice. Proc. 2000 IEEE Electromagnetics (ACES ‘00) (Monterey, Calif., Antennas and Propagation Society Int. Symp. (Salt Lake Mar. 2000) (2000). City, Utah, Jul. 2000) 880-883 (2000). Jiao, D., M. Lu, E. Michielssen, and J. M. Jin. A time- Forgy, E. A. and W. C. Chew. Electromagnetic theory on domain finite-element- boundary-integral method for arbitrary grids from algebraic topology and differential 2D electromagnetic transient analysis. Proc. 2000 IEEE geometry. Progress in Electromagnetics Research Symp. Antennas and Propagation Society Int. Symp. (Salt Lake (PIERS 2000) (Cambridge, Mass., Jul. 2000) 813 (2000). City, Utah, Jul. 2000) (2000).
Gres, N., A. A. Ergin, B. Shanker, and E. Michielssen. Jiao, D., M. Lu, E. Michielssen, and J. M. Jin. A fast Integral equation-based analysis of transient time-domain finite-element- boundary-integral method electromagnetic scattering from three-dimensional for electromagnetic transient analysis. 5th Int. Workshop inhomogeneous dielectric objects. 16th Ann. Review of on Finite Elements for Microwave Engineering (Boston, Progress in Applied Computational Electromagnetics Mass., Jun. 2000) (2000). (ACES ‘00) (Montery, Calif., Mar. 2000) 647-653 (2000). Kang, G., J. M. Song, W. C. Chew, K. Donepudi, and Gres, N. T., B. Shanker, A. A. Ergin, and E. Michielssen. J. M. Jin. Grid-robust higher-order vector basis functions Fast transient analysis of electromagnetic scattering from for solving integral equations. Proc. 2000 IEEE Antennas three-dimensional dielectric inhomogeneities using a and Propagation Society Int. Symp. (Salt Lake City, Utah, volume integral equation. Proc. 2000 IEEE Antenna and Jul. 2000) 468-471 (2000). Propagation Symp. (Salt Lake City, Utah, Jul. 2000) 745-748 (2000). Kang, G., J. M. Song, W. C. Chew, K. Donepudi, and J. M. Jin. A novel grid-robust higher-order vector basis Hu, B. and W.C. Chew. Error analysis of extrapolation function for the method of moments. 16th Ann. Review for fast algorithm. 1st SIAM Conf. on Computational of Progress in Applied Computational Electromagnetics Science and Engineering (Washington, D.C., Sep. 2000) (ACES ‘00) (Monterey, Calif., Mar. 2000) 691-698 (2000). (2000).
Hu, B. and W. C. Chew. Fast inhomogeneous plane wave Kowalski, M. E. and J. M. Jin. Dynamic optimization of algorithm for multi-layered medium problems. Proc. radiofrequency hyperthermia treatments. World Cong. 2000 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society Int. Symp. on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering (Salt Lake City, Utah, Jul. 2000) 606-609 (2000). (Chicago, Ill., Jul. 2000) (2000).
Hu, B. and W. C. Chew. Three-dimensional scattering Kowalski, M. E. and J. M. Jin. A numerically efficient analysis in stratified medium using fast inhomogeneous method for evaluation of transient temperature fields in plane wave algorithm. 16th Ann. Review of Progress in biological media. World Cong. on Medical Physics and Applied Computational Electromagnetics (ACES ‘00) Biomedical Engineering (Chicago, Ill., Jul. 2000) (2000). (Monterey, Calif., Mar. 2000) 838-844 (2000).
77 Kowalski, M. E., B. Singh, K. D. Trott, L. C. Kempel, Michielssen, E., A. Ergin, B. Shanker, and D. S. Weile. K. C. Hill, and J. M. Jin. On the integral equation- The multilevel plane wave time domain algorithm and asymptotic pPhase (IE-AP) method for three- its applications to the rapid solution of electromagnetic dimensional scattering. Progress in Electromagnetics scattering problems: a review. Proc. WAVES 2000 Research Symp. (PIERS 2000) (Cambridge, Mass., (Santiago de Compostella, Spain, Jul. 2000) 24-33 Jul. 2000) (2000). (2000).
Ling, F. and J. M. Jin. Fast electromagnetic modeling of Morsey, J., K. Coperich, V. Okhmatovski, A. C. multilayer microstrip antennas and circuits. 5th Int. Cangellaris, and A. Ruehli. A new broadband Symp. on Antennas, Propagation, and EM Theory transmission line model for accurate simulation of (Beijing, China, Aug. 2000) (2000). dispersive interconnects. Proc. 3rd Electronics Packaging Technology Conf. (Singapore, Dec. 2000) 345-351 Ling, F., K. Donepudi, and J. M. Jin. Higher-order (2000). electromagnetic modeling of multilayer microstrip structures. 16th Ann. Review of Progress in Applied Pan, K. H., J. T. Bernhard, and T. Moore. Effects of lossy Computational Electromagnetics (ACES ‘00) (Monterey, dielectric materials on microstrip antennas. Proc. IEEE Calif., Mar. 2000) (2000). AP-S Conf. on Antennas and Propagation for Wireless Communications (Waltham, Mass., Nov. 2000) 39-42 Ling, F., J. M. Song, and J. M. Jin. Multilevel fast (2000). multipole algorithm for analysis of large-scale microstrip structures. 16th Ann. Review of Progress in Applied Pan, Y. C., L. W. Wan, and W. C. Chew. A fast multipole Computational Electromagnetics (ACES ‘00) (Monterey, method based calculation of the capacitance matrix in a Calif., Mar. 2000) (2000). stratified medium. Proc. 2000 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society Int. Symp. (Salt Lake City, Utah, Liu, J. and J. M. Jin. Parallel computation of scattering Jul. 2000) 1876-1879 (2000). by deep cavities. Progress in Electromagnetics Research Symp. (PIERS 2000) (Cambridge, Mass., Jul. 2000) Pasha, S., A. C. Cangellaris, and J. L. Prince. An (2000). all-purpose dispersive multiconductor interconnect model compatible with PRIMA. Proc. 50th Electronic Liu, J. and J. M. Jin. A special higher-order finite Components and Technology Conf. (Las Vegas, Nev., element method for scattering by deep cavities. Proc. May 2000) (2000). 2000 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society Int. Symp. (Salt Lake City, Utah, Jul. 2000) (2000). Radhakrishnan, K. and W. C. Chew. Efficient analysis of microstrip structures with multiple discontinuities. Proc. Lu, C. C., J. M. Song, and W. C. Chew. A multilevel fast 2000 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society Int. Symp. multipole algorithm for solving 3D volume integral (Salt Lake City, Utah, Jul. 2000) 124-127 (2000). equations of electromagnetic scattering. Proc. 2000 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society Int. Symp. (Salt Lake Romanofsky, R., J. Bernhard, G. Washington, City, Utah, Jul. 2000) 1864-1867 (2000). F. VanKeuls, F. Miranda, and C. Cannedy. A band linear phased array antenna based on BaSrTiO thin film phase Lu, M., A. A. Ergin, and E. Michielssen. Fast evaluation shifters. IEEE Microwave Symp. (Boston, Mass., of transient fields in the presence of two half spaces Jun. 2000) (2000). using a plane wave time domain algorithm. Proc. 2000 URSI Symp. (Salt Lake City, Utah, Jul. 2000) 166 (2000). Ruehli, A., G. Papadopoulos, K. Aygun, E. Michielssen, and A. Cangellaris. Transient analysis of printed circuit Lu, M., B. Shanker, A. A. Ergin, and E. Michielssen. board problem using two different solvers. 2000 IEEE Novel 2D transient EFIE, MFIE, and CFIE solvers based Int. Symp. on EMC (Washington, D.C., Aug. 2000) on the multilevel plane wave time domain algorithm. (2000). Proc. 2000 IEEE Antenna and Propagation Symp. (Salt Lake City, Utah, Jul. 2000) 737-740 (2000). Schuneman, N., S. E. Fisher, and E. Michielssen. AntenNet: A web-based method of moments solver for antenna education. Proc. 2000 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Int. Symp. (Salt Lake City, Utah, Jul. 2000) 48-51 (2000).
78 Shanker, B., A. A. Ergin, and E. Michielssen. Analysis of Weile, D. S., E. Michielssen, and D. Goldberg. The rough surface scattering using the PWTD scheme. compact genetic algorithm: a litmus test for genetic Progress in Electromagnetics Research Symp. (PIERS algorithm applicability. 16th Ann. Review of Progress in 2000) (Cambridge, Mass., Jul. 2000) (2000). Applied Computational Electromagnetics (ACES ‘00) (Montery, Calif., Mar. 2000) 78-85 (2000). Song, J. M. and W. C. Chew. Large-scale computations using FISC. Proc. 2000 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Weile, D.S., A. A. Ergin, B. Shanker, and E. Michielssen. Society Int. Symp. (Salt Lake City, Utah, Jul. 2000) An accurate discretization scheme for the numerical 1856-1859 (2000). solution of time domain integral equations. Proc. 2000 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Int. Symp. (Salt Lake Teixeira, F. L. and W. C. Chew. Full-wave transient EM City, Utah, Jul. 2000) 741-744 (2000). simulation in circular geometries and dispersive media using a 3:1 subgridded PML-PLRC-FDTD method. Weile, D.S., B. Shanker, A. A. Ergin, and E. Michielssen. Progress in Electromagnetics Research Symp. (PIERS A predictor-corrector technique for the accurate solution 2000) (Cambridge, Mass., Jul. 2000) 337 (2000). of electromagnetic time-domain integral equations. Proc. 2000 URSI Symp. (Salt Lake City, Utah, Jul. 2000) 177 Teixeira, F. L., K. P. Hwang, W. C. Chew, and J. M. Jin. (2000). Conformal perfectly matched layer in the time-domain: dynamic stability analysis. Progress in Electromagnetics Yin, X. Y., J. M. Jin, J. M. Song, and W. C. Chew. Research Symp. (PIERS 2000) (Cambridge, Mass., A higher-order hybrid FEM/MLFMA for scattering and Jul. 2000) 195 (2000). radiation analysis. 2000 USNC/URSI National Radio Science Mtg. (Salt Lake City, Utah, Jul. 2000) 257 Velamparambil, S., W. C. Chew, and J. Song. An (2000). improved parallelization strategy for MLFMA on distributed memory computers. 2000 USNC/URSI Yin, X. T., J. M. Jin, J. M. Song, and W. C. Chew. National Radio Science Mtg. (Salt Lake City, Utah, New development of the hybrid FEM/MLFMA for Jul. 2000) 163 (2000). electromagnetic analysis. 2000 URSI Radio Science Mtg. (Salt Lake City, Utah, Jul. 2000) (2000). Wang, J., M. Lu, and E. Michielssen. Volume integral equation based method for transient scattering from Zhao, J. S. and W. C. Chew. Three-dimensional nonlinear penetrable objects-TM case. Proc. 2000 IEEE multilevel fast multipole algorithm at very low Antennas and Propagation Int. Symp. (Salt Lake City, frequencies. Proc. 2000 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Utah, Jul. 2000) 729-732 (2000). Society Int. Symp. (Salt Lake City, Utah, Jul. 2000) 1884-1887 (2000). Warnick. K. F. and W. C. Chew. Accuracy of the higher- order moment method. Proc. 2000 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society Int. Symp. (Salt Lake City, Utah, High-Frequency Devices Jul. 2000) 464-467 (2000).
Warnick, K. F. and W. C. Chew. A pedestrian R. Dupuis, D. J. H. Lambert, U. Chowdhury, M. M. introduction to the accuracy and convergence of integral Wong, T. G. Zhu, B. S. Shelton, and H. K. Kwon. equation methods. 2000 USNC/URSI National Radio Properties of AlGaN/GaN heterostructure electronic Science Mtg. (Salt Lake City, Utah, Jul. 2000) 351 devices grown by metalorganic chemical vapor (2000). deposition. Next Generation mm-Wave Solid State Power Workshop, (Oct. 22) (2000). Warnick, K. F., G. Kang, and W. C. Chew. Regulated kernel for the electric field integral equation. Proc. 2000 Seo, D., A. Weil, and M. Feng. A 14-bit, 1GS/s digital- IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society Int. Symp. to-analog converter with improved dynamic. IEEE 2000 (Salt Lake City, Utah, Jul. 2000) 2310-2313 (2000). Int. Symp. on Circuits and Systems (Geneva, Switzerland, May 2000) (2000).
79 Smith, N.B. and A. G. Webb. Improved methods for Magnetic Resonance MRI temperature measurements using an internal fat standard. Experimental NMR Conf. (Asilomar, Calif., Behnia, B., M. Sutha, and A. G. Webb. A phased-array, Apr. 2000) (2000). MRI-compatible hyperthermia system. International Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine Conf. Webb, A. G. Hyphenation of small-scale separations with (Denver, Colo, Apr. 2000) (2000). high-sensitivity NMR detection. Millennium 2000 Mtg. on Hyphenated NMR Techniques (Athens, Greece, Behnia, B., M. Suthar, and A. G. Webb. A PC platform Feb. 2000) (2000). for performing closed-loop NMR experiments. Experimental NMR Conf. (Asilomar, Calif., Apr. 3000) Webb, A. G. Picomole NMR detection. American (2000). Physical Society Conf. (Minneapolis, Minn., Mar. 2000) (2000). Grant, S.C., N. Aiken, A. G. Webb, and S. J. Blackband. Diffusion measurements in single neurons. Experimental Wolters, A., Y. Li, P. Malawey, J. Sweedler, and A. Webb. NMR Conf. (Asilomar, Calif., Apr. 2000) (2000). Improving NMR throughput by simultaneously observing multiple samples. Pittcon (New Orleans, La., Ji, X., J. Ma, C. Bulkes, and Z. P. Liang. T1-based brain Mar. 2000) (2000). image segmentation using phase-sensitive inversion recovery imaging. Proc. 8th Scientific Mtg. & Exhibition Zhang, X., A. Wolters, Y. Li, W. Kelley, J. V. Sweedler, of the ISMRM (Denver, Colo., Apr. 2000) 671 (2000). and A. G. Webb. Multiple NMR receive coils for increased throughput NMR spectroscopy. Experimental Kelley, W., R. Subramanian, P. Floyd, Z. Tan, A. Webb, NMR Conf. (Asilomar, Calif., Apr. 2000) (2000). and J. Sweedler. Microscale separations utilizing online microcoil NMR detection. Pittcon (New Orleans, La., Mar. 2000) (2000). Optoelectronics Lacey, M., Y. Li, J. V. Sweedler, and A. G. Webb. Novel geometries for mass-limited NMR. Experimental NMR Hsu, A., S. L. Chuang, and T. Tanbun-Ek. Multi- Conf. (Asilomar, Calif., Mar. 2000) (2000). wavelength conversion in an integrated wavelength- tunable laser-modulator. Photonics West (San Jose, Calif., Lacey, M., Z. Tan, A. Webb, and J. Sweedler. Microcoil Jan. 2000) (2000). NMR as a probe of intracapillary environments: applications of thermometry and imaging to capillary Hsu, A., E. Young, S. L. Chuang, C. Barkan, R. Reiff, separations. Pittcon (New Orleans, La., Mar. 2000) M. Schroeder, D. Williams, and T. Johnson. Fiber-optic (2000). sensor technology for railroad applications. American Society for Nondestructive Testing 2000 (Birmingham, Liang, Z. P., X. Ji, and C. P. Hess. Motion-compensated Ala., Mar. 2000) (2000). keyhole/RIGR imaging. Proc. 8th Scientific Mtg. & Exhibition of the ISMRM (Denver, Colo., Apr. 2000) 1696 (2000). Optical and Discharge Physics Pan, H., Z. P. Liang, and T. S. Huang. Fusing audio and visual features of speech. Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Image Kinder, R. and M. J. Kushner. Non-local heating in Processing (Vancouver, B.C., Sep. 2000) (2000). magnetically enhanced inductively coupled plasmas. TECHCON ‘00 (Phoenix, Ariz., Sep. 2000) (2000). Skouson, M. B. and Z. P. Liang. Template deformation constrained by shape priors. Proc. IEEE Computer Kushner, M. J. and J. Lu. Plasma equipment modeling Society Conf. on Computer Vision and Pattern for process design. 17th Int. VLSI Multilevel Recognition (Hilton Head Island, S.C., Jun. 2000) Interconnection Conf. (Santa Clara, Calif., Jun. 2000) 511-516 (2000). (2000).
80 Lu, J. and M. J. Kushner. Plasma source and feature Klump, R. P. and T. J. Overbye. Techniques for profile modeling for deposition of Cu into trenches. improving power flow convergence. Proc. IEEE PES TECHCON ‘00 (Phoenix, Ariz., Sep. 2000) (2000). 2000 Summer Mtg. (Seattle, Wash., Jul. 2000) (2000).
Martini, C. M. and T. J. Overbye. Visualization of Power and Energy Systems oscillation mode shape and participation factors. Proc. 32nd North American Power Symp. (Waterloo, Ont., Oct. 2000) 4-11 to 4-16 (2000). Chaniotis, D. and M. A. Pai. Iterative solver techniques in the dynamic solution of power systems. Proc. IEEE Murphy, C. A. and P. T. Krein. High-level Simulink PES 2000 Summer Mtg. (Seattle, Wash., Jul. 2000) switch model for investigating capacitive effects. Proc. (2000). IEEE Workshop on Computers in Power Electronics (Blacksburg, Va., Jul. 2000) (2000). Chicco, G. and G. Gross. The acquisition of prioritizable capacity-based ancillary services. Proc. EPTM-Electric Nguyen, T. B., M. A. Pai, and I. A. Hiskens. Direct Power Engineering at the Beginning of the Third computation of critical clearing time using trajectory Millennium (Naples-Capri, Italy, May 2000) (2000). sensitivities. Proc. IEEE PES 2000 Summer Mtg. (Seattle, Wash., Jul. 2000) (2000). Donde, V., M. A. Pai, and I. A. Hiskens. Automatic generation control: traditional vs. restructured scenario. Overbye, T. J. New techniques for power system Proc 11th Nat. Power Systems Conf. (Bangalore, India, visualization under deregulation. Proc. IEEE PES 2000 Dec. 2000) (2000). Winter Mtg. (Singapore, Jan. 2000) (2000).
Donde, V., M. A. Pai, and I. A. Hiskens. Simulation of Overbye, T. J. and J. D. Weber. New methods for the bilateral contracts in an AGC system after restructuring. visualization of electric power system information. Proc. 32nd North Am. Power Systems Symp. (Waterloo, Proc. IEEE Symp. on Information Visualization 2000 Ont., Oct. 2000) (2000). (Salt Lake City, Utah, Oct. 2000) 131-136c (2000).
Grijalva, S. and P. W. Sauer. Transmission loading relief Overbye, T. J. and J. D. Weber. Visualization of power (TLR) and hour-ahead ATC. Proc. Hawaii Int. Conf. on system data. Proc. 33rd Hawaii Int. Conf. on System System Sciences (Maui, Hawaii, Jan. 2000) 1-8 (2000). Sciences (Maui, Hawaii, Jan. 2000) (2000).
Grijalva, S. and P. W. Sauer. Complex-flow network Overbye T. J., D. R. Hale, T. Leckey, and J. D. Weber. limits and static system collapse. Proc. 32nd North Assessment of transmission constraint costs: northeast Am. Power Symp. (Waterloo, Ont., Oct. 2000) U.S. case study. Proc. IEEE PES 2000 Winter Mtg. 7-9 to 7-15 (2000). (Singapore, Jan. 2000) (2000).
Gross, G. and S. Tao. The allocation of losses in bilateral trading networks. Workshop on Markets for Electricity- Remote Sensing and Economics and Technology (MEET), A Flow-based Paradiagram for Systems Operation and Market Wave Propagation Coordination (Palo Alto, Calif., Aug. 2000) (2000).
Hiskens, I. A. and M. A. Pai. Hybrid systems view of Chu, X., C. S. Gardner, W. Pan, and G. Papen. Recent power system modelling. Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. on results from the University of Illinois iron Boltzmann Circuits and Systems (Geneva, Switzerland, May 2000) temperature lidar. 20th Int. Laser Radar Conf. (Vichy, (2000). France, Jul. 2000) (2000).
Klump, R. P. and T. J. Overbye. A new method for Gardner, C. S., G. R. Swenson, A. Liu, and L. Runsey. finding low-voltage power flow solutions. Proc. IEEE Momentum flux deduced from OH airglow and Na lidar PES 2000 Summer Mtg. (Seattle, Wash., Jul. 2000) at Albuquerque, NM: calibrations, measurements, and (2000). comparisons. COSPAR 2000 (Warsaw, Poland, Jul. 2000) (2000).
81 Gardner, C. S., G. Swenson, G. Papen, X. Chu, and M. Kelley. Meteoric ablation and the aeronomy of the Semiconductor Lasers mesopause region: initial results of the 1998 airborne and starfire leonids campaigns. American Geophysical Yeoh, T. S., A. E. Huber, C. Y. Woo, R. B. Swint, Union Spring Mtg. (Washington, D.C., May 2000) C. Manzanedo, and J. J. Coleman. InAs quantum dot (2000). selective area epitaxy using InGaAs thin films. IEEE/LEOS 27th Int. Symp. on Compound Kumer, J. B., R. L. Rairden, and G. R. Swenson. Semiconductors (Monterey, Calif., Oct. 2000) (2000). Laboratory tests and airglow measurements in the ~1300-1570 nm region with a relatively warm 2-D detector array. American Geophysical Union Spring Mtg. (Washington, D.C., May 2000) (2000). Semiconductor Physics
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83 Li, J., J. Chen, and C. Liu. Micromachined biomimetic Zou, J., C. Liu, J. Chen, S. Kang, and J. Schutt-Aine. sensor using modular artificial hair cells. NanoSpace Development of a wide tuning range MEMS tunable 2000 (Houston, Tex., Jan. 2000) (2000). capacitor for wireless communication systems. International Electronics Device Mtg. (IEDM) Liu, C. A magnetic flexible membrane actuator for micro (San Francisco, Calif., Dec. 2000) (2000). fluid pumping. 6th Int. Symp. on Magnetic Materials, Processes and Devices (Phoenix, Ariz., Oct. 2000) (2000). Supercomputing Research Mitofsky, A., G. C. Papen, S. G. Bishop, D. S. Lee, and + A. J. Steck. Comparison of Er3 photoluminescence and and Development photoluminescence excitation spectroscopy in in-situ doped GaN:Er and Er-implanted GaN. Proc. Materials Research Society Symp. on GaN and Related Alloys Brokish, J., S. Carroll, W. Ko, C. Koopmans, (Boston, Mass., Nov. 2000) (2000). K. Marukawa, H. Saito, N. Stavrakos and C. Polychronopoulos. Program optimization and Pickrell, G. W., K. L. Chang, J. H. Epple, K. Y. Cheng, cross-compilation using the PROMIS compiler. and K. C. Hsieh. The growth of high-quality Proc. 13th Ann. Workshop on Parallel Languages and Systems (2000). In0.25Ga0.75As epilayers on GaAs substrates. Materials Research Society 2000 Spring Mtg. (San Francisco, Calif., Apr. 2000) (2000). Craig, D. and C. Polychronopoulos. A flexible user-level scheduler. Proc. 13th Int. Conf. on Parallel and Pickrell, G. W., H. C. Lin, K. L. Chang, K. C Hsieh, and Distributed Systems (Las Vegas, Nev., Aug. 2000) (2000). K. Y. Cheng. Fabrication of a GaP/Al-oxide distributed Bragg reflector for the visible spectrum. 19th North Am. Nicolopoulos, D., T. S. Papatheodorou, and C. D. Conf. on Molecular Beam Epitaxy (Tempe, Ariz., Polychronopoulos. Is data distribution necessary in Oct. 2000) (2000). OpenMP? Proc. IEEE/ACM Supercomputing 2000 (Dallas, Tex., Nov. 2000) (2000). Tucker, J. R. Silicon heterolayer quantum computers. Advanced Heterolayer Workshop (Hapuna Beach, Hawaii, Saito, H., N. Stavrakos, and C. Polychronopoulos. Dec. 2000) (2000). PROMIS as an application development environment. Proc. 2000 Int. Symp. on High-Performance Computing Weir, B., G. D. Wilk, M. A. Alam, G. Timp, et al. (Tokyo, Japan, Oct. 2000) (2000). Ultra-thin oxide reliability projections and alternative dielectrics. Proc. 1st Euro. Workshop on Ultimate Yankelevsky, M. and C. Polychronopoulos. α-Coral: a Integration of Silicon 2000 (Grenoble, France, Jan. 2000) multigrain, multithreading processor architecture. (2000). Proc. 15th ACM Int. Conf. on Supercomputing (2000).
Wohlert, D. E., K. L. Chang, K. C. Hsieh, and K. Y. Cheng. Temperature-dependent multi-axial strain Tunneling Microscopy properties of self-assembled quantum wires. 2000 Electronic Materials Conf. (Denver, Colo., Jun. 2000) (2000). Lyding, J. W. Silicon-based molecular nanoelectronics: an atomic scale approach. International Union of Materials Wohlert, D. E., K. L. Chang, G. W. Pickrell, K. C. Hsieh, Research Societies 6th Int. Conf. (Hong Kong, 2000) and K. Y. Cheng. Strain dependence on barrier material 24-26 (2000). in self-assembled GaInAs quantum wires on (100)-InP. 11th Int. Conf. on Molecular Beam Epitaxy (Beijing, Lyding, J. W. Silicon-based molecular nanoelectronics China, Sept. 2000) (2000). and the deuterium isotope effect in CMOS reliability. MEL/ARI-NID Workshop (Pisa, Italy, 2000) 24-26 Zou, J. and C. Liu. Development of a novel micro (2000). electromechanical tunable capacitor with a high tuning range. 58th Ann. Device Research Conf. (Denver, Colo., Jun. 2000) 111-112 (2000).
84 Lyding, J. W. Silicon-based molecular nanoelectronics and the deuterium isotope effect in silicon chip Advanced Processing technology. University of Notre Dame (South Bend, Ind., and Circuits Sep. 2000) (2000).
Lyding, J. W. Silicon-based molecular nanoelectronics: Daga, A. A study of the effect of damage on electron progress, challenges and spin-offs. Association for mobility in an A1GaN/GaN heterostructure. M.S. thesis, Computing Machinery Reflections Projections 2000 I. Adesida, adviser (2000). Conf. (Urbana, Ill., Oct. 2000) (2000). Lee, C. C. Fabrication of recessed-gate GaN MESFETs Lyding, J. W. Silicon-based molecular nanotechnology using inductivity coupled plasma reactive ion etching. and the deuterium isotope effect in silicon chip M.S. thesis, I. Adesida, adviser (2000). technology. Northwestern University (Evanston, Ill., 2000) (2000). Analog and Digital Circuits Lyding, J. W. Silicon-based molecular nanotechnology: progress, challenges and spin-offs. University of Texas at Dallas (Dallas, Tex., Jun. 2000) (2000). Ashbrook, J. Design of an error locator computer for a Hermitian decoder. M.S. thesis, N. R. Shanbhag, adviser Lyding, J. W. Silicon-based molecular nanotechnology (2000). and the giant deuterium isotope effect in chip technology. Beckman Institute (Urbana, Ill., 2000) Goel, M. Low-power reconfigurable digital signal (2000). processing. Ph.D. thesis, N. R. Shanbhag, adviser (2000).
Lyding, J. W. Silicon-based molecular nanotechnology: Joshi, S. On the design of electrostatic discharge progress, challenges and spin-offs. IBM T. J. Watson protection circuits for BiCMOS process technology. Research Center (Yorktown Heights, N.Y., Oct. 13, 2000) M.S. thesis, E. Rosenbaum, adviser (2000). (2000). Katzenstein, J. Substrate noise analysis. M.S. thesis, E. Rosenbaum, adviser (2000).
Long, T. Low-power CDMA multiuser detector for 3G Theses wireless systems. M.S. thesis, N. R. Shanbhag, advisor (2000).
Advanced Automation Minocha, J. Low-power data adaptive motion-estimation architectures. M.S. thesis, N. R. Shanbhag, adviser (2000). Kim, P. Interactive image segmentation using level set methods in a virtual reality environment. M.S.C.S. thesis, S. Hutchinson, adviser (2000). Applied Computation Theory Lu, L., Identification and control of a pneumatic acutator for use with the hexapod robot, M.S. thesis, Thite, S. Optimum binary search trees on the N. Ahuja, adviser (2000). hierarchical memory model. M.S. thesis, M. C. Loui, adviser (2000). Yang, M. H. Recognizing hand gestures using motion trajectories. Ph.D. thesis, N. Ahuja, adviser (2000).
85 Kwok, H. K. C. Shape up: peak power reduction via Bioacoustics constellation shaping. Ph.D. thesis, D. L. Jones, adviser (2000). Frazier, C. A. H. A two-dimensional amplitude-steered array for real-time volumetric acoustic imaging. Ph.D. McGahey, C. S. BAD: a bidirectional arbitrated decision. thesis, W. D. O’Brien, adviser (2000). M.S. thesis, A. C. Singer, adviser (2000).
Henry, I. C. Spike detection metrics: error estimation for Nelson, J. Linear iterative turbo equalization (LITE) for an automated spike sorting system. M.S. thesis, B. C. dual channels. M.S. thesis, A. C. Singer, adviser (2000). Wheeler, adviser (2000). Sachs, D. G. Wireless image transmission over fading channels using multiple-description concatenated codes. Communications M.S. thesis, D. L. Jones, adviser (2000). Yang, K. L. Comparative analysis of binaural acoustic Steichen, J. Heavy traffic limit theorems for the closed processing algorithms. M.S. thesis, D. L. Jones, adviser Lu-Kumar network. Ph.D. thesis, B. Hajek, adviser (2000). (in Mathematics), D. L. Burkholder, co-adviser (2000). Electromagnetics Decision and Control Branch, E. D. A higher-order finite element method for Dubrawski, R. Myopic and far-sighted strategies for computing the radar cross section of bodies of control of demand-driven networks. M.S. thesis, revolution. Ph.D. thesis, J. Jin, adviser (2000). S. P. Meyn, adviser (2000). Dunn, E. Iterative solvers and preconditioners for finite Huang, J. Capacity of time-slotted ALOHA systems. element analysis of indoor wave propogation. M.S. M.S. thesis, S. P. Meyn, adviser (2000). thesis, J. Jin, adviser (2000).
Morrison, J. R. B. Queueing network analysis of Ling, F. Fast electromagnetic modeling of multilayer semiconductor manufacturing plants. Ph.D. thesis, microstrip antennas and circuits. Ph.D. thesis, J. Jin, P. R. Kumar, adviser (2000). adviser (2000).
Pan, K. H. A design model for rectangular microstrip antennas with lossy dielectric materials. J. T. Bernhard, Digital Signal and adviser (2000). Image Processing Rankin, M. D. A simulation environment for near-field electromagnetic emission and immunity assessment. Basu, S. K. Fast algorithms for tomography. Ph.D. thesis, M.S. thesis, A. C. Cangellaris, adviser (2000). Y. Bresler, adviser (2000). Wang, R. H. Antenna efficiency measurement and the Burke, B. Subband channelized radar detection and effects of a nearby object on radiation efficiency. M.S. bandwidth estimation for FPGA implementation. M.S. thesis, J. T. Bernhard, adviser (2000). thesis, D. L. Jones, adviser (2000). Yang, L. Closed-form electrostatic Green’s function in Elledge, M. E. Real-time implementation of a frequency- layered media for fast interconnect capicitance domain array processor. M.S. thesis, D. L. Jones, adviser extraction. M.S. thesis, A. C. Cangellaris, adviser (2000). (2000). Yilmaz, A. E. FFT-based algorithms for fast analysis of Kozat, S. S. Multistage adaptive filtering. M.S. thesis, transient electromagnetic scattering. M.S. thesis, J. Jin, A. C. Singer, adviser (2000). adviser (2000).
86 Kukovec, M. J. Power transmission line equivalent circuit High-Frequency Devices models for use in transient analysis. M.S. thesis, P. W. Sauer, adviser (2000). Heins, M. Design and characterization of fully monolithic millimeter-wave oscillators. Ph.D. thesis, Logue, D. L. Power electronic building block M. Feng, adviser (2000). applications in optimization, control, and simulation. Ph.D. thesis, P. T. Krein, adviser (2000). Mu, J. Monolithic high-speed optoelectronics integrated receivers for greater than 10 Gbits per second optical Mak, F. Load distribution and frequency computation communications. Ph.D. thesis, M. Feng, adviser (2000). during power system transients. M.S. thesis, P. W. Sauer, adviser (2000). Seo, D. 1-Gs/s, 14-bit digital-to-analog converter and track-and-hold amplifier. Ph.D. thesis, M. Feng, adviser Martini, C. M. Visualization of oscillation mode shapes, (2000). participation factors and transmission systems. M.S. thesis, T. J. Overbye, adviser (2000). Tang, Z. High-speed InGaP/InGaAs/InP doped channel HFETs and implanted GaAs enhancement and depletion Murphy, C. A. Evaluation of a resonant converter for mode MESFETs technology with ft over 130GHz. Ph.D. plasma display panel powering. M.S. thesis, P. T. Krein, thesis, M. Feng, adviser (2000). adviser (2000).
Weil, A. C. A reduced power 10-bit CMOS analog- Tao, S. Allocation and management issues in digital converter. M.S. thesis, M. Feng, adviser (2000). multiple-transactions open access transmission networks. Ph.D. thesis, G. Gross, adviser (2000).
West, S. P. Performance evaluation of switched capacitor Optical and Discharge Physics battery equalizer. Ph.D. thesis, P. T. Krein adviser, (2000).
Subramonium, P. Two-dimensional modeling of pulsed inductively coupled plasmas using moderate parallelism. Reliable and High-Performance M.S. thesis, M. J. Kushner, adviser (2000). Computing
Opltoelectronics August, D. Systematic compilation for predicated execution. Ph.D. thesis, W. W. Hwu, adviser (2000). Tarng, B. Y. External optical injection in Cheng, B. C. Compile-time memory disambiguation for electroabsorption modulator lasers. M.S. thesis, C programs. Ph.D. thesis, W. W. Hwu, adviser (2000). S. L. Chuang, advisor (2000). Connors, D. Eliminating dynamic computation redundancy. Ph.D. thesis, W. W. Hwu, adviser (2000). Power and Energy Systems Christensen, A. Result specification and model connection in the Ms modeling framework. M.S. thesis, Bartlett, C. Analytical modeling of hysteresis losses in W. H. Sanders, adviser (2000). electrical systems. M.S. thesis, P. W. Sauer, adviser (2000). Fung, J. T. Y. A simulation framework for analysis and Donde, V. D. Simulation of bilateral contracts in an optimization of sharing patterns on CC-NUMA shared AGC system. M.S. thesis, M. A. Pai, adviser (2000). memory systems. M.S. thesis, N. Carter, adviser, (2000).
Klump, R. P. Computational framework for assessing Ma, X. Code coverage analysis for behavioral Verilog voltage security using energy methods. Ph.D. thesis, models. M.S. thesis, E. M. Rudnick, adviser (2000). T. J. Overbye, adviser (2000).
87 Fellow, International Association for Pattern Recognition Semiconductors Fellow, International Society for Optical Engineering Presidential Young Investigator Award, National Science Pickrell, G. W. Growth optimization of gallium indium Foundation, 1984 arsenide-indium phosphide heterostructures by solid- University Scholar, U of I, 1985 source molecular beam epitaxy. M.S. thesis, K. Y. Cheng, Beckman Associate, U of I Center for Advanced Study, adviser (2000). 1990-1991 Technology Achievement Award, International Society for Wohlert, D. E. Temperature-invariant photo- Optical Engineering, 1998 luminescence and gain spectra of strained gallium- Associate, U of I Center for Advanced Study, 1998 indium-arsenide quantum-wires. Ph.D. thesis, K. Y. Emanuel R. Piore Award, Institute of Electrical and Cheng, adviser (2000). Electronics Engineers, 1999 Campus Award for Guiding Undergraduate Research, Honorable Mention, U of I, 1999 Donald Biggar Willet Professorship, U of I College of Thin Films and Engineering, 1999 Charged Particles Tamer Basar Member, National Academy of Engineering Fan, H. Charged liquid cluster beam deposition of Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers magnesium fluoride films. M.S. thesis, K. Kim, adviser Sedat Simavi Foundation Award in Mathematical Sciences (2000). (Istanbul), 1979 President, International Society of Dynamic Games, Gluschenkov, O. Development and study of atomic 1990-1992, 1992-1994 nitrogen sources for synthesis of electronic materials. Editor, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, Ph.D. thesis, K. Kim, adviser (2000) 1992-1994 Editor, Automatica, 1992- Medal of Science (Turkey), 1993 Associate Member, U of I Center for Advanced Study, 1993-1994 Awards and Honors Distinguished Member Award, IEEE Control Systems Society, 1993 Ilesanmi Adesida George S. Axelby Outstanding Paper Award, IEEE Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Control Systems Society, 1995 Scientific Member, Bohmische Physical Society Vice President, IEEE Control Systems Society, Engineering Council Advisers List for Outstanding 1997, 1998 Advising, U of I, 1993, 1999 Nearing Distinguished Professor of Electrical and Oakley-Kunde Award for Excellence in Undergraduate Computer Engineering, U of I, 1998- Education, U of I, 1994 Zaborszky Lecturer, Washington University, St. Louis, Best Paper Award, Micro- and Nano-engineering 1999 Conference, 1996 IEEE Millennium Medal, 2000 Distinguished Lecturer, IEEE Electronic Device Society, President, IEEE Control Systems Society, 2000 1977-1999 University Scholar, U of I, 1997, 1999 Tangul Basar Associate Member, Center for Advanced Study, Senior Member, Institute of Electrical and Electronics 2000-2001 Engineers Faculty Initiate Eta Kappa Nu, 1990 Narendra Ahuja Tokten Fellow, United Nations, 1991 Fellow, American Association for the Advancement Engineering Council Advisors List for Excellence in of Science Advising, U of I, 1997 Fellow, American Association for Artificial Intelligence Fellow, Association for Computing Machinery Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
88 James Beauchamp, Emeritus Marie-Christine Brunet Fellow, Audio Engineering Society Anderson Consulting Outstanding Faculty Advisor, 2000 Past President, International Computer Music Association Fellow, Acoustical Society of America, 1999 Andreas Cangellaris Fellow, IEEE Jennifer Bernhard Outstanding Technical Paper Award, 3rd Electronics New Faculty Fellow, Sloan, 1997 Packaging Technology Conference (EPTC), Singapore, Faculty Fellow, NASA-ASEE, 1999, 2000 2000 CAREER Award, National Science Foundation, 2000 Anderson Consulting Award for Excellence in Advising, Nicholas Carter U of I College of Engineering, 2000 Distinguished Paper Award, International Symposium, Collins Scholar, U of I College of Engineering, 2000 Tokyo, Japan, 2000
Stephen G. Bishop Keh-Yung Cheng Fellow, American Association for the Advancement Andersen Consulting Award for Excellence in Advising, of Science U of I College of Engineering, 1994 Fellow, American Physical Society Engineering Council Advisors List for Outstanding Fellow, Optical Society of America Advising, U of I, 1995, 1997, 1998 Distinguished Alumni Award, Gettysburg College, 1990 Board of Trustees, Gettysburg College, 1992- Weng Cho Chew Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Richard Blahut Founder Professorship, U of I College of Engineering, Member, National Academy of Engineering 1999 Fellow, IBM, 1980 Graduate Teaching Award, IEEE, 2000 Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Fellowship, Alfred Y. Cho 1982 Member, American Philosophical Society Member, Academia Sinica Stephen Boppart Member, Chinese Academy of Science Soma Weiss Research Award, Harvard Medical School, Member, National Academy of Engineering 1999 Member, National Academy of Sciences Graduated cum laude, Harvard Medical School, 2000 Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences Young Faculty Award, American Association of Fellow, American Physical Society Anatomists, 2001 Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Associate Fellow, The Third World Academy of Sciences Yoram Bresler Elliott Cresson Medal, Franklin Institute, 1995 Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers The C & C (Computers and Communications) Senior Best Journal Paper Awards, IEEE Transactions on Prize, Japan, 1995 Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 1988, 1989 New Jersey Inventors Hall of Fame, 1997 Presidential Young Investigator Award, National Science Honorary Doctor of Engineering, U of I, 1999 Foundation, 1991 W. E. Lamb Medal for Laser Science and Quantum Technion Fellowship, 1995-1996 Optics, 1999 Xerox Award for Faculty Research, U of I College of The IEEE Third Millennium Medal, 2000 Engineering, 1998 Alumni Achievement Award, U of I, 2000 University Scholar, U of I, 1999 Honorary Doctor of Science, City University of Hong Associate, U of I Center for Advanced Study, 2001-2002 Kong, 2000
Donna J. Brown Kent Choquette Outstanding Young Woman of America, 1984 Distinguished Lecturer, IEEE/Laser and Electro-Optical Andersen Consulting Award for Excellence in Advising, Society, 2000-2001 U of I College of Engineering, 1993
89 Shun Lien Chuang William J. Fry Memorial Award, American Institute of Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Ultrasound in Medicine, 1984 Fellow, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science University Scholar, U of I, 1988 Fellow, Optical Society of America Medal of Special Merit, Acoustical Society of Japan, 1988 Andersen Consulting Award for Excellence in Advising, Silver Medal, Acoustical Society of America, 1989 U of I College of Engineering, 1994 Joseph H. Holmes Basic Science Pioneer Award, American Associate, U of I Center for Advanced Study, 1995 Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, 1990 Sabbatical Chair, Sony Research Center, Japan, 1995 Fogarty International Fellow, 1990 World Federation of Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology, James J. Coleman History of Ultrasound Pioneer Award, 1990 Fellow, American Association for the Advancement Career Achievement Award, IEEE Engineering in of Science Medicine and Biology Society, 1995 Fellow, American Physical Society University of Illinois Bioengineering Distinguished Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Service Award, 1995 Fellow, Optical Society of America Edison Medal, Institute of Electrical and Electronics IEEE LEOS William Streifer Scientific Achievement Engineers, 1996 Award Distinguished Alumnus Award, U of I Electrical and Distinguished Lecturer, IEEE, 1997-1998, 1998-1999 Computer Engineering Alumni Association, 1997 Alumni Award for Distinguished Service, U of I College Paul D. Coleman, Emeritus of Engineering, 1998 Fellow, Optical Society of America Gold Medal, Acoustical Society of America, 1998 Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Life Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Fellow, American Physical Society Engineers, 2000 Honorary Doctor of Science, Susquehanna University Centennial Medal, IEEE, 1984 J. Gary Eden IEEE-MTT Distinguished Educator Award, 1994 Fellow, Optical Society of America Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Thomas DeTemple, Emeritus Fellow, American Physical Society Senior Member, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Associate, U of I Center for Advanced Study, 1987-1988 Engineers Beckman Research Award, U of I, 1988 Board of Governors, IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Floyd Dunn, Emeritus Society, 1990-1993 Member, National Academy of Engineering Associate Editor, Photonics Technology Letters, 1990-1994 Member, National Academy of Sciences Vice President (Technical Affairs), IEEE Lasers and Fellow and Past President, Acoustical Society of America Electro-Optics Society, 1993-95 Fellow, American Association for the Advancement IBM Research Award, U of I, 1995 of Science Distinguished Service Award, IEEE Lasers and Fellow, American Institute of Engineering in Medicine Electro-Optics Society, 1996 and Biology Editor, IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, 1996- Fellow, American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine Editor, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Fellow (founding), International Academy for Medical Electronics, 1996 and Biological Engineering James F. Towey University Scholar, U of I, 1996-1999 Fellow, Institute of Acoustics, United Kingdom President, IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (LEOS), 1998 Honorary Member, Japan Society for Ultrasound in Faculty Outstanding Teaching Award, U of I Department Medicine of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2000 Honorary Member, Rochester Center for Biomedical IEEE Third Millennium Medal, 2000 Ultrasound Research Fellow, National Institutes of Health Milton Feng Fulbright-Hays Senior Fellow, 1982-1983 Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers American Cancer Society-Eleanor Roosevelt-International Ford Aerospace Corporate Technology Award, 1988 Cancer Fellow, 1982-1983 Beckman Research Award, U of I, 1993 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Fellow, Engineering Council Advisors List for Outstanding 1982, 1996 Advising, U of I, 1995, 1996, 1998
90 Best Paper Award, IEEE/International Electronic Christoforos Hadjicostis Manufacturing Technology Symposium, 1995 Career Award, National Science Foundation, 2001 David Sarnoff Award, Technical Field Award, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 1997 Bruce E. Hajek Associate Member, U of I Center for Advanced Study, Member, National Academy of Engineering 1998 Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Outstanding Research Award, Dr. Pan Wen Yuan Xerox Award for Faculty Research, U of I College of Foundation, Taiwan, 2000 Engineering, 1981 Nick Holonyak, Jr. Professorship, 2000-2005 Eckman Award, American Automatic Control Council, 1982 Steven J. Franke Presidential Young Investigator Award, National Science Senior Member, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Foundation, 1984 Engineers Beckman Associate, U of I Center for Advanced Study, Andersen Consulting Award for Excellence in Advising, 1984 U of I College of Engineering, 1989 Outstanding Paper Award, IEEE Transactions on Everitt Award for Teaching Excellence, U of I College Automatic Control, 1985 of Engineering, 1996 University Scholar, U of I, 1986 Teaching Excellence Award, U of I College of COMCON Award, 1991 Engineering, 1999 Fellow, J. S. Guggenheim Foundation, 1992 President, IEEE Information Theory Society, 1995 Leon A. Frizzell Fellow, Acoustical Society of America Ibrahim Hajj, Emeritus Fellow, American Institute for Medical and Biological Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Engineering Best Paper Award, IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Fellow, American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine Design, 1992 Senior Member, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Golden Jubilee Award, IEEE Circuits and Systems Society, Engineers 1999 Andersen Consulting Award for Excellence in Advising, Administrative Vice President, IEEE Circuits and Systems U of I College of Engineering, 1993 Society, 2000 Engineering Council Advisors List for Outstanding Administrative Vice President, IEEE Circuits and Systems Advising, U of I, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998 Society, 2000, 2001, 2002
Oscar L. Gaddy, Emeritus Mark Hasegawa-Johnson Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers F. V. Hunt Post-Doctoral Research Fellow, Acoustical Society of America, 1996-1997 Chester S. Gardner Individual National Research Service Award, 1998-1999 Fellow, American Association for the Advancement Best Paper Award, International Conference on Signal of Science Processing Applications and Technologies, 1999 Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Fellow, Optical Society of America Charles D. Hendricks, Emeritus R. V. Pole Memorial Plenary Lecturer, IEEE/OSA Fellow, American Physical Society Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, 1991 Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers CEDAR Prize Lecture, National Science Foundation, Foreign Fellow, Electrostatics Society, Japan 1996 Karl Hess George Gross Member, National Academy of Engineering, 2001 Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences Franz Edelman Management Science Achievement Award, Fellow, American Association for the Advancement Institute of Management Science, 1985 of Science Grainger Professor in Electrical Engineering, Fellow, American Physical Society U of I College of Engineering, 1993-1998 Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IEEE Power Engineering Society Prize Paper Award, 1999 Louis A. Fridrich University Scholar, 1993 J. J. Ebers Award, IEEE Electron Devices Society, 1993
91 David Sarnoff Field Award, Institute of Electrical and Eminent Member, Eta Kappa Nu, 1998 Electronics Engineers, 1995 Distinguished Alumnus of Tau Beta Pi, 1999 Tau Beta Pi D. C. Drucker Eminent Faculty Award, Foreign Member, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1999 U of I College of Engineering, 1995 IEEE Third Millennium Medal, 2000 Swanlund Chair in Electrical and Computer Engineering, U of I, 1996- Thomas S. Huang Professor, U of I Center for Advanced Study Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Fellow, International Association of Pattern Recognition Nick Holonyak, Jr. Fellow, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Member, National Academy of Engineering Fellow, Optical Society of America Member, National Academy of Sciences Fellow, SPIE: The International Optical Society Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences Fellow, J. S. Guggenheim Foundation, 1971 Fellow, American Physical Society Senior U.S. Scientist Award, Alexander von Humboldt Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Foundation, Germany, 1976-1977 Fellow, Optical Society of America Technical Achievement Award, IEEE Acoustics, Speech Member, Center for Advanced Study, U of I and Signal Processing Society, 1987 Cordiner Award, General Electric Co., 1962 Best Paper Award, Pattern Recognition, 1989, 1993, 1995 Morris N. Liebmann Award, Institute of Electrical and Associate, U of I Center for Advanced Study, 1990 Electronics Engineering, 1973 University Scholar, U of I, 1990 John Scott Medal, City of Philadelphia, 1975 Society Award, IEEE Signal Processing Society, 1991 First GaAs Symposium Award with Welker Medal, 1976 Fujitsu Endowed Chair Visiting Professor, University of Jack A. Morton Award, Institute of Electrical and Tokyo, 1993 Electronics Engineers, 1981 IEEE Signal Processing Society Distinguished Lecturer, Solid-State Science and Technology Award, 1993-1994 Electrochemical Society, 1983 William L. Everitt Distinguished Professor, U of I, 1996- Sigma Xi Monie A. Ferst Award, 1988 Peter H. Bartels Visiting Professor, University of Edison Medal, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Washington, 1997 Engineers, 1989 Honored as a Pioneer in Signal Processing at the IEEE National Medal of Science, 1990 ICASSP, 1998 Charles H. Townes Award, Optical Society of America, Honda Lifetime Achievement Award, 2000 1992 IEEE Third Millennium Medal, 2000 Honorary Doctor of Science, Northwestern University, IEEE Jack Kilby Medal, 2001 1992 Honorary Member, Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute, Seth Hutchinson St. Petersburg, Russia, 1992 Research Initiation Award, National Science Foundation, Award for the Industrial Application of Science, National 1991 Academy of Sciences, 1993 Arnold O. Beckman Research Award, 1994 American Electronics Association 50th Anniversary Award, “Inventing America’s Future,” 1993 Wen-Mei Hwu Centennial Medal, American Society for Engineering Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Education, 1993 IEEE Computer Society Certificate of Appreciation, for John Bardeen Chair Professor of Electrical and Computer Service as Both General and Program Chair for the Engineering and of Physics, 1993- Silver Anniversary MICRO Conference Honorary Doctor of Engineering, Notre Dame University, Intel Associate Professor, Electrical and Computer 1994 Engineering, 1992-1993 Life Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Eta Kappa Nu Outstanding Young Electrical Engineer Engineers, 1994 Award, 1993 Vladimir Karapetoff Eminent Member’s Award of Eta Xerox Award for Faculty Research, U of I College of Kappa Nu, 1994 Engineering, 1994 John Bardeen Award, The Minerals, Metals and Materials University Scholar, U of I, 1994 Society, 1995 Eta Kappa Nu Holmes MacDonald Outstanding Teaching Japan Prize, 1995 Award, 1997 Nick Holonyak, Jr. Award, Optical Society of America, Stanley H. Pierce Award, U of I College of Engineering, 1997 1997
92 ACM SigArch Mauvice Wilkes Award, 1998 Charles Marshall University Scholar, U of I, 1995 ACM Grace M. Hopper Award, 1999 IEEE Graduate Teaching Technical Field Award, 1996 Senior U.S. Scientist Award, Alexander von Humboldt Ravishankar K. Iyer Foundation, Germany, 1996 Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Technical Achievement Award, IEEE Circuits and Systems Associate Fellow, American Institute of Aeronautics and Society, 1997 Astronautics Korean Broadcasting System Award in Science and IEEE Distinguished Visitor, 1989- Technology, 1998 Senior U.S. Scientist Award, Alexander von Humboldt Technical Excellence Award, Semiconductor Research Foundation, Germany, 1991 Corp., 1999 List for Outstanding Advising, U of I Engineering Golden Jubilee Medal, IEEE CAS Society, 1999 Council Advisors, 1994, 1996 IEEE Millennium Medal, 2000 Best Paper Award, International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering, 1996 Kyekyoon (Kevin) Kim Best Paper Award, 10th International Conference on Beckman Research Award, U of I, 1985 VLSI Design, 1997 Japanese Government Foreign Specialist Award, Science Distinguished Service Certificate, American Institute of and Technology Agency of Japan, 1989 Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1997 Best Presentation Award, ACERS, Nuclear Division, 1990 George and Ann Fisher Distinguished Professor, U of I Meritorious Award, Inertial Confinement Fusion Target College of Engineering, 1998- Fabrication Specialists Association, 1995 IEEE Emanuel R. Piore Award, 2001 Paul W. Klock, Emeritus Jianming Jin Everitt Award for Teaching Excellence, U of I College Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers of Engineering, 1988 Senior Member, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Ralf Koetter Young Investigator Award, National Science Foundation, Co-Editor-in-Chief, Special Issue of the IEEE Transactions 1994 on Information Theory Young Investigator Award, Office of Naval Research, 1995 IBM Invention Achievement Award, 1997 Xerox Award for Faculty Research, U of I College of Associate Editor, IEEE Transactions on Communications, Engineering, 1997 1999- Henry Magnuski Outstanding Young Scholar, 1998-2000 Associate Editor, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, Value Service Award, Applied Computational 2000- Electromagnetics Society, 1999 CAREER Award, National Science Foundation, 2000 Incomplete List of Teachers Rated Excellent, 2000 Douglas L. Jones Fulbright Fellowship, 1987 Philip T. Krein Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Sung-Mo Kang, Emeritus Grainger Associate, U of I Department of Electrical and Fellow, American Association for the Advancement Computer Engineering, 1995- of Science Technical Vice President, IEEE Power Electronics Society, Fellow, Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) 1997, 1998 Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Fulbright Scholar, 1997-1998 Foreign Member, National Academy of Engineering Xerox Award for Faculty Research, U of I College of of Korea Engineering, 1997 President, IEEE Circuits and Systems Society, 1991 President, IEEE Power Electronics Society, 1999, 2000 Founding Editor-in-Chief, IEEE Transactions on VLSI University Scholar, U of I, 1999-2002 Systems, 1992-1995 CAS Darlington Award, Institute of Electrical and P. R. Kumar Electronics Engineers, 1993 Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers SRC Inventor Recognition Award, 1993, 1996 Donald P. Eckman Award, American Automatic Control Series Editor, Advances in VLSI CAD, Elsevier, 1994- Council, 1985 Meritorious Service Award, IEEE Circuits and Systems Franklin W. Woeltge Professor of Electrical and Computer Society, 1994-1997 Engineering, U of I, 2000-
93 Benjamin C. Kuo, Emeritus Henry Magnuski Scholar, U of I College of Engineering, Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 1999 Early Career Achievement Award, IEEE Engineering in Mark J. Kushner Biology and Medicine Society, 1999 Fellow, American Physical Society Fellow, American Vacuum Society Chang Liu Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Academician, Academia Sinica, 1998 Fellow, Optical Society of America CAREER Award, National Science Foundation, 2000 Xerox Award for Faculty Research, U of I College of Engineering, 1988, 1991 Yuen T. Lo, Emeritus Everitt Award for Teaching Excellence, U of I College of Member, Academy of Electromagnetics Engineering, 1990 Member, International Union of Radio Sciences Andersen Consulting Award for Excellence in Advising, Member, National Academy of Engineering U of I College of Engineering, 1991, 1994, 1998 Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Thomas Murphy University Scholar, U of I, 1991-1994 Honorary Professor, Northwest Telecommunication Japan Society for Advancement of Science Fellow, 1992 Institute, Xian, China Semiconductor Research Corporation Technical Honorary Professor, Northwestern Technical University, Excellence Award, 1995 Xian, China Tegal Thinker Award for Plasma Etch Technology, 1997 Centennial Medal, IEEE, 1984 Founder Professor of Engineering, U of I, 1999-2004 Halliburton Award for Engineering Education Leadership, Plasma Science and Technology Award, American Vacuum U of I College of Engineering, 1986 Society, 1999 Certificate of Appreciation for Distinguished Service to IEEE Plasma Science and Applications Award, 2000 IEEE, 1991 Distinguished Alumni Award, U of I Department of Jean-Pierre Leburton Electrical and Computer Engineering, 1993 Member, New York Academy of Science Distinguished Achievement Award, IEEE Antennas and Hitachi Ltd. Quantum Materials Chair, Research Center Propagation Society, 1996 for Advanced Sciences and Technology, University of Tokyo, 1992 Michael C. Loui Chevalier Dans L’Ordre Des Palmes Academiques, 1994 Everitt Award for Teaching Excellence, U of I College of Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Engineering, 1984 1996 Dow Outstanding Young Faculty Award, American Associate, U of I Center for Advanced Study, 1999 Society for Engineering Education, 1985 Fellow, American Physical Society, 1999 Harriet and Charles Luckman Undergraduate Distinguished Teaching Award, U of I, 1995 Shung-Wu Lee, Emeritus College of Engineering Teaching Excellence Award, Member, National Academy of Engineering U of I, 1996 Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Million Dollar Award, Lockheed Corp., 1985 Steven Lumetta Certificate of Recognition, National Aeronautics and Best Student Paper, Supercomputing ‘97: High- Space Administration, 1993 Performance Networking and Computing, 1997 CAREER Award, National Science Foundation, 2000 Stephen Levinson Fellow, Acoustical Society of America Joseph W. Lyding Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IBM Postdoctoral Fellow, 1983 Arthur K. Doolittle Award, American Chemical Society, Zhi-Pei Liang 1983 Sylvia Sorkin Greenfield Best Paper Award, Medical Tau Beta Pi Outstanding Teaching Award, 1984 Physics, 1990 Arnold O. Beckman Research Award, U of I, 1984, 1985 Outstanding Staff Member Award, Panhellenic Council, Beckman Fellow, U of I Center for Advanced Study, U of I, 1995 1987-1988 CAREER Award, National Science Foundation, 1995 Associate, U of I Center for Advanced Study, 1996-1997 Beckman Fellow, U of I Center for Advanced Study, 1997 IBM Partnership Award, 1996-1997
94 Fellow, American Physical Society, 1997 Incomplete List of Teachers Ranked as Excellent by Their University Scholar, U of I, 1997 Students, Spring 1996, Spring 1999 Fellow, American Vacuum Society, 2000 CAREER Award, National Science Foundation, 1997 Senior Best Paper Award, IEEE Signal Processing Society, P. Edward Mast, Emeritus 1997 Honorary Member, Illinois Junior Academy of Science Associate Editor, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 1999- Paul E. Mayes, Emeritus Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers David C. Munson, Jr. Member, Electromagnetics Academy Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Past President, IEEE Signal Processing Society Amit Mehrotra Founding Editor, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing Outstanding Paper Award, International Conference of Meritorious Service Award, IEEE Signal Processing Computer Design (ICCD), 1997 Society, 1995 Outstanding Alumnus Award, University of Delaware Sean Meyn College of Engineering, 1995 ORSA TIMS Award for the best publication in applied Faculty Outstanding Teaching Award, U of I Department probability, 1994 of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 1998 Vice Chancellor’s Teaching Scholar’s Award, U of I, 1994 Distinguished Lecturer, IEEE Signal Processing Society, Arnold O. Beckman Research Award, Manufacturing 2000-2001 System Design and Analysis, 1994 IEEE Third Millennium Medal, 2000 Fulbright Research Scholar for Research on Optimization and Network Scheduling, 1997 Saburo Muroga Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Eric Michielssen Honorary Member, The Information Processing Society CAREER Award, National Science Foundation, 1995 of Japan
George H. Miley William D. O’Brien, Jr. Fellow, American Physical Society Founding Fellow, American Institute of Medical and Fellow, American Nuclear Society Biological Engineering Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Fellow, Acoustical Society of America Senior Fellow, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Fellow and Past President, American Institute of Exceptional Service Award, American Nuclear Society, Ultrasound in Medicine 1980 Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Fellow, J. S. Guggenheim Foundation, 1985 Past President, American Institute of Ultrasound in United Kingdom Research Fellow, 1987 Medicine Halliburton Engineering Education Leadership Award, Past Treasurer, World Federation of Ultrasound in U of I College of Engineering, 1990 Medicine and Biology Outstanding Achievement Award, American Nuclear Past President, IEEE Sonics and Ultrasonics Group Society, Fusion Energy Division, 1992 Honorary Member, Society of Vascular Technology NATO Senior Fellow, Eastern European Outreach, 1994 Centennial Medal, IEEE, 1984 Edward Teller Medal, 1995 Editor-in-Chief, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Outstanding Scientist Award, Journal of New Energy, 1996 Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control, 1985- Presidential Recognition Award, American Institute of Raj Mittra, Emeritus Ultrasound in Medicine, 1985, 1992 Fellow, Electromagnetics Academy History of Ultrasound Pioneer Award, World Federation Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers of Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology, 1988 Fellow, J. S. Guggenheim Foundation, 1965-1966 Outstanding Region 4 IEEE Student Branch Counselor Past President, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society Award, 1989 Centennial Medal, IEEE, 1984 Joseph H. Holmes Basic Science Pioneer Award, American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, 1993 Pierre Moulin Distinguished Lecturer, IEEE Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics Associate Editor, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, and Frequency Control Society, 1997-1998 1996-1998
95 Achievement Award, IEEE Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Best Paper Award, Hawaii International Conference on Frequency Control Society, 1998 System Sciences, 1997 IEEE Millennium Medal, 2000 Best Paper Award, North American Power Symposium, 1997 Burks Oakley II Prize Paper Award, IEEE Power Engineering Society, 1999 Incomplete List of Teachers Ranked as Excellent by Their BP Amoco Award for Innovation in Undergraduate Students, 15 times, U of I Education, U of I College of Engineering, 2000 Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IEEE Third Millennium Medal, 2000 Searle Scholar, 1982 Named “one of the most distinguished Ph.D. recipients Mangalore A. Pai over the past 50 years,” University of Michigan, Horace Fellow, Indian National Science Academy H. Rackham School of Graduate Studies, 1988 Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Everitt Award for Teaching Excellence, U of I College of Fellow, Institution of Engineers, India Engineering, 1989 Fellow, National Academy of Engineering, India Stanley H. Pierce Award, U of I College of Engineering, 1991 Janak H. Patel Finalist, Campus Outstanding Teacher Award, U of I, Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 1991, 1992 Emanuel R. Piore Award, Institute of Electrical and Wyatt Challenge Award, EDUCOM, 1991 Electronics Engineers, 1998 BP Amoco Award for Innovation in Undergraduate Donald Biggar Willet Professor, U of I College of Instruction, U of I, 1992 Engineering, 1999 Harriet and Charles Luckman Undergraduate Distinguished Teaching Award, U of I, 1993 William R. Perkins Outstanding Teacher Award, American Society for Life Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Education, Illinois/Indiana Section, 1993 Engineers Centennial Certificate, American Society for Engineering Past President, IEEE Control Systems Society Education, 1993 Distinguished Member, IEEE Control Systems Society Benjamin Dasher Award, IEEE Education Society/ASEE Centennial Medal, IEEE, 1984 ERM Division, 1994 Distinguished Lecturer, IEEE Control Systems Society, Outstanding Advisor List, U of I College of Engineering, 1986-1987 1994, 1995 Halliburton Engineering Education Leadership Award, Educom Medal, 1996 U of I, 1987 IEEE Educational Activities Board Major Educational Editor-in-Chief, IEEE Press, 1992-1994 Innovation Award, 1996 President, American Automatic Control Council, Helen Plants Award, Frontiers in Education Conference, 1996-1997 1996 Education Award, American Automatic Control Council, Best Workshop, American Society for Engineering 1997 Education, Conference for Industry and Education IEEE Third Millennium Medal, 2000 Collaboration, Continuing Professional Development Division, 1997 Constantine D. Polychronopoulos Meritorious Service Award, Education Society, Institute Board of Directors, ACM SIGARCH for Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 1998 Presidential Young Investigator Award, National Science Best Paper, American Society for Engineering Education, Foundation, 1989 Conference for Industry and Education Collaboration, Editor, International Journal of High-Speed Computing, Continuing Professional Development Division, 1999 1989- IEEE Third Millennium Medal, 2000 Mitsubishi Endowed Professorship, University of Tokyo, 1993 Thomas Overbye Bodossaki Foundation Award in Engineering, 1998 Andersen Consulting Award for Excellence in Advising, Best Research Paper Award, IEEE Supercomputing, 2000 U of I College of Engineering, 1993, 1994 Walter Fee Outstanding Young Engineer Award, IEEE N. Narayana Rao Power Engineering Society, 1993 Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Prize Papers, Hawaii International Conference on Systems Undergraduate Instructional Award, U of I, 1982, 1988 Sciences, North American Power Symposium 1997
96 Everitt Award for Teaching Excellence, U of I College Paul D. Schomer of Engineering, 1987 Fellow, Acoustical Society of America Campus Award for Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching, Vice President, Membership, Institute of Noise Control U of I, 1989 Engineering Oakley Award for Innovation in Instruction, U of I, 1989 Associate Editor, Community Noise, Noise Control Halliburton Engineering Education Leadership Award, Engineering Journal U of I College of Engineering, 1991 Head of the U.S. Delegation to International AT&T Foundation Award for Excellence in the Organization for Standardization Technical Committee, Instruction of Engineering Students, ASEE Illinois- 1994 Indiana Section, 1991 IEEE Undergraduate Teaching Award, 1994 Chalmers F. Sechrist, Jr., Emeritus Excellence in Education Award, Telugu Association of Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers North America, 1999 Past President and Vice President, IEEE Education Society Palmes Academiques Award, French Ministry of Umberto Ravaioli Education, 1993 Fellow, Institute of Physics Education Society Achievement Award, Institute of Andersen Consulting Award for Excellence in Advising, Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 1993 U of I College of Engineering, 1990, 1994 Meritorious Service Award, Department of Electrical and Engineering Council Advisors List for Advising Computer Engineering Alumni Association, 1996 Excellence, U of I, 1994, 1996, 1998 IEEE Millennium Award, 2000
Elyse Rosenbaum Naresh Shanbhag SRC Technical Excellence Award, 1991 Darlington Award, IEEE Circuits and Systems Society, Roger A. Haken Best Student Paper Award, International 1994 Electron Devices Meeting, 1991 CAREER Award, National Science Foundation, 1996 CAREER Award, National Science Foundation, 1996 Distinguished Lecturer, IEEE Circuits and Systems Society, 1997-1999 Elizabeth Rudnick Xerox Award for Faculty Research, U of I College of Best Paper Award, VLSI Test Symposium, 1997 Engineering, 1999 Leon K. Kirchmayer Best Paper Award, IEEE, 1999 William Sanders Faculty Award, Digital Equipment Corporation, Andrew Singer Incentives for Excellence, 1989, 1990, 1991 Hughes Aircraft Graduate Fellow CAREER Award, National Science Foundation, 2001 Dilip V. Sarwate ONR Special Research Award in Ocean Acoustics 2001 Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Leslie G. Smith, Emeritus Peter W. Sauer Fellow, Royal Meteorological Society Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Associate Fellow, American Institute of Aeronautics and Grainger Associate, U of I Department of Electrical and Astronautics Computer Engineering, 1982-1998 Tau Beta Pi Eminent Engineer, U of I, 1988 U.S. Air Force Meritorious Service Medal, 1993 Honorary Professional Degree in Electrical Engineering, Mark W. Spong University of Missouri-Rolla, 1995 Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Academy of Electrical Engineering, University of Research Initiation Award, National Science Foundation, Missouri-Rolla, 1996 1982 Andersen Consulting Award for Excellence in Advising, Best Paper Award, Robotics and Expert Systems U of I College of Engineering, 1996, 1998, 1999 Symposium, 1987 Outstanding Educator Award, IEEE Power Engineering Board of Governors, IEEE Control Systems Society, Society, 1997 1996-1999 Grainger Chair Professor of Electrical Engineering, 1998- Best Video Award, IEEE International Conference on IEEE Power Engineering Society Prize Paper Award, 1999 Robotics and Automation, 1998 IEEE Third Millennium Medal, 2000 Engineering Council Advisors List for Outstanding Advising, U of I, 1998
97 Senior U.S. Scientist Award, Alexander von Humboldt Faculty Outstanding Teaching Award, U of I Department Foundation, Germany, 1999 of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 1997 Visiting Professor, Catholic University, Leuven, Belgium, Collins Award for Innovative Teaching, U of I College of 1999 Engineering, 1998 Visiting Professor, National University of Singapore, 1999 IEEE Third Millennium Medal, 2000 Venu Veeravalli Editor, IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, Editor, Communications in Information and Systems 2000 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Browder Vice President, IEEE Control Systems Society, 2000-2001 J. Thompson Award, co-recipient, 1996 CAREER Award, National Science Foundation, 1998 George W. Swenson, Jr., Emeritus Chair, IEEE Ithaca Section, 1999-2000 Member, National Academy of Engineering Presidential Career Award, 1999 Life Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Michael Tien Excellence in Teaching Award, Cornell Engineers University College of Engineering, Cornell University, Fellow, American Association for Advancement of Science 1999 Member, Academy of Electrical Engineering, Michigan Invited Participant in the National Academy of Technological University Engineering Frontiers of Engineering Conference, 2000 Fellow, J. S. Guggenheim Foundation, 1984 Associate Editor, Detection & Estimation for IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 2001-2003 Timothy N. Trick Associate Editor for IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Fellow, American Association for the Advancement Communications–Wireless Series, 2000-2001 of Science Co-Organizer of the National Academy of Engineering Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Frontiers of Engineering Conference, 2001 Fellow, International Engineering Consortium Past President, IEEE Circuits and Systems Society Joseph T. Verdeyen, Emeritus Past Vice President, IEEE Publication Board Senior Member, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Centennial Medal, IEEE, 1984 Engineers IEEE Board of Directors, 1986-1989 Fellow, American Physical Society National Engineering Consortium Board of Directors 1990- Benjamin W. Wah President, National Electrical Engineering Department Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Heads Association, 1994-1995 Fellow, Society for Design and Process Science M. E. Van Valkenburg Award, IEEE Circuits and Systems University Scholar, U of I, 1989 Society, 1994 IEEE Distinguished Visitor, 1989-1992 Outstanding Faculty Award, University of Illinois Dads Fujitsu Visiting Chair Professor on Intelligence Association, 1996 Engineering, University of Tokyo, 1992 Golden Jubilee Medal for Extraordinary Contributions to Editor in Chief, IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and the IEEE Circuit and Systems Society, 2000 Data Engineering, 1993-1996 IEEE Third Millennium Medal for Outstanding Associate Editor-in-Chief, Information Sciences, 1993- Achievement and Contributions, 2000 McKay Visiting Professorship, University of California, Alumni Award for Excellence, University of Dayton, Berkeley, 1994 School of Engineering, 2000 Second Vice President, IEEE Computer Society, 1998 Technical Achievement Award, IEEE Computer Society, Ricardo Uribe 1998 Nominated Three Times for the Everitt Award for First Vice President Elect, IEEE Computer Society, 1998 Undergraduate Teaching Excellence Best Paper Award, IEEE International Conference on Elected to the Incomplete list of Excellent Teachers more Tools with Artificial Intelligence, 1999 than 32 consecutive semesters Robert T. Chien Professor of Electrical and Computer E. A. Reid Engineering Open House Award, Advanced Engineering, U of I, 1999 Digital Systems Laboratory Best Paper Award, Journal of Global Optimization, 1999 Honorable Mention for Paper, Ben Dasher Award IEEE Third Millennium Medal, 2000 Committee, An Introduction to Electrical and Computer President-Elect, IEEE Computer Society, 2000 Engineering for Freshmen: Laboratories and Lectures President, IEEE Computer Society, 2001 (coauthored), 1995
98 Andrew Webb Engineering Council Advisors List for Outstanding Advising, U of I, 1995, 1998 CAREER Award, National Science Foundation, 1997 Guest Professorship, University of Wurzburg, 2000-2001
Bruce C. Wheeler Stanley H. Pierce Award, U of I College of Engineering, 1987 Andersen Consulting Award for Excellence in Advising, U of I College of Engineering, 1989, 1993 Honorary Knight of St. Pat, U of I College of Engineering, 1999 Outstanding Faculty Award, Illinois Dad’s Association, 1999 Campus Award for Excellence in Undergraduate Advising, U of I, 2000
Kung C. Yeh, Emeritus Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 1973; Life Fellow, 1995 Panel Member, Electromagnetic Wave Propagation Panel, AGARD, NATO, 1984-1992 Scientific Achievement Award, Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development, NATO, 1992 Honorary Guest Professor, Wuhan University, 1993 Chair Professor, Foundation for the Advancement of Outstanding Scholarship, Taiwan, 1995-1997 Advisory Professor, Fundan University, 1997 Distinguished Alumnus Award, U of I Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 1997 Distinguished Schmidt Visiting Professor, Florida Atlantic University, 1999
Jianhua (David) Zhang Outstanding Advisor Award, U of I College of Engineering and Engineering Council, 2001
99 General Engineering
H. E. Cook, Head • The Mechatronics Laboratory for the integration of M. H. Moeinzadeh, Acting Associate Head electrical and mechanical systems is under development. 117 Transportation Building • The Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation Research 104 S. Mathews Ave., MC-238 Laboratory provides acoustic emission, ultrasonics, Urbana, IL 61801-2996 acousto-ultrasonics, eddy-current, magnetic particle, 217-333-2730 • http://www.ge.uiuc.edu holography, and real-time microfocus x-ray equipment for nondestructive evaluation/characterization of a The Department of General Engineering offers programs variety of materials and structures. of undergraduate and graduate study that provide an • The Robotics Laboratory features several research-quality approach to system engineering and engineering design robot arms, vision systems, and workstations with that crosses traditional disciplinary lines. The master’s state-of-the-art robotics software. degree program accepts students with bachelor’s degrees in general, mechanical, civil, and electrical engineering and computer science and is structured to emphasize planning Bioengineering and execution of large projects in engineering design and manufacturing. The backgrounds of the faculty are diverse, but the An Advanced Platform for Biomolecular general focus of their research is in the areas of integrated Detection and Analysis Systems: Microfluidic engineering design, decision making, communications, Tectonics and Pocket BC Detector Systems scheduling, control, Six Sigma processes, entrepreneurship, N. R. Aluru, J. Moore,* M. Wheeler and the business side of engineering. Currently this Defense National Research Projects Agency activity is divided into design of engineering systems, including decision making, reliability, and optimization; The objective of this project is to develop mathematical engineering graphics; geometry and solid modeling; models and simulation tools for bio-responsive materials. control and robotics; communication networks; manufacturing systems analysis; expert systems and Multivariable Modeling and Control of artificial intelligence in the design process; nondestructive Anesthetic Pharmacodynamics testing and evaluation; and biomechanics and C. Beck,* M. Bloom rehabilitation engineering. National Science Foundation, ECS9720523 Doctoral students in computer science and electrical, mechanical, and civil engineering are working with or This project concerns the investigation and construction being supervised by General Engineering faculty. of mathematical models to describe the pharmacodynamic Research is conducted in specialized laboratories: response of patients to various anesthetic agents. Due to the variability of responses of individuals to drugs, families • The Decision Systems Laboratory focuses on the of models, rather than single models, are being considered. development of decision support systems utilizing both To be useful, these models must reflect the time-varying operations research and artificial intelligence techniques. nature of human response to anesthesia, the wide range of • In the Manufacturing Systems Laboratory, new variation in human subjects, and the complexity of the modeling, decision making, and control techniques to underlying mechanisms involved. The eventual goal of improve the efficiency of large-scale manufacturing this work is the development of robust feedback control systems are investigated. designs for the purposes of automated anesthesia delivery. • The Illinois Genetic Algorithms Laboratory investigates Recent system identification and model validation the theory and application of genetic algorithms-search techniques are being used to construct candidate models, procedures based on the mechanics of natural selection utilizing clinical data recorded by the Department of and natural genetics. Anesthesiology at the University of Pittsburgh • In the Algorithm Visualization Laboratory, the Medical Center. performance of numerical methods in engineering applications is studied using computer graphics.
* Denotes principal investigator. 2 Energy stored in these modes during the collision is Biomechanics and effectively restored to the ball, giving rise to the so-called Rehabilitation Engineering “trampoline effect.” The goal of this study is to develop a quantitative understanding of the trampoline effect using both finite element analysis and modal analysis. Results Human Postural Control Modeling should provide insight for the design improvement and C. L. Beck,* M. H. Moeinzadeh,* A. Mahboobin performance of the baseball bats. University of Illinois Rigidity of External Fracture The function of human postural control involves a Fixation Devices multisensory feedback process that relies on information G. J. Pijanowski* (Vet. Biosci.), M. H. Moeinzadeh* from the visual, vestibular, and proprioceptive systems. University of Illinois Previously, such sensory system models were regarded as stationary (time-invariant), but recent analysis indicates There is growing evidence that the local mechanical that the dynamics of upright balance have non-negligible, environment has an important influence on the process of time-varying characteristics. The aim of this research is fracture healing. The configuration of an external skeletal the development of time-varying postural control models fixator frame is known to affect the stiffness of the frame reflecting the interaction of all three sensory systems in the and thus, the local mechanical environment. The purpose control of upright stance in human posture. The research of this work is to develop a computer model of the frame will lead to a better understanding of balance mechanisms and provide the clinician with information about the in healthy individuals, resulting in improved diagnosis and mechanical environment of the healing fracture. This will treatment for those with balance disorders. allow the clinician to alter the configuration of the frame to optimize the healing. Ground Reaction Force Analysis of Changing Direction during Walking M. H. Moeinzadeh,* D. Xu University of Illinois Communications Networks
(Conducted in the Department of Kinesiology) Fair Scheduling and Admission Control For Shared-Channel Wireless Packet Networks Walking is the basic means of locomotion for human V. Bharghavan,* R. Srikant,* S. Shakkottai, A. Eryilmaz beings. Various aspects of walking have been studied by a National Science Foundation number of researchers; however, there is limited information on the unique characteristics of changing Fair scheduling of traffic sources in wireless networks is direction during walking. This study investigates the difficult due to bursty channel errors and location- kinetic walking patterns and properties of the ground dependent channel capacity. In this project, researchers reaction forces (GRF) in changing direction. Thirty-three study MAC, scheduling and admission control algorithms subjects are tested through a walking protocol for indoor and outdoor wireless networks that allocate the representative of all of the complex movements of available bandwidth in a fair manner to competing directional walking. Their GRF and body movements are sources. recorded via a force plate and motion analysis systems, respectively. The insight gained in this study will be Development of Virtual Prototyping Systems helpful in the clinical diagnosis of dysfunctional walking. R. S. Sreenivas,* W. R. Norris Caterpillar, Inc. Performance Characterization of a Hollow Aluminum Baseball Bat The notion of “steering quality” is difficult to quantify in M. H. Moeinzadeh,* A. M. Nathan,* J. T. Czapka the design of steering systems for earth-moving vehicles. University of Illinois Researchers envision an expert driver operating a simulated vehicle within a virtual environment where the A project has begun to study performance of a hollow parameters in the design of a steering system can be aluminum baseball bat and the role played by shell modes, altered instantaneously. In this paradigm, the process of which are excited during the ball-bat collision by the local trial-and-error design becomes a viable option. This compression of the shell of the bat at the impact point. project involves the derivation of vehicle models of
3 * Denotes principal investigator. appropriate complexity and detail that can be simulated in unicast, multicast flows, and so forth), large numbers of real-time within a virtual environment. To improve the nodes, heterogeneous traffic patterns, heterogeneous real-time performance of these models, particular Quality-of-Service (QoS) requirements, wide variability in attention is focused on artificial neural networks. the duration of the connections leading to self-similar traffic behavior, and heterogeneity in the bandwidth of the On Deadlock Avoidance, Livelock Avoidance, links (due to fiber-optic, wireless, and satellite links). and Performance Improvements in Discrete The goal of this research is to develop simple, hierarchical Event Systems: A Collection of Open models of networks to study such network control Problems mechanisms as congestion control, admission control, R. S. Sreenivas* routing, pricing, and scheduling. National Science Foundation, ECS-0000938 Resource Sharing and Performance Analysis Researchers consider a large class of discrete-state systems Algorithms for Integrated-Services Networks such as traffic networks, manufacturing systems, computer R. Srikant,* E. Graves networks, distributed/parallel computing. A livelock in National Science Foundation such systems is a situation when some process is unable to finish because its clients perpetually create more work for Researchers consider networks that serve traffic with it to do after they have been serviced. This phenomenon diverse Quality-of-Service (QoS) requirements. is different from that of a deadlock where there is Economical deployment of such networks depends on essentially no activity as each process is perpetually in a effective algorithms for admission control and routing of state of waiting, anticipating the release of resources that various call connection requests and fast, accurate are held by other processes. The issue of deadlock- and performance analysis tools (analytic or simulation tools) to livelock-avoidance is particularly important to the evaluate the efficiency of such algorithms. The research in synthesis of protocols, routing, cache/memory this project concentrates on three major areas: optimal management, computer operating systems, manufacturing resource-sharing between calls with different bandwidth systems, traffic management, operations management of requirements, performance analysis issues for queuing large organizations, and so forth. This project addresses problems derived from connection-level as well as several open problems in the analysis, synthesis, and cell-level models of communication networks, and fast performance evaluation of supervisory control policies that simulation of queues and large-loss networks. guarantee liveness (absence of deadlock and livelock) in Petri net (PN) models of the discrete-state systems described above. Control Systems Differentiated Services for Motorola’s Cellular Infrastructure From Power Laws to Power Grids: R. Srikant,* R. Barnes, X. Wu A Mathematical and Computational Motorola Foundation for Complex Interactive Networks R. Bagrodia, C. Beck, J. Doyle,* J. Carlson, K. Chandy, Researchers consider scheduling algorithms to provide M. Cross, M. Gerla, S. Lall, B. Lesieutre, J. Marsden, differentiated Quality-of-Service (QoS) in both wireline F. Paganini, L. Petzold, G. Verhese and wireless networks. The goal is to design distributed Electric Power Research Institute; Army Research Office, algorithms such that the users of the networks can adapt DAAG55-98-R-RA08 their transmission rates based on limited information from the network. The goal of this research consortium is to enhance the understanding of network behavior, including phenomena Reduced-Complexity Models For Network such as power outages and large cascading power failures, Performance Prediction as well as to provide significantly improved capabilities for R. Srikant,* B. Hajek,* S. Deb, S. Kunniyur reducing the frequency and severity of such events. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency An increasing awareness of the importance of understanding and designing for robustness in complex Large networks possess several features that make them networks, coupled with concurrent advances in theoretical difficult to model and analyze. These include large and software-based tools have dramatically improved the numbers of heterogeneous flows (voice, video, data, prospects for gaining insights into these types of systems.
* Denotes principal investigator. 4 The research investigators involved in this consortium Perturbation Methods for Lagrangian have all made fundamental contributions at the heart of and Nonlinear Control Systems these recent developments. Professor Beck, specifically, is F. Bullo* involved in the development of modeling and model University of Illinois reduction theory, and related computational tools, for networked and interconnected power systems This project investigates averaging theory and oscillatory configurations with an emphasis on maintaining control for nonlinear mechanical systems. A key result is robustness in systems stability and performance. a series expansion that describes the evolution of a system starting at rest and subject to a time-varying external Modeling and Model Reduction for force. The technical treatment relies on the homogeneity Complex Engineering Systems properties of affine connections models for mechanical C. Beck* systems; an interesting link between averaging and National Science Foundation, ECS 00-961999 controllability theory relates the key concepts of averaged potential and of symmetric product. The results provide a The focus of this research is on the development of rigorous means of investigating controllability properties, systematic modeling and model reduction methods for the locomotion gaits, vibrational stabilization, and motion purpose of facilitating control design, analysis, and control algorithms for a large class of underactuated simulation of complex engineering systems. This mechanical systems. development is based on the consideration of practical engineering systems; power networks and bioengineering Constructing a Physical Emulator for systems comprise the main focus for the applications Automated Manufacturing Systems work. In general, the systems to be considered in this W. J. Davis* research may be time-varying, parameter-varying, Campus Research Board distributed or multidimensional, and/or nonlinear in behavior. The main modeling framework considered is A physical emulator for an advanced manufacturing that typically used in robust control. The development system is being designed for both research and education of algorithms and computational tools to implement the needs. The emulator consists of a large mimic board where proposed modeling techniques is one of the goals of detailed state information is electronically displayed. this project. The included processes are emulated by microprocessors that drive the electronic displays and accept control Algorithmic and Differential inputs from and provide sensory feedback to other Geometric Trajectory Planning microprocessors. A new course addressing the distributed F. Bullo* intelligent control of complex systems is being developed University of Illinois around the emulator. The emulator will also interface with the World Wide Web to permit researchers to test new Motion planning and trajectory optimization are key algorithms for the distributed online intelligent control technological problems in the development of dexterous of such systems. and autonomous machines, including robotic manipulators and autonomous vehicles. The first step is Modeling and Analysis of Large-Scale, to introduce and characterize kinematically controllable Discrete-Event Systems systems. For these systems, the problem of planning fast, W. J. Davis* collision-free trajectories can be decoupled into the University of Illinois computationally simpler problems of path planning followed by time-optimal time scaling. Second, A new hierarchical framework for the intelligent control of researchers present a power series approach to trajectory large-scale, discrete-event systems has been formulated. planning. Two-point boundary-value problems The conceptualized hierarchy defines a coordinated object corresponding to trajectory planning are solved locally via that can be employed recursively to describe the desired an inverse theorem for power series representations. hierarchy. In order to distribute planning and control, an Investigations include both the regular and singular cases intelligent controller is included within each coordinated corresponding to linearly and nonlinearly controllable object. The essential mechanisms to coordinate the systems. distributed planning and control are now being explored. New object-oriented simulation tools are also being developed to model the interaction among the coordinated objects.
5 * Denotes principal investigator. Specialized Simulation Models Efficiency-based Optimal Control for Production Planning of Kaplan Hydrogenerators W. J. Davis* L. Wozniak, P. Schniter* U.S. Army, DAAA08-97-M-0647 University of Illinois
A new object-oriented simulation approach is being This research investigates an optimal strategy for developed for the production planning problem. controlling the speed response of Kaplan hydrogenerating The approach will permit the product structure diagram systems to decreases in load. Typically, primary control and specialized policies for managing the inventory for gates restrict and redirect water through the turbine to each product to be considered. Finally, the simulation stabilize and transfer the system to operating point approach defines a generalized queue for all staged and demand. The adjustable turbine blade angle is used to dispatched orders that can be interfaced to any intelligent return to maximum operating efficiency at the new load control algorithm for managing the production. level. The overspeed reduction is limited by the ability of Eventually, the modeling will be expanded to consider the the conduit to withstand the overpressure caused by the purchasing of materials from external vendors, material flow restriction at the turbine. A control scheme using and capacity requirements planning, and real-time gates and blades simultaneously and independently production scheduling. is developed.
A Graphic Approach to Hydrogenerator Governor Tuning Design Theory and L. Wozniak* University of Illinois Methodology
A number of published works deal with governor tuning for speed control of hydrogenerators. This work is based Impact of Design Code on Structural Design on the hypothesis that some system parameters are not S. Burns,* A. Bustamante known at the design stage. A graph is developed that can National Science Foundation, CMS 9912559 be used to predict optimum proportional and integral gains based on four parameters: the time constants of the Structures are usually designed within the constraints water column and the rotor inertia and the self-regulation imposed by a design specification or design code. constants of the turbine and the loading grid. The pole Two notable examples for steel frame structures are the cancellation method of design is used and the results are American Institute of Steel Construction Allowable Stress posed in an easy-to-use format not requiring the solution Design (ASD) specification and the Load and Resistance of systems of equations. Factor Design (LRFD) specification. Since a structure can be proportioned in many different, efficient ways, the Determining Hydrogenerating System quantity and variety of efficient designs will depend Stability and Performance intimately on the design rules being enforced. This project L. Wozniak* performs a systematic study of this aspect of University of Illinois structural design.
Hydrogenerator governors are designed with Seeking Diversity in Structural Design predetermined rotational inertias and conduit dimensions S. Burns,* M. Liu for maximum acceptable off-speeds (speed deviations from National Science Foundation, CMS 9714069, CMS reference). However, this parameter selection may not be 9912559 favorable for stable operation and satisfactory small signal level performance when governing isolated loads. Poorly This project investigates the limitations of conventional governed plants operating in interconnected systems member sizing procedures applied to structural frame degrade the overall stability. This work develops a structures. When supporting multiple loading conditions, graphical method to determine expected performance and frame structures can be proportioned in many different, stability characteristics based on inertia and conduit sizing efficient ways, each exhibiting its own unique load path. decisions. It is directed toward mechanical and civil Conventional methods are unable to identify many, and engineers involved in the design and associated economics often most, of these designs because they are repellers of plant layouts. under the action of the standard design procedures.
* Denotes principal investigator. 6 New methodologies are being developed to improve the Business-Led Environmental Management: effectiveness of the design process by making these Environmental and Economic Implications otherwise hidden designs accessible. M. Khanna,* D. L. Thurston U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, G8J30188 SQD and Six Sigma Plus Methods H. E. Cook,* J. L. Freeman, D. R. Herington, “Pollution Prevention Pays” is an appealing concept. L. A. Wissmann However, there are limits. If pollution prevention in fact Caterpillar, Inc.; University of Illinois always did pay, then market forces would drive all firms to their least polluting potential. The problem is to Strategic Quality Deployment (SQD) is a structured determine what drives some and not other firms to methodology for guiding the design of new products. undertake self-regulated environmental management and It integrates marketing research, quality management, the extent to which it can be relied upon to achieve value engineering, and design of experiments into a single environmental protection. The goal of this project is to formation. The research is targeting applications in develop a theoretical econometric framework to analyze support of the development and introduction of new the determinants of business-led environmental products. Design of experiments, Taguchi methods, QFD, management and derive conditions under which long- and short-term statistical process control, target business-led (as opposed to mandatory regulations) can costing, and value engineering are important elements in achieve cost-effective environmental protection. the quality management process known as Six Sigma. The objective of this research is to integrate these tools Axioms for Overcoming Resistance into a single formalism for total quality management. to Decision-based Design D. L. Thurston* Strategic Quality Deployment National Science Foundation, DMI-9908406 H. E. Cook,* J. L. Freeman, D. R. Herington, C. Suarez, L. A. Wissmann Although decision-based design has tremendous potential Caterpillar; University of Illinois for improving the engineering design process, several real and misconceived limitations hamper its progress. Strategic Quality Deployment (SQD) is a structured The goal of this project is to develop a set of new methodology for guiding the design of new products. decision-based design axioms for overcoming these It integrates marketing research, quality management, limitations. To overcome the real limitations, the axioms value engineering, and design of experiments into a single will provide a basis for effectively employing information methodology. The research is being applied to the contained in a utility function during design synthesis and planning of new product introductions and the analysis. To overcome the misconceived limitations, the development of business plans. axioms will provide rules and conditions specific to engineering design for formulating and using information Reliability Models of Test-based Design from utility analysis throughout each stage of the W. B. Hall* design process. University of Illinois Design for Machinability Reliability models of structural design are being developed D. L. Thurston* to use information from load testing. The type of system Hayes-Lemmerz (through Center for Machine-Tool tested and its scale (element, component, or system), Systems Research) number of tests, and kind of information obtained are examples of factors that influence the model to be used. Machining operations affect cost, cycle time, surface Applications include probabilistic evaluation of test finish, tolerance, weight, quality, and the environment. results, such as sample tests and proof load tests, and Specialists evaluate designs for machinability to minimize unbiased decision criteria for test-based design, such as cost or maximize quality, but tradeoff decisions are requirements on safety factors and resistance factors. difficult. The proposed solution is to formulate a Potential code procedures can be assessed for the possible mathematical model of the cause-and-effect relationships effects on the structural reliability of systems designed between design decisions and overall product and built. performance. Controllable decision variables include material, geometry, cast-in versus machined features, machining process selection, fixturing, cutting fluids, feed
7 * Denotes principal investigator. rate, and speed. The objective is to identify the set of design and machining decisions which achieves the best Engineering Education possible combination of product attributes. Remote Laboratories for Control Education Environmentally Conscious Design M. W. Spong,* D. Block, H. Hahn, J. Liu and Manufacturing National Science Foundation, ECS-9812591; Sloan Center D. L. Thurston,* J. V. Carnahan for Asynchronous Learning Environments National Science Foundation, DMI 95-28629 This project is to develop a network of Internet-based This project develops a rigorous new method for control laboratory experiments to enhance and integrating quantitative decision analysis over the entire interconnect control, mechatronics, and robotics facilities range of product design, manufacture, use, and disposal. at the University of Illinois. Development involves the use Specifically, the methodology combines statistical of real experiments in addition to simulation and manufacturing process control with life-cycle analysis and animation. This will be achieved through the concurrent multiobjective design optimization. Pollution implementation of real-time, fault-tolerant control and its removal cost are treated as product defects. architectures that can guarantee stable performance while This project significantly expands on previous work to allowing users to download and test user-written control develop design tools that can be used by any industry. modules. Laboratory development will allow both Procedures for classes of manufacturing processes and horizontal and vertical integration of control experiments their resultant waste streams are specified. The best across engineering disciplines. combination of strategies is identified, including specification of the product design, materials, manufacturing process design, and manufacturing process control settings. Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Integrating Customer Preferences into Green Design and Manufacturing D. L. Thurston* Caterpillar Genetic Algorithm-based Motorola (through Center for Machine-Tool Cooling System Design Optimizer Systems Research) D. E. Goldberg* Caterpillar, Inc. “Green” products must compete in the marketplace against many rivals. If consumers do not purchase them, This project interfaces a simple genetic algorithm to they do not succeed in their goal of environmental Caterpillar cooling system models and performance protection. Preferences for “environmentally friendly” indices to develop an optimization procedure for cooling products have been difficult to assess, since customers’ system design. The result will be a pilot code suitable for stated willingness to pay often differs from their actual practical usage by Caterpillar. purchasing practices. This project incorporates information about customer preferences into Competent Probabilistic Model Building environmentally conscious design and manufacturing. Genetic Algorithms It expands upon mathematical models of the concurrent D. E. Goldberg,* M. Pelikan design process and addresses issues of cost, manufacturing U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, cycle time, product quality (measured in terms of defect F49620-00-0163 rate), product size and weight, volatile organic compound (VOC) production, recycling, disassembly, and other This project investigates genetic algorithms and other environmental impacts. selectionist schemes that explicitly build probabilistic models of the best points in the sample stream. In particular, Harik’s extended compact genetic algorithm (ecGA) and Pelikan’s Bayesian optimization algorithm (BOA) are analyzed, tested, enhanced, and applied to practical problems. Extensions for hierarchically organized problems and codings other than k-ary strings are considered. Practical problems in electromagnetics and
* Denotes principal investigator. 8 protein folding are tackled to demonstrate the power of Simulating the Evolution of Signaling these methods. Networks within Cells D. E. Goldberg,* J. E. Mittenthal* Competent and Efficient Genetic Algorithms Campus Research Board D. E. Goldberg* National Science Foundation, DMII-9908252 This project simulates the evolution of intracellular signaling networks in which signaling proteins are This project investigates the development of competent modeled as a set of domains, pairs of domains with high selectorecombinative genetic algorithms that solve hard affinity can mediate interactions between proteins; point problems quickly, reliably, and accurately and methods for mutations can delete domains; and domains can be speeding up competent GAs further through methods of transferred between proteins. The simulation will test the parallelization, time utilization, evaluation relaxation, and hypothesis that a number of generic characteristics of hybridization (with other search and optimization signaling networks arise through the selection for a greater methods). number of pathways.
Efficient Genetic Algorithms Structural Design Using a Hybrid D. E. Goldberg* Genetic Algorithm Illinois Genetic Algorithms Laboratory D. Goldberg,* S. Burns,* P. Parthasarathy National Science Foundation, DMI-9908252, CMS- This project seeks to obtain fast, accurate solutions in 9912559; AFOSR, F49620-00-0163 genetic algorithms by spatial efficiencies, temporal efficiencies, sampling efficiencies and evaluation The project involves a hybrid genetic algorithm (GA) for relaxations, and systematic hybridization. The results of locating multiple, fully-stressed designs of portal frame this project are important to the growing number of structures. The hybrid GA is composed of a real-coded real-world applications of genetic and evolutionary GA as the global searcher and the stress-ratio method and computation. Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno method as local searchers. A niching method has been developed to Piecewise Development of Design Theory address the issue of multiple optima while using hybrid for Genetic Programming GAs. The method has been used to solve a variety of D. E. Goldberg* frame structures. Future research involves solving bigger Illinois Genetic Algorithms Laboratory problems and also improving the niching method so that the number of function evaluations required for solving Work at the University of Illinois has resulted in the the problem is minimized. development of a piecewise theory of simple genetic algorithms that seeks to understand building block existence and definition, building block supply, building Integrated Mechanical block difficulty, building block decision making, building block growth and timing, and building block mixing. and Structural Design This theory has been instrumental in analyzing solution quality (or its lack thereof) in existing simple selectorecombinative GAs and designing more effective Optimal Structural Standardization crossover and ancillary operators. This project seeks to W. B. Hall* replicate the success of these efforts in the domain of University of Illinois genetic programming. Steps taken in the bit-string GA domain are retraced and enhanced as necessary for the For economic reasons, many structural members are understanding of the more complex situation of GP. produced in fixed sizes rather than in a continuous supply of structural shapes. This presents an interesting optimization problem, namely, how to design an assortment of profiles or sizes to best satisfy a structural demand. One solution approach is to minimize the material waste from overdesign that occurs when standardized sizes are selected rather than “made-to-order” cross sections. Related problems include the modeling of
9 * Denotes principal investigator. economy of scale and the optimal consolidation of physically realizable type of a singular configuration is a production materials. system with first-order infinitesimal mobility, and even this cannot be constructed without inducing prestress of Reliability Allocation in Structural finite magnitude. All other singular configurations and Mechanical Systems (unprestressable first-order mechanisms, higher-order W. B. Hall* mechanisms, and singular configurations of finite University of Illinois mechanisms) are unrealizable. Moreover, except for exact or symbolic calculation, they are also noncomputable, Strategies for allocation of reliability to components of a which explains numerous failed attempts at their analysis. system are being investigated. In general, a uniform allocation of reliability to individual components will not efficiently achieve system reliability goals, whereas Microelectromechanical optimized schemes show potential for cost savings and improved consistency in reliability control. Promising Systems (MEMS) strategies depend on the type of system, the costs of component reliabilities, and other factors. Current structural design codes, which seek to control reliability at CAREER-Integrated Computational the component level, appear to be inconsistent at the MEMS (ICMEMS) system level. Practical methods to improve reliability N. R. Aluru* allocation in design are being sought. National Science Foundation
On the Physical Realizability of The objectives of this project are threefold: develop an Singular Structural Systems efficient and a radically simpler-to-use device CAD for E. N. Kuznetsov* MEMS by employing meshless finite cloud methods; University of Illinois develop mixed continuum and atomic scale approaches for accurate analysis of mixed-technology MEMS; and The physical and numerical realizability of singular develop efficient parallel algorithms for implementation of geometric configurations depends on the type of the device modeling tools on parallel computers. singularity—generic versus nongeneric. Many theoretically predicted and thoroughly studied singular configurations Efficient Computational Prototyping of Mixed (systems with simultaneous statical and kinematic Technology Microfluidic Components and indeterminacy, unprestressable first-order mechanisms, all Systems higher-order mechanisms, singular positions of finite N. R. Aluru,* C. Liu (Elec. & Comput. Engr.) mechanisms, and kinematically mobile closed polyhedral Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, BAA97-39 surfaces) are in fact nongeneric. Hence, they are physically unrealizable and noncomputable (except for The goals of this project are to develop efficient exact or symbolic calculation). Thus, in spite of their simulation tools for analysis and design of microfluidic sometimes remarkable theoretical features, these systems components, techniques for efficient modeling and design are just purely formal constructs. An attempt at their of mixed energy domains, techniques for coupled implementation would produce a generic prototype with circuit/device modeling of integrated microfluidic systems, “essentially” different properties, including and fabrication and computational prototyping of structural response. innovative microfluidic devices and systems.
Singular Configurations of Structural Systems E. N. Kuznetsov* University of Illinois
Singular configurations exist only in underconstrained structural systems, including systems with infinitesimal mobility. This work addresses a critical, yet so far unexplored, aspect of singular configurations—their realizability. It has been found that the only generic,
* Denotes principal investigator. 10 is placed. It is generally agreed that the most important Nanoelectromechanical Systems parameter for determining the quality of concrete is the water-cement ratio. The objective of this study is to SGER: A VLSI-like Design Methodology for investigate a procedure for the instantaneous Nanoelectromechanical Systems (NEMS) determination of water-cement ratio to allow a go/no-go N. R. Aluru* decision on an actual batch prior to discharge. National Science Foundation Manufacturing Process Control of The objective of this project is to develop a VLSI-like Subminiature Components design methodology for hierarchical simulation of H. L. M. dos Reis,* A. Sethi nanoelectromechanical systems. CAMCAR Textron
Below certain sizes, the conventional methods of processing raw materials, manufacturing parts, gauging, Nondestructive Evaluation and performance tests do not work satisfactorily. The and Testing purpose of this research project is to develop innovative process control methodologies that can be used as quality assurance in the manufacture of subminiature component Broken Rail Monitoring System Using parts. an Array of Acoustic Sensors H. L. M. dos Reis,* J. P. John Noise Abatement in Asphalt American Association of Railroads Concrete Pavements H. L. M. dos Reis,* S. H. Carpenter Broken rail is a major problem for the railroad industry FAA Center of Excellence for Airport Pavement Research because of the large capital investment as well as the potential financial burden caused by the threat to public Based upon the nondestructive estimation of the viscous safety and the environment. It has been known that the and thermal characteristic lengths using an impulse-echo careful placement of the human ear near the railroad rail approach, the acoustic properties of pavement surface allows the detection of a train several miles away. Here, layers made of various asphalt concrete mixtures will be the train itself is the source, the human hear is the evaluated. These properties include the characteristic receiving transducer, and the rail serves as an effective impedance, the surface acoustic impedance, and the wave-guide through which the noise propagates. The absorption and spherical reflection coefficients at the purpose of this research is to investigate the feasibility of pavement surface. The experimental results are expected to using a distributed array of acoustic emission transducers explain field observations, which consistently indicate the to monitor the health of railroad rails. First, using a track superior noise-abating properties of open-graded (porous) that is currently without traffic, tests will be carried out to asphalt-concrete pavements. This research should lead to investigate the dispersion characteristics of the rail and to the development of a unified transportation noise model assess how far the transducers can be separated and still that accounts for all modes of transportation and provide an effective monitoring system. If successful, the incorporates factors related to meteorology, topology, and rails can also be used as wave guides in order to launch acoustic material properties. Facilities that may be waves ahead of the train to inspect actively two or three analyzed include railroad, airport, highway, and urban miles of rail ahead. facilities in both open and confined fields.
Instantaneous Evaluation/Characterization Nondestructive Evaluation of of Fresh Concrete Dimension Stone H. L. M. dos Reis* H. L. M. dos Reis* University of Illinois University of Illinois
Concrete is unusual among construction materials in that Energy related processes in dimension stones are it is manufactured as used and cannot be tested for numerous and may collectively describe the mechanical acceptance in advance. Acceptance is commonly based on and physical features of stone, such as its viscoelastic and strength tests at an advanced age. Clearly, a need exists to microstructural properties. Using principles of statistical assess the quality of concrete much earlier, ideally before it energy analysis (SEA), diffuse-wave-fields, and analogies to
11 * Denotes principal investigator. solid media of architectural-acoustic theories on Prototype Instrument for Damage reverberant enclosures, this project will study the Evaluation/Characterization of Truck Tires energy evolution processes within a given stone H. L. M. dos Reis,* J. Borgerson component/system by means of an impulse-generated University of Illinois stress-wave field. This is a method to estimate nondestructively the required features of stone. Underinflated or run-flat radial truck tires can be subjected to steel cord fatigue damage caused by Nondestructive Evaluation of Particleboard overflexing of the tire. Weakened cords may break with H. L. M. dos Reis* potential catastrophic consequences, such as loss of life. University of Illinois The purpose of this project is to develop a prototype instrument capable of 100% online inspection of new or Presently, the most commonly used tests to assess the retreaded tires. The instrument should provide easily structural integrity of particleboard are the boil swell and interpreted results (color-coded scans) to reduce the the cyclic soak tests. Although these tests predict how well possibility of operator error. the particleboard will perform, with the exception of visual examination, there are at present no nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques for its structural integrity. Robotics The purpose of this study is to investigate the applicability of the acousto-ultrasonic technique to assess the functional structural integrity of particleboard. During the pressing Locomotion of Smooth and Hybrid operation, wood-based composite materials are Mechanical Systems compressed in thickness beyond the gross density of the F. Bullo* wood species and remain compressed because of University of Illinois resin bonding. An area of increasing interest is modeling and control of Nondestructive Evaluation of Wood Decay locomotion systems, that is, autonomous vehicles or H. L. M. dos Reis* mechanical and grasping devices that interact with the University of Illinois environment via contacts and collisions. Examples are hopping and walking robots, robots that progress by A nondestructive technique to evaluate the strength of swinging arms, and devices that switch between clamped, wood in early stages of decay is being investigated. sliding, and rolling regimes. The engineering goal is to Although the “pick test” is commonly used to detect wood analyze and design systems that accomplish various tasks decay in the field, it has not been known how advanced efficiently and robustly. This motivation leads to a decay must be before it can be detected by this means. number of problems that arise in the interaction of Because much of the wood’s strength is lost in the early discontinuities, locomotion, and stability. Topics of stages of decay, a high-sensitivity testing procedure is interest include stabilization via multiple Lyapunov desirable. The importance of this research can be functions, motion planning across different regimes, and appreciated by noting that for each real estate transaction, numerical integrators for mechanical systems subject to only a termite inspection is required even though the impacts, nonholonomic constraints, and forces. wood frame structure may have reached moderate or advanced stages of decay. Development of an Air Hockey Playing Robot M. W. Spong,* S. Hutchinson (Elect. & Comput. Engr.), Online Monitoring of Incipient S. Kuo, S. Bunchongchuitr Die/Punch Failure National Science Foundation, IRI-9216428, CMS- H. L. M. dos Reis,* J. Gutzmer 9712170; Electric Power Research Institute, RP 8030-14; CAMCAR Textron Campus Research Board
The objective of this work is to develop a methodology This project is to develop a three-degree-of-freedom air for online monitoring of incipient die/punch failure in hockey playing robot. Research issues being addressed cold-heading processes in order to assure parts within include real-time visual serving, adaptive camera specified tolerances. Current work consists of developing calibration and windowing, hybrid estimation, and hybrid transducers and AI signal processing software (neural nets) nonlinear control. Based on the reliability of sensory to make the monitoring process more adaptive, less information, a supervisory control system switches among operator dependent, and therefore more reliable.
* Denotes principal investigator. 12 a fixed set of nonlinear controllers, each designed for a particular task such as blocking or striking the puck. Tribology Future research is aimed at learning through repetitive play. Freight Car, Truck Rotational Friction Effect on Rail Car Dynamics and Wheel/Rail Friction Learning Sensorimotor Control and Wear of Balance and Locomotion T. F. Conry,* D. J. Laboda M. W. Spong;* K. Rosengren (Psych.); S. Hutchinson Association of American Railroads (Elect. & Comput. Engr.); R. Sreenivas; J. DeJong (Comput. Sci.) The focus of this research is to develop strategies to keep National Science Foundation, ECS-9812591 the static friction torque across the center plate and side bearings within some acceptable range that avoids (Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory) excessive hunting of the rail-car trucks and avoids excessively high lateral forces between the rail and the This project investigates the modeling of the sensorimotor wheels. As wheel loads continue to increase and train control systems in humans and robots. Researchers use speeds increase, the frictional behavior of the center plate techniques from control theory and artificial intelligence and side bearings will strongly influence the dynamic to understand dynamics and control of human motion behavior of rail cars. The dynamic performance and the mechanisms by which humans learn sensorimotor requirements over a range of rail car loads and speeds will control. At the same time, the research team uses studies be quantified. of human motion to aid in the development of improved control techniques for mechanical systems. Future Fundamental Investigation on the applications of this work will include more dexterous Tribological Failure Mechanisms of robots and more effective diagnostics and physical therapy Compressor Surfaces: Scuffing approaches for disabled humans, as well as better balance A. A. Polycarpou* (Mech. Engr.), T. F. Conry,* training and fall-prevention programs for the elderly and J. J. Patel, N. Yu individuals with balance deficits. National Science Foundation; Industry/University Cooperative Research Centers, Air Conditioning and Nonlinear Control of Underactuated Refrigeration Center Mechanical Systems M. W. Spong* The focus of this research is to investigate the cause of National Science Foundation, CMS-9712170, catastrophic failures, namely, scuffing for realistic CMS-9840985 compressor surfaces. The project has two major components. First, researchers will make a detailed (Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory) characterization of the changes in surface topography and physical structure of mating surfaces from their initial This project seeks to develop stability and tracking results (virgin) state up to the point of scuffing. After the for underactuated mechanical systems using tools from material properties and surface topography are Lagrangian and Hamiltonian dynamics, geometric understood, a modeling effort will be initiated to describe nonlinear control theory, hybrid control, and saturation. the essential coupled processes of deformation and heat This work exploits the underlying structure of the transfer and the resulting effects of stress and temperature nonlinear existing energy and passivity methods and more at points in a contact interface. recent backstepping methods, all of which attempt to exploit more fully the inherent nonlinearities of the system, by “shaping” rather than by “canceling” all of the nonlinearities in the system.
13 * Denotes principal investigator. Harik, G. and D. E. Goldberg. Linkage learning through Journals and Books probabilistic expression. Computa. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng., 186, 295-310 (2000).
Pelikan, M., D. E. Goldberg, and E. Cantu-Paz. Linkage Control Systems learning, distribution estimation, and bayesian networks. Evol. Comput., 8:3, 311-341 (2000). Bullo, F. Stabilization of relative equilibria for underactuated systems on Riemannian manifolds. Smalley, J. B., S. B. Minsker, and D. E. Goldberg. Automatica, 36:12, 1819-1834 (2000). Risk-based in situ bioremediation using a noisy genetic algorithm. Water Resour. Res., 36:10, 3043-3052 (2000). Bullo, F., N. E. Leonard, and A. D. Lewis. Controllability and motion algorithms for underactuated Lagrangian systems on Lie groups. IEEE Trans. Autom. Control, 45:8, Integrated Mechanical 1437-1454 (2000). and Structural Design
Design Theory and Kuznetsov, E. N. On the evaluation of statical-kinematic stiffness matrix for underconstrained structural systems. Methodology Int. J. Solids Struct., 37:15, 2215-2223 (2000).
Feng, C. W., L. Liu, and S. A. Burns. Stochastic Kuznetsov, E. N. On the physical realizability of singular construction time-cost trade-off analysis. ASCE J. structural systems. Int. J. Solids Struct., 37:16, 2937-2950 Comput. Civ. Eng., 14:2 (2000). (2000).
Thurston, D. L., J. Alvarado, D. Mangun, and W. Hoffman. Cost, quality and environmental tradeoffs for Microelectromechanical printed circuit board assembly. Eng. Econ., 45:3, 206-231 (2000). Systems
Aluru, N. R. A point collocation method based on Genetic and Evolutionary reproducing kernel approximations. Int. J. Numer. Computation Methods Eng., 47, 1083-1121 (2000). Mitchell, M. J., R. Qiao, and N. R. Aluru. Meshless Cantu-Paz, E. and D. E. Goldberg. Efficient parallel analysis of steady-state electro-osmotic transport. genetic algorithms: theory and practice. Computa. J. Microelectromech. Syst., 9:4, 435-449 (2000). Methods Appl. Mech. Eng., 186, 221-238 (2000). Wordelman, C., N. R. Aluru, and U. Ravaioli. A meshless Goldberg, D. E. The design of innovation: lessons from method for the numerical solution of the 2- and 3-D genetic algorithms, lessons for the real world. Technol. semiconductor Poisson equation. Compu. Model. Eng. Forecast. Soc. Change, 64, 7-12 (2000). Sci., 1, 123-128 (2000).
Goldberg, D. E. A hydroinformatician’s approach to computational innovation and the design of genetic algorithms. J. Hydroinfo., 2:3, 155-162 (2000).
Goldberg, D. E. and K. Deb. Genetic and evolutionary computation in computational mechanics and engineering: preface to a special edition. Computa. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng., 186, 121-124 (2000).
14 Nondestructive Evaluation Robotics and Testing Fantoni, I., R. Lozano, and M. W. Spong. Energy-based control of the pendubot. IEEE Trans. Autom. Control, dos Reis, H. L. M. and A. K. Habboub. Nondestructive AC-45:4, 725-729 (2000). evaluation of dimension stone using impulse generated stress waves: part 1—theoretical aspects and Partridge, C. B. and M. W. Spong. Control of planar experimental prospects, pp. 3-23. In Dimension Stone rigid body sliding with impacts and friction. Int. J. Cladding: Design, Construction, Evaluation, and Repair, Robot. Res., April, 336-348 (2000). ASTM 1394 (Hoigard, ed.), American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, Penn. (2000). Spong, M. W. Some aspects of switching control in robot locomotion. at-Automatisierungs Technik, Oldenbourg dos Reis, H. L. M. and A. K. Habboub. Nondestructive Verlag, 4, 157-164 (2000). evaluation of dimension stone using impulse generated stress waves: part 2—estimation of complex oduli, pp. 24-38. In Dimension Stone Cladding: Design, Construction, Evaluation, and Repair, ASTM 1394 (Hoigard, ed.), American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, Penn. (2000). Papers Presented at dos Reis, H. L. M. and A. K. Habboub. Nondestructive evaluation of dimension stone using impulse generated Conferences and stress waves: part 3—microstructure characterization, pp. 39-54. In Dimension Stone Cladding: Design, Symposia Construction, Evaluation, and Repair, ASTM 1394 (Hoigard, ed.), American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, Penn. (2000). Biomechanics and dos Reis, H. L. M. and P. J. Golko. On the instrument to Rehabilitation Engineering evaluate damage in steel-belted radial truck tires. KGK Kautschuk, Gummi und Kunstsffe, 53:10, 1-6 (2000). Moeinzadeh, M. H. and L. D. Metz. Factors influencing dos Reis, H. L. M., A. K. Habboub, and S. H. Carpenter. the biomechanics and safety of vehicle occupants during Noise abatement in asphalt concrete pavements: part collisions. Proc. 5th Ann. Iranian Academic Association I—nondestructive estimation of characteristic lengths Conf. (Tehran, Iran, Dec. 2000) 72-84 (2000). using an impulse-echo approach. INSIGHT—Non- Destructive Testing and Condition Monitoring, 42:7, 458-464 (2000). Control Systems dos Reis, H. L. M., A. K. Habboub, and S. H. Carpenter. Noise abatement in asphalt concrete pavements: part Bullo, F. On perturbation methods for mechanical II—estimation of acoustic properties. INSIGHT—Non- control systems. IFAC Workshop on Lagrangian and Destructive Testing and Condition Monitoring, 42:8, Hamiltonian Methods for Nonlinear Control (Princeton, 534-541 (2000). N.J., Mar. 2000) 163-164 (2000).
Bullo, F. Series expansions for analytic systems linear in the controls. Proc. IEEE Conf. on Decision and Control (Sydney, Australia, Dec. 2000) 3392-3397 (2000).
15 Bullo, F. and W. T. Cerven. On trajectory optimization Nicolau, P. and D. Thurston. Machining: quality, cost for polynomial systems via series expansions. Proc. IEEE and environmental estimation and tradeoffs. Proc. 2000 Conf. on Decision and Control (Sydney, Australia, Dec. ASME Conf. on Design for Manufacturing (Baltimore, 2000) 772-777 (2000). Md., Sep. 2000) (2000).
Bullo, F. and A. D. Lewis. On the homogeneity of the affine connection model for mechanical control systems. Engineering Education Proc. IEEE Conf. on Decision and Control (Sydney, Australia, Dec. 2000) 1260-1265 (2000). Hahn, H. and M. W. Spong. Remote labs for control Davis, W. J. Distributed intelligent control systems: education. Proc. IEEE Conf. on Decision and Control foundations. Proc. 4th World Conf. on Systems, (Sydney, Australia, Dec. 2000) 985-990 (2000). Cybernetics and Informatics, International Institute for Informatics and Systemics (Orlando, Fla., Jul. 2000) Mountain, J. R. and M. H. Pleck. Multi-section course (2000). management using 3D spreadsheet tools. Proc. ASEE/IEEE Frontiers in Education Conf. (Kansas City, Melody, J. W., T. Basar, and F. Bullo. On nonlinear Mo., Oct. 2000) F4F/9-13 (2000). controllability of homogeneous systems linear in control. Proc. IEEE Conf. on Decision and Control (Sydney, Mountain, J. R. and M. H. Pleck. The role of Australia, Dec. 2000) 3971-2976 (2000). expectations in the determination of educational outcomes. Proc. ASEE/IEEE Frontiers in Education Conf. Sreenivas, R. S. On a minimally restrictive supervisory (Kansas City, Mo., Oct. 2000) SB2I-21 (2000). policy that enforces liveness in partially controlled free- choice petri nets. Proc. IEEE Conf. on Decision and Control (Sydney, Australia, Dec. 2000) 2651-2656 (2000). Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Sreenivas, R. S. On partially controlled free-choice petri nets. Proc. Int. Workshop on Discrete Event Systems (WODES-2000) (Ghent, Belgium, Aug. 2000) 159-168 Butz, M. V., D. E. Goldberg, and W. Stolzmann. (2000). Introducing a genetic generalization pressure to the anticipatory classifier system, part I: theoretical Toussaint, G. J., T. Basar, and F. Bullo. H-infinity optimal approach. GECCO-2000 Proc. Genetic and Evolutionary tracking control techniques for nonlinear underactuated Computation Conf. (Las Vegas, Nev., Jul. 2000) 34-41 systems. Proc. IEEE Conf. on Decision and Control (2000). (Sydney, Australia, Dec. 2000) 2078-2083 (2000). Butz, M. V., D. E. Goldberg, and W. Stolzmann. Toussaint, G. J., T. Basar, and F. Bullo. Tracking for Introducing a genetic generalization pressure to the nonlinear underactuated surface vessels with generalized anticipatory classifier system, part 2: performance forces. IEEE Conf. on Control Applications (Anchorage, analysis. GECCO-2000 Proc. Genetic and Evolutionary Alaska, Sep. 2000) (2000). Computation Conf. (Las Vegas, Nev., Jul. 2000) 42-40 (2000).
Butz, M. V., D. E. Goldberg, and W. Stolzmann. Design Theory and Probability-enhanced predictions in the anticipatory Methodology classifier system. Proc. 2000 Int. Workshop on Learning Classifier Systems (Paris, France, Sep. 2000) (2000).
Mangun, D. and D. L. Thurston. Product portfolios for Butz, M. V., D. E. Goldberg, and W. Stolzmann. environmental protection. Proc. 2000 IEEE Int. Symp. Investigating generalization in the anticipatory classifier on Electronics and the Environment (San Francisco, system. Proc. 2000 Parallel Problem Solving from Nature Calif., May 2000) (2000). Conf. (Paris, France, Sep. 2000) 735-744 (2000).
16 Knjazew, D. and D. E. Goldberg. Large-scale permutation optimization with the ordering of messy Operations Research genetic algorithm. Proc. 2000 Parallel Problem Solving from Nature Conf. (Paris, France, Sep. 2000) 631-640 Davis, W.J. Simulation-based acquisition: an impetus for (2000). change. Proc. 2000 Winter Simulation Conf. (Orlando, Fla., Dec. 2000) 1061-1067 (2000). Knajzew, D. and D. E. Goldberg. OMEGA—ordering messy GA: solving permutation problems with the fast messy genetic algorithm and random keys. GECCO- 2000 Proc. Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conf. Robotics (Las Vegas, Nev., Jul. 2000) 181-188 (2000). Ortega, R. and M. W. Spong. Stabilization of Pelikan, M. and D. E. Goldberg. Genetic algorithms, underactuated mechanical systems via interconnection clustering, and the breaking of symmetry. Proc. 2000 and damping assignment. Proc. IFAC Workshop on Parallel Problem Solving from Nature Conf. (Paris, Lagrangian and Hamiltonian Methods for Nonlinear France, Sep. 2000) 385-394 (2000). Control (Princeton, N.J., Mar. 16-18, 2000) 74-79 (2000). Pelikan, M. and D. E. Goldberg. Hierarchical problem solving and the Bayesian optimization algorithm. Spong, M. W. On the controllability of an air hockey GECCO-2000 Proc. of the Genetic and Evolutionary puck. IEEE Conf. on Control Applications (Anchorage, Computation Conf. (Las Vegas, Nev., Jul. 2000) 267-274 Alaska, Sep. 2000) 32-37 (2000). (2000). Spong, M. W., R. Lozano, and R. Mahony. An almost Pelikan, M. and F. Lobo. Parameter-less genetic linear biped. Proc. IEEE Conf. on Decision and Control algorithm: a worst-case time and space complexity (Sydney, Australia, Dec. 2000) 4803-4808 (2000). analysis. GECCO-2000 Proc. Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conf. (Las Vegas, Nev., Jul. 2000) 370 (2000). Vehicle Dynamics Pelikan, M., D. E. Goldberg, and E. Cantu-Paz. Bayesian optimization algorithm, population sizing, and time to Ruhl, R. L., D. F. Fittanto, and M. G. Strauss. Dynamics convergence. GECCO-2000 Proc. Genetic and and roll stability of a loader class 8 tractor-livestock Evolutionary Computation Conf. (Las Vegas, Nev., Jul. semi-trailer: an EDVDS application WP#2000. 2000 2000) 275-282 (2000). HVE Forum (San Diego, Calif., May 8-12, 2000) (2000). Pelikan, M., D. E. Goldberg, and F. Lobo. A survey of optimization by building and using probabilistic models. Proc. 2000 American Controls Conf., 5 (Chicago, Ill., Jun. 2000) 3289-3293 (2000). Theses Rothlauf, F. and D. E. Goldberg. Pruefernumbers and genetic algorithms: a lesson how the locality of an encoding can harm the performance of GAs. Proc. 2000 Design Theory and Parallel Problem Solving from Nature Conf. (Paris, France, Sep. 2000) 395-404 (2000). Methodology
Rothlauf, F., D. E. Goldberg, and A. Heinzl. Bad codings Freeman, J. L. S-model assisted product realization. M.S. and the utility of well-designed genetic algorithms. thesis, H. E. Cook, adviser (2000). GECCO-2000 Proc. Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conf. (Las Vegas, Nev., Jul. 2000) (2000). Wissmann, L. A. A rigorous methodology for developing marketing plans. M.S. thesis, H. E. Cook, adviser (2000).
17 Integrated Mechanical and Structural Design Structural Design Mueller, K. M. Sizing of members in the fully-stressed design of frame structures. Ph.D. thesis, S. A. Burns, Vadhanasindhu, P. Application of reliability methods to adviser (2000). selected design problems. M.S. thesis, W. B. Hall, adviser (2000).
Microelectromechanical Awards and Honors Systems Narayan R. Aluru Career Award, National Science Foundation, 1999 Mitchell, M. Meshless analysis of electroosmotic Faculty Fellowship, NCSA, 1999 transport in MTAs. M.S. thesis, N. R. Aluru, adviser (2000). Carolyn L. Beck Alcoa Foundation Award, 1997 Ohs, R. Meshless analysis of coupled electromechanical Junior Faculty Award, Oak Ridge Associated Universities and chemomechanical systems. M.S. thesis, N. R. Aluru, 1997 adviser (2000). CAREER Award, National Science Foundation, 1998-2002
Nondestructive Evaluation Scott A. Burns Presidential Young Investigator Award, National Science and Testing Foundation, 1989 Gamma Epsilon Teaching Excellence Award, U of I Department of General Engineering, 1989, 1990, 1992, Habboub, A. K. Nondestructive evaluation/ 1998 characterization of airport pavements using stress wave Everitt Award for Teaching Excellence, U of I College of methods. Ph.D. thesis, H. L. M. dos Reis, adviser (2000). Engineering, 1990 Beckman Associate, U of I Center for Advanced Study, 1992 Operations Research Engineering Council Advisors List for Outstanding Advising, U of I, 1996 State-of-the-Art of Civil Engineering Award, American Zhang, X. An advanced simulation tool for integrated Society of Civil Engineers, 1998 manufacturing requirements planning. M.S. project, W. J. Davis, adviser (2000). James V. Carnahan Gamma Epsilon Teaching Excellence Award, U of I Department of General Engineering, 1986, 1991 Robotics Everitt Award for Teaching Excellence, U of I College of Engineering, 1989 Andersen Consulting Award for Excellence in Advising, Kuo, S. Experimental evaluation of the Routh 2-D U of I College of Engineering, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993 impact model. M.S. thesis, M. W. Spong, adviser (2000). Thomas F. Conry Lee, A. Design and control of the gyrobot. M.S. thesis, Fellow, American Society of Mechanical Engineers M. W. Spong, adviser (2000).
Valuzzi, J. Internet-based robot control. M.S. thesis, M. W. Spong, adviser (2000).
18 Harry E. Cook Associate, U of I Center for Advanced Study, 1995-1996 Fellow, American Society of Metals Wickenden Award, American Society for Engineering Fellow, Society of Automotive Engineers Education, 1996 National Academy of Engineering, National Science Gambrinus Fellow, University of Dortmund, Germany, Foundation Post-Doctoral Fellow, University of Paris, 1997 Orsay, France, 1966-1967 Robert Lansing Hardy Medal, American Institute for W. Brent Hall Mechanical Engineers, 1968 Excellence in Teaching Award, U of I Department of Ralph E. Teetor Award, Society of Automotive Engineers, General Engineering, 1995, 1997 1977 Engineering Council Advisors List for Outstanding Grayce Wicall Gauthier Professorship, U of I Department Advising, U of I, 1995, 1996 of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 1990-1995 General Electric Scholar, Academy for Excellence in Woodside Memorial Lecturer, ASM International, Detroit Engineering Education, U of I, 1998 Chapter, 1991 General Electric Fellow, U of I Academy for Excellence in Member, National Materials Advisory Board, 1993-1996 Engineering Education, 1999 C. J. Gauthier Professorship, U of I Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 1995-1998 Edward N. Kuznetsov Arch T. Cowell Merit Award, Society of Automotive Gamma Epsilon Teaching Excellence Award, U of I Engineers, 1999 Department of General Engineering, 1984, 1994 Honorary Member, Gamma Epsilon, 1999 Wayne J. Davis Andersen Consulting Award for Excellence in Advising, Juraj V. Medanic U of I College of Engineering, 1990, 1993 Dusan Mitrovic Award for Best Paper in Control, ETAN Engineering Council Advisors List for Outstanding (Yugoslavia), 1983 Advising, U of I College of Engineering, 1995 Coauthor of Outstanding Technical Handbook Award, L. Daniel Metz, Emeritus American Publishers Association, 1998 Everitt Award for Teaching Excellence, U of I College of U of I Department of General Engineering Excellence in Engineering, 1970 Teaching Award, 2000 Ralph R. Teetor Award, Society of Automotive Engineers, 1972 Jerry S. Dobrovolny, Emeritus Urbana-Champaign Campus Award for Excellence in Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Undergraduate Teaching, U of I, 1977 Science Gamma Epsilon Teaching Excellence Award, U of I Life Member, American Society of Civil Engineers Department of General Engineering, 1983, 1999 Life Member, National Society of Professional Engineers Andersen Consulting Award for Excellence in Advising, Award of Merit, National Advisory Council on Vocational U of I College of Engineering, 1988 Education, 1973 Best Paper Presentation, Society of Automotive Engineers Illinois Award, Illinois Society of Professional Engineers, Passenger Car Meeting, 1989, 1994, 1996 1983 Distinguished Service Award, Illinois Society of Manssour H. Moeinzadeh Professional Engineers, 1986 Ralph R. Teetor National Educational Award for Teaching Gamma Epsilon Distinguished Alumni Award, U of I Excellence, Society of Automotive Engineers, 1984 Department of General Engineering, 1988 Centennial Recognition for Exceptional Contribution to American Society for Engineering Education and the David E. Goldberg Profession of Engineering, 1993 Presidential Young Investigator Award, National Science Development Program Award for Collaborative Research Foundation, 1985-1990 and Educational Projects with Overseas Institutions, Prater Exchange Professor, University of Alabama and United Nations, 1994, 1995 National Taiwan University, 1986 Capstone Engineering Society Outstanding Research Award, University of Alabama, 1989-1990 Distinguished Visiting Professor, ITESM, Monterrey, Mexico, 1990
19 Michael H. Pleck R. S. Sreenivas Everitt Award for Teaching Excellence, U of I College of Research Initiation Award, National Science Foundation, Engineering, 1974 1994 Campus Award for Undergraduate Teaching Excellence, U of I, 1975 Rayadurgam Srikant Outstanding Young College Educator Award, Champaign- CAREER Award, National Science Foundation, 1997 Urbana Jaycees, 1976-1977 Senior Member, IEEE, 2001 Ralph R. Teetor Award, Society of Automotive Engineers, 1980 Deborah L. Thurston Western Electric Fund Award, American Society for Initiation Award, National Science Foundation, 1988 Engineering Education, 1983 Presidential Young Investigator Award, National Science Gamma Epsilon Teaching Excellence Award, U of I Foundation, 1989 Department of General Engineering, 1987 Andersen Consulting Award for Excellence in Advising, Micro CADD Academic Award, National Computer U of I College of Engineering, 1990, 1993, 1994 Graphics Association, 1990 Xerox Award for Faculty Research, U of I College of Joe B. Wyatt Challenge Award, Educom, 1991 Engineering, 1992, 1995 Award for Excellence in Advising, U of I College of Eugene L. Grant Award for best paper of the year in Engineering, 1991, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1998, 1999, The Engineering Economist (with A. Locascio), 1996 2000 Robert P. Larsen Human Development Award, 1996 Louis Wozniak Delta Sigma Omicron Distinguished Teaching Award, Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 1997 Gamma Epsilon Teaching Excellence Award, U of I Honorary Knight of St. Pat, U of I College of Department of General Engineering, 1985 Engineering, 1999 Andersen Consulting Award for Excellence in Advising, Campus Award for Excellence in Advising Undergraduate U of I College of Engineering, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1994, Students, U of I, 1999 1995 Energy Development and Power Generation Committee Henrique L. M. dos Reis Prize Paper Award, International Joint Power Fellow, Acoustic Emission Working Group Generation Conference, 1990 Fellow, British Institute of Non-Destructive Testing Energy Development and Power Generation Committee Fellow, the American Society for Nondestructive Testing Prize Paper Award, International Joint Power Generation Conference, 1993 Mark W. Spong Engineering Council Advisors List for Outstanding Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Advising, U of I, 1996 Research Initiation Award, National Science Foundation, Energy Development and Power Generation Committee 1982 Prize Paper Award, 1999 Best Paper Award, Robotics and Expert Systems Editor, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 1999 Symposium, 1987 Editor, IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, 1997-2000 Visiting Professor, Catholic University, Leuven, Belgium, 1997 Best Video Award, IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, 1998 Engineering Council Advisors List for Outstanding Advising, U of I, 1998 Senior U.S. Scientist Award, Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, Germany, 1999 Visiting Professor, National University of Singapore, 1999 IEEE Third Millennium Medal, 2000
20 Materials Science and Engineering
J. H. Weaver, Head being explored with the goal of providing the foundations 201 Materials Science and Engineering Building for the next generation of high-performance 1304 W. Green St., MC-246 structural materials. Urbana, IL 61801-2920 To meet the challenges of educating materials scientists 217-333-1441 • http://www.mse.uiuc.edu for the future, a curriculum has been designed for undergraduate and graduate students. As part of this A materials science and engineering revolution is under program, collaborative research is pursued with groups in way, and it will be a key factor in determining the electrical, mechanical, civil, and chemical engineering, as outcome of global economic competition in the years well as physics and chemistry. ahead. Within the last several decades, many of the dominant materials of our society have been supplemented or replaced by new and better systems. Biomaterials Computer modeling and simulation are playing increasingly important roles in improving designs of advanced materials and processes. The ability to tailor Noninvasive Analysis of Single properties for function makes improved products Cells Using MEMS Devices possible at minimal cost. L. H. Allen,* T. Siaf, M. Wheeler Knowledge of the atomic, crystalline, and micro- National Science Foundation, ECS 9807384 structural characteristics of materials and use of this knowledge in the design and synthesis of new materials Miniaturized measurement instruments have been receive major emphasis in the research programs of the developed in the field of MEMS. Their use in biological department. Equally challenging is the understanding studies will add a whole new dimension for investigations of how these materials can be formed into useful shapes in microbiology. The MEMS actuators have a length scale and devices. appropriate for probing on the submicron level and will In the area of ceramics, new scientifically based methods provide a quantum leap in biological measurement. of fabricating optimized ceramic microstructures and Researchers will simultaneously develop two new MEMS macrostructures provide the underpinning for a wide devices for the study of cells. A goal of this research is to range of research topics, such as new high-temperature develop probes for measuring the internal fluid pressure, superconductors and ultrahard coatings. viscosity, dynamic response and elasticity, and thermal Work in the area of metals ranges from studies on activity (calorimetry). This project will thus provide the high-performance steels to basic research on intermetallic essential groundwork for launching a larger project compounds and nanophase materials. Fundamental involving all types of cells. studies of corrosion of metals in gaseous environments are under way to interpret the complex surface reactions Cationia Lipid-Biopolymer Self-Assembled between metals and gases such as oxygen, hydrogen, Complexes as Templates for Nanofabrication or nitrogen. G. C. L. Wong,* H. Liang Polymer research is directed at materials that tend to National Science Foundation, DMR-0071761 self-assemble in the melt or solution and can then be fabricated into shapes with outstanding mechanical It has been shown that cationic lipid-DNA complexes can properties. New kinds of biodegradable polymers are self-assemble into a lamellar structure, in which 1-D DNA being studied with the goal of designing systems that arrays are intercalated between planar lipid membranes, facilitate disposal of plastics. with tunable DNA spacings ranging from 2.5 nm to 6.0 Studies of electronic materials include advanced research nm. In this project, researchers will use these self- on processes to deposit single layers of molecules to tailor assembled systems as nanoreactors for the formation of the properties of semiconductor devices. This knowledge CdS and related compounds. The geometric confinement is of great value in the design of optical and afforded by these self-assembled biomolecular “templates” magnetic devices. may allow the synthesis of quantum dots and quantum New kinds of composites consisting of high-strength wires of controlled sizes and aspect ratios. fibers embedded in metal, ceramic, or organic matrices are
* Denotes principal investigator. 2 Condensed Phases of Like-charged Biological Polyelectrolytes Ceramic Coatings G. C. L. Wong,* T. E. Angelini National Science Foundation, DMR-0071761 Charged Liquid Beam Cluster Deposition of Oxide Ceramic Coatings Like-charged polyelectrolytes condense into ordered W. M. Kriven,* L. F. Siah; H. S. Choi, K. Kim phases in the presence of multivalent ions. The physical (Elect. & Comput. Engr.) origin of the attractive interaction required for this Standards and Industrial Research Institute of Malaysia, Inc. condensation has been intensely debated. No clear consensus has emerged, although counterion correlations The first part of the program involves the synthesis of appear to play a key role. In this project, researchers aim ceramic precursors via a chemical synthesis route. The to elucidate the nature of these interactions by performing precursors will be characterized using standard procedures the first structural measurements of condensed phases such as IR- and NMR-spectroscopy, phase (XRD), and formed between multivalent ions and a range of rod-like thermal analysis (DTA/TGA). Solutions of the precursors polyelectrolytes, including cytoskeletal F-actin and will then be spray-deposited onto fibers, single and woven Fd filamentary virus particles. sheet, through a technique called charged liquid beam cluster deposition to form a coating layer. Adhesion of the ceramic coating layer onto fibers and the homogeneity of Cementitious Materials its distribution will be studied primarily through SEM. Determination of the optimum coating thickness for useful transformation-weakening applications leading to Polyelectrolyte Effects on Cement Rheology fiber/matrix debonding will follow. J. A. Lewis,* G. Kirby W. R. Grace, Co. Rheological Properties and Stress Evolution of Tape-Cast Ceramic Layers Polyelectrolyte species, known as superplasticizers, J. A. Lewis,* C. Martinez, and J. Smay dramatically affect the rheological properties of dense NSF Division of Design and Manufacturing cement suspensions. Researchers have studied the influence of several copolymers of varying molecular Tape-cast ceramic layers serve as basic building blocks architecture on the surface (adsorption behavior and zeta in technological applications ranging from multilayer potential) and rheological properties of concentrated ceramic capacitors and packages to solid oxide fuel cells. cement suspensions of white portland cement and two We are carrying out fundamental studies of the rheological β γ model compounds, -Ca2SiO4 and -Ca2SiO4. The and drying behavior of aqueous-based tape casting adsorption of such species exhibited little dependence on formulations. Rheological properties of tape casting cement chemistry. Their respective critical concentrations suspensions are characterized to probe their stability and (Φ*) in suspension required to promote the transition relaxation behavior. Stress measurements based on a laser from strongly shear thinning to Newtonian flow interferometry technique are carried out on tape-cast (flocculated → stable) behavior were determined from layers of varying thickness and composition. Our goal stress viscometry and yield stress measurements. is to develop a fundamental understanding of property Theoretical analysis of interparticle interactions suggests evolution during processing of these complex that only colloidal particles in the size range of 1 µm or colloidal systems. less are fully stabilized by adsorbed polyelectrolyte species. The observations from this research provide guidelines for tailoring the molecular architecture and functionality of superplaxticizers for optimal performance.
3 * Denotes principal investigator. of both the water quality and the metal pipe underneath. Ceramic Corrosion This study involves thorough investigation of the composition of these scales present in various distribution Corrosion Control Studies systems in the United States. Primary tools used include in Water Distribution Systems XRD, SEM/EDS, and others. The second phase of the W. M. Kriven,* P. Sarin; V. L. Snoeyink (Civil & Environ. project will include in-depth studies of the influence of Engr.) these deposited scales in reducing the uptake of metal American Water Works Association Research Foundation ions (Pb and Cu in particular) into the bulk water.
This project involves understanding the effect of corrosion Phosphate Inhibitor Chemistry and scales on water quality. The cast iron and steel pipes from Post-Precipitation of Aluminum the Northern Illinois Water Corporation as well as pipes W.M. Kriven,* P. Sarin; V. L. Snoeyink, D. Frommell from on-campus locations have been assembled into a (Civil & Environ. Engr.) Pilot Corrosion Tester system. Corrosion scale analysis is Department of Water, City of Chicago performed using SEM, EDAX, and x-ray diffraction techniques. Both surface and cross-sectional analyses are Residual aluminum (from alum coagulation) and done on the scales, which are first dried and then removed phosphate corrosion inhibitors used in treatment of from the pipe surface. The quantitative and qualitative drinking water are forming a deposit on the surface of elemental and the phase composition information cement mortar pipes. This deposit is suspected of causing obtained is then interfaced with results from the iron substantial reduction in the water capacity of pipes and uptake studies carried out at the pilot testing experiment increasing energy cost for water distribution. The primary in an effort to understand the underlying mechanisms. goals of this study are to optimize water treatment practices to minimize the formation of this deposit and Development of “Red Water” eventually dissolve off the existing deposits and restore the Control Strategies water distribution pipeline hydraulic capacity. This study W. M. Kriven,* P. Sarin; V. L. Snoeyink (Civil & Environ. involves characterization of nature and composition of Engr.) the deposits using XRD, SEM/EDS, and MAS American Water Works Association and Research Foundation; NMR techniques. Metropolitan Water Resources Authority, Boston “Red water” is a frequent complaint among consumers Ceramic Synthesis supplied with water from old iron pipes. Red water results when iron, primarily from old and corroded iron and Processing pipes, enters bulk water and forms ferric particles. The behavior of corroded iron pipe surface under aqueous conditions is not understood completely. In this study, Synthesis and Characterization corrosion scales from old iron/steel pipes are quantitatively of Ce3Si5O12N Powder characterized for their physicochemical properties. W. M. Kriven,* D. K. Kim The impact of change in water quality parameters South Korean Government Fellowship (pH, alkalinity, and DO) on iron release from corroded surfaces is studied in parallel using a pipe loop. It is being Ceramic Ce3Si5O12N powders are chemically synthesized proposed that “red water” occurrence can be curtailed by the Pechini method in a nitrogen atmosphere, using by controlling water quality. cerium nitride and Ludox AS-40. After calcination at 1350°C in a tube furnace under Ar atmosphere, a pure powder is obtained. Crystallinity is examined by XRD Significance of Aluminum-Containing Scale analysis and the decomposition behavior of the powder Deposits in Drinking Water Distribution precursor is investigated by thermogravimetric (TGA) and Systems and Domestic Service Lines W. M. Kriven,* P. Sarin; V. L. Snoeyink, C. Feld differential thermal analysis (DTA). For characterization (Civil & Environ. Engr.) of powder synthesized, Fourier transform infrared U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio spectroscopy (FTIR), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), particle size distribution, specific surface area, chemical The metal pipes used in water distribution systems often analysis, and density measurement are carried out. have a layer of aluminum scales deposited on the surface. The nature and composition of these scales is a function * Denotes principal investigator. 4 Colloidal Assembly of Mesoscale Periodic Structures: I. Robotic-Controlled Deposition Ceramic and Glassy Solids of Colloidal Gels J. A. Lewis,* J. Smay Structural Relaxations in Glass-forming Melts National Science Foundation Division of Design and J. Kieffer,* A. Kisluik Manufacturing; Sandia National Laboratories, National Science Foundation, DMR 93-15779 Albuquerque, New Mexico Novel glassy materials are needed for photonics Colloidal assembly of mesoscale periodic structures is applications. Glass formation has conveniently been being carried out via robotic-controlled deposition of attributed to a kinetic arrest in structural relaxation, before concentrated colloidal gels. Such structures may find crystallization can occur. There is, however, increasing widespread application as functional ceramic composites evidence for irreversible transitions in the molecular for ultrasonic sensors, photonic lattices, ceramic configurations to take place. The decisive processes membranes, catalyst supports, and possibly even as which need to be understood occur on the time scale scaffolds for biological materials. The approach in this of nanoseconds, whether the origin of glass formation is project allows researchers to rapidly build and screen purely kinetic or involves structural phase transitions. structures whose periodicity is on a characteristic length This time regime has so far been little investigated. µ − scale (~100 m 1 mm) well above that of the individual We use Brillouin light scattering to observe structural colloidal building blocks. By tailoring interparticles dynamics in supercooled liquids. This allows us to forces, researchers can design concentrated gels with the determine directly the coefficients of momentum appropriate rheological behavior needed for building transport on the molecular scale, as well as to monitor spanning structures and high aspect ratio walls. the structural assembly upon cooling. This exciting design tool allows researchers to develop a combinatorial engineering approach for fabricating Fluid-assisted Cracking in Ceramics advanced materials. J. K. Shang,* D. Yao, D. Zhu U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, Colloidal Assembly of Mesoscale Periodic F49620-93-0241 Structures: II. Templates for Photonic Band Gap Materials Kinetics and mechanisms of fluid-assisted cracking are J. A. Lewis,* G. Gratson, S. Pruzinsky, P. V. Braun examined in Si3N4 and Al2O3 ceramics to elucidate the National Science Foundation Division of Materials Research synergistic effect of stress and surface chemistry on microfracture. Three different techniques are being used Colloidal assembly of mesoscale periodic structures is to measure this effect: the repeated indentation technique, being carried out via self-assembly of binary colloidal which follows the development of indentation cracks mixtures. This collaborative effort between the Lewis leading to surface microfracture; small crack experiments and Braun groups involves colloidal crystallization on where the growth of penny-shaped surface cracks is patterned substrates followed by infiltration with a high monitored; and fracture mechanics technique with refractive index material. Using confocal scanning laser through-thickness cracks. Possible influences of fluid microscopy, researchers aim to study colloidal viscosity, temperature, grain size, grain boundary phase, crystallization on smooth and patterned substrates. and loading rate on cracking kinetics are investigated. The effects of colloid volume fraction and size, interparticle forces, and nanoparticle species on crystallization will be probed. The ultimate aim is to fabricate colloidal arrays with controlled periodicity Complex Fluids and defect states required for photonic band gap (PBG) applications. Phase Behavior of Colloidal Microsphere–Nanoparticle Mixtures J. A. Lewis,* V. Tohver, A. Chan NASA Microgravity Research
The focus of this project is on carrying out fundamental studies of the phase behavior of colloidal microsphere- nanoparticle mixtures. Researchers recently demonstrated
5 * Denotes principal investigator. a new paradigm for regulating colloidal stability, known as social models, the appropriate graph representation of nanoparticle engineering. For example, researchers have social space, and the effect of the updating sequence used observed that nonadsorbing nanoparticles can induce in social science simulation models. stability in systems of otherwise attractive colloidal microspheres. Such systems may find important Electronic and Energetic application as templates for photonic band gap materials. Properties of Materials In contrast, researchers can utilize adsorbing nanoparticles D. D. Johnson* to design novel colloidal gels with controlled mechanical U.S. Department of Energy, DE-FG02-96ER45439 behavior. In this approach, the bond strength and density of the gel are regulated solely by the nature and number (In cooperation with the Materials Research Laboratory and of density of the adsorbed nanoparticles. Researchers are Oak Ridge National Laboratory) exploring the use of fluorescent nanoparticles to enable direct imaging of both the colloidal microsphere and Within a Green’s function formalism, electronic nanoparticle species via confocal scanning density-functional theory (DFT) techniques are used to laser microscopy. investigate disordered, partially ordered, and fully ordered phases of multicomponent alloy systems (such as
substitutional alloys, ferroelectrics, high-Tc Composites superconductors, and battery and catalysis materials). The underlying electronic origin of various materials properties (electronic, magnetic, thermodynamic, and Fabrication and Characterization of Oxide elastic) are then determined. Additional schemes are being Fibrous Monolithic Composites developed to investigate such larger-scale phenomena as W. M. Kriven,* D. K. Kim microstructure and kinetics, which are ultimately based on University of Illinois such DFT results, thus allowing a connection of length scales, micro- to macroscale. Oxide fibrous monolithic composites were fabricated by extrusion. The matrix phase included mullite Structure, Topology, and Properties
(3A12O3•2SiO2) and 50 vol% alumina (Al2O3) – 50 vol% of Metallic Nanoclusters YAG (Y3Al5O12) in situ composite. The interphase D. D. Johnson* included alumina platelets and aluminum phosphate National Science Foundation, DMR 99-7650
(AlPO4). The binder was EVA (Ethylene Vinyl Acetate) copolymer. Dioctyl phthalate and stearic acid were used (In cooperation with the Materials Research Laboratory) as plasticizer and lubricant, respectively. Ceramic powder, binder, plasticizer, and lubricant were mixed by high Metallic and bi-metallic nanoclusters play an important shear mixer. After binder burnout, the pellet was CIPed role in fuel cell and catalysis applications. Researchers and sintered. The mechanical and microstructural plan joint DPT-based and empirical-based simulations to properties were investigated. predict structure, topology, and electronic properties of such clusters, as well as to explain ongoing experiments in these materials by Nuzzo et al., and their apparent Computer Simulation self-organization. of Materials Chaotic Motion in Molecular Structures J. Kieffer,* B. J. Reardon University of Illinois; Los Alamos National Laboratory Foundational Issues in Socio-Physics R. J. Gaylord* By using concepts from chaos theory, such as Lyapunov University of Illinois exponents and Kolmogorov-Sinai entropies, researchers can characterize the dynamic behavior of large molecular The recent invasion of the social sciences (economics and configurations generated by molecular dynamic sociology) by theoretical physicists has raised a number of simulations. From these measures one can derive fundamental issues, including the usefulness of theoretical conclusions about the thermodynamic stability of a studies using mathematical analysis versus computer structure, as well as estimate the magnitudes of atomic simulation, the predictive versus explanatory power of transport coefficients. The goal of this project is to
* Denotes principal investigator. 6 develop formalisms that allow one to relate the topology of a structure to the inherent mobility of its constituents, Electrical Ceramics and with this knowledge improve the design of electrolytes used in batteries, fuel cells, and sensors. Development of Barrier Coatings for Metal Halide Lamps Multiscale Simulation of Ceramic Materials H. H. Chen,* Z. M. Wu J. Kieffer,* J. W. Palko APL Engineered Materials, Ltd. National Institute of Standards and Technology The purpose of this project is to carry out initial and Researchers develop multiscale simulation techniques for feasibility studies leading to the potential development of modeling the mechanical behavior of ceramic materials quartz arc tube inner wall barrier coatings by thin-film under nonequilibrium conditions and study phenomena deposition method(s) to be used in metal halide lamps. such as phase transformation and catastrophic failure. Specific tasks include MOCVD coating of a selected The research encompasses the development of improved group of oxide films and characterizing coatings prior to models for the description of atomic interactions that as well as after testing to assess the quality of the coatings mimic electronic configurations for all anticipated using XRD, SEM, optical microscopy, and bonding types and nonbonding states; acceleration other techniques. algorithms to simulate processes governed by infrequent events; and length-scale bridging strategies to effectively Fabrication and Characterization of couple atomistic simulations with continuum mechanical Ferroelectric Thin Films by the MOCVD computations. Accurate simulation of the mechanical Method behavior in real materials is achieved by atomistically H. H. Chen,* C. H. Lin, P. Friddle, A. Daga resolving critical parts of microstructures, such as crack U.S. Department of Energy, DE-FG02-96ER45439 tips or grain boundaries. (In cooperation with the Materials Research Laboratory) Simulation of Crystallization of Inorganic Compounds This work encompasses the fabrication and J. Kieffer,* R. B. Rao characterization of ferroelectric thin films fabricated by University of Illinois; National Science Foundation, DMR metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) 93-15779 REU techniques. For infrared detector applications, researchers
grow Pb(Sc0.5Ta 0.5)O3-PbT:O3 (PSTT) thin films and The crystallization from supercooled melts of inorganic perform noise, blackbody responsivity, spectral response, compounds in computer simulations was deemed and frequency response measurements. The PSTT impossible because of the high activation energies for detectors’ performance will be compared with commercial atomic migration and the ensuing large time scales state-of-the-art pyroelectric detectors. The ultimate goal necessary for such simulations. Recently, researchers have of this work is to develop a room-temperature infrared been successful in crystallizing various alkali-halides and radiation detector. Researchers base this work on the their mixtures, from highly supercooled melts, using ferroelectric PSTT system and a novel detection approach molecular dynamic simulations. With this method, the which utilizes both the ferroelectric and the pyroelectric research team can study nucleation processes, the various properties. Researchers also fabricate other perovskite defects that develop upon crystal growth, and the thin films and multilayers such as PT, PZT, and BST relationship between crystallization behavior and the on various types of substrates and investigate the thermodynamic phase diagrams. structure-property-processing relationships.
7 * Denotes principal investigator. Oxide Thin Films for Electronic identifies three critical processes that facilitate this novel and Optical Applications additive patterning technique: film densification, stress H. H. Chen,* S. W. Lee release by decohesion wherever the monolayer is present, U.S. Department of Energy, DE-FG02-96ER45439; and facile lift-off over the microcracked regions. Current Nippon Steel Co. Gift efforts are focussed on the influence of the functionalized molecular resist on feature resolution and edge roughness. (In cooperation with the Materials Research Laboratory) Densification and Stress Development The primary objective of this research is to produce oxide in Sol-Gel-derived PZT Coatings thin films for electronic applications. One example is a D. A. Payne,* R. J. Ong, L. H. Allen flammable gas sensor using SnO2 and the other is Ta2Os as U.S. Department of Energy, DE-FG02-96ER45439 dielectric material or thermal barrier. These oxide thin films are grown by the MOCVD technique. (In cooperation with the Materials Research Laboratory) Microstructural analysis is also carried out on the grown films using XRD, SEM, TEM, AES, and XPS. Sensing Sol-gel-derived PZT thin layers deposited on silicon were tests are done for SnO2 using resistivity measurements examined for their shrinkage behavior using in situ with reducing gases such as H2, alcohol, and so forth. ellipsometry. This research involves correlating Dielectric constant, C-V, optical transmittance, and film densification data with thermal analysis (DTA, TGA). conductance measurements are made. Models are The effect of pyrolysis and crystallization on layer suggested to explain the measured electrical and shrinkage is observed as experimental parameters, such optical properties. as layer thickness and substrate type, are varied. The resulting stresses in the coating are measured as a function Ionic Transport in Composite Electrolytes of heat treatment by a laser reflectance technique and J. Kieffer,* R. B. Rao, E. Guilbert related to associated densification phenomena and National Science Foundation, DMR 93-15779 REU substrate/layer thermal expansion mismatch.
Composites consisting of organic polymers and inorganic Effects of Atmospheric Moisture on the glassy phases are developed for use as electrolyte materials. Structure of Sol-Gel Thin Layers The organic polymer contains the charge-carrying species D. A. Payne,* E. A. Mikalsen, K. L. Holverson and acts as the conducting phase, whereas the inorganic U.S. Department of Energy, DE-FG02-96ER45439 glass provides mechanical stability. High ionic conductivities can be achieved with this constellation This study investigates the structural consequences of because the conducting phase can be maintained above humidity control on the spin-coating deposition of PZT the glass transition temperature. The electrolytes are thin layers. Film thickness, density, and refractive index synthesized via a sol-gel process. This project is concerned are affected through variations in the film deposition with controlling the structure at the nanoscale to optimize conditions. In polymeric gels, hydrolysis and component performance. The electrolytes synthesized in condensation reactions prescribe the structure during the laboratory are characterized using impedance spin coating. By controlling the atmospheric moisture spectroscopy, small-angle x-ray scattering, and during the spin coating process, researchers can investigate thermal analysis. the effect on film density and uniformity, crystallization behavior, and dielectric, ferroelectric, and optical Additive Patterning of Sol-Gel Thin Layers: properties. The sensitivity of different chemical routes Shrinkage, De-cohesion, and Lift-off to atmospheric moisture is under investigation. D. A. Payne,* E. A. Mikalsen U.S. Department of Energy, DE-FG02-96ER45439 Patterning of Sol-Gel Thin Layers Using Soft-Lithography An investigation is under way on the additive patterning D. A. Payne,* E. A. Mikalsen of thin layers by use of monolayer-mediated deposition. U.S. Department of Energy, DE-FG02-96ER45439 Microcontact printing is used to selectively transfer an ultrathin molecular film to the surface of a substrate. Research is directed at the patterning of curved surfaces. Subsequent chemical solution deposition is mediated by Soft lithographic methods, including micromolding in the underlying molecular resist to achieve decohesion capillaries (MIMIC) and microcontact printing (µCP), exclusively above patterned areas. This investigation are under investigation for the selective deposition of
* Denotes principal investigator. 8 solution-derived oxide thin films. This approach is to processing and self-assembled patterning to form develop soft lithographic methods and sol-gel deposition integrated structures for devices. processes to achieve additive patterning on both planar and non-planar surfaces. Materials under investigation Phase Separation and Charge include pyroelectric and ferroelectric lead zirconium Ordering in Complex Oxides titanate and barium strontium titanate. Current efforts J. M. Zuo* are aimed at achieving high-quality patterns for film Department of Energy, DE-FG02-96ER45439; thicknesses ranging from 30 to 1000 nm by novel University of Illinois application of soft lithographic techniques. (In cooperation with the Materials Research Laboratory) Preparation and Characterization of Ta2O5-TiO2 Ceramics This project is to investigate charge ordering and D. A. Payne,* S. Hemjinda nanoscale phase separation in complex oxides, such as U.S. Department of Energy, DE-FG02-96ER45439 colossal magnetoresistive manganites and high-Tc superconductors. The goal is to understand (In cooperation with the Materials Research Laboratory) nanostructures in these complex materials and their relationship to the unusual properties of each material.
Ta 2O5 is widely studied for possible application in VLSI The project involves synthesis, property measurements, technology as the next generation of higher dielectric and the electron beam characterization. A nanometer- constant (K) gate oxide materials. In this project, sized electron probe is used for structural researchers have shown that the dielectric constant of characterizations, which allow researchers to probe an
Ta 2O5 can be significantly improved by small substitutions individual structural domain and obtain unique structural of TiO2. At 1 MHz, 0.944Ta2O5-0.056TiO2 exhibited information not available from other sources. K=245 with tanδ=0.01, more that five times the value for δ Ta 2O5 alone (K=35, tan =0.008). The enhancement was attributed to the formation and stabilization of a high Interfaces temperature structure (monoclinic). Increasing additions of TiO2 lowered the orthorhombic to monoclinic phase transformation temperature from 1360°C to 1200°C (that Surface/Interface Diffraction is, for 0.92 Ta2O5-0.08TiO2). Monoclinic Ta2O5-TiO2 Using Synchrotron Radiation ceramics exhibited a unique microstructure, with highly H. H. Chen,* T. C. Chiang,* H. Hong, Z. Wu oriented columnar grains. Work in progress includes State of Illinois; IBHE-HECA; U.S. Department of Energy, temperature-dependent dielectric property measurements, DE-FG02-96ER45439 sintering, and phase transformation behavior. (In cooperation with the Materials Research Laboratory) Single Crystals and Thin Films of Doped Rare Earth Manganese Perovskites The objective of this project is to use surface-interface D. A. Payne,* B. A. Clothier sensitive x-ray diffraction scattering techniques, such as U.S. Department of Energy, DE-FG02-96ER45439 grazing incidence diffraction, scattering, or fluorescence, specular reflectivity, standing and evanescent wave (In cooperation with the Materials Research Laboratory) experiments, and truncation-rod experiments (all of which require the use of the synchrotron radiation) to examine Rare earth manganese perovskites doped with divalent various materials systems of scientific and technological cations, such as Ca, Sr, Ba, and Pb, have been shown to importance. Some specific areas of investigation are exhibit greatly enhanced magnetoresistive properties studies of the reconstructed structure, stress fields, when compared with metallic heterolayers. Improved relaxations, roughness, and phase transitions of single- magnetoresistive behavior is greatly desired for sensor crystal surfaces and interfaces such as Ag/Si(111), Ge/Si, applications, such as magnetic read heads, or advanced As/Si, Sn/Si, C60/Si, Cu/Al2O3, SnO2/Al2O3, GaN/Al2O3. computer memories, such as MRAM cells. Current Researchers are also studying the dynamical structural and research is concerned with the electronic behavior and compositional evolution associated with film growth, morphological characterization of doped rare earth melting, solidification, passivation, and corrosion. manganese perovskite single crystals. Resulting candidate materials are deposited by low-temperature solution
9 * Denotes principal investigator. Atomistics of Growth and Transport at Metal and Semiconductor Surfaces Materials Chemistry G. Ehrlich,* S. Koh, K. Kyuno, S. C. Wang U.S. Department of Energy, DE-FG02-96ER45439 Aqueous Synthesis of Nb and Ti Containing Oxides The individual atomic events contributing to the growth D. A. Payne,* D. L. West; W. G. Klemperer, of crystals and films are being explored on the atomic K. A. Marek (Chem.) level. Through the use of the field ion microscope, single U.S. Department of Energy, DE-FG02-96ER45439 atoms are visualized, and processes such as condensation, diffusion, nuclearion, and incorporation into the lattice (In cooperation with the Materials Research Laboratory) are examined quantitatively to reveal how structure and chemical composition affect growth processes. Researchers are developing two synthetic routes to complex Nb and Ti containing oxides. The first exploits Microstructure and Properties of Interfaces the sequestering ability of carboxylic acids and the second J. K. Shang,* Z. Zhang, J. Ryan, C. Zhang, Z. Xing, exploits the colloidal nature of freshly precipitated L. Lei hydrous niobia and titania. Both procedures can be U.S. Department of Energy; Ford Motor Co.; U.S. Air Force carried out without the need for strict control of the Office of Scientific Research, FAMI-15-81014; Federation of ambient atmosphere. Researchers are optimizing both Advanced Materials Industries routes with respect to properties of the synthesized product, required raw materials and process steps, and Experimental and theoretical studies are carried out to minimization and control of waste generation and understand the relationship between microstructure and process by-products. mechanical properties of bi-materials interfaces. Researchers have developed new experimental techniques Chemical Processing and Characterization to measure mechanical properties of interfaces and applied of Ta2O5-TiO2 Films these techniques to metal-ceramic, metal-polymer, D. A. Payne,* S. Hemjinda glass-ceramic, and bi-metals interfaces. The research U.S. Department of Energy, DE-FG02-96ER45439 team is developing model interfacial microstructures at graphite-epoxy, alumina-aluminum, polyimide-copper, (In cooperation with Materials Research Laboratory) epoxy-metal, and solder-copper interfaces by chemical, physical, electrochemical, and metallurgical surface- Thin films of TiO2–modified Ta2O5 were prepared by modification techniques. Researchers are modeling sol-gel processing. Stable solutions were obtained by several salient mechanisms of crack growth, such as crack i refluxing of Ta(OEt)5 and Ti(OPr )4 mixture followed by sliding, crack interlocking, and crack tip plasticity, along addition of dilute HCL. Hydrolysis were carried out at model interfaces. very slow rates to avoid precipitation of white hydrous oxides. Films were prepared in a controlled environment Tensile/Compressive Fatigue Analysis of in order to be crack free and transparent. Crystallization Mullite Fiber/Aluminum-Magnesium Alloy of Ta2O5-TiO2 films took place around 700°C. A low Metal Matrix Composites temperature orthorhombic structure was identified. J. K. Shang,* C. Huang Crystalline films exhibited K=25 with tanδ=0.03 Chrysler Motors Corp. (at 1MHz). Dielectric constant showed no variations
with TiO2 content. The fatigue behavior of mullite fiber reinforced Al-Mg alloy matrix composites is examined as a function of Mg Unique Microstructures in Ferroelectric concentration and fiber volume fraction. The primary Perovskites by Reaction Sintering objective is to understand the role of the interface in the D. A. Payne,* D. L. West, P. Han fatigue crack initiation and growth processes. Several U.S. Department of Energy, DE-FG02-96ER45439 reaction products are found at the fiber/matrix interface in the as-received composite. Research is in progress to (In cooperation with the Materials Research Laboratory) evaluate the effect of the interfacial reaction on the fatigue properties of the composite. Reaction sintering involves reacting and densifying two or more solid phases without the usual intermediate comminution of the reacted single-phase material.
* Denotes principal investigator. 10 In this work, researchers intend to produce ceramic a new paradigm for regulating colloidal stability, known monoliths with tailored microstructures by reaction as nanoparticle engineering. For example, researchers sintering fine powder mixtures and “seed” particles of have observed that nonadsorbing nanoparticles can carefully controlled composition and morphology. induce stability in systems of otherwise attractive colloidal microspheres. Such systems may find important Direct Observation of Chemical Bonding application as templates for photonic band gap materials. J. M. Zuo* In contrast, researchers can utilize adsorbing nanoparticles University of Illinois to design novel colloidal gels with controlled mechanical behavior. In this approach, the bond strength and density This project is to observe the details of chemical bonding of the gel are regulated solely by the nature and number in crystalline solids by mapping charge density using density of the adsorbed nanoparticles. Researchers are quantitative electron diffraction. Researchers are exploring the use of fluorescent nanoparticles to enable interested in the charge states of transition metal ions direct imaging of both the colloidal microsphere and and their relationship to materials properties. nanoparticle species via confocal scanning Researchers are also interested in testing various laser microscopy. theoretical approximations using the experimentally measured ground state charge density. Currently, researchers are investigating the charge density of TiO2, Mechanical Behavior of Solids CoO and BaTiO3 in collaboration with scientists at Arizona State University. Fracture Mechanisms of Particulate- reinforced Metal Matrix Composites Oxidation of Metallic Nanostructures and J. K. Shang,* G. Liu Structural Transformation of Nanoclusters University of Illinois under Reactive Gas Environment J. M. Zuo,* B. Q. Li, Y. F. Shi The fracture mechanisms of particulate-reinforced Department of Energy, DE-FG02-96ER45439; metal-matrix composites are examined in several University of Illinois aluminum- and titanium-matrix composites at room and elevated temperatures. Most composite systems show a (In cooperation with the Materials Research Laboratory) low-temperature fracture behavior controlled primarily by the reinforcing particles, with the matrix playing an This project is to investigate the reaction of small metal inactive role in resisting the crack growth. The fracture clusters in a controlled gas environment. The experiment properties of these composites are characterized by low is being done in a specially built UHV transmission fracture toughness, relatively flat R-curves, and weak electron microscope. Metallic clusters first prepared on dependence on the composition and microstructure of the clean substrates under the UHV condition are then matrix alloy. It is shown that a more efficient use of the exposed to reactive gas. The reaction of metallic clusters is matrix plasticity, which makes the fracture process more studied by electron diffraction and direct imaging in real matrix-dominated, can lead to significant improvement time. Through this investigation researchers will attempt in the fracture properties of these composites. to learn the kinetic process and structural transformation of chemical reactions and the influence of sizes on the Mechanisms of High-Temperature Crack chemical reaction process. Growth in Ceramic-Matrix Composites J. K. Shang,* D. Yao National Science Foundation, MSS 91-11141 Materials Self Assembly The ability of ceramic materials to withstand high- temperature and hostile environments offers great Phase Behavior of Colloidal prospects for potential major improvements in the Microsphere-Nanoparticle Mixtures design performance of high-temperature components J. A. Lewis,* V. Tohver, A. Chan in chemical processing, power generation, and industrial NASA Microgravity Research waste recovery applications. Their use as structural materials, however, has been limited primarily because Researchers are carrying out fundamental studies of the of their poor fracture toughness and lack of damage phase behavior of colloidal microsphere-nanoparticle tolerance. The purpose of this program is to examine mixtures. The research team has recently demonstrated
11 * Denotes principal investigator. the fundamental micromechanisms of high-temperature subcritical crack growth in three classes of ceramic-matrix Mechanical Properties composites chosen to reflect different primary room temperature toughening mechanisms, namely, crack Interfacial Dynamics during deflection, crack trapping, and crack bridging. Heterogeneous Deformation I. M. Robertson,* L. Pawlowski Initiation of Plasticity and Dislocation Battelle Northwest Laboratory Nucleation in Perfect Crystals Y. Q. Sun,* N. Yang, X. M. Gu The techniques of in situ TEM deformation and hot-stage National Science Foundation, DMR 98-74854 CAR microscopy are being used to study the interaction of dislocations with grain boundaries, the operation of grain This project studies the initiation of plastic deformation boundary dislocation sources, and the interaction of in dislocation-free crystals. Single crystals that are free of mobile grain boundaries with such obstacles as dislocations (Si) and single crystals in special dislocation- precipitates. These studies are being undertaken to free orientations ([001] NiAl and [0001] hcp crystals) are provide an understanding of the physical processes studied by experiments in which the initiation of plastic controlling grain boundary cavitation, grain boundary strain is measured against a continuously varying sliding, grain boundary dislocation interactions, and temperature in combination with in situ probing methods. grain nucleation at precipitates. The objectives are to understand the generation of dislocations in a dislocation-free crystal and to understand the fracture and the brittle-ductile transition of semi-brittle crystals. Microelectronics Packaging
Transient High Strain-rate Plasticity Materials and Processes and Plastic Instability in Crystals Y. Q. Sun,* N. Yang, X. M. Gu Rheological Properties and Stress Evolution National Science Foundation NSF DMR 98-74854 CAR; of Tape-Cast Ceramic Layers Air Force Wright Laboratory AF UES S-157-000-004 J. A. Lewis,* C. Martinez, J. Smay NSF Division of Design and Manufacturing This project combines experimental and modeling research to investigate the transient plastic strain-rate in Tape-cast ceramic layers serve as basic building blocks the deformation of crystalline materials, with and without in technological applications ranging from multilayer solute alloying elements, and to discover the underlying ceramic capacitors and packages to solid oxide fuel cells. dislocation mechanisms. The plastic deformation of Researchers are carrying out fundamental studies of the crystalline materials is spatially and temporally rheological and drying behavior of aqueous-based tape inhomogeneous. Spatial inhomogeneity is characterized casting formulations. Rheological properties of tape by locally intensive dislocation activity in slip bands and casting suspensions are characterized to probe their kink bands. Temporal inhomogeneity is characterized by stability and relaxation behavior. Stress measurements precipitous onset and stoppage of plastic deformation based on a laser interferometry technique are carried out and the transient in between, as in a sharp yield drop on tape-cast layers of varying thickness and composition. or serrated flow. The experimental approach is from the The goal of this research is to develop a fundamental perspective in which the onset of plasticity is viewed to understanding of property evolution during processing be inherently unstable. of these complex colloidal systems.
* Denotes principal investigator. 12 structure and interactions with substrates are directly Nanoscience and Technology observed. In addition, the supported nanoparticles are transformed by heating or by bombardment with Thermodynamics of Nanostructures and low-energy ions. Experimental studies are supported Buried Silicide Interfaces Using Scanning using molecular dynamics computer simulations. Nanocalorimetry L. H. Allen* KeV Ion/Surface Interactions National Science Foundation, DMR 9726458 D. G. Cahill,* J. Kim National Science Foundation DMR-9632252 This project aims to investigate a variety of basic materials issues in thin films and at interfaces, such as coalescence Ion beams with energies on the order of 1-10 keV are during initial stages of film growth, silicide formation widely used for etching of surfaces, microanalytical with restricted dimensions, and dimensional stability and methods, and shallow dopant implantation. We use reflow of aluminum nanostructures through the use of in-situ scanning tunneling microscopy to obtain high a recently developed nanocalorimetry technique. resolution measurements of the morphology of Ge The proposed research seeks new insights into effects surfaces bombarded by Xe ions over a wide range of of particle/cluster/island size and of surfaces in stability energies (1-20 keV), fluences (1013-1017) cm-2 and and kinetics of materials. The research also seeks to reveal temperatures (200-600∞C). We are studying the new information about behavior of materials at nanometer formation of nanovoids in the near surface region of the length scales. The research will contribute basic materials crystal, the annihilation of these voids with subsequent science knowledge at a fundamental level to important ion bombardment, and the roughening of the crystal aspects of electronic/photonic materials. morphology at intermediate temperatures.
Materials Processes Far from Equilibrium Kinetic Processes on TiN Surfaces R. S. Averback* D. G. Cahill,* J. E. Greene,* M. Wall U.S. Department of Energy U.S. Department of Energy, DEFG02-ER9645439
(In cooperation with the Materials Research Laboratory) TiN is a critical thin-film material in the microelectronics and cutting tool industries. Researchers use reactive Fundamental aspects of properties of materials driven far magnetron sputtering to deposit epitaxial TiN on lattice from equilibrium by high energy methods are investigated. matched MgO substrates and apply scanning tunneling These studies include the processing of nanocomposite microscopy to measure fundamental aspects of the surface materials for high-strength magnets. Ion beam processing kinetics (the diffusion of adatoms, the nucleation of new is employed for thin-film magnets and mechanical milling terraces, the stability of small clusters, and asymmetries in is used for bulk nanocomposite magnets. Ion beams are the attachment of adatoms at ascending versus descending also employed for nanopatterning thin-metal films on steps). These data are then used to understand more dielectric substrates for catalysis, magnetic, and optical complex issues in the growth of polycrystalline films, applications. The work combines computer simulation such as the selection of preferred orientation and and in situ experimentation using a scanning probe competitive grain growth. method and electron microscopy. Laser Modification of Surface Morphology Structure and Properties of Nanoparticles D. G. Cahill,* T. Schwarz-Selinger, J. Serrano R. S. Averback* U.S. Department of Energy, DEFG02-ER9645439 U.S. Department of Energy Researchers are studying the mechanisms of laser texturing (In cooperation with the Materials Research Laboratory) of semiconductor crystals. Tightly focused, single pulses from a passively Q-switched microchip laser are used to Interactions of metal and semiconductor nanoparticles produce laser dimples with a radius of ~ 2mm and a depth with substrates and phase transformation in supported that can be varied over a range of 10–500 nm. The strong nanoparticles are investigated by experimental and temperature gradient produces a gradient in the surface computer simulation methods. Nanoparticles produced tension that drives fluid flow in the laser melt. Si wafers by inert gas condensation are brought via a UHV pathway modified by laser texturing are then applied in into a UHV transmission electron microscope where their experiments on the nucleation of epitaxial nanostructures
13 * Denotes principal investigator. and fundamental studies of mass transport and step and therefore demonstrate that the Volmer-Weber motion using low-energy electron microscopy (LEEM). growth mode is a viable approach for the growth for epitaxial nanostructures. Nanoscale Thermal Transport D. G. Cahill,* R. Costescu Nanoscale Cluster Assembly on Compliant National Science Foundation CTS-9978822 Substrates: A New Route to Epitaxy and Nanostructure Synthesis Researchers are studying the transport of heat across J. H. Weaver,* C. Haley, D. Xu solid-solid interfaces and the thermal conductivity of U.S. Department of Energy nanostructured materials. The objective is to explore the connections between interface structure and transport and This project focuses on the intrinsic properties of three- the possibility of producing materials with a significant dimensional nanostructures and on their behavior when fraction of localized vibrational modes. The 3w method they come in contact with other materials. It exploits a for thin films (introduced by these researchers in 1994 unique soft-landing cluster deposition technique that the and now widely used throughout the world) enables research team developed to synthesize nanostructures, accurate measurements of thermal conductivities for films deliver them to atomically clean surfaces, and explore as thin as 50 nm. Picosecond thermoreflectance is used to fundamental issues related to stability, wetting, interface measure heat transport on picosecond time scales and reactions, and passivation. Investigations like these are nanometer length scales. critical if we are to understand processes associated with nanostructure integration into mesoscopic structures. Nanostructures by Ion-Beam While the growth process has been demonstrated in Induced Dewetting this project, researchers have just begun to exploit its D. G. Cahill,* R. S. Averback,* X. Hu capabilities. Through this project, researchers are now U.S. Department of Energy, DEFG02-ER9645439 concentrating on structural aspects associated with cluster assembly, as probed with scanning tunneling microscopy A planar metal film prepared on a dielectric substrate is and electron microscopy. typically metastable and will dewet from the substrate at elevated temperatures. Researchers use energetic heavy Controlled Growth of Nanostructures in a ions (800 keV Kr+) as a novel means of producing UHV Transmission Electron Microscope localized melting of nanometer-thick metal films J. M. Zuo,* B. Q. Li, Y. F. Shi deposited on silica and sapphire. A nanostructured film U.S. Department of Energy, DE-FG02-96ER45439; results from the short time scale and length scale of the University of Illinois ion-beam induced thermal spikes. Researchers are investigating the mechanisms that control the rate of (In cooperation with the Materials Research Laboratory) dewetting, the in-plane length scale of the pattern formation, and the eventual sinking of metal nanoparticles Researchers use a specially built UHV transmission into an amorphous substrate due to viscous flow. electron microscope to study the growth conditions and substrate effects on nanostructure formations grown by Epitaxial Nanostructures on molecular beam epitaxy, or gas reaction. In-situ real-time Semiconductor Surfaces electron imaging and electron diffraction are used to D. G. Cahill,* A. Raviswaran, T. Schwarz-Selinger extract structural information or examine National Science Foundation, DMR-9705440 structural morphology.
The growth of quantum dots and other epitaxial Nanodiffraction and Nanocrystallography semiconductor nanostructures is under intense J. M. Zuo,* R. D. Twesten, I. Petrov investigation because of their promise for improving the University of Illinois performance of optoelectronic devices. Laser textured substrates provide a flexible and precise method for (In cooperation with the Materials Research Laboratory) controlling the location and density of nucleation for fundamental studies of 3D island formation during vapor Nanoscience requires nano-characterization. Most phase crystal growth. Researchers have recently discovered conventional characterization techniques are sensitive to high densities of small (average size of 10 nm) epitaxial either large surface areas or bulk volumes. The challenge Si islands during growth of Si on Ge(111) at < 500°C is how to determine individual nanostructure that could
* Denotes principal investigator. 14 be significantly different from each other. To face this Acquisition of an X-Ray CCD Defects System challenge, researchers are developing new electron beam for Materials Research at Advanced Photon characterization techniques that take advantage of the Source nanometer sized electron probe and the strong interaction H. H. Chen,* T. C. Chiang, H. Hong, R. Broach of electrons with matter that would enable determination National Science Foundation, DMR 98-02643 EQ; of structure, composition, and electronic states of Illinois Board of Higher Education; UOP LLCGFT individual nanostructures. The project is based on a newly installed, state-of-the-art field emission gun electron (In cooperation with the Materials Research Laboratory) microscope, JEOL2010F, in collaboration with the DOE Center for Microanalysis of Materials (CMM). An equipment grant from the National Science Foundation, along with financial contributions from the state of Illinois and UOP LLC, provided support for developing a crystallography facility at the UNICAT Phase Transformation and organization. This facility includes an analytical x-ray Microcharacterization CCD system, a 3-axis goniometer, a computer workstation, and a comprehensive software package for data acquisition and crystal structure determination. Kinetics and Microstructures of The CCD system will enhance scientific endeavors in Nonequilibrium Materials three main areas: microcrystal diffraction, small-angle P. Bellon,* R. Enrique, J. M. Roussel, S. Zghal scattering, and time-resolved surfaced interface U.S. Department of Energy, DE-FG02-96ER45439 scattering studies.
(In cooperation with the Materials Research Laboratory) Determination of the Atomic Mechanism and Structure Evolution of Relaxor Ferroelectrics The goals of this study are to develop a basic H. H. Chen,* A. Tkachuk understanding of the behavior of interfaces and Illinois Board of Higher Education HECA Grant; U.S. microstructures in nonequilibrium materials and to Department of Energy, DE-FG02-96ER45439 investigate consequences for the microstructure-properties relationship in these materials. Behaviors currently being (In cooperation with the Materials Research Laboratory) investigated by atomistic computer simulations, theory, and experiments include the coarsening of precipitates Anomalous x-ray scattering and diffuse scatteray studies during isothermal annealing and two-phase dynamical of lead-magnesium-biobate (PMN) and PMN-PbTiO3 equilibrium in alloys under irradiation and under plastic solid-solution single crystals were carried out to study its deformation. In the second situation, researchers have superstructure. Ordering was observed by the presence of determined that irradiation can induce self-organization 1/2(111) type superlattice peaks. By tuning the energy of of the compaction field at a nanometer scale. the synchrotron radiation to values close to the Pb LIII absorption edge, the superstructure was shown to include Mesoscale Phase Separation in Pb, either by atomic exchange or large displacements. Alloys under Plastic Deformation Recent synchrotron x-ray data show the existence of weak P. Bellon,* F. Wu spots at the face-centered locations representing in-phase National Science Foundation, DMR 97-33582 tilt of the oxygen tetrahedra. Complex behavior in the temperature dependence of diffuse intensities suggests the Severe plastic deformation can force immiscible elements interplay of various physical origins involving soft phonon into solid solution, as observed during low-temperature modes, static displacements, and chemical ordering. ball milling of Cu-Co or Cu-Ag powder blends. At moderate milling temperatures, however, dynamical phase separation is expected to take place at a mesoscale. Ball milled powders, in particular, are analyzed using atom probe field ion microscopy. This reveals the characteristics of atomic mixing at the nanometer scale as a function of the milling temperature. This is combined with modeling and computer simulations to rationalize existing behavior and to anticipate possible new microstructures or properties.
15 * Denotes principal investigator. Development of Advanced Photon Source Electronic and Energetic Beamlines for Scattering Science Properties of Materials H. H. Chen,* H. Hong, P. Jemian, P. Zschack, D. D. Johnson* G. Kavapetrova, A. Tkachuk, Z. Wu University of Illinois; U.S. Department of Energy, Illinois Board of Higher Education HECA Grant; U.S. DE-FG02-96ER45439 Department of Energy, DE-FG02-96ER45439; UOP Corp.; National Institute of Standards and Technology (In cooperation with the Materials Research Laboratory and Oak Ridge National Laboratory) (In cooperation with the Materials Research Laboratory) Within a Green’s function formalism, electronic density The Materials Research Laboratory is engaged in a functional theory (DFT) techniques are used to collaborative effort with personnel from the Oak Ridge investigate disordered, partially ordered, and fully ordered National Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and phases of multicomponent alloy systems. The underlying Technology, and UOP Research Inc. for the development electronic origin of various materials properties (electronic, of two beam lines of the Advanced Photon Source (APS) magnetic, thermodynamic, elastic) are then determined. being constructed at the Argonne National Laboratory. Additional schemes are being developed to investigate The foci of this effort are to do research and to educate larger-scale phenomena, such as microstructure and new generations of scientists and engineers at the cutting kinetics, which are ultimately based on such DFT results, edge of science and engineering in various disciplines. thus allowing a connection of micro- to macroscale Particular efforts presently under way and planned are in length scales. surface/interface diffraction, magnetic scattering, inelastic scattering, Mossbauer effect, diffuse scattering, and Theory of Compositional Ordering macromolecular crystallography. H. Chen is the director in Ternary Metallic Alloys of this APS beam-line development project. D. D. Johnson,* F. J. Pinski, J. B. Staunton U.S. Department of Energy, DE-FG02-96ER45439 Mesoscale Materials Physics: Dynamics and Microstructural Evolution (In cooperation with the Materials Research Laboratory and H. Chen,* W. J. Liu, L. Basile; G. E. Ice, D. E. Jesson, Sandia National Laboratories) J. D. Budai, B. C. Larson (ORNL) U.S. Department of Energy, LM 4500010395 The degree to which ordering (chemical and magnetic) exists in high-temperature alloys can be probed by diffuse (In cooperation with the Materials Research Laboratory) scattering experiments. Researchers develop and apply a first-principles theory of alloys to compare directly and The goal of this project is to provide a fundamentally new explain experimental data based on the underlying understanding of the physics of mesoscopic structure and electronic and magnetic interactions. For the first time, microstructural evolution of materials at length scales of the results of the scattering experiments can be related tenths to tens of microns. Examples are the structure and directly to the electronic structure of metallic alloys, dynamics of grain boundaries, dislocations, inclusions, thereby elucidating the microscopic reasons for the and microstructural inhomogeneities at these length scales. structural ordering and providing valuable guidance in High-brilliance, third-generation synchrotron sources now the design of new and improved alloys, representing a provide an unprecedented opportunity to address this significant advance in alloy theory. emerging area using ultrahigh spatial resolution x-ray diffraction probes. Microbeam x-ray diffraction will allow Thermodynamic Phase Stability three-dimensional mapping of materials properties, of HCP Al-Ag Alloys including local strain and orientation, with spatial D. D. Johnson* resolution previously not possible. ALCOA Science and Technology Center
Monte Carlo simulations using formation energetic calculated from a first-principles DFT method on the fully ordered, partially ordered, and disordered phases are being used to distinguish between proposed (but conflicting) chemical configuration determined via x-ray and transmission electron microscopy data.
* Denotes principal investigator. 16 Molecular Dynamic Simulations the bulk thermodynamic properties of ultrathin polymer of Phase Transformations films. Researchers will study the melting and transition J. Kieffer,* L. Duffrène phenomenon of model systems at nanometer thickness:
Saint-Gobain Recherche Tm of single crystal polyethylene, Tg of ultrathin films of polystyrene. This study will be carried out using Large-scale molecular dynamic simulations of inorganic nanocalorimetry as well as transmission electron compounds are carried out to study the mechanisms of microscopy (TEM). Nanocalorimetry is a powerful phase transformations. Phase transitions are induced by materials technique. It pushes the limit of sensitivity simulated pressure or temperature changes. The unstable to a value of 0.2 nJ (1000 times higher sensitivity modes of motion on a local scale are identified by Fourier than conventional DSC systems). filtering particle trajectories and by performing normal mode analysis on static structure. Because of the size of Mesoporous Polymers the systems, it is possible to study the propagation of P. V. Braun,* Y. J. Lee transformation fronts and the formation of domains. U.S. Department of Energy, DE-FG02-96ER45439 This research targets issues that arise in conjunction with wear-resistant hard coatings, high-temperature structural (In cooperation with the Materials Research Laboratory) ceramics, amorphization under pressure, and relaxor ferroelectrics. This work is focused on the synthesis and characterization of polymeric materials which contain a regular High Temperature Phase Transformations distribution of nanometer sized pores. The polymers in Oxide Ceramics are synthesized in a lyotropic liquid crystalline media. W. M. Kriven,* L. F. Siah, B. T. Lee Under the appropriate conditions, the characteristic National Science Foundation dimensionality and structure of the lyotropic liquid crystal is imparted to the polymer during the synthesis. The benefits of in situ high temperature x-ray diffraction Researchers are exploring routes to both bulk and (HTXRD) in following solid-state phase transformations thin-film materials. The focus is on synthesizing dynamically have long been recognized. Indeed, it is of conducting polymers via oxidative processes; however, particular importance in those cases where the high other polymerization routes may also be applicable. temperature phase cannot be quenched and preserved at lower temperatures. Besides, the possibility exists that Activated Carbon Fibers and significant and undesirable modifications may be Ion Exchange Fibers introduced to the system under study during the J. Economy,* L. Dominguez, Z. Yue, Y. Huang quenching process and a mere extrapolation to the National Science Foundation, DMR 92-08545 conditions at high temperature may be rather misleading. In this project, the thermal-image technique will be Fundamental studies aimed at understanding the employed to study high temperature (>1600°C) phase mechanism of adsorption and desorption of contaminants transformation in selected oxide ceramics at synchrotron in activated carbons are being pursued. These include facilities. Rietveld refinement of the whole powder data determining factors that control pore diameter, pore obtained will enable a more accurate deduction of the diameter distribution, and surface character (acidity dynamic changes in the structural details involved in versus basicity). With this kind of basic knowledge, it these phase transformations. is anticipated that one can design greatly improved adsorption systems to control a wide range of atmospheric
pollutants, including CO2, freons, SOχ, and indoor air Polymers contaminants. Use of such fibers as substrates for a wide range of catalytic processes is actively being explored. Design of new kinds of fibers, such as high surface area Nano-Joule Calorimeter Studies SiC fiber and ion exchange fibers, is being pursued. of Ultrathin Polymer Systems Under a DARPA grant, DABT-63-98-C-0053, fabrication L. H. Allen,* P. Geil of specially tailored activated carbon fiber assemblies has American Chemical Society-PRF been achieved which can remove highly toxic materials from drinking water. This project focuses on introducing the nanocalorimeter to polymer science. The objective is to apply the nanocalorimeter to study the influence of the surface on
17 * Denotes principal investigator. High-Temperature Adhesives and Matrices Phase I—Phase II Compositions of Melt and J. Economy,* A. Hall, K. Xu, W. Xiao Solution Polymerized Poly(p-oxybenzoate) Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency/Allied Signal P. H. Geil,* Y. K. Yun, B. L. Yuan; F. Rybnikar, P. Saha (Univ. of Brno, Czech Rep.) A new family of thermosetting resins based on aromatic National Science Foundation, DMR 96-16255; Granting copolyesters has been developed. These materials provide Agency of the Czech Republic for the first time thermosets that retain 100% of their properties at 200°C, are stable in air at 350°C, and pick Polymerization of PpOBA in high-temperature solvents up minimal moisture. It has been shown that these (300–350°C) yields morphologies varying from single- µ polymers can be processed as adhesives, matrices for crystal whiskers (up to 50 m length, 360°C Tk-m) to composites, and rigid foams with very low dielectric hexagonal platelet crystals (2–5 µm thickness, up to 100 µ constants. The cured resins can also form strong adhesive m lateral size, 320°C Tk-m). Effects of time, temperature, bonds by solid-state interchain transesterification reactions and concentration on the morphology and the phase at temperatures of 200° to 300°C. It has been shown that I-phase II crystal structure ratio have been determined; composites can be fabricated by solid-state processing the variation in Tk-m cannot be attributed to the phase techniques, greatly simplifying current processes for composition. The composition of PpOBA melt preparing composites. A new approach to a low-cost, polymerized in thin films is affected by the substrate; base high-modulus polyester fiber has been devised. The treatment of both mica and glass result predominantly in oligomers can also be processed into conformal phase II. Phase II whiskers have been grown by base coating by vapor depositions under vacuum. initiation, with characterization in progress.
Improved Ceramic Composites Processing and Structural Characterization J. Economy,* S. Seghi of Zein-Base Films U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research (SBIR) P. H. Geil,* G. Padua (Food Science), M. C. N’Guyen Illinois Council on Food and Agriculture Research A joint program to develop long term fatigue testing for composites is under way. The role of sample dimensions Zein, a protein from corn plasticized with oleic acid, has is being addressed initially and researchers are now been shown to be suitable for the production of thin films beginning to examine the effect of changing the epoxy with potential application as packaging. Optimization of matrix to other systems. the properties is being sought by variations in processing techniques (including protein unfolding, orientation, and Morphology of Nascent crosslinking as well as typical plastics film production Polytetrafluoroethylene Dispersion processes). Structural characterization by WAXS, SAXS, Particles and the Effects of Melt Time and TEM of orientation, molecular conformation, and and Temperature morphology is being carried out to aid in the P. H. Geil,* J. Yang process improvement. W. L. Gore and Associates, Inc. Structure of Condensation Polymers The morphology of PTFE dispersion particles, prepared P. H. Geil,* J. Yang, J. I. Jin* (Korea Univ.), F. Rybnikar* by different polymerization schemes, has been (Univ. of Brno, Czech Rep.) characterized by bright and dark field transmission National Science Foundation, DMR 96-16255; Kosef; electron microscopy. Examination of the effects of melt GACR time and temperature on the development of folded- chain, single crystals from dispersed dispersion particles The morphology, crystal structure, and changes therein on glass and mica substrates indicates an intermediate with temperature of a wide variety of homopolymer and step of the formation of large angular crystals. Significant both random and alternating copolymer lamellar (100Å molecular motion on the substrate occurs in the thickness) single crystals and single disclination domains melt state. have been characterized by electron microscopy and diffraction. Polymers include many rigid polyester LCPs, PET, PBT, PEN, Kevlar, Kapton, polyethers, and polyanhydrides. The high-temperature lattices for poly (p-oxybenzoate) and their relationship to the low-temperature lattices have been clarified.
* Denotes principal investigator. 18 Crystal structures of many of the polymers have been Molecular Tribology of Confined determined by the use of electron diffraction aided by Hydrocarbons and Lubrication Additives modeling. The polymers are prepared by a unique, low- S. Granick,* M. Drake, M. Ruths temperature, confined, thin-film melt polymerization Exxon Research and Engineering Corp. process. This collaborative research between Exxon and the Dielectric Studies of Confined Polymers University of Illinois involves work in both laboratories. S. Granick,* Y. K. Cho, S. Jeon The conceptual objectives are to establish specific science Petroleum Research Fund, American Chemical Society connections between microscopic observables and tribological properties of fluids at interfaces in chemically This research focuses upon dielectric relaxation of high reactive environments. Specifically, researchers will polymer chains confined to molecularly thin spacings. integrate spectroscopic probes and rheological In situ dielectric measurements of normal-mode relaxation measurements in model asperity contacts. are made for homopolymer melts and diblock copolymer adsorbed brushes. The significance is to provide, by Molecular Tribology of measurements of a kind that have not been made Perfluoropolyether Films previously, a valuable perspective from which to S. Granick,* T. Dellinger understand the motions and relaxations of U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, confined polymers. F49620-97-1-0432
Molecular Studies of Boundary The project revolves around the tribology of Layer Lubrication perfluoroether fluids under extreme but nonetheless S. Granick,* H. Ohtani well-defined conditions of shear rate and confinement. Ford Motor Co. This will allow one to understand the surface chemical and rheological components of perfluoroether friction, The objective of this research is to probe the tribology of as distinct from the classical ones that are rooted in the polymer and surfactant boundary layers on a molecular solid-solid contact. Interpretation from molecular level. Researchers have developed new methods for viewpoints is emphasized. measuring frictional forces between surfaces that are close to one another (a few angstroms) but not actually Nanorheology in Fine Powder Flow touching. With these methods, the research team can S. Granick,* S. Sukhishvili measure the effective viscosity and shear strength of International Fine Particle Research Institute liquids of thickness comparable to molecular dimensions. Systematic studies are under way of particle-particle Molecular Tribology in the nanorheology based on the concurrent measurement of Biomaterials Environment static and dynamic forces in both the shear and normal S. Granick,* T. Dellinger directions. This is relevant to an enormous range of fine National Science Foundation (Tribology Program) powder applications based on rheological properties in an environment that is not dry (among them fluidization and The objective of this research is, in systems of biomaterials rapid shear flow in riser reactors, segregation processes, interest, to elucidate mechanisms of boundary layer and mixing and pneumatic conveying). friction at the molecular level, primarily through employment of the nanoscopic friction apparatus Nanotechnology with Emphasis on Tribology developed in this laboratory. Researchers will probe the S. Granick,* Y. Zhu, M. Ruths friction of aqueous boundary layers of tailored biologically National Science Foundation, subgrant R9915-.01.01; relevant chemical composition that are positioned at University of Tennessee well-defined separations comparable to molecular dimensions and displaced over lateral distances of This multidisciplinary, multi-institutional collaboration microscopic extent. (University of Illinois, University of Tennessee, Sandia National Laboratories) has several goals. The first is to achieve overlap in shear rate between experiments and simulations with the same systems. The second is to expend experimental and computational study to surfaces with chemical and topographical heterogeneity.
19 * Denotes principal investigator. Polymer Fillers and the Role Liquids of Branched Macromolecules of Interfacial Rheology K. S. Schweizer,* T. M. Chang S. Granick,* A. L. Demirel U.S. Department of Energy, DE-FG02-96ER45439; National Science Foundation (International Programs) Oak Ridge National Laboratory
In this collaborative effort, researchers study the role (In cooperation with the Materials Research Laboratory) of polymer-solid interfacial interactions by relating measurements on model systems (at the University of The structure and thermodynamic properties of many arm Illinois) with measurements of systems of immediate star, “core-shell” soft colloids and other highly branched practical importance (Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey). macromolecular fluids are being studied with microscopic Variables of interest include polymer molecular weight, statistical mechanical theory. Such systems display unusual degree of crystallinity, and intensity of polymer- equilibrium and dynamic behavior because of the filler interaction. intermediate degree of interpenetration of different macromolecules. Understanding the phase behavior of Polymer-Peptide Interactions for alloys of such highly branched macromolecules with Biocompatibility Applications linear chains is also under study in order to provide S. Granick,* S. Sukhishvili molecular-level guidelines for controlling miscibility. Engineering Foundation Macromolecule-induced Interactions Under way are systematic studies of surface-surface between Spherical Particles interactions based on the rational design of known protein K. S. Schweizer,* Y. L. Chen and polymer interfaces. This research team is interested U.S. Department of Energy, DE-FG02-96ER45439; in the effects of peptide composition, electrostatic and Oak Ridge National Laboratory hydrophobic properties, and especially conformations and specific interactions with polymers. (In cooperation with the Materials Research Laboratory)
Studies of Perfluoropolyalkylether Microscopic statistical mechanical theories of the structure Lubrication and thermodynamics, dilute suspensions of spherical S. Granick,* A. Koike, M. Ruths particles in polymer solutions are being developed. Hitachi Corp. The particles may be nanometer-sized proteins or micelles, larger objects such as dendrimers, or micron-sized colloids. The hard disc drives used for information storage are The complex influences of particle size, polymer lubricated by perfluoropolyalkylether molecules of various concentration and molecular weight, and steric and molecular weights and chain-end functionality. In this specific attractive forces on equilibrium properties are university-industry collaborative project, researchers study under study. Specific applications to protein–water soluble systematically the role of chain-end functionality, polymer suspensions and rigid rod polymer solutions are especially polarity and surface packing. of particular interest.
Anisotropic Polymer Fluids Structure and Phase Behavior of K. S. Schweizer,* G. T. Pickett Polymer-Colloid Suspensions U.S. Department of Energy, DE-FG02-96ER45439 K. S. Schweizer,* M. Fuchs German National Science Foundation, DFG (In cooperation with the Materials Research Laboratory) Microscopic liquid state theories of mixtures of Novel liquid state integral equation theories of fluids polymers and colloids are being developed. The role of composed of polymers with spatially anisotropic macromolecular structure, colloid size, composition, and conformations are being developed. A new mechanism for intermolecular interactions on equilibrium properties nematic and dissotic liquid crystal formation in flexible are being systematically explored. Polymer-induced and semiflexible polymer fluids has been discovered. crystallization of colloidal suspensions is being addressed Generalizations to treat the influence of attractive cohesive with thermodynamic density functional methods. forces and rigid rod polymers are under way. Predicting The influence of polymer/particle size asymmetry and the anisotropic structure of confined polymer thin films solvent quality on liquid-gas type phase separation and is also possible with the new approach. the particle percolation transition are also under study.
* Denotes principal investigator. 20 Structure of Multiblock particles are also investigated. The ultimate objective is to Copolymers and Ionomers be able to engineer the density of metal and alloys by solid K. S. Schweizer,* K. Kolbet metal foams via the liquid route without compromising U.S. Department of Energy, DE-FG02-96ER45439 their basic metallic properties of strength, toughness, and electrical and thermal conductivity. (In cooperation with the Materials Research Laboratory)
Microscopic theories for the conformation and structure of self-assembling multiblock copolymers and ionomers Radiation Damage in Materials are being developed. The influence of block length and composition on long wavelength concentration Epitaxial Regrowth of Amorphous Material fluctuations, microdomain formation, and phase in Semiconductor Systems separation temperature have been systematically explored. I. M. Robertson,* I. Jencic, E. Hollar Application to address small-angle scattering and the U.S. Department of Energy, DE-FG02-96ER45439 microphase behavior of multiblock polyurethane melts and ionomer melts have been carried out. The role of (In cooperation with the Materials Research Laboratory) water, nonpolar solvents, and blending with homopolymers on ionomer structure physical Ion implantation is used extensively in the semiconductor clustering and bulk properties are of interest. industry to introduce dopants. The accompanying damage must be removed before devices can be activated. The focus of this effort is on understanding the Processing mechanisms of solid-phase epitaxial crystallization of amorphous material in simple and compound semiconductors. The regrowth process can be stimulated Engineered Nanoporous Materials by means of an energetic electron beam, which allows, J. Kieffer* through variation of the electron energy, the role of University of Illinois defects created in the crystalline material (interstitials and vacancies) or interface defects (dangling bonds or The ability to design and manufacture materials with charged kinks) to be assessed directly. controlled pore structures (with sizes between nanometer and micron) requires understanding the relationships between processing conditions, structure, and properties of these systems. This understanding is derived from Structural Ceramics multiscale computer simulations of the processes involved in structural assembly and evolution. Researchers perform Crystallization of Amorphous Mullite large-scale molecular dynamic simulations that incorporate and YAG Fibers length and time scale bridging features, including W. M. Kriven,* B. R. Johnson, W. Yoon acceleration algorithms, scaling, coarse graining, and U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research Science overlap matching with continuum modeling techniques, and Technology Transfer (STTR) such as cellular automata and phase field models, to generate accurate models of porous materials. (In collaboration with Containerless Research Inc., Evanston, Illinois) Stability of Liquid Metal Foams and Films Y. Q. Sun,* T. M. Gao Processing conditions for creating textured and University of Illinois single-crystal structural fibers are being developed. The crystallization kinetics of amorphous, melt-drawn
The objective of this research is to determine the Y3Al5O12 (YAG) and 3Al2O3•2SiO2 (mullite) fibers have mechanisms that govern the stability of liquid metal films been thoroughly studied using various thermal analysis and foams. Researchers focus on the stabilization of techniques, and this information is being used to optimize liquid metal films and foams by surface-active alloying processing conditions necessary for textured crystallization elements and surface-adherent ceramic particles. of structural oxide fibers. A special apparatus has been The effects of foaming gas composition on the surface constructed for this purpose. This machine allows segregation of alloying elements and partially wetting simultaneous control of furnace temperature, fiber
21 * Denotes principal investigator. tension, and translation rate of the hot zone. Transition from 2D to 3D Etching of Si by F The properties of crystallized fibers will be evaluated J. H. Weaver,* K. S. Nakayama, C. M. Aldao using tensile testing techniques, and their microstructures National Science Foundation will be characterized using scanning electron microscopy as well as transmission electron microscopy. Thermally-activated dry etching of Si(100) has been shown to be layer-by-layer for the etchants chlorine, bromine, and iodine. For fluorine, however, the surface is severely roughened in a three-dimensional fashion. Surface Modifications Researchers have used scanning tunneling microscopy to investigate the origin of this roughening and to Halogen Etching of Silicon distinguish the etching characteristics that are unique J. H. Weaver,* K. S. Nakayama to fluorine. Results demonstrate that fluorine atoms are National Science Foundation able to access transition states that are not accessible to the larger halogens, and that these states are key to Researchers are interested in atomic-scale processes pitting reactions. associated with halogen etching of silicon and other semiconductors. An approach in this research is to expose clean surfaces of Si(100), for example, to Br2 or C12 to Surface Studies, Coatings, reach steady-state etching conditions at elevated temperatures. Rapid cooling of the etched surface to and Laser Processing room temperature freezes in the steady-state etch morphology, and imaging with scanning tunneling microscopy allows researchers to analyze those Corrosion Control Impact morphologies at the atomic scale. In this way, researchers W. M. Kriven,* P. Sarin relate the surface structures to desorption rates and etch American Water Works Association Research Foundation products, offering for the first time a direct, real-space picture of the evolving surface. This project involves characterization of corrosion growths in water pipes. Sample sections of pipes are Surface Morphology Evolution of GaAs(110) removed from working drinking water systems in various with Photon Stimulated Desorption cities. Water treatments are run through the systems for a J. H. Weaver,* B. Y. Han period of time ranging from six months to two years, and Army Research Office then another sample section is removed from the system. These sections are shipped to the University of Illinois, Surface modification can be accomplished by photon where qualitative characterization of before-treatment irradiation, using a laser at 2.3 eV to produce electronic and after-treatment pipes is done to determine the excitations at surface defects that transfer energy from the effectiveness of the water treatments used. electronic system to the nuclear system. Experimental Characterization techniques used include light evidence suggests involvement of multiple electronic microscopy, SEM, EDS, and XRD. excitations or photogenerated excited species. For this project, researchers use scanning tunneling microscopy to Metal-Semiconductor Interface investigate morphology changes for surfaces that are Structure and Interface Bonding lightly sputtered to produce vacancies. Laser irradiation J. M. Zuo,* Y. F. Shi, B. Q. Li then leads to the desorption of Ga and As as the point Department of Energy, DE-FG02-96ER45439; University defects grow into vacancy islands. The combination of of Illinois laser irradiation and initial defect formation makes it possible to pattern surfaces and produce novel (In cooperation with the Materials Research Laboratory) nanoscale structures. Researchers are developing novel electron beam characterization techniques to determine the structure and potential of buried interfaces. The approach is to take advantage of the nanometer-size electron probe and the strong interaction of electrons and matter in transmission and reflection mode to image and characterize the
* Denotes principal investigator. 22 structure of interfaces and to measure the details New Spectroscopies of Medium Range Order of interfacial potential and their dependence on the in Plasma-deposited Silicon Films semiconductor doping. The goal is to relate the J. R. Abelson,* J. M. Gibson, J. E. Gerbi, L. Nittala, interfacial structures with the electrical properties B. Sperling of metal-semiconductor interfaces. National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Researchers deposit nominally amorphous and fine- grained polycrystalline silicon films using low-temperature Thermal Behavior of Materials plasma chemical vapor deposition or reactive magnetron sputtering; analyze the amorphous-to-polycrystalline Bulk Synthesis of Thermoelectric Materials phase transformation during growth using real-time P. V. Braun,* T. Dellinger spectroscopic ellipsometry and reflection IR absorption; U.S. Department of Energy, DE-FG02-96ER45439 and evaluate the medium range atomic order using ex situ variable coherence or variable resolution TEM. This work (In cooperation with the Materials Research Laboratory) provides the fundamental understanding necessary to use mixed-phase films in photovoltaic (solar) cells.
The thermoelectric figure of merit of bismuth, Bi2Te 3, and other materials increases with decreasing dimensionality. Remote Plasma Deposition of Metal Boride If bismuth metal is produced with a characteristic Thin Films for Microelectronic Diffusion dimension of less than 50 nm, its thermoelectric figure of Barriers merit is theorized to increase substantially. With the goal J. R. Abelson,* G. Girolami, J. Sung, D. Goedde, of creating efficient thermoelectric materials, researchers E. Klein, D. Y. Kim are exploring several self-assembly routes to the synthesis University of Illinois of nanophase bismuth and Bi2Te 3. Initial results indicate bismuth metal of reduced dimensionality can be produced Remote plasma processing is used to deposit ZrB2, HfB2, through several self-assembly strategies. Researchers are and other refractory thin films for use as advanced using SEM and TEM to characterize the materials diffusion barriers in ULSI and high-temperature electronic synthesized in this project. devices. The remote plasma approach combines the best features of the chemical and physical vapor deposition routes: the high growth rate, low temperature, and conformal coverage characteristic of CVD, and the Thin-Film Electronics dense, amorphous microstructure of the PVD process. This research includes analysis of the growth chemistry Direct Deposition of Polycrystalline using in situ reflection IR spectroscopy and modulated Silicon for Thin-Film Electronics mass spectroscopy with isotope labeling experiments, and J. R. Abelson,* J. E. Gerbi evaluation of the diffusion barrier properties on group University of Illinois IV and III-V semiconductors.
(Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory) Thin-Film Electronics on Curved Substrates J. R. Abelson,* R. Nuzzo (Chem.), H. C. Jin, M. Erhardt Researchers study the nucleation and growth of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency polycrystalline silicon (px-Si) thin films on glass substrates at relatively low substrate temperatures (≤500°C) using Thin-film transistor arrays are deposited on curved real-time, in situ spectroscopies. The goals are to substrates for use in focal plane imaging devices. determine the kinetics of hydrogen and silicon hydride Silicon and silicon nitride layers are deposited using adsorption, diffusion, reaction, and elimination from the low-temperature plasma chemical vapor deposition or growing surface, and the effects of fast particle reactive magnetron sputtering, and the active layers are bombardment on these processes; to develop realistic patterned using block-printing methods with polymer models of px-Si film deposition; and to improve px-Si or self-assembling monolayer inks in place of growth methods based on this knowledge. photolithography.
23 * Denotes principal investigator. In Situ Measurements during calorimeter, which will have picojoule sensitivity by using Thermal Annealing novel micromachining techniques. This instrument will be L. H. Allen,* M. Y. Zhang used for fundamental energy measurements in material IBM Corp. systems ranging from interactions between clusters containing only a hundred atoms to the real-time Researchers are interested in studying solid-state reactions measurement of nanoliter biological samples. involving thin films of metals deposited on semiconductor substrates (Si or GaAs). The samples are characterized High-Speed, Monolayer-Sensitivity Scanning using standard thin-film analysis tools such as TEM and Microcalorimetry for Solid-Solid Interface x-ray diffraction. In order to study the kinetics of the and Surface Studies reaction, the sheet resistance of the film is monitored in L. H. Allen,* G. Ramanath, S. Lai situ during the annealing process using a four-point probe National Science Foundation, DMR 94-19604 assembly. Monitoring the changes in the sheet resistance versus time is one way to attempt to understand the rate- (Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory) determining mechanisms of the reaction. Researchers plan to use this technique in both traditional furnaces and Researchers are developing a new technique that is rapid thermal annealing (RTA) systems. potentially a very powerful method for directly obtaining quantitative values for small enthalpy of reactions at Development of Thin-Film Scanning interfaces, surfaces, and near surface regions. This Calorimetry with 0.2 nJ Sensitivity microcalorimeter is expected to have high sensitivity, L. H. Allen,* S. Lai capable of measuring extremely small amounts of heat National Science Foundation, DMR 94-19604; Joint generated during solid/solid reactions and surface Services Electronics Program, N00014-96-1-0129 processes as well as low enthalpy of internal microcrystalline processes. This technique will be useful (Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory) for measuring the kinetics of interface reactions, such as the nucleation of silicides at buried interfaces, and the Researchers have developed a new thin-film differential study of near-surface processes, such as point-defect scanning calorimetry (TDSC) technique that has annihilation and coalescence of vacancies in Si extremely high sensitivity of 0.2 nJ. The work was following ion implantation. accomplished by combining two calorimeters in a differential measurement configuration and by using SiN Investigations of Sequential Interface membrane technology. The TDSC has successfully Reaction Products of Ti during SALICIDE measured the heat capacity and melting process of Sn and TiN Processes nanostructures formed via thermal evaporation with L. H. Allen,* Z. Ma, G. Ramanath, S. Lai deposition integral thickness of only 1 Å. Researchers have NCR Corp. observed a decrease of up to 120°C in the melting point of Sn nanostructures, which agrees with the liquid-shell (Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory) model describing the size-dependent melting point depression. Ti metallization plays an important role in state-of-the-art MOS processing technology. Not only is it used Development of a Pico-joule extensively for SALICIDE formation for source/drain Calorimeter Instrument contacts, but it is also used to form conductive TiN L. H. Allen,* D. G. Cahill, J. E. Greene, R. S. Berry, diffusion barriers needed for reliable contacts with C. K. Ober aluminum metallization. Researchers investigate the National Science Foundation DMR 9803019 reaction sequence in this system using both in situ measurements, such as differential resistivity Advances in techniques of micromachining small measurements, and ex situ microstructure analysis, microheater elements and the availability of high precision including TEM and XRD. electronics have generated a new class of heat-sensing instruments. These advances will have major impact in developing a new ultrasensitive calorimetry instrument for measuring energy beyond nanojoule to picojoule sensitivities. This award provides support to develop a
* Denotes principal investigator. 24 Low-Temperature Growth of Si, Si-Ge, Superhard Coating and Si-C Compounds H. H. Chen,* C. H. Ma, J. H. Huang (Tsing Hua L. H. Allen,* Z. Ma, G. Ramanath, S. Lai Univ., Taiwan) Joint Services Electronics Program, N00014-96-1-0129 U.S. Department of Energy, DE-FG02-96ER45439; NSC Grant, Taiwan (Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory) (In cooperation with the Materials Research Laboratory) Low-temperature processing for devices is a key direction in future electronic processing. Researchers have been For improved hardness, corrosion resistance, and investigating the low-temperature (<250°C) SPE growth decorative purposes, titanium nitride has received a wide of Si-Ge films on Si(100). This is accomplished by range of applications. Fundamental problems involving thermally annealing α-Ge/Au bilayers deposited on Si(100) adhesion, interface strength, effect of residual stress on using thermal evaporation. RBS, TEM, ion channeling, strength, texture effect on properties, and so forth are and AES were used to characterize the microstructure some of the significant topics that still require systematic of the films. The process of the growth is studied using investigation. Moreover, refining coating procedures to XTEM and in situ resistivity measurements. improve the aforementioned properties by introducing new microstructure remains a great challenge. This Metal Structures in Integrated program involves the deposition and characterization of Circuit Technology transition metal nitride thin films as well as boron nitrides L. H. Allen,* Z. Ma, M. Y. Zhang obtained by ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD) and University of Illinois laser ablation deposition (LAD) methods. A variety of microstructure/microchemistry techniques along with Researchers plan to explore several areas related to mechanical and corrosion testing are carried out. small metal structures in a typical integrated circuit. The first area is the measurement of metal-to-metal In Situ Studies of GaN Growth contact resistance of small-area interconnect metallization J. M. Gibson,* M. Yeadon systems. The second area of interest explores the reactions U.S. Office of Naval Research, N00014-95-1-0324 induced by local heating using a small resistance heater (microheater) fabricated with photolithography (In cooperation with the Materials Research Laboratory) techniques. These heaters act as “fuses” in some IC systems. Researchers are also exploring the possibility Researchers use in situ transmission electron microscopy of building a scanning tunneling potentiometer to to understand the growth of Ga and Al nitrides on electrically characterize these small structures. sapphire substrates. The growth method is reactive molecular beam epitaxy. Defect Reactions and Diffusion in Ion Implanted Si Electron Microscopy Studies of Thin Films R. S. Averback,* D. G. Cahill J. M. Gibson,* J. C. Yang, P. Miller, M. Yeadon, National Science Foundation; Jet Propulsion Laboratory M. Kleinschmidt, M. Marshall U.S. Department of Energy, DE-FG02-96ER45439 Defect reactions near surfaces during low energy ion implantation of Si and GaAs are studied by a combination (In cooperation with the Materials Research Laboratory) of grazing incidence diffuse x-ray scattering, scanning tunneling microscopy, wafer bending, and computer Researchers use ex situ and in situ electron microscopy to simulation. These investigations provide fundamental study thin films. Thin films are grown by molecular beam information about defect agglomeration, defect mobility, epilaxy, or gas reaction, in specially built ultra-high- and defect interactions with surfaces. This information vacuum transmission electron microscopes. Quantitative is necessary for processing new, smaller devices. measurements from images are used to extract stress magnitudes or examine ordering in films.
25 * Denotes principal investigator. Crystal Growth by Laser-stimulated have found that they have mechanical and electrical Chemical Vapor Deposition (LCVD) properties that are a strong function of the superlattice J. E. Greene,* R. Tsu, T. Bramblett, Q. Lu period. Recently, researchers have grown metastable U.S. Office of Naval Research, N00014-90-J-1241 NaCl-structure (Ti, Al)N alloys and have found that they have greatly enhanced high-temperature (Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory) oxidation resistance.
Chemical reaction paths can be affected by laser-induced Growth of Superlattice Structures photochemistry. Researchers are investigating by Multitarget Sputtering semiconductor crystal growth using focused laser beams J. E. Greene,* Y. W. Kim to initiate heterogeneous reactions at substrate surfaces Joint Services Electronics Program, N00014-96-1-0129 as well as by gas-phase photodissociation. LCVD offers a unique opportunity to probe the thermodynamics and (Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory) kinetics of controlling gas phase and gas-surface reactions during film growth due to the spatial, temporal, and Multitarget sputtering techniques have been developed to wavelength selectivity of coherent light sources. allow the sequential deposition of ultrathin (10-100 Å) alternating layers of metastable (GaAs)1-x (Si2)x and GaAs. Crystal Growth of Mixed III-V Preferential sputtering has been investigated and excellent Semiconducting Thin Films by control over film chemistry has been demonstrated. The Accelerated-Beam MBE structural perfection and electronic properties of such J. E. Greene,* R. Powell, G. Tomasch intercalated structures are being studied. Superlattice Joint Services Electronics Program, N00014-96-1-0129 x-ray scattering techniques are also being used to study thermal and ion bombardment enhanced diffusion in (Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory) these materials
The growth of high-quality, mixed, III-V ternary Low-Energy Ion/Surface Interactions during and higher order single-crystal thin films by MBE Metal and Semiconductor Crystal Growth incorporating reactive species using low-energy accelerated from the Vapor Phase: Control of ion beams is being investigated. Structural perfection, Microstructure and Microchemistry optoelectronic properties, and composition of on the Atomic Scale deposited alloy films are related to growth conditions. J. E. Greene,* D. Lubben, T. Bramblett, L. Markert An understanding of this relationship may allow the Joint Services Electronics Program, N00014-96-1-0129 development of new classes of multicomponent materials by exploiting the fact that sputtering is basically a (Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory) physical rather than a chemical growth technique. The primary objective of this research is to develop a Growth and Physical Properties of Epitaxial detailed understanding of energetic particle/surface Transition–Metal Nitrides and Nitride interactions for controllably altering nucleation and Superlattices growth kinetics, microchemistry, and physical properties J. E. Greene,* F. Adibi, I. Petrov of metal and semiconductor films during deposition from U.S. Department of Energy, DE-FG02-96ER45439 the vapor phase by a variety of techniques, including ion- assisted MBE, plasma-assisted CVD, sputter deposition, (In cooperation with the Materials Research Laboratory) and primary-ion deposition. Low-energy ion/surface interactions allow the crystal grower additional dynamic Transition-metal nitrides such as TiN are used extensively control, at the atomic level, over microchemistry and as hard and wear-protective coatings for mechanical microstructural evolution. Kinetic energy can be components, as abrasion-resistant optical coatings, and as efficiently coupled to the growth surface, thereby altering diffusion barriers in integrated circuits. Researchers have surface reactivity as well as adsorption, adatom diffusion, grown the first single-crystal TiN layers, using ultrahigh and nucleation kinetics. vacuum reactive magnetron sputter deposition on MgO, and have investigated their mechanical, electrical, and optical properties. Researchers have also grown the first epitaxial nitride strained-layer superlattices, TiN/VN, and
* Denotes principal investigator. 26 Theoretical and Experimental Investigations Semiconducting CuInSe2 Deposition by of Thermal and Accelerated Dopant/Surface Hybrid Sputtering/Evaporation and Interactions during Vapor Phase Film Growth Ion-assisted Deposition Process in VLSI Device Fabrication A. Rockett,* L. C. Yang J. E. Greene,* L. Markert, G. Xue Electric Power Research Institute Semiconductor Research Corp. (Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory) (Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory)
CuInSe2 semiconductor coatings are being deposited Researchers are developing a general model for the by combining sputtered fluxes of Cu and In with an prediction and analysis of elemental incorporation evaporated flux of Se. This approach takes advantage probabilities and depth distributions of dopants in vapor of the strengths of both the sputtering and evaporation phase deposited films as a function of experimental processes while removing the requirement for using parameters, such as film material, dopant, film growth H2Se as a working gas. The project also involves studies temperature, growth rate, and the flux and kinetic energy of CuInSe2 deposition where a portion of the evaporated of dopant species incident at the growing film surface. Se flux is ionized and accelerated in the direction of the The model accounts for dopant diffusion, surface substrate. Emphasis is on the basic mechanisms of coating segregation, and low-energy ion bombardment effects. growth and the resultant electronic properties of the Model predictions are tested using accelerated-beam MBE coatings. The coatings are examined both by direct as well as glow discharge and ultrahigh vacuum ion beam measurement and by fabricating and testing CuInSe2/CdS sputter deposition in which actual doping profiles will be heterojunction devices. determined by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and, where applicable, capacitance/voltage and Hall effect measurements.
Fundamental Studies of the Effect of Crystal Journals and Books
Defects on CuInSe2/CdS Heterojunction Behavior A. Rockett,* L. C. Yang, H. Z. Xiao, G. Berry, Behavior of Materials G. Kenshole National Renewable Energy Laboratory, DOE NREL Birnbaum, H. K., I. M. Robertson, and P. Sofronis. XAD-3-12114-1 Hydrogen effects on plasticity, pp. 367-381. In Multiscale Phenomena in Plasticity: From Experiments to (Conducted in the Coordinated Science Laboratory) Phenomenology, Modelling and Materials Engineering (Lepinoux, Maziere, Pontikis, and Saada, eds.), NATO This program addresses three fundamental issues in Science Series, Series E: Applied Sciences (2000). CuInSe2 (CIS) solar cell technology: grain boundaries and their effects on second-phase populations, bulk grain conductivity, and heterojunction behavior; stoichiometry and point defects; and control of electronic properties and Biomaterials carrier collection of the heterojunction through the CIS chemistry. Experiments involve growth of single-crystal Li, Y., G. C. L. Wong, R. Case, C. R. Safinya, E. Caine, and polycrystalline layers as a function of thickness, E. Hu, and P. Fernandez. Characterizing the hard-x-ray composition, substrate, and growth parameters; testing of diffraction properties of a GaAs linear Bragg-Fresnel the structural, chemical, electronic, and optical properties lens. Appl. Phys. Lett., 77, 313-315 (2000). of the fabricated materials; and modification of the chemistry of the layers. Wong, G. C. L., J. X. Tang, A. Lin, Y. Li, P. A. Janmey, and C. R. Safinya. Hierarchical self-assembly of F-actin cationic lipid complexes: stacked three-layer tubule networks. Science, 288, 2035-2039 (2000).
27 * Denotes principal investigator. Fanning, D. M., I. K. Robinson, S. T. Jung, E. V. Colla, Ceramic Coatings D. D. Viehland, and D. A. Payne. Superstructure ordering in lanthanum-doped lead magnesium niobate. Schreckenbach, J. P., D. Butte, G. Marx, B. R. Johnson, J. Appl. Phys., 87, 804-848 (2000). and W. M. Kriven. Electrosynthesis and microstructural characterization of anodic VOx films. J. Mater. Res., Yan, Y., M. M. Al-Jassim, Z. Xu, X. Lu, D. D. Viehland, 15:7, 1483-1489 (2000). D. A. Payne, and S. J. Pennycook. Structure determination of a planar defect in SrBi2Ta 2O9. Appl. Phys. Lett., 75, 1961-1963 (2000).
Ceramic Synthesis Zuo, J. M., M. O’Keeffe, M. Kim, and J. Spence. and Processing On closed-shell interactions, polar covalences, d-shell holes and direct images of orbitals; the case of cuprite (response to the essay by S. G. Wang and W. H. E. Kim, D. K., J. L. Shull, and W. M. Kriven. Alumina- Schwarz). Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 39, 3791 (2000). leucite (KAlSi2O6) composite for fibrous monoliths. Ceram. Trans., 103, 63-73 (2000).
Kriven, W. M., S. J. Lee, M. A. Gulgun, M. H. Nguyen, Mechanical Behavior of Solids and D. K. Kim. Synthesis of oxide powders via polymeric steric entrapment. Innov. Proc./Synth.: Ceram. Glasses Lei, C., Q. Xu, and Y. Q. Sun. TEM investigation of
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Liu, P. and J. K. Shang. Influence of microstructure on Ceramic and Glassy Solids fatigue crack growth of Sn-Ag solder interfaces. J. Electron. Mater., 29, 622 (2000). Nanba, T., J. Kieffer, and Y. Miura. Molecular dynamics simulation of structure of sodium germanate glasses. Liu, P., J. K. Shang, and O. Popoola. Fatigue behavior of J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 277, 188-206 (2000). thermally sprayed low-carbon steel coating. Mater. Sci. Eng. A., A227, 176 (2000).
Sun, Y. Q. Characteristics of <111> slip in [001] NiAl Computer Simulations single crystal. Philos. Mag., 80A, 447-461 (2000). of Materials Sun, Y. Q. Reply to comments by Nie, Howe and Aaronson. Metall. Mater. Trans., 31A, 2379-2383 (2000). Dudarev, S. L., L. M. Peng, S. Y. Savrasov, and J. M. Zuo. Correlation effects in the ground-state charge density of Tan, X., Z. Xu, J. K. Shang, and P. Han. Direct Mott insulating NiO: a comparison of ab initio observations of electric-field-induced domain-boundary calculations and high-energy electron diffraction cracking in piezoelectric Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 measurements. Phys. Rev. B, 61, 2506-2512 (2000). crystal. Appl. Phys. Lett., 77, 1529 (2000).
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28 Microstructure Characterization Phase Transformation and Microcharacterization Jiang, B., J. M. Zuo, Q. Chen, S. W. Cheong, and J. C. H. Spence. CBED study of Mn(III) orbital ordering in Athénes, M., P. Bellon, and G. Martin. Effects of atomic LaMNO3. Microscopy Microanal., 6:Supp. 2, 46 (2000). mobilities on phase separation kinetics: a Monte-Carlo Koch, C. and J. M. Zuo. Comparison of multislice study. Acta Mater., 48, 2675 (2000). computer programs for electron scattering simulations and the bloch wave method. Microscopy Microanal., Chen, H. Kinematic diffraction of x-rays. In Methods in 6:Supp. 2, 126 (2000). Materials Research: A Current Protocols Title, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y. (2000). Zuo, J. M. Diffraction measurement of local lattice parameters using a nanometer-sized probe in STEM for Enrique, R. and P. Bellon. Compositional patterning in interface studies. Microscopy Microanal., 6:2, 132 (2000). systems driven by competing dynamics with different lengths scale. Phys. Rev. Lett., 84, 2885 (2000). Zuo, J. M. Electron detection characteristics of a slow-scan CCD camera, imaging plates and film, and Gosula, V., A. Tkachuk, K. Chung, and H. Chen. X-ray electron image restoration. Micros. Res. Technol., 49, scattering study of the transition dynamics in relaxor 245-268 (2000). ferroelectric Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 (PMN). J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 61:2, 221-227 (2000). Zuo, J. M., J. Pacaud, R. Hoier, and J. C. Spence. Experimental measurement of electron diffuse scattering Hong, H., Z. Wu, T. C. Chiang, P. Zschack, P. Jemian, in magnetite using energy-filter and imaging plates. H. Chen, and R. D. Aburano. Reflection surface x-ray Micron, 31, 527-532 (2000). diffraction (RSXD) patterns: k-space images. Rev. Sci. Instrum., 71:8, 3132-3137 (2000).
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29 Lin, C. H., B. M. Yen, H. C. Kuo, H. Chen, T. B. Wu, Kulkarni, A. M., A. P. Chatterjee, K. S. Schweizer, and and G. Stillman. Domain structure and electrical C. F. Zukoski. Effects of polymer density fluctuations on properties of highly textured PbZrxTi1-xO3 thin films depletion interactions. J. Phys. Cond. Matt., 12, 301 grown on LaNiO3 electrode buffered Si by metal-organic (2000). chemical vapor deposition. J. Mater. Res., 15:1, 115-124 (2000). Kun, X., M. Shannon, and J. Economy. A general purpose adhesive for microelectronic devices. Int. Ma, C. H., J. H. Huang, and H. Chen. A study of J. Microcirc. Electron. Packag., 23, 1 (2000). preferred orientation of vanadium nitride and zirconium nitride coatings on silicon prepared by ion-beam-assisted Pickett, G. T. and K. S. Schweizer. Liquid crystallinity in deposition. Surf. Coat. Technol., 133-134, 289-294 flexible and rigid rod polymer fluids. J. Chem. Phys., 112, (2000). 4881 (2000).
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Zuo, J. M., U. Weierstall, L. M. Peng, and J. C. Spence. Kim, H., G. Glass, J. A. N. T. Soares, P. Desjardins, and Surface structural sensitivity of convergent-beam J. E. Greene. Arsenic incorporation during Si(001):
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31 Sarin P., J. Bebee, M. A. Beckett, K. K. Jim, D. A. Lytle, Papers Presented at J. A. Clement, W. M. Kriven, and V. L. Snoeyink. Release of iron from corroded iron/steel pipes in water distribution systems—effect of stagnation time and pH. Conferences and Proc. Int. Distribution Research Symp. (Denver, Colo., Symposia Jun. 2000) (2000). Electrical Ceramics Biomaterials Mikalsen, E. A. and D. A. Payne. Additive deposition and Wong, G. C. L. Self-assembly of condensed actin rod patterning of ferroelectric materials on non-planar phases. American Physics Society Mtg. (Minneapolis, surfaces by chemical-solution methods. Proc. XII ISAF Minn., Mar. 2000) (2000). IEEE Symp. (Honolulu, Hawaii, Aug. 2000) (2000).
Wong, G. C. L. Self-assembly of cytoskeketal actin Mikalsen, E. A., D. A. Payne, and P. G. Clem. Chemical- phases. Symp. on the Interface Between Materials Science solution processing and patterning of integrated and Biology (Philadelphia, Penn., Nov. 2000) (2000). ferroelectrics. Proc. IX ISAF IEEE Symp. (Honolulu, Hawaii, Aug. 2000) (2000). Wong, G. C. L. Self assembly, gene therapy, drug delivery. Symp. on Engineering, the Biomaterials Ong, R. A. and D. A Payne. Densification and stress Interface (Matteson, Ill., Oct. 2000) (2000). development in sol-gel derived PZT layers. Proc. IX ISAF IEEE Symp. (Honolulu, Hawaii, Aug. 2000) (2000). Ceramic Corrosion Materials Chemistry Mikalsen, E. A. and D. A. Payne. Additive deposition and patterning of ferroelectric materials on non-planar surfaces by chemical-solution methods. Proc. XII ISAF Zuo, J. M. Charge ordering and charge-lattice IEEE Symp. (Honolulu, Hawaii, Aug. 2000) (2000). interactions in functional complex oxides. 8th Conf. on Frontiers of Electron Microscopy in Materials Science Mikalsen, E. A., D. A. Payne, and P. G. Clem. (Matsue, Japan, Nov. 2000) (2000). Chemical-solution processing and patterning of integrated ferroelectrics. Proc. XII ISAF IEEE Symp. Zuo, J. M. Direct observation of d-holes and Cu-Cu (Honolulu, Hawaii, Aug. 2000) (2000). bonding in cuprite. PacifiChem2000 (Honolulu, Hawaii, Dec. 2000) (2000). Ong, R. A. and D. A Payne. Densification and stress development in sol-gel derived PZT layers. Proc. XII ISAF IEEE Symp. (Honolulu, Hawaii, Aug. 2000) (2000). Materials Education
Sarin, P., J. Bebee, M. A. Beckett, K. K. Jim, D. A. Lytle, Sun, Y. Q. and J. Economy. Teaching engineers materials J. A. Clement, W. M. Kriven, and V. L. Snoeyink. selection via the internet: the issue of student diversity. Mechanism of release of iron-corroded iron/steel pipes in Materials Research Society Spring Mtg., Electronic Proc. water distribution systems. Proc. American Water Works (San Francisco, Calif., Apr. 2000) (2000). Ann. Conf. (Denver, Colo., Jun. 2000) (2000).
32 Mechanical Behavior of Solids Polymers
Du, T. and J. K. Shang. Improvement of interfacial Du, T., M. Zhang, S. Seghi, K. J. Hsia, J. Economy, and durability by ordered molecules. Proc. Adhesion Society J. K. Shang. Piezoelectric actuation of crack growth along Mtg. (Myrtle Beach, S.C., Feb. 2000) (2000). polymer-metal interface. NSF Workshop on Durability (Myrtle Beach, S.C., Feb. 2000) (2000). Shang, J. K. Micromechanisms of interfacial fatigue in solder interconnects. Proc. ICTAM 2000 (Chicago, Ill., Gu, X. M. and Y. Q. Sun. The unstable motion of an Aug. 2000) (2000). edge dislocation in the presence of diffusing solute atoms. Materials Research Society Fall Mtg. (Boston, Zhang, C., J. K. Shang, and P. Liu. Interface Mass., Nov. 2000) (2000). microstructure and mechanical fatigue behavior of
Sn63Pb37 on electroplated Cu and Ni. Proc. 2000 IEEE Yang, N. and Y. Q. Sun. Initiation of plasticity in Electronic Components and Technology Conf. (Las Vegas, dislocation-free crystals of NiAl and Si. Materials Nev., May 2000) (2000). Research Society Fall Mtg. (Boston, Mass., Nov. 2000) (2000). Phase Transformation and Microcharacterization Processing
Huha, M. and J. A. Lewis. Influence of defoamer Ice, G. E., B. C. Larson, F. J. Walker, K. S. Chung, additions and polymer hydrolysis on the properties of W. Wang, J. D. Budai, J. Z. Tischler, N. Tamura, alumina-PVA gelcasting systems. American Ceramic H. Chen, J. S. Chung, and W. Lowe. Sub-grain Society Design and Manufacturing Systems Conf. measurement of stress with a 3-D x-ray microscope. (Dearborn, Mich., 2000) (2000). Professor Cohen Memorial Symp. on Residual Stress, Heat Treating (St. Louis, Mo., Oct. 2000) (2000). Lewis, J. A. Agile fabrication of gel-cast multicomponent oxides. Proc. 2000 NSF Design and Manufacturing Tkachuk, A., H. Chen, P. Zschack, and E. Colla. Systems Conf. (Dearborn, Mich., 2000) (2000). Anomalous synchrotron x-ray scattering studies of nanodomains in Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3. Fundamental Physics of Ferroelectrics 2000, Aspen Center for Physics Winter Workshop (Aspen, Colo., Feb. 2000) 136-152 (2000). Thin-Film Electronics
Wang, X. and H. Chen. Morphotropic phases in Gerbi, J. E. and J. R. Abelson. Microstructural control of Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)3-PbTiO3-BaTiO3 ceramics. Proc. First thin film Si using low-energy, high-flux ions in reactive Asian Mtg. of Electroceramics (Kawasaki, Japan, 2000) magnetron sputter deposition. Proc. Materials Research 26-27 (2000). Society Symp. A (San Francisco, Calif., Apr. 2000) (2000). Wang, X., S. Fujihara, T. Kimura, and H. Chen. Crystal structures of BaMgF4-xOx/2 thin films. Proc. AMF-3 Voyles, P. M., J. E. Gerbi, M. M. J. Treacy, J. M. Gibson, (Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Dec. 12-15, 2000) and J. R. Abelson. Increased medium-range order in (2000). amorphous silicon with increased substrate temperature. Proc. Nat. Conf. on Microscopy (Aberystwyth, U.K., Zschack, P., G. E. Ice, J. Z. Tischler, H. Hong, Aug. 2000) (2000). D. Robinson, P. R. Jemian, B. C. Larson, H. Chen, G. G. Long, and R. W. Broach. Design and performance Voyles, P. M., M. M. J. Treacy, H. C. Jin, J. R. Abelson, of the UNICAT insertion device beamline at the APS. J. M. Gibson, S. Guha, and R. S. Crandall. Comparative Proc. 11th U.S. National Synchrotron Radiation fluctuation microscopy study of medium-range order in Instrumentation Conference, SRI ’99 (Piannetta, Arthur, hydrogenated amorphous silicon deposited by various and Brennan, eds.), American Institute of Physics, methods. Proc. Materials Research Society, Symp. A Melville, N.Y., 423-426 (2000). (San Francisco, Calif., Apr. 2000) (2000). 33 Theses Mechanical Behavior of Solids
Lillig, D. Understanding the environmental sensitivity Cementitious Materials of Ni3Al. Ph.D. thesis, I. Robertson, adviser (2000). Stucke, M. Thermal reversibility of the flow stress in Ai, H. Investigation of the dimensional stability in DSP single crystal Ti-56Al. Ph.D. thesis, I. Robertson, adviser cement paste. Ph.D. thesis, J. F. Young, adviser (2000). (2000).
Yu, P. Spectroscopic investigation of cement hydrate phases and their chloride binding properties. Ph.D. thesis, J. Kirkpatrick, adviser (2000). Phase Transformation and Microcharacterization
Composites Gosula, V. X-ray scattering study of the transition
dynamics in relaxor ferroelectric Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3) O3. Hall, A. Pathways to a family of low-cost, high- Ph.D. thesis, H. Chen, adviser (2000). performance metal matrix composites based on AlB2 in aluminum. Ph.D. thesis, J. Economy, adviser (2000). Lang, E. Disorder transformations in Cu3Au. M.S. thesis, R. Averback, adviser (2000). Janet, M. Mechanical properties of mullite-based composites derived from silica-coated alumina powder. Warren, J. Near-equilibrium morphologies of magnesium M.S. thesis, J. Lewis, adviser (2000). oxide particles deposited on strontium titanate and graphite. M.S. thesis, J. Bullard, adviser (2000). Lopez, A. Novel bonding and coupling systems in advanced composite materials. M.S. thesis, J. Economy, adviser (2000). Polymers Pekin, S. Materials processing toward development of rapid prototyping technology for manufacturing Pralle, M. Self-assembling phenylene vinylene materials implants. Ph.D. thesis, A. Zangvil, adviser (2000). and devices. Ph.D. thesis, S. Stupp, adviser (2000).
Electrical Ceramics Structural Ceramics
Lee, S. W. Microstructural evolution in MOCVD- Palko, J. Determination of the elastic tensor of mullite derived Ta-doped SnO2 thin films and subsequent (~2.5 Al2O3 SiO2) and yttria (Y2O3) as a function of property changes. Ph.D. thesis, H. Chen, adviser (2000). temperature. M.S. thesis, W. Kriven, adviser (2000).
Lin, C. H. Microstructure and electrical properties of MOCVD-derived perovskite PbZrxTi1-xO3 and Thin-Film Electronics Pb(ScTa)1-xTixO3 thin films on LaNiO3 electrode- buffered Si. Ph.D. thesis, H. Chen, adviser (2000). Chang, S. Fabrication and operation of an electrostatic Lu, X. Crystal growth and structure-property compressor. M.S. thesis, A. Rockett, adviser (2000). relationships for ferroelectric strontium bismuth tantalate, SrBi2Ta 2O3. Ph.D. thesis, D. Payne, adviser Chun, J. S. Al/TiN metal/diffusion-barrier systems: (2000). interfacial reaction paths and kinetics as a function of microstructure and texture. Ph.D. thesis, J. Greene, adviser (2000).
34 Taylor, N. Si(011) and Si1-xGex (011) gas-source Clifton G. Bergeron, Emeritus molecular beam epitaxy: effects of surface Fellow, American Ceramic Society reconstruction, Ge segregation and morphological Friedberg Memorial Lecturer, National Institute of evolution on growth kinetics. Ph.D. thesis, J. Greene, Ceramic Engineers, 1986 adviser (2000). Outstanding Educator Award, American Ceramic Society, 1988 Zhang, D. Surface reaction mechanisms in plasma etching processes. Ph.D. thesis, M. Kushner, adviser Howard K. Birnbaum, Emeritus (2000). Member, Board of Governors, Argonne National Laboratory Member, National Academy of Engineering Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences Awards and Honors Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science John R. Abelson Fellow, American Physical Society IBM University Partnership Award, 1995-1997 Fellow, American Society for Metals Fakultetsopponent (External Examiner), University of Fellow, J. S. Guggenheim Foundation, 1967 Linkoping, Sweden, 1995 Fellow, New York Academy of Science Xerox Award for Faculty Research, U of I College of Fellow, The Materials Society Engineering, 1996 KUMF Fellowship, Kyoto University, 1981 Engineering Council Award for Excellence in Advising, Prize for Outstanding Research in Metallurgy and U of I, 1997 Ceramics (with I. M. Robertson), U.S. Department of Energy, 1984 Carl J. Altstetter Robert F. Mehl Gold Medal, American Institute of Fellow, American Society for Metals Metallurgical Engineers, 1986 NATO Senior Science Fellowship, 1977 U.S. Department of Energy Prize for Sustained Excellence Distinguished Alumnus, University of Cincinnati, 1978 in Research in Metallurgy and Ceramics, 1988 Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Institute Fellowship, 1985 Robert W. Bohl, Emeritus Peter Winchell Memorial Lecturer, Purdue University, Fellow, American Society for Metals 1988 Andersen Consulting Award for Excellence in Advising, Fulbright Fellowship Japan, 1999 U of I College of Engineering, 1989
Robert S. Averback Paul V. Braun Distinguished Lecturer, American Vacuum Society Beckman Young Investigator Award, 2001 Senior U.S. Scientist Award, Alexander von Humboldt Award, 1993 David Cahill Fellow, American Vacuum Society Pascal Bellon Peter Mark Memorial Award, American Vacuum Society, CAREER Award, National Science Foundation, 1998 1998 General Electric Scholar, U of I College of Engineering, 1998 Haydn H. Chen General Electric Fellow, U of I College of Engineering, Fellow, American Society for Materials 1999 International Fellow, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Richard L. Berger, Emeritus Principal Editor, Materials Chemistry and Physics, 1997- Fellow, American Ceramic Society Honorary Distinguished Lecturer, National Science P. H. Bates Award, American Society for Testing and Council, Taiwan, 1999 Materials, 1976 Summer Research Fellow, Max-Plank Institut- Metallforschung, Germany, 1999 Alexander von Humboldt Award, 2000
35 James Economy Xerox Award for Faculty Research, U of I College of Member, National Academy of Engineering Engineering, 1993 ACS Applied Polymer Science Award, 1985 Award for Special Creativity, National Science Chemical Pioneer Award, American Institute of Chemists, Foundation, 1993 1987 Sabbatical Scholar, Kyoto University, Japan, 1994 Turner Alfrey Visiting Professorship, Michigan Molecular Key Tribology Lecturer, Tsinghua University, China, 1996 Institute, 1992 University Scholar, U of I, 1997 President, University Materials Council, 1993-1994 President, Macromolecular Division of IUPAC, Joseph Greene 1994-1998 Fellow, American Vacuum Society Trull Lectureship, University of Texas, 1998 Honorary Doctor of Science, Linkoping University, H. F. Mark Award in Polymers, 1998 Sweden Fellow of Polymer Materials & Science Division, ACS, John Thornton Award, American Vacuum Society, 1991 2001 University Scholar, U of I, 1991 Paul J. Flory Polymer Research Prize, 2001 Tage Erlander Prize in Physics, Swedish Natural Science Research Council, 1992 Gert Ehrlich Technical Excellence Award, Semiconductor Research Member, National Academy of Sciences Corp., 1994 Fellow, American Physical Society R. F. Bunshah Prize, 1995 Fellow, American Vacuum Society U.S. Department of Energy Award for Sustained Fellow, New York Academy of Sciences Outstanding Research in Metallurgy and Ceramics, Fellow, J. S. Guggenheim Foundation, 1984 1996 Medard W. Welch Award, American Vacuum Society, 1979 Duane D. Johnson Kendall Award in Colloid or Surface Chemistry, American SERC Research Fellowship Award, 1985 Ceramic Society, 1982 National Research Council Fellowship Award, 1986 Senior U.S. Scientist Award, Alexander von Humboldt Award for Excellence, Sandia National Laboratories, 1993 Foundation, Germany, 1992 John Kieffer Richard J. Gaylord Amoco Award for Innovation in Undergraduate Life Member, Clare College, University of Cambridge, Instruction, 1992 England George W. Morey Award, Glass and Optical Materials Division, American Ceramic Society, 1999 Phillip H. Geil Fellow, American Physical Society Waltraud M. Kriven Doctor Honorus Causa, Technical University of Brno, Fellow, American Ceramic Society Czech Republic Brunauer Award, American Ceramic Society, 1988, 1991 Editor, Journal of Macromolecular Science (Physics), 1963- Senior Faculty Fellowship, Japanese Society for Jennifer A. Lewis Preservation of Science, 1988-1989 Incomplete List of Teachers Ranked as Excellent, U of I, Harold A. Morten Distinguished Visiting Professor, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1999 Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Arnold O. Beckman Research Award, U of I, 1994 Akron, 1995 Burnett Teaching Award, U of I Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 1994 J. Murray Gibson Engineering Council Advisors List for Outstanding Fellow, American Physical Society Advising, U of I, 1994, 1995 Fellow, Royal Microscopical Society, U.K. Presidential Faculty Fellow Award, National Science Foundation, 1994 Steve Granick MRS Travel Award for Young Scientists, International Fellow, American Physical Society Conference on Advanced Materials, ICAM, 1995 SM Young Faculty Award, 1988 Schlumberger Foundation Award, 1995 Fellow, Center for Advanced Study, U of I, 1990-1991 Xerox Award for Faculty Research, U of I College of Distinguished Polymer Lecturer, Lehigh University, 1993 Engineering, 1996, 2001 Allied Signal Foundation Faculty Research Award, 1998
36 David A. Payne Yong-Qian Sun Fellow, American Ceramic Society Mr. and Mrs. John Jaffe Donation Research Fellowship, Fellow, Institute of Ceramics, U.K. Royal Society, London, 1992 Fellow, International Academy of Ceramics, Italy College Research Fellow, Wolfson College, Oxford Fellow, Institute of Materials, U.K. University, 1993 Xerox Award for Faculty Research, U of I College of Royal Society Merit Award, London, 1995 Engineering, 1981 CAREER Award, National Science Foundation, 1998 Richard M. Fulrath Award, University of California at Berkeley, 1986 C. Marvin Wayman, Emeritus Mitsui Toatsu Chemical Co. Chair, University of Tokyo Fellow, American Society for Metals Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, Fellow, Institution of Metallurgists 1989-1992 Fellow, Metallurgical Society, American Institute of Henry Award for Best Paper in Electrical Ceramics, Mining and Metallurgical Engineers American Ceramic Society, 1995 Fellow, Yamada Science Foundation Centennial Fellow, College of Earth and Mineral Sciences, Mathewson Gold Medal, American Institute of Mining Pennsylvania State University, 1996 and Metallurgical Engineers Norbert J. Kreidel Memorial Lecture Award, 1996 Fellow, J. S. Guggenheim Foundation, 1969 International Prize, Japan Fine Ceramics Association, Case Centennial Scholar, Case-Western Reserve 2001 University, 1980 Galick Lecturer, University of Missouri, 1980 Ian M. Robertson Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Fellowship, Senior Associate, Pembroke College, Oxford University 1982 SERC Visiting Fellowship, Oxford University Winchell Memorial Lecturer, Purdue University, 1986 Prize for Outstanding Research in Metallurgy and Korean Institute of Metals Lecturer, 1987 Ceramics (with H. K. Birnbaum), U.S. Department of Buehler Technical Paper Merit Award for Excellence, Energy, 1984 International Metallographic Society, 1989 Honorary Professor, Harbin Institute of Technology, 1990 Angus A. Rockett Honorary Professor, Dalian University of Technology, Xerox Award for Faculty Research, U of I College of 1990 Engineering, 1992 Honorary Member, Dalian Society of Materials Everett Teaching Award, 1993 Engineering, 1990 Fellow, American Vacuum Society, 1998 Tau Beta Pi Daniel C. Drucker Eminent Faculty Award, Donald Burnett Teacher of the Year Award, 1998 U of I College of Engineering, 1991 Honorary Member, Materials Research Society of Japan, T. J. Rowland, Emeritus 1993 Fellow, American Physical Society Andersen Consulting Award for Excellence in Advising, John H. Weaver U of I College of Engineering, 1989 G. J. Lapeyre Award for Synchrotron Radiation Research per ardua ad Bremsstrahlung, 1982 Kenneth S. Schweizer George Taylor/Institute of Technology Research Award, Fellow, American Physical Society University of Minnesota, 1986 Sandia National Laboratories Award for Excellence, 1990 Fellow, American Physical Society, 1991 John H. Dillon Medal, American Physical Society, Amundson Professor, University of Minnesota, 1994-1995 Division of High Polymer Physics, 1991 Senior U.S. Scientist Award, Alexander von Humboldt R&D 100 Award for Technical Innovation, 1992 Foundation Award, 1995 U.S. Department of Energy Award for Outstanding Royal Society Kan Tong Po Professorship, University of Scientific Accomplishment in Materials Chemistry, Hong Kong, 1995 1996 R&D Magazine’s Scientist of the Year, 1997 Burnett Teaching Award, 1997 Distinguished Achievement Citation, Iowa State Sabbatical Scholar, Max Planck Institute for Polymer University Alumni Assoc., 1998 Research and University of Mainz, Germany, 1998 Medard W. Welch Award, American Vacuum Society, 1999 Fellow, American Vacuum Society, 2000
37 Charles A. Wert, Emeritus Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science Fellow, American Society for Metals Fellow, Metallurgical Society Alumni Achievement Award, Morningside College, 1971 Senior U.S. Scientist Award, Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, Germany, 1981
Gerald P. Wirtz, Emeritus Fulbright-Hays Scholarship, 1978 Exchange Scholar, Fulbright-Hays Award, University of Aveiro, Portugal, 1979
Gerard C. L. Wong Beckman Young Investigator Award, 2001
J. Francis Young, Emeritus Fellow, American Ceramic Society Fellow, American Concrete Institute Brunauer Award, Cement Division, American Ceramic Society, 1988, 1991 Copeland Award, Cement Division, American Ceramic Society, 1992
Jian-min Zuo Burton Award of the Microscopy Soc. of America, 2001
38 Mechanical and Industrial Engineering
R. O. Buckius, Head The department is strongly committed to cross- J. C. Dutton and P. M. Ferreira, Associate Heads disciplinary research as well and works closely with other 140 Mechanical Engineering Building departments within the College of Engineering and across 1206 W. Green St., MC-244 the university. The Beckman Institute for Advanced Urbana, IL 61801 Science and Technology, the National Center for 217-333-1176 • http://www.mie.uiuc.edu Supercomputing Applications, the Materials Research Laboratory, and other campus resources add strength and The Department of Mechanical and Industrial diversity to the department’s research. Engineering seeks to lead the profession and society through education, research, and service, with a goal of educating engineers who stand at the head of their fields, Automotive Systems generating and applying new knowledge that strengthens the engineering profession and responds to societal needs, and sponsoring outreach programs that benefit the Integrated Vehicle Dynamics profession and the public. A. G. Alleyne,* S. Brennan, S. Chan While addressing the broad spectrum of areas long University of Illinois associated with mechanical and industrial engineering, such as dynamics and controls, energy transfer, Presently, components of the vehicle act independently of manufacturing, operations research, and materials one another to control various aspects of the vehicle’s behavior, research in the department also explores such dynamics. In this research, the dynamics of a moving emerging areas as microscale phenomena and vehicle are controlled by coordinating and integrating the bioengineering. Innovative research directions reflect the various subsystems of the chassis. Wheel torque, steering interests and creativity of the faculty and students. forces, and suspension forces are combined in a synergistic Educating new generations of researchers is integral to the approach to achieve levels of vehicle performance and department’s mission. safety that are superior to previous approaches. In addition to generating new knowledge, transferring it Researchers make extensive use of modern control to practice is a driving force in the department’s research. techniques to determine the optimal combination Several departmental center initiatives focus on research of forces. and technology transfer in the areas of building systems, energetic materials, continuous casting, fracture control, Vibration Isolation Applied to and manufacturing. The department also houses two Automotive Suspension Systems National Science Foundation industry/university A. G. Alleyne* cooperative centers that focus on research in air University of Illinois conditioning and refrigeration and machine–tool systems. Two research programs designed to develop integrated The controllable flow of energy into and out of a vehicle mesoscopic cooler circuits and a mesoscopic thermo- suspension is studied in two phases: active control and mechanical water purifier are funded by the Defense semiactive control. Active control means being able to Advanced Research Projects Agency. Through these and remove and/or add energy to the suspension from an other research initiatives, the department continually external power source. Performance comparisons between expands its cooperative research efforts with state and active suspensions and passive suspensions, capable of only federal government agencies as well as its partnerships constant energy removal rates, demonstrate the benefits of with industry. the active systems. Semiactive control means being able to The Department of Mechanical and Industrial control the rate of energy removal but not being able to Engineering demonstrates its commitment to meeting the add energy to the system. Both approaches are needs of the State of Illinois and the nation through its investigated using theory, simulation, and experiment. program of both fundamental and applied research.
* Denotes principal investigator. 2 Block-Structured Hexahedral Meshing of a duration, and gas density on the sprays are studied using Canted-Valve Quasi-Symmetric Pentroof laser diagnostic and visualization techniques. Tumble Port Engine C. F. Lee,* R. C. Kulaga Fuel/Air Mixing and Combustion in a General Motor Company High-Speed Direct-Injection Diesel C. F. Lee,* J. E. Peters,* R. A. White,* R. E. Coverdill,* The geometry complexity of modern engines imposes a W. S. Mathews, J. A. Cellarius great difficulty on meshing for the computational U.S. Department of Energy, 99-DOE SBC-L/P-0030; modeling of internal combustion engines. This research Ford Motor Company project was pursued in an effort to minimize the time required for the generation and refinement of a The objective of the proposed work is to provide detailed hexahedral-mesh of an engine model. A method of mesh information on the mixing and combustion processes generation was developed and shows promise to reduce in a small bore HSDI engine through in-cylinder mesh generation time and to help streamline the process measurements of fuel spray penetration, mixing, and of creating a computational model from scratch. interaction with the bowl geometry using Exciplex Planar The method provides necessary information for the Laser Induced Fluorescence; ignition and combustion input arrays used by KIVA 3-V for meshing the engine using natural flame emission; and soot formation using combustion chamber, intake ports, and exhaust ports. Laser Induced Incandescence as a function of engine operating conditions. The experiments will be conducted Design and Analysis of a Linear on a single cylinder research engine based on a Ford Diata Internal Combustion Engine modified for optical access using a Bowditch piston C. F. Lee,* Y. Taha, H. M. Wasfy arrangement. University of Illinois Modeling and Experiment of Spray Reciprocating I. C. Engines produce power in linear Impingement, Film Flow, and Back-flow (translation) motion through the piston’s oscillation, and Atomization of Port Injection Engines some of the devices driven by engines also operate linearly. C. F. Lee,* J. E. Peters,* M. F. Trujillo, W. S. Mathews, However, the current design of engines converts the linear J. A. Colwell, J. W. Powell power to rotary power by means of a crankshaft/ Ford Motor Co.; Amoco connecting rod mechanism and then retransforms the rotary power back into linear power to drive a pump. To understand and improve fuel preparation of Therefore, for an engine-driven pump (or compressor), port-injection engines, multidimensional models are being by removing the rotary components and driving the pump developed for spray impingement on the wall, fuel film directly by the engine piston in a linear fashion, the formation and transport, and atomization due to the back system would have higher mechanical efficiency, less flow from the cylinder into the intake port upon intake weight, and less complexity. Such a linear engine has been valve opening. P/DPA, digital imaging, and light designed and built, and system analysis and tests will reflection measurements of drop size and velocity, film be performed. spreading rate, and film thickness will be conducted under controlled conditions specifically designed to provide a set Diesel Spray Visualization in a of data for direct comparison with the modeled results. Constant Volume Injection Bomb The calibrated models will then be used to study the C. F. Lee,* J. E. Peters,* G. C. Martin, J. J. Stephens port-injection and back-flow processes in the engines. Caterpillar, Inc. Modeling and Experiments of Lean A constant volume injection bomb simulating the cylinder Direct-Injection, Four-Stroke of large bore diesel engines has been developed with Spark-Ignition Engines excellent optical access for studies of a Caterpillar diesel C. F. Lee,* D. L. Chang, J. W. Powell injector. Optical access consists of an end window view National Science Foundation, CTS-9734402 of the full bore, and a large cylinder ring window. The Hydraulic Electronic Unit Injector allows for the A lean direct-injection, spark-ignition engine concept has easy adjustment of injection duration and pressure with the potential of reducing fuel consumption and increasing variation in injector pulse width and hydraulic oil performance while obtaining cleaner exhaust gas and pressure. The effects of injection pressure, injection greater driver comfort. The key research need of this type
3 * Denotes principal investigator. of engines is to develop a better understanding and Study of Fuel-Air Distribution and control of in-cylinder fuel injection, atomization, Combustion in Direct-Injection vaporization, and mixing. The objective of this research Diesel Engines program is then to study the fuel sprays and air mixing C. F. Lee,* H. M. Wasfy process in direct-injection, four-stroke spark-ignition Cummins Engine Co. engines using the latest multidimensional modeling and laser diagnostics techniques. Direct injection strategies The diesel engine is the leading heavy-duty power plant under consideration by industry will be used and the because of its superior energy efficiency. However, diesel effects of key variables, such as injector timing, industries face increasingly stringent emission regulation atomization quality, air motion, and engine geometry, in both nitric oxides and particulates. A detailed will be investigated. understanding of combustion is required in order to reduce emissions effectively while maintaining engine fuel Modeling of Cavitating Flows in economy. A multidimensional model, which has been High-Pressure Fuel Injectors tested extensively in various engine environments, is used C. F. Lee,* H. M. Wasfy, R. I. K. Shazi to characterize the fuel/air mixing and combustion in the Cummins Engine Co. engine. Direct injection strategies under consideration by Cummins will be studied and the effects of injection rate Flow cavitation is considered a major problem and timing, EGR, compressibility, and detailed chemistry affecting performance of high-pressure diesel injectors. on combustion will be investigated. The cavitating flow is a two-phase flow by nature with gaseous phase generally dispersed within the liquid phase The Effects of In-Cylinder Wall Wetting in the form of minute bubbles. Since it is computationally on Hydrocarbon Emissions impossible to simulate each bubble as it forms, the model C. F. Lee,* S. T. Chin is needed for calculating amount of mass trapped in the University of Illinois bubbles to compute averaged fluid properties and for tracking the formation and destruction processes of the The effect of combustion chamber wall-wetting on the bubbles. The impact of the bubble dynamics on the hydrocarbon emissions from gasoline-fueled SI engines injector flow will also be studied. will be investigated using multidimensional engine computations. The latest multicomponent film Modeling of Multicomponent Fuel vaporization model that was successfully developed and Evaporation in Engines verified in the University of Illinois laboratory will be C. F. Lee,* Y. B. Zeng employed in this study. The combustion model will be Ford Motor Co. improved to account for flame quenching near the walls. The results will be compared against the experimental The heating and gasification of liquid fuel droplets and data. Preliminary results indicate that the location where films during the intake and compression strokes of an SI liquid fuel impinges on the combustion chamber has a engine are important for fuel/air mixture preparation and significant effect on the hydrocarbon emissions. cold-start emission. The amount of the liquid droplets entering the cylinder is strongly influenced by the type of fuel used. A fuel blend was chosen in order to match the Bioengineering distillation curve for the gasoline. Evaporation models of multicomponent fuel droplets and films are developed. The models will be verified against vaporization Thermal Studies in Bioengineering measurements of single droplet and exciplex J. C. Chato* measurements of low and high volatility fuel liquid University of Illinois and vapor distributions in the port-injection engine. The model will then be used to study the detailed Various aspects of thermal behavior of biological materials mixture preparation process. and systems, particularly the human body, are studied. The work ranges from morphological studies of the blood vessels that affect heat transfer to computer modeling of various organs as well as the entire thermoregulatory system. Typical applications are the prediction of the deep-body temperature in a hot bath, the estimation of
* Denotes principal investigator. 4 the maximum safe touch temperature of a heated surface, continuous mechanical analogues in order to model the and thermal treatment of toenail fungus. underlying physics.
Mechanotransduction in the Compact MRI-Optical Scanners Vestibular Semicircular Canals J. G. Georgiadis,* D. Morris* (Nat. Institutes of Health), E. R. Damiano* K. Moser University of Illinois University of Illinois; National Institutes of Health
The vestibular semicircular canal system is a Recent advances in miniaturization have allowed the phylogenetically ancient sensory apparatus responsible for design and fabrication of dual modality imaging systems transducing angular motions of the head. Fluid-structure combining magnetic resonance imaging and standard interactions in the semicircular canals that result from systems using visible light. Researchers have designed a head rotation give rise to spike initiation in afferent nerve compact Magnetic Resonance Imaging scanner based on a complexes that encode the vestibular nerve. The aim of permanent magnet and millimeter-size radiofrequency this research is to study the response dynamics of the coils. The bore of the scanner allows optical access semicircular canals. A new mathematical model of canal without degrading MRI resolution significantly. mechanics is under development that couples an The miniature MRI scanner is positioned under the asymptotic theory of pulsatile flow in curved circular objective of a modified scanning confocal microscope. ducts to a mechanoelectrochemical model of the charged The setup allows the simultaneous imaging of a mucopolysaccharide structures involved in the submillimeter focal volume by both instruments. transduction process. This apparatus is motivated by applications in the areas of histolopathology and tissue engineering. The Role of the Capillary Glycocalyx in Microvascular Permeability, Rheology, Fast, High Resolution Magnetic and Exchange Resonance Angiography E. R. Damiano,* D. M. Behrens, F. H. El-Khatib J. G. Georgiadis,* D. Morris* (Nat. Institutes of Health), The Whitaker Foundation, RG-98-0524 K. Moser, L. G. Raguin University of Illinois; National Institutes of Health Recent theoretical and experimental studies suggest that the capillary glycocalyx, a macromolecular carbohydrate- This is a comprehensive investigation of Fourier, rich structure on the luminal surface of the capillary wall, non-Fourier, and q-space Magnetic Resonance Imaging is of fundamental importance to capillary resistance, sequences for the quantification of blood perfusion in the red-cell flux, and microvascular permeability. The primary microvasculature system. Validation of the new sequences goal of the theoretical component of this research will is pursued via attendant phantom experiments. be to develop a rigorous multiconstituent mechanoelectrochemical model of the capillary glycocalyx Single Cell Locomotion and Thermodynamics as a foundation for our understanding of the biophysical J. G. Georgiadis,* A. R. Horwitz* (Univ. of Virginia), properties and physiological behavior of this structure. L. Choi, D. Holdych The integrated experimental component of this work will University of Illinois; National Science Foundation make use of theoretical results to obtain the first in vivo estimates of fundamentally important properties of the Mammalian cell locomotion can be studied by considering glycocalyx. the cell as a continuum with distributed active stresses. This project is aimed at identifying the kinematic Bio-Inspired Molecular Machines parameters of the cytoplasm starting from a time-lapse, J. G. Georgiadis,* A. F. Vakakis;* M. S. Gin* (Chem.); microvideograpic study of cells moving on a flat substrate. V. Gelfand* (Cell & Struct. Biology); L. Choi, D. Holdych University of Illinois; National Science Foundation
Driven by a parallel effort to develop synthetic ion gates and pumps, as well as the study of molecular motors in melanophores (cells responsible for camouflage), researchers are constructing low-order, discrete, and
5 * Denotes principal investigator. The Effects of Degraded Back Strength or Novel Energetic Materials to Knee Strength on Movement Strategies Stabilize Rockets (MURI) during Dynamic Manual Lifting M. Q. Brewster,* N. Burnside, B. Saarloos, G. Pascal X. Zhang,* J. Xiong Ballistic Missile Defense Organization; U.S. Office of Naval Campus Research Board Research, N00014-95-1-1339
The general objective of this research project is to As new energetic materials are developed for use as investigate whether degraded back or knee muscle strength propellants in solid rockets, it will be necessary to consider affects, and thus can be diagnosed from, the movement their combustion stability at an early stage of propellant strategies during dynamic manual lifting activities. development. This will require a multidisciplinary This general objective will be achieved by fulfilling the approach including complex chemistry, combustion, and following specific goals: test and classify human subjects fluid dynamics. The overall objective of this project is to with compromised back or knee strength; measure and conduct a coordinated, multidisciplinary investigation to model lifting movements performed by these subjects; and advance knowledge of dynamic burning response of new analyze, quantify, and visualize the strategies underlying combinations of energetic materials. The specific objective the movements. is to develop an understanding of the combustion behavior of new energetic materials as monopropellants and combinations of new and conventional energetic Combustion and Propulsion materials as composite propellants. Radiation Heat Transfer in Aluminum Combustion in Solid Rockets Solid Rocket Motors M. Q. Brewster,* K. C. Tang M. Q. Brewster,* K. C. Tang DOE Center for Simulation of Advanced Rockets, B341494 DOE Center for Simulation of Advanced Rockets, B341494
The combustion of aluminum droplets in a solid rocket Thermal radiation is an important mode of heat transfer motor internal flowfield will be simulated using a simple in rocket motor internal flowfields. The primary source of vapor phase diffusion-limited droplet burning model. thermal radiation is the field of submicron, liquid phase Two versions will be developed. First, a detailed model Al2O3 “smoke” particles formed by aluminum droplet will be developed based on numerical solution of the combustion. In addition, pressure-broadened line governing differential equations for droplet burning in a radiation from molecular gases such as CO2, H2O, and convective, radiative environment. From the results of HCl is also important at the elevated pressures in rockets. this detailed model, a “d2” correlation will be extracted for A hybrid radiation model will be developed with an use in the multiphase, reacting motor flowfield analysis. N-flux description near the propellant surface matched This correlation will include the important effects of with a diffusion approximation in the core region. variable ambient gas composition as well as A k-distribution technique will be used to accommodate thermal radiation. the continuum particle radiation and the molecular gas line radiation. Heterogeneous Solid Propellant Combustion Simulation Solid Propellant Combustion Modeling M. Q. Brewster,* G. M. Knott, G. Pascal M. Q. Brewster,* K. C. Tang DOE Center for Simulation of Advanced Rockets, B341494 DOE Center for Simulation of Advanced Rockets, B341494
The combustion of two-dimensional AP/HTPB The heterogeneous combustion zone near a composite “sandwich” propellants is simulated computationally. propellant surface is being simulated. The first approach The framework is mass and energy transport with will be to utilize the quasi-static approximation (quasi- simplified chemical kinetics. The predicted results include steady gas and solid preheat zones). For sufficiently rapid steady regression rate, propellant surface geometry (free transient events (of time scales less than the thermal surface), and gas-phase flame structure. These three relaxation time of the propellant, which is on the order of quantities are also the basis for comparison with 1 to 10 ms), the quasi-static of approximation fails and a experiments for validation of the model. The goal is to second approach will be utilized: a modification of the develop a simplified kinetics and transport scheme that Zeldovich-Novozhilov (ZN) method for extending steady can be used in more complex (3-D, unsteady) simulations state burning data to the unsteady regime, still retaining of composite propellants. the quasi-steady gas assumption.
* Denotes principal investigator. 6 Diamond Growth in Flames Dynamic Burning of Energetic N. G. Glumac,* R. Lucht* (Texas A&M), T. Hu Solid Propellants National Science Foundation, CTS-0096279 H. Krier,* T. Hafenrichter U.S. Ballistic Missile Defense Organization, Atmospheric and low pressure flames have the potential to N00014-95-1-1339 serve as cost effective sources for diamond films. Recent work has suggested that these flames may be characterized To explain rocket motor combustion instability, one must by two unusual phenomena: flame temperatures that know the propellant burning rate response to pressure significantly exceed the adiabatic flame temperature and a transients. Two end burning solid propellant rocket large temperature discontinuity at the growth surface. motors, where the motor throat area is modulated, give This study is a combined experimental and computational rise to pressure fluctuations during which instantaneous effort to investigate these diamond-forming flames and to burning rate, gas species, and gas temperature are identify the underlying sources for the unusual measured. Laser diagnostics and ultrasonic techniques are temperature behavior, as well as to assess the consequences being used and show significant nonsteady burning rate of these factors on the diamond growth rate. responses. Data generated allows for propellant ratings The experimental portion of the study is at Texas toward combustion instability. The ultrasound techniques A&M and the computational portion is being performed for measuring burning rate employ sophisticated digital at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. signal processing techniques and require careful evaluation of, and correction for, the effects of the material properties Nonagglomerated Nanopowder Synthesis of the propellant. in Low Pressure Flames N. G. Glumac,* S. Bailey Shock Ignition of Energetic Metals National Science Foundation, CTS-0096278 H. Krier,* R. L. Burton* (Aero. & Astro. Engr.), J. Servaites This NSF CAREER Award program is a combined study U.S. Ballistic Missile Defense Organization, of nonagglomerated nanopowder synthesis in low pressure N00014-95-1-1339 flames, involving synthesis of new oxide nanopowders, diagnostics of the chemical and thermal fields in a reactor, New energetic solid propellants will contain metals such as and chemical modeling of the powder formation process. aluminum, magnesium, and boron. Experiments in a Such powders have applications in areas such as chemical high-pressure shock tube measuring aluminum ignition mechanical polishing (silica), structural materials (zirconia, delay and combustion (burn) time, as well as alumina), optics (silica), cosmetics (titania), batteries measurements by emission and absorption spectroscopy of (vanadium oxide), and catalyst supports (alumina). the transient reactive species are under way and will impact chemical kinetic theories on reaction pathways for Combustion of Aluminum in such two-phase mixtures. This data is necessary for Solid Rocket Motors predicting aluminum particle combustion in solid H. Krier,* R. L. Burton* (Aero. & Astro. Engr.), rocket motors. J. C. Melcher U.S. Office of Naval Research, N00014-95-1-1339 Solid Rocket Motor Aluminum Burning Models Using a laboratory-scale, end-burning solid propellant H. Krier,* J. C. Melcher rocket motor, ignition and combustion of aluminum DOE Center for Simulation of Advanced Rockets; particles generated from aluminized solid propellant are U.S. Department of Energy, B341494 observed by spectroscopic techniques and optical measurements. Theoretical models are being tested to This research is focused on developing quasi-steady confirm the metal burning rate as a function of gas burning rate models for both pure aluminum and composition and pressure. Measurements will be agglomerated aluminum droplets produced from compared to an unsteady metal combustion model. metalized solid propellants. Chemical kinetics for various propellant gas oxidizers must be considered. Models will be compared to data available in another research project at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
7 * Denotes principal investigator. Modeling of Microexplosion and combustor design process. The technical issues that are Flash Boiling in Engines being addressed include fuel/air mixing, flame structure C. F. Lee,* Y. B. Zeng, D. L. Chang and stabilization, and pollutant formation. Center for Advanced Study; Ford Motor Company DNS of Two-phase Flow in a Microexplosion and flash boiling phenomena affect both Solid Rocket Motor vaporization and atomization of fuel sprays. For S. P. Vanka,* S. L. Rani multicomponent fuel droplets, light components are U.S. Department of Energy, DOE B341494 entrapped inside the droplet that possibly leads to a local super-heat region and produces bubbles inside the droplet. This effort is part of a large project to develop advanced The droplet then undergoes a violent expansion resulting simulation tools for a solid rocket motor. Under this task, in secondary breakup (so-called microexplosion). researchers will be developing the fluid flow aspects of the Fundamentally, flash boiling is similar to microexplosion. project. This will include large eddy simulations of the Both are believed to have positive effects on engine core flow in a rocket motor. Computations are being performance since they tend to produce smaller droplets performed for two-phase particle laden turbulent flow compared to conventional breakup mechanisms. in a pipe with one-way and two-way couplings. The theory and model for the breakup due to microexplosion and flash boiling will be developed and verified. Control Systems Direct Injection of Natural Gas: In-Cylinder Measurements and Calculations Advanced Nonlinear Analysis and Control J. E. Peters, C. F. Lee,* G. C. Martin, J. J. Stephens Techniques for High-Performance Fluid Caterpillar, Inc. Power Systems A. G. Alleyne,* Y. Zheng Natural gas is an attractive alternative fuel for diesel U.S. Office of Naval Research, N00014-00-10903 engines because of the potential for achieving high thermal efficiencies and power densities, reduced fuel Fluid power systems, particularly hydraulics, have a costs, and reduced particulate emissions. A single-cylinder very high power-to-weight ratio with a large dynamic engine has been modified to provide optical access to the bandwidth. The goal is to use advanced control cylinder for measurements of fuel/air mixing, flame methodology to increase the performance of fluid power propagation, and NO formation using laser-induced systems in terms of force and motion control. Several fluorescence. The goal of the research is to provide a linear and nonlinear control approaches are taken. better understanding of the mixing and combustion Where appropriate, new methodologies are developed processes within the cylinder in order to improve based on information gathered from experimental performance and reduce emissions. experience. The applications of these high-performance systems include active vibration isolation as well as Fuel/Air Mixing and Flame Structure manufacturing systems. Measurements in Premixed Gas Turbine Combustors Control of Fluid Power Systems J. E. Peters,* R. P. Lucht,* R. E. Foglesong, T. R. Frazier A. G. Alleyne* General Electric Aircraft Engines; U.S. Air Force Office of University of Illinois; Moog, Inc. Scientific Research, AF6E200-1Q14N44083, F49620-97-1-0456 The modeling and control of fluid power systems includes electrical, mechanical, hydraulic, and pneumatic In a collaborative effort with General Electric Aircraft subsystems. Various types of advanced controllers are Engines, an experimental investigation of gas turbine applied to these complex nonlinear systems. Applications combustor concepts is under way. Advanced nonintrusive of these systems range from automotive engine systems to laser diagnostics including CARS and LIF are being used earth-moving vehicles to high-speed machine tool drives. to probe the fuel/air mixing and combustion processes. The purpose of this research program is to “bridge the gap” from more fundamental experimental and modeling studies of turbulent mixing and combustion to the
* Denotes principal investigator. 8 Control of Nonlinear Systems Active Control for Large-Scale A. G. Alleyne* Dynamic Systems University of Illinois A. Alleyne,* Y. Zhang National Science Foundation, 99-00116 The control of various nonlinear mechanical and electromechanical devices is studied. The techniques The goal of this research is to develop a fundamentally applied vary from standard linearization (Jacobian) to sound approach to the active vibration control of gain scheduling to nonlinear transformations (feedback large-scale dynamics systems. The motivation is to isolate linearization). The structure of the particular systems large dynamic structures from external disturbances, being controlled is exploited to facilitate control. particularly large, brief disturbances. The desire is to The application of this is directed to the control of minimize the damage done to crucial components by vehicles and manufacturing systems. actively isolating an internal structure from the external structure. This investigation will develop the overall Fluid Power Systems for Manufacturing control strategy but will also pay close attention to the Applications actuation scheme used to carry out the control strategy. A. G. Alleyne,* E. Erdem, D. Zheng The potential benefits of this project are increased damage National Science Foundation, DMI 96-24837 tolerance and survivability of the internal structure.
Fluid power systems can achieve high forces and fast Smart Meso Flaps for Aeroelastic response. They also tend to be quite nonlinear in nature. Transpiration Control Through modeling, simulations, and experiments, A. Alleyne;* E. Loth* (Aero. & Astro. Engr.); appropriate controllers are determined to enable fluid D. Tortorelli;* P. Geubelle,* S. White,* (Aero. & Astro. power drives to maintain their high force capability but Engr.); J. C. Dutton,* P. Crisman, and others with an increased bandwidth and accuracy. The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency application of this work is the development of high-speed machine tool drives for novel machine tools and other A multidisciplinary research and development project is manufacturing equipment such as injection molding proposed to investigate the capability and performance of machines. Force and position control algorithms are a novel concept termed Smart Meso Flaps for Aeroelastic developed and implemented along with hybrid Transpiration (SMAT), which will provide mass and force/position approaches. momentum transfer to control shock/boundary-layer interactions (SBLIs). Such interactions are critical for Integrated Chassis Control for Vehicles supersonic mixed-compression inlets and on transonic A. G. Alleyne,* S. Brennan, S. Chan external aerodynamic surfaces. The SMAT concept University of Illinois consists of a matrix of small flaps covering an enclosed cavity. These flaps are designed to undergo local Presently, components of the vehicle act independently aeroelastic deflection to achieve proper mass bleed or of one another to control various aspects of the vehicle’s injection when subjected to shock loads. dynamics. In this research, the dynamics of a moving vehicle are controlled by coordinating and integrating the Strategies for Improving Operation and various subsystems of the chassis. ABS braking systems, Reliability of Vapor Compression Systems traction control systems, lateral stability control systems, A. Alleyne,* C. W. Bullard,* P. S. Hrnjak,* 4-wheel drive (4WD), and controllable suspensions N. R. Miller,* M. Sulfridge (active or semiactive) are combined in a synergistic 22 Company Consortium: Air Conditioning and approach to achieve higher levels of vehicle performance. Refrigeration Center, National Science Foundation The benefits of this approach are increased vehicle performance and safety. The purpose of this project is to develop a dynamic simulation model for stationary and mobile a/c and refrigeration systems, retaining sufficient detail to accurately predict system dynamic response while also being simple enough to be of value in determining appropriate control strategies. The focus is on controlling quasi-steady transitions between operating states by modulating flow rates of both air and refrigerant to meet
9 * Denotes principal investigator. changing constraints on capacity, efficiency, compressor high-speed fault clearing in power networks and impact reliability, noise, and so forth, instead of focusing on motion control in electromechanical systems. startup and shutdown transients. It will build upon the best published empirical/lumped parameter models by Adaptive Control and Identification of making more extensive use of physical parameters based Distributed Parameter Systems on results from other research projects. The model J. Bentsman,* Y. Orlov (Russian Acad. of Sciences) development will be supported by a parallel set of National Science Foundation, CMS 96-12079; Electric experiments conducted in a breadboard test facility that Power Research Institute, WO-2710-32 can handle both automotive-type and conventional heat exchangers. The sensitivity of the control strategies to A large number of processes require infinite dimensional variations in operating conditions will be related to state space for their adequate descriptions. The application physical design parameters. of regular finite-dimensional adaptive control algorithms to such processes might result in poor convergence Hierarchical and Reconfigurable Schemes properties and inadequate performance of adaptive for Distributed Control over controllers. The purpose of this research is to explore the Heterogeneous Networks methods of improving controller adaptation capabilities T. Basar* (Elec. & Comput. Engr.); G. E. Dullerud;* and identification methods for systems described by C. Hadjicostas,* S. Hutchinson,* C. Polychronopoulos* partial differential and functional equations. (Elec. & Comput. Engr.); R. Srikant* (Gen. Engr.); P. Voulgaris* (Aero. & Astro. Engr.); A. Stubbs Complex Infrastructure Initiative: National Science Foundation, ITR 0085917 Identification of Disturbance Detection Mechanisms and Threshold-based Security The research project deals with issues arising in Margin Monitors to Predict Onset of controlling geographically distributed, complex, real-time Catastrophic Failures in Power Networks systems over a heterogeneous communication network. J. Bentsman,* A. F. Vakakis,* I. Rozhkov It is aimed at developing the foundations of network- Electrical Power Research Institute; U.S. Department based control, from theory to applications. The overall of Defense objectives are to develop the design, analysis, implementation, and performance characterization of Techniques for fault detection, localization, and hierarchical and heterogeneous distributed control classification are developed for the purpose of the fault-on algorithms and middleware that are affected through and post-fault controller selection. Once faults are hierarchical heterogeneous networks comprised of wired diagnosed, researchers examine the techniques for and wireless subnets and to determine the specification damage localization that prevent catastrophic failure in and implementation of network services and support the networks. Such mathematical techniques as wavelets required for the development and deployment of and orthogonal mode decomposition are employed. distributed control algorithms over hierarchical heterogeneous networks. Control of Complex Mechanical Systems under the Agility/Precision Response Active Singularity Approach to Control Objective of Nonsmooth Mechanical and J. Bentsman,* B. Miller; Y. Orlov, N. Kuznetsov Electromechanical Systems Using Wavelet- (Russian Acad. of Sciences) based and Impulsive Control Methods National Science Foundation, NSFCMS 96-42079 J. Bentsman,* H. Zhao, A. H. Lee National Science Foundation, CMS-0000458 This research attempts to lay the foundation of the optimal control and mathematical representation of The goal of the project is to develop a mathematical discontinuous dynamical systems with impulsive impacts. framework for representing control actions and system motions during the singularity motion phase and combining them with regular motion phase; develop high-speed, time-localized estimation and identification procedures that utilize nonsmooth data as well as feedback control laws applicable to singular and regular motion phases; and apply the technique developed to the
* Denotes principal investigator. 10 Control of Uncertain Time-varying Systems Acoustic Emissions in Air Conditioning Based on Robust Predictive Control and Refrigeration Systems Technique and Localized Time-Frequency C. W. Bullard,* J. Bentsman,* W. Li, H. Zhao Concepts National Science Foundation, EEC 96-12120 J. Bentsman,* H. Zhao, W. Li National Science Foundation, CMS 96-12079 The broad objective of this project is to investigate the applicability of active control of acoustic emissions to air The project focuses on the development of robust conditioning and refrigeration systems. The specific controllers for time-varying systems with uncertainties. objectives of the proposed project are to identify the major The specific application is the control of startup and sources and characteristics of acoustic emissions in air shutdown and transient dynamics of a boiler turbine conditioning and refrigeration systems, determine the power generation unit. techniques best suited for modeling and analysis of these emissions, and determine which control strategies and Robust Controller Design for Power Plant sensor/actuator configurations are plausible for active and Its Testing on EPRI Simulator noise control in these systems. Experimental work will J. Bentsman,* H. Zhao, W. Li, M. Withrow be conducted to determine the noise sources and Electric Power Research Institute, WO-2710-32 transmission paths in a typical air conditioning or refrigeration unit. The goal of this project is to design an H∞ controller for a coal-fired power plant, test it on an EPRI simulator, and Synthesis Methods for Distributed and compare its performance with existing control laws. Time-Varying Controlled Systems R. D’Andrea* (Cornell Univ.), G. Dullerud,* M. Farhood Self-tuning Robust Control of Air Force Office of Scientific Research, F49620-98-1-0416 Multi-Input/Multi-Output Nonlinear Processes J. Bentsman,* H. Zhao, W. Li This project involves leveraging new semidefinite Electric Power Research Institute, WO-2710-32 programming methods and functional analysis to achieve distributed and time-varying synthesis techniques. This project aims at combining recently developed H∞ predictive control techniques with the H∞ predictive Control Design of Complex identification to synthesize robust controllers for several Engineering Systems classes of MIMO uncertain nonlinear systems. G. E. Dullerud,* C. Pirie, C. Geise The application is currently focused on the stream National Science Foundation generation processes in the industrial and utility boilers. The objectives of the program are the development of Control-Oriented Modeling, Identification, and analytical and computational tools for control of systems Controller Synthesis for Electrical Motors along trajectories, validation of models in a control and Nonsmooth Electromechanical Systems context, and distributed control methods for J. Bentsman,* W. Li, H. Zhao, A. H. Lee emerging technologies. Grainger Power Systems Center, University of Illinois; National Science Foundation, CMS-0000458 Convex Methods for Control Design of Complex Engineering Systems The work proposed will focus on development of G. E. Dullerud,* M. Farhood wavelet-based and ARMA model tools and methodologies Campus Research Board for the real-time identification of the time- varying/nonlinear electrical motor and hybrid/impulsive This project is aimed at developing a proof-of-concept electromechanical system dynamics, development of testbed for recently constructed convex control design robust predictive self-tuning control laws for control tools. Additionally, extensions to current tools of electromechanical systems, and investigation of are proposed. nonsmooth dynamics in electromechanical systems and development of hybrid/impulsive control laws for active control of nonsmooth system behavior.
11 * Denotes principal investigator. Advanced Digital Control of High Friction and Vibration Modeling for Ultralow Capacity Disk Drives Fly-Height Head Disk Interfaces W. C. Messner* (Carnegie Mellon Univ.), G. E. Dullerud* A. A. Polycarpou,* S. C. Lee National Science Foundation, ECS 0072752 National Science Foundation; National Storage Industry Consortium Project goals are to apply a variety of powerful state-of- the-art control techniques to control of high capacity The objective of this research is to study the interaction disk drives. Seagate Technologies is the project between friction, adhesion, and vibration of ultra-low- industrial partner. flying head disk interfaces and their effect on the fly-height and off-track motions of the recording slider. The focus of the research is to characterize the contacting Design Methodology interface and develop appropriate quasi-dynamic friction and adhesion models; develop linear and nonlinear and Tribology dynamic models for the head disk interface system; and combine the adhesion, friction, and vibration models to accurately predict the instantaneous adhesion and friction Evaluating Operator Visibility of forces, normal (fly-height/bouncing) vibrations, and lateral Earth-moving Equipment (off-track) motions. C. S. Larson,* R. Ingram,* B. Keenan Caterpillar, Inc. Friction and Wear Studies of Compressor Surfaces The objective of this study is to evaluate operator visibility A. A. Polycarpou* of earth-moving equipment using Caterpillar’s virtual Copeland Corporation prototyping system. This system uses real-time interactive graphics by means of the National Center for The main objective of this study is to experimentally TM Supercomputing Applications CAVE . Equipment part investigate the friction and wear of tribomaterials used for designs are converted from CAD files and placed directly compressor surfaces under mixed lubrication conditions in into the virtual environment, giving an accurate a controlled environment that simulates application representation of the vehicle, which is controlled using conditions. A high-pressure tribometer will be used for a dynamics simulation package. Then, within the the tests, which provides independent control of normal environment, qualitative and quantitative studies on load, speed, temperature, pressure, and oil/refrigerant operator visibility can be performed. By using this system mixture supply rate at the interface. first, operator visibility can be evaluated much more quickly and inexpensively than by making a Fundamental Investigation on the physical prototype. Tribological Failure Mechanisms of Compressor Surfaces: Scuffing Optimal Path Planning for A. A. Polycarpou,* T. F. Conry* (Gen. Engr.), an Earth-moving Vehicle J. J. Patel, N. Yu C. S. Larson,* R. Ingram,* M. Vande Wiele 22 Company Consortium: Air Conditioning and Caterpillar, Inc. Refrigeration Center, National Science Foundation
The objective of this project is to develop a system to The purpose of this research is to investigate the cause of calculate the optimal path from given starting and ending catastrophic failures; that is, scuffing for realistic points for an earth-moving vehicle to follow during a compressor surfaces. The project has two major typical work cycle. Constraints considered in calculating components. Researchers will make detailed the optimal path are the vehicle geometry, vehicle characterization of the changes in surface topography and performance limits, work area configuration, and vehicle physical structure of mating surfaces from their initial jerk and acceleration limits. The applications of this (virgin) state up to the point of scuffing. After researchers research will include use as a design tool to assist understand the material properties and surface engineers in determining vehicle specifications. topography, a modeling effort will be initiated to describe the essential coupled processes of deformation and heat transfer and the resulting effects of stress and temperature at points in a contact interface.
* Denotes principal investigator. 12 Control of Nonlinear Dynamic Systems optimization is investigated. A well-posed, regularized D. A. Tortorelli* topology optimization problem is developed by University of Illinois introducing a Gaussian-weighted density measure. Topology results based on the linear and nonlinear elastic Sensitivity analysis and optimization techniques are used formulations are compared. The formulation of the to design control systems for nonlinear plants. These structural design problem is then extended to design plants usually preclude classical/modern control strategies compliant mechanisms undergoing large displacements. because of their complex nonlinear behavior. A rigorous dynamic model of the system under consideration is Design of Fiber Brushes for derived, and an open loop control law is determined, Homopolar Machines minimizing the desired cost function through sensitivity J. S. Walker,* M. N. Alexakis analysis and optimization techniques. Unfortunately, open Naval Surface Warfare Center, N65540-99-M-0121 loop schemes never completely solve automatic control problems as they lack desirable features of feedback In fiber brushes for homopolar motors and generators, control, such as disturbance rejection and lowered electric current flows through thin copper fibers which sensitivity to parameter variation. Hence, researchers have tips that slide over the surface of a rotating copper seek to combine open- and closed-loop strategies in the drum. Large electromagnetic forces on the fibers can overall control scheme. dramatically increase or decrease the contact force between the tip of each fiber and the rotating drum. This contact Smart Meso Flaps for Aeroelastic force must be greater than a minimum value to maintain Transpiration to Control Shock/Boundary- electrical contact and must be less than a maximum value Layer Interactions to minimize wear. Models with large-deflection beam D. A. Tortorelli,* J. Y. Kim theory are being developed to achieve an optimal design. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
The capability and performance of smart meso flaps for aeroelastic transpiration (SMAT) is investigated, which Dynamic Systems will provide mass and momentum transfer to control Shock/Boundary-Layer Interactions (SBLIs). Numerical Novel Passive Vibration Control and experimental investigations will be closely integrated Methods for Aerostructures in relevant SBLI flowfields. Numerical studies will L. A. Bergman* (Aero. & Astro. Engr.), A. F. Vakakis* employ an aeroelastic, finite element code to investigate Air Force Office of Scientific Research the fluid physics between the supersonic turbulent boundary layer, the subsonic cavity flow, and the This project will study energy pumping in flexible deforming meso flaps. This will be coupled to advanced systems; one-way, irreversible transfer of energy from a shape- and topology-optimization techniques so that the continuous system to a passive “sink” where the energy numerical representation of the nonlinear adaptive localizes and dissipates. Researchers apply this concept to controllers is such that meso flap design can be designed the passive isolation of aerostructures from unwanted for a given flowfield. disturbances.
Topology Optimization of Geometrically Sound Generation Mechanisms Nonlinear Structures and Compliant of Expansion Devices Mechanisms N. R. Miller,* S. McLevige D. A. Tortorelli,* J. Noratoes 22 Company Consortium: Air Conditioning and University of Illinois Refrigeration Center, National Science Foundation
Topology optimization of structures has become an area This project builds on a previous project that investigated of rapidly increasing interest to researchers during the past the sound generated by the expansion of refrigerant decade. Most structural topology optimization problems through expansion devices. That project successfully assume a linear elastic response. This assumption is not identified, applied, and extended an existing flow control valid for systems undergoing large deformation. The noise valve model to this application. This project will structural analysis here accommodates geometric and investigate the mechanisms of expansion noise in order to material nonlinearities and its impact on the topology obtain a better understanding of known methods of
13 * Denotes principal investigator. expansion noise attenuation and to be able to propose Experimental Studies of Nonlinear alternative or more effective solutions. The project will Localization in Repetitive Structures also investigate the “popping” noise reported to occur in A. F. Vakakis* capillary tubes under certain operating conditions. National Science Foundation, CMS 94-57750 NYI
High Frequency Vibration Measurements Researchers experimentally investigate transient and in Head Disk Interfaces steady-state localized modes in periodic flexible systems A. A. Polycarpou,* K. Lee with stiffness nonlinearities. The goal is to show that for University of Illinois sufficiently small coupling between substructures, these systems possess passive nonlinear motion confinement Typical head disk interfaces in magnetic storage and properties that can be used in new vibration and shock MEMS experience significant vibration frequencies isolation designs. ranging from DC up to several MHz. A Laser Doppler Vibrometer with a dynamic bandwidth of DC-20 MHz Linear and Nonlinear Passive Vibration and subangstrom resolution is used to measure transient Control of Mechanical Systems and steady state vibrations of head disk interfaces. A. F. Vakakis,* L. A. Bergman* (Aero. & Astro Engr.), Advanced signal processing methods are used to extract J. G. Georgiadis,* X. Jiang, J. Hoke, X. Ma significant features from these measurements. These Office of Naval Research, N00014-00-1-0187 measurements will be used to develop vibration diagnostics tools for detecting head disk contacts Researchers develop linear and nonlinear vibration under high speed sliding conditions. isolation designs for Office of Naval Research related applications. In particular, this research team develops a Microcontact Stiffness Studies nonlinear vibration and shock isolator to protect sensitive A. A. Polycarpou,* X. Shi machines from vibrations transmitted through ship hulls. University of Illinois In addition, researchers examine passive vibration control designs for trusses on-board ships and investigate passive Contact stiffness is the stiffness between contacting approaches for ice delamination on airplane wings. surfaces, usually due to the asperities that are more compliant than the bulk. The contact stiffness plays a Nonlinear Localization for Seismic Isolation key role in dynamic friction modeling. Even though it A. F. Vakakis,* L. A. Bergman* (Aero. & Astro. Engr.) can readily be calculated, measurement is often difficult. National Science Foundation, CMS 00-00060 In macroapplications it has been shown that there is a good agreement between theoretical predictions and Researchers propose a nonlinear base isolation design for measurements of contact stiffness using the resonance isolating shocks from structures. The design is based on method. A microstiffness tester that is capable of nonlinear localization whereby energy is transferred away measuring contact stiffness in miniature systems will be from a mode of the structure to be isolated and directed developed and measurements will be performed in into a secondary subsystem. Experimental verification of typical MEMS and head disk interfaces. the method is planned.
Dynamics of Bolted Joints Nonlinear Normal Mode Approaches to Study A. F. Vakakis,* L. A. Bergman* (Aero. & Astro Engr.), Solitary Waves in Nonlinear Chains of C. T. Hartwigsen Particles Sandia National Laboratories A. F. Vakakis* University of Illinois In this project researchers develop techniques for experimental modeling of mechanical joints. Data A new approach for studying traveling or stationary waves acquisition is performed through laser vibrometry with spatially localized envelopes in nonlinear periodic and postprocessing relies on nonparametric system particle chains is studied. The technique used is an identification. Hysteresis loops that enable the estimation extension of previously used nonlinear normal mode of the stiffness and damping characteristics of the joints (NNM) methodologies for analyzing NNMs of discrete are measured. and (bounded, one-dimensional) continuous nonlinear oscillators. In the context of these methods, stationary wave solutions in the chains are regarded as localized
* Denotes principal investigator. 14 NNMs of unbounded, continuous, one-dimensional Pulse-Width Modulation of systems. Propagating, weakly modulated waves are then a Scroll Compressor computed by imposing Lorentz coordinate C. W. Bullard,* P. S. Hrnjak,* S. Ilic transformations to the stationary wave solutions. Copeland Corporation
Mechanical flow modulation is a potentially feasible alternative to variable-speed motors for air conditioning Energy Systems and and refrigeration compressors. In this project, Thermodynamics experiments are being conducted in a well-instrumented environmental chamber using a pulse-width-modulated scroll compressor. The goal is to develop a fundamental Designing and Testing a Stationary Air understanding of effects on the rest of the system and Conditioning System with Minimum Total ultimately to identify component design and system Equivalent Global Warming Impact control strategies to achieve maximum energy efficiency. C. W. Bullard,* W. E. Dunn,* S. A. Stott U.S. Department of Energy; National Science Foundation, Residential Air Conditioning Systems EEC 96-12120 DOE C. W. Bullard,* P. S. Hrnjak,* S. Song The Trane Company With the assistance of heat exchanger manufacturers, this project involves fabricating a breadboard system to explore This project focuses on the analysis of microchannel heat the energy conservation benefits of an air conditioning exchangers with extruded aluminum multiport tubes in system employing ultracompact heat exchangers. high-pressure refrigeration systems such as those using
The study also seeks to quantify the benefits of reducing HFC-410A or supercritical CO2. Research is aimed at transient losses by reducing charge inventory as a developing new insights into the fundamental heat potentially simple alternative to variable-speed fans and transfer and fluid flow phenomena that might be compressors as a means of increasing energy efficiency. exploited in this class of heat exchanger technologies. Specifically in the case of gas coolers, the focus is on Modular Simulation Model for circuiting that minimizes approach temperature without Air Conditioning Systems sacrificing compactness. For evaporators, the key issues C. W. Bullard,* X. Liu are water retention, frost tolerance, and two-phase 22 Company Consortium: Air Conditioning and refrigerant distribution into hundreds of parallel Refrigeration Center, National Science Foundation microchannel ports.
The purpose of this project is to develop a detailed air Simulation Model for Rotary Compressors conditioner simulation model with a modular structure C. W. Bullard,* M. H. Kim that can accommodate various types of heat exchangers, Samsung Electronics Co. expansion devices used in a wide variety of stationary and mobile air conditioning and refrigeration applications. Rotary vane compressors are used in most small air The work builds on an existing model/solver structure conditioning systems because of their compactness and that enables the user to exchange input and output low noise levels. The compression process differs greatly variables without rewriting or recompiling the program. from conventional reciprocating or scroll compressors, and the only existing physically based simulation models are Optimization of Wire-on-Tube Condensers too large and complex for use in system simulations. C. W. Bullard,* M. H. Kim, T. Kulkarni This project uses nonlinear parameter estimation Samsung Electronics Co. techniques to extract a small number of physical parameters from standard tests already conducted by This project builds upon prior experimental work to manufacturers. The result will be physically based models develop design tools for wire-on-tube condensers, such as to replace the existing fully empirical ones used in those used in domestic refrigerator-freezers and some system simulations. commercial applications. The focus is on development of simulation and optimization models that can be used to quantify tradeoffs between thermal performance and other factors affecting cost-effectiveness and consumer acceptance, including weight, volume, and face velocity.
15 * Denotes principal investigator. Design of Heat Exchangers manner compatible with efficient operation of its for Frosting Conditions air curtain. P. S. Hrnjak,* C. W. Bullard,* Y. Wu 22 Company Consortium: Air Conditioning and Ice Slurry as a Secondary Refrigerant Refrigeration Center, National Science Foundation P. S. Hrnjak,* J. Nowak* American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and This project involves experimental and analytical Air-Conditioning Engineers investigations of ways to control the spatial and temporal distribution of frost on heat exchangers of various Secondary loops offer great potential for charge reduction geometries, including those with circular, elliptical, and in refrigeration systems. Single phase secondary flat tubes. It also includes investigations of the effect of refrigerants are simpler to use but due to sensible heat, flow conditions on frost density and will relate this require significant flows. Ice slurry has potential in flow full-heat exchanger performance to that which has been reduction and thermal storage. The focus is on observed for single plates and fins. Additional wind experimental flow and heat characteristics of propylene tunnel tests will explore the feasibility of eliminating glycol slurry. frosting altogether in supermarket and transport applications requiring that food temperatures be Optimization of R134a Air maintained at temperatures <5°C using high-performance, Conditioning Systems ultracompact heat exchangers with enhanced air-side heat P. S. Hrnjak,* S. Nelson transfer surfaces. Ford-Visteon
Evaluation of Secondary Loop Processes for Mobile air conditioning systems are responsible for Use in Low-Temperature Refrigeration for significant refrigerant leaks. Recent increased Supermarkets requirements for high efficient systems along with leak P. S. Hrnjak,* W. Terrell issues are driving research in new technologies that will U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, CR-824346-01-0 result in more energy efficient systems with minimal TEWI. Supermarkets are second only to automotive A/C systems in polluting the atmosphere with refrigerants. Signal at the Evaporator Exit for A circulating liquid concept should increase energy Improvement of Refrigerant Distribution efficiency, reduce inventory and leakage of expensive and P. S. Hrnjak,* M. A. Shannon,* T. Leicht environmentally damaging refrigerant, and utilize Electric Power Research Institute centralized units that are more reliable, efficient, and less expensive. The project determines viable fluids and The existence of droplets in the superheated vapor at the appropriate defrost techniques, and it will experimentally evaporator exit is an indication of refrigerant verify models developed. Additional attention is given to maldistribution. Analysis of frequency content related to CO2 and ice slurry as secondary fluids that operate with liquid mass fraction indicates that it could be a reliable phase changes. signal for control of ganged MEMS valves used for refrigerant throttling. Frost-Tolerant, Ultracompact Heat Exchangers for Supermarket Refrigeration Transcritical Cycles for Stationary Air P. S. Hrnjak,* C. W. Bullard,* D. Carlson Conditioning Using Carbon Dioxide U.S. Department of Energy Refrigerant P. S. Hrnjak,* C. W. Bullard,* J. Yin, M. H. Kim, X. Li, This project explores design strategies for minimizing M. Richter, S. Song performance degradation of microchannel heat exchangers Hydro Aluminum A.S.; The Trane Co. (fin and louver design, variable-speed fans) during frosting conditions in commercial and transport refrigeration Transcritical carbon dioxide cycles are compared to applications. The next step is to quantify the interaction state-of-the-art vapor compression cycles that use between parameters (airflow rates) affecting the design of hydroflurocarbon refrigerants. Experiments are conducted air curtains and evaporators (face velocities) in refrigerated in test facilities specifically designed to span a wide range display cases. The final task is to develop and test ways of of indoor and outdoor psychrometric conditions for integrating ducted evaporators into a display case in a residential-scale heat pumps. The resulting data will
* Denotes principal investigator. 16 provide the basis for comparing the total impact on global or split-system air conditioners. Such information is warming, directly and indirectly, resulting from the needed to provide the basis for customizing each heat operation of CO2-based systems designed to compete with transfer enhancement strategy to various components residential heat pumps using R-410A. Tradeoffs involving and systems. volume, weight, efficiency, and reliability are being investigated. Salt Gradient Solar Pond Research T. A. Newell* Transcritical Heat Pumps for Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources, Vehicle Air Conditioning STILENRAE25SLRPND129; International Salt Co.; P. S. Hrnjak,* C. W. Bullard,* J. Yin, X. Li, M. Gundle Lining Systems Giannavola, R. Murphy Delphi Thermal Systems, Inc.; Modine Manufacturing Co.; A half-acre solar pond has been constructed in the U.S. Army agriculture section of campus. Continuing research investigates the feasibility of solar ponds for Transcritical carbon dioxide cycles are compared to low-temperature heating processes. state-of-the-art vapor compression cycles that use hydroflurocarbon refrigerants. Experiments are conducted An Investigation of Electrochemical in test facilities specifically designed to span a wide range Processes for Refrigeration of indoor and outdoor psychrometric conditions for T. Newell,* D. Gerlach automotive-scale and larger vehicle heat pumps. 22 Company Consortium: Air Conditioning and The resulting data will provide the basis for comparing the Refrigeration Center, National Science Foundation total impact on global warming, directly and indirectly. Advanced control strategies in heating and cooling mode Researchers are conducting a preliminary investigation are being investigated along with trade offs involving of electrochemical processes for producing volume, weight, efficiency, and reliability. refrigeration effects.
Carbon Dioxide as a Refrigerant in Dual Evaporator Refrigerator Research Secondary Loops and Cascade Systems T. Newell,* C. Bullard,* M. Stein, D. Gerlach, C. Inan P. Hrnjak,* J. Jang Arcelik, 1-5-38265 Wolverine, Inc. The focus of this research is on testing and modeling of Carbon dioxide has excellent thermophysical properties dual evaporator refrigerators. The effects of both heat and at low refrigeration temperatures. Combined with good mass transfer are included. Modeling of refrigerator material compatibility and environmental friendliness, cabinets during opened and closed door conditions are it becomes an attractive option. System, defrost, heat included in the study. transfer, and related issues are being studied in the project. Development of Next-Generation Building An Evaluation of Heat Exchangers Using Energy Analysis Program, “EnergyPlus” System Information and PEC C. O. Pedersen,* R. J. Liesen,* P. Ellis A. M. Jacobi,* C. W. Bullard* U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, 22 Company Consortium: Air Conditioning and DACA88-96-0005-08 Refrigeration Center, National Science Foundation This project includes research and development in the Air-side heat transfer is the limiting factor in many air areas of building energy analysis and computer simulation conditioning and refrigeration systems. Related work in of building systems. The context for this research is a new the center is on developing a fundamental understanding computer program, called EnergyPlus, which is being of the way in which various heat transfer enhancement developed under DOE sponsorship. EnergyPlus will mechanisms work, including louvers, vortex generators, include a detailed thermal zone model and a state-of-the- wavy fins, pulsed flow, and sawtooth-shaped wire-on-tube art HVAC system simulation. The zone model will configurations. The purpose of this project is to use accurately predict the performance of the building knowledge of why these approaches work and determine envelope and will calculate the effect of energy saving which approaches are best suited to each application: systems such as passive solar and advanced fenestration. domestic and commercial refrigeration or room, mobile, The HVAC system simulation will be integrated with the
17 * Denotes principal investigator. zone model to allow for the analysis of processes such as Thermal Radiative Emission from Surfaces moisture adsorption in building elements and hydronic in the Presence of Electric Fields radiant heating. M. A. Shannon,* R. Pahl University of Illinois Development of a Toolkit for Building Thermal Load Calculations During short-pulse, high-power laser irradiation of solids, C. O. Pedersen,* R. J. Liesen,* P. Ellis electrons are ejected from the surface in large numbers American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and and with high energy, which creates very high transient Air-Conditioning Engineers electromagnetic fields near the surface. Radiant thermal emission from the surface may change nonlinearly because This project will collect and codify state-of-the-art of the presence of this induced field. The purpose of this building thermal load calculation algorithms in a modular project is to measure the distribution of thermal radiation format. The toolkit, under the sponsorship of the with wavelength under applied electric fields to determine ASHRAE technical committee for thermal load the relative importance of electromagnetic fields on calculations, will provide a repository for building thermal thermal emission at different temperatures. modeling techniques in a readily accessible and usable structure. This research will also complement the existing ASHRAE toolkits for systems and central plant modeling. Engineering Mechanics High-Intensity, Short-Pulse, Laser Beam Interactions with Solid Materials and A Nanoscale Quasi-Continuum Theory Plasmas Y. Huang,* P. Zhang M. A. Shannon,* B. Gundrum Institute of Exploratory Studies, Department of University of Illinois Mechanical and Industrial Engineering
The main objective of this research is to investigate energy This study aims at developing a quasi-continuum theory coupling of high-power, short-pulse lasers with solids and for nanoscale applications. It incorporates the plasmas, and specifically to investigate using lasers for information from atomistic studies into a continuum near diffraction-limited micromachining and forming. framework through the constitutive modeling. The ultimate goal is to understand and control laser beams irradiating solids to create high-intensity filaments Application of Strain Gradient Plasticity: on the order of microns. Achieving this would increase Modeling and Experiments the spatial resolution and depth of field of current Y. Huang,* S. Qu, M. X. Shi, Z. Xue laser-machining and joining processes, but the greatest National Science Foundation, 98-96285; Campus Research impact could be on the fabrication of micron-sized Board; National Science Foundation of China structures for 3-D micromachines. The purpose for this research project is to develop a Multidisciplinary Research and Education microscale plasticity theory for applications from 0.1 to Program in Laser and Thermal Science with 10 microns such as in nano- and microindentations, Application to Microfabrication Engineering microelectronic devices, and MEMS. M. A. Shannon,* J. Hammonds National Science Foundation, CTS 9703402 Computational Methods for Mechanism-based Higher-Order Continuum Theories The goal of this project is to advance the state of Y. Huang,* P. Zhang knowledge of laser and thermal science in the education of National Science Foundation, CMS-9983779 students and in research toward highly anisotropic etching of advanced materials. The objective of the proposed work is to develop novel computational methods for the recently proposed virtual internal bond (VIB) method. The VIB method extends the application range of classical continuum mechanics to modeling cohesive elasticity at much smaller length scales (lattice spacing in elastic deformation). A major obstacle to the application of such theory is the lack of efficient
* Denotes principal investigator. 18 numerical methods for higher order or nonlocal Damage Tolerance in Tank Cars continuum theories involving multiple distinct materials H. Sehitoglu;* D. Pecknold,* C. Barkan* length scales. Researchers propose to develop a robust and (Civil & Environ. Engr.) reliable numerical method to analyze multiscale Federal Railway Administration phenomena that cannot be addressed by classical continuum theories. This research program is intended to develop information for the Federal Railway Administration and the tank car Three-Dimensional Failure Simulation industry to apply durability concepts to improve the of Particle-Filled Elastomers understanding of factors contributing to design, Y. Huang,* A. J. Beaudoin;* E. DeSturler* (Comput. operation, and maintenance of tank cars. The technical Sci.); P. H. Geubelle* (Aero. & Astro. Engr.); P. Zhang emphasis is aimed at identifying the uncertainties of the University of Illinois overall durability analysis of tank cars and the sensitivity of the factors that produce high levels of variability in Researchers develop constitute models and parallel reliability analysis and design. It is expected that the computation algorithms to simulate the mechanical and underlying concepts developed for tank cars can be failure behavior of elastomers. applied to other railroad systems.
Evaluation of Stress Redistribution and Stresses under Contact Loading Notch Sensitivity in Ceramic, Metal, and and Material Ratchetting Polymer Matrix Composites H. Sehitoglu,* Y. Jiang T. J. Mackin,* G. Horn Association of American Railroads (in collaboration with National Science Foundation, CMS 96-24705; the University of Nevada, Reno) Stress Photonics Based on a stress invariant hypothesis and a stress/strain The use of high-temperature CMCs requires holes, relaxation procedure, an analytical approach is forwarded notches, attachments, and various joining procedures, all for approximate determination of residual stresses and of which lead to stress concentration. Consequently, these strain accumulation in rolling contact. For line rolling stress concentrators are the most likely locations of failure contact problems, the proposed method produces residual in the material. Fortunately, fiber reinforcements impart stress distributions in favorable agreement with the a degree of ductility to CMCs that mitigates the stress existing finite-element findings. Researchers study concentration. Various CMCs are being investigated ratchetting behavior of 1070 steel under uniaxial tension- to determine their performance and notch sensitivities. compression and axial-shear loadings experimentally. Thermoelastic stress analysis (TSA) is being used to Strain ratchetting direction exhibits a complex dependence quantify damage progression; the results are used in the on the previous loading history, including nonconsistence development of materials models and the subsequent with the mean stress direction. Different models to predict development of new materials. this phenomenon are proposed and compared to experiments. Interface Design of Composites for Improved Damage Tolerance A Consistent Plate Theory T. J. Mackin,* N. R. Sottos* (Theoret. & Appl. Mech.), D. A. Tortorelli,* M. Duesterhaus V. Damljanovic, M. Brandi U.S. Department of Energy (through ASCI) U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research Much work has been performed to develop finite elements A detailed investigation of composite constituent for the analysis of plates. These theories, primarily based properties as related to stress redistribution, notch on the Kirchoff assumptions, contain certain sensitivity, and damage evolution. Model ceramic, inconsistencies. In this study, a plate theory consistent polymer, and cement matrix composites are fabricated with 3-D elasticity is developed using the theory of with a range of constituent properties. These properties internal constraints. The basic assumptions of the Kirchoff are measured using standard tensile tests as well as fiber plate theory are enforced as internal constraints. In this pushout tests. The micromechanical mechanisms are then way, no inconsistencies are introduced. A 3-D, 8-noded related to the macromechanical response. Damage brick element is developed and yields satisfactory results evolution is quantified using infrared imaging and in the analysis of some simple plate problems. Moiré interferometry. The applicability of the element to more complicated problems is being investigated.
19 * Denotes principal investigator. The results are then used to develop less computationally Environmental Engineering intensive models for practical use.
Air Compliance Advisor National Transportation Risk Assessment W. E. Dunn,* D. M. Maloney W. E. Dunn,* D. F. Brown U.S. Army, DACA88-96-D-005-05 U.S. Department of Transportation, DOE ANL 980072401
The Air Compliance Advisor allows one to evaluate the The purpose of this study is to quantify risk to the public cost, performance, and regulatory compliance of various associated with the transportation of hazardous materials pollution reduction and control strategies. The program by highway and rail and also to identify the major was recently adopted by the U.S. Environmental components of the risk profile to better target regulations Protection Agency for use nationwide as a pollution and other risk-reduction strategies. Hazardous materials control system evaluation and planning tool. of interest include substances that are toxic by inhalation The program uses object-oriented data structures and or are flammable or explosive. Stochastic methods are methods to encapsulate the complex algorithms used in used to obtain complete risk profiles for several key estimating emissions and calculating costs so that the user commodities in each of these categories. Factors can rapidly prototype and test alternative systems in a considered in the analysis include accident probabilities, fully intuitive manner. The program also provides a release rates, transportation mode, and health criteria. knowledge-based set of rules so that the best results are produced given the information currently available. Fluid Dynamics Determination of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances for the North American Emergency Response Guidebook Analysis of Flow and Transport for the Year 2000 in Subway Systems W. E. Dunn,* D. F. Brown W. E. Dunn,* B. R. Green U.S. Department of Transportation, DOE ANL 981402401 U.S. Army, DOE ANL 980072401
The North American Emergency Response Guidebook The flow in subway systems is influenced by many factors. (NAERG), distributed throughout the United States, Included among these are the action of the trains; the Canada, and Mexico, provides first-responders with the operation of the heating, ventilating, and cooling systems; information necessary to minimize injury and death natural convection flows created by thermal gradients and following a transportation accident. This project involves height differentials within the system; external wind; and the determination of Initial Isolation and Protective turbulence. This project is an experimental and numerical Action distances for the substances listed in the guidebook study of these flows with an eye toward better that are toxic by inhalation or that may release toxic understanding and more accurate prediction of products upon reaction with water. The values are transport within the system. obtained using the Chemical Accident Stochastic Risk Assessment Model (CASRAM), which researchers working Atmospheric Boundary Layer Modeling on this project developed specifically for this purpose. W. E. Dunn,* D. F. Brown U.S. Army, DOE ANL 981402401 Modeling the Dispersion of Fog-oil Smoke W. E. Dunn* The atmospheric boundary layer is a convectively driven U.S. Army, BURNS AND MCDON 97-204 unstable turbulent boundary layer during the day and a stable turbulent boundary layer at night. The boundary Dispersion of oil smoke in the atmosphere is governed layer is constantly changing owing to the diurnal cycle of by the action of turbulent air motions coupled with the solar heating of the ground. This atmospheric boundary deposition and evaporation of the oil droplets. layer model treats short wavelength solar heating, long This project involves the development of numerical wavelength radiation exchange between the ground and models of dispersion that treats the effects of atmospheric the atmospheric, sensible and latent convective heat turbulence, droplet deposition, evaporation, terrain and transfer through a multilayer plant canopy, and vegetation, and transitional meteorology. The primary conduction to the ground. Researchers are collecting model employs a Monte Carlo simulation technique. high quality data at several sites around the country to validate and improve this model.
* Denotes principal investigator. 20 Instantaneous Measurements of Molecular thermodynamic quantities from the high-resolution Mixing in High Reynolds Number Shear Flows (∆ω=0.1 cm-1) CARS spectra, theoretical spectra are fit to J. C. Dutton,* R. P. Lucht,* T. R. Meyer the experimental spectra in a least-squares manner, leaving National Science Foundation, CTS 94-23280 pressure and temperature as adjustable parameters. Density is determined from the equation-of-state and The objectives of this research are the development and velocity from the measured static temperature and application of a technique for quantitative measurements homenergetic assumption. of the structure of high Reynolds number gaseous shear flows (forced and unforced jets and shear layers). Three-dimensional, Supersonic Base Flows The extent of mixing at the molecular as well as the J. C. Dutton,* B. A. Boswell macroscopic level in shear flows is measured U.S. Army Research Office, DAAG55-97-1-0122 instantaneously by using two lasers and two cameras to excite and then detect LIF from NO and acetone This project seeks to obtain nonintrusive, laser-based simultaneously. Quantitative measurements of molecular diagnostic measurements to identify the important flow mixing are of tremendous importance, particularly in mechanisms in three-dimensional base flows that are chemically reacting systems for which mixing of the fuel representative of high-speed objects flying at angle-of- and oxidant streams at the molecular level is required attack. Important questions to be addressed include the to initiate reactions. steadiness of the overall flowfield, the interaction of the lee-side vortical flow with the base flow recirculation Planar Visualization and Measurements of region, and the size and shape of the separated flow Axisymmetric, Supersonic Base Flows regions. Measurement methods used include J. C. Dutton,* C. J. Bourdon schlieren/shadowgraph photography, surface streakline U.S. Army Research Office, DAAG55-97-1-0122 visualizations, LDV, planar Rayleigh/Mie scattering, pressure-sensitive paint, and PIV. Planar visualizations and measurements of the large-scale turbulent structures in axisymmetric, supersonic base Smart Mesoflaps for Aeroelastic flows are being obtained by means of Rayleigh/Mie Transpiration to Control Shock/Boundary- scattering and planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF). Layer Interactions Researchers have obtained similar visualizations for planar, J. C. Dutton,* E. Loth,* S. T. McIlwain* (Aero. & Astro. supersonic base flows, but the focus here is to investigate Engr.); E. S. Hafenrichter; Y. Lee; M. J. Orphanides the extra rates of strain that occur in axisymmetric flows. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, F49620-98-1-0381; In addition, the effects of afterbody boattailing, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, addition of tabs on the afterbody, and mass bleed into F49620-98-1-0490 the separated region are being studied. All of these flowfield manipulations are known to alter base pressure, This project investigates the feasibility and performance but their effects on the detailed turbulent structure of of a novel “smart mesoflap” system to control the the near wake are currently unknown. shock/boundary-layer interactions typical of supersonic mixed-compression inlets. In the experimental Simultaneous Measurements of Pressure, aerodynamics portion of this investigation, an array of Temperature, and Velocity Using CARS in flaps will be examined in a Mach 2.5 supersonic wind High-Speed Flows tunnel with a flow containing an oblique shock/boundary- J. C. Dutton,* R. P. Lucht,* J. P. Kuehner layer interaction. Detailed flow diagnostics, including U.S. Army Research Office, DAAG55-97-1-0194 schlieren/shadowgraph photography, laser Doppler velocimetry, and pressure-sensitive paint, will be used The objective of this research program is the development to determine the effectiveness of the mesoflap system. and application of a new, nonintrusive optical diagnostic Investigations of a normal shock interaction at Mach 1.4 technique for spatially and temporally resolved will also be conducted. measurements of pressure, temperature, density, and velocity in high-speed flows. The high-resolution
N2 CARS technique takes advantage of the line- broadening effects and population shifts of the rotational structure near the nitrogen (v=0→1) Q-branch, which are pressure- and temperature-sensitive. To extract
21 * Denotes principal investigator. Quantitative Visualization of Convective Heat include optics and software for determining the local and Mass Transfer in Complex Internal Flow instantaneous density, velocity components, and J. G. Georgiadis,* R. O. Buckius,* K. W. Moser, diffusivities of particle clouds from their passage through D. J. Holdych the laser-measuring volume. University of Illinois; National Center for Supercomputing Applications; National Science Foundation Modeling Crown Formation Due to the Splashing of a Droplet In applications with complex internal flows, it is the C. F. Lee,* M. F. Trujillo unpredictability of the tortuous fluid particle trajectories Ford Motor Co.; U.S. Department of Energy that produces enhanced heat and mass transfer, beyond the level of simple molecular diffusion. The research The crown formation created by the impact of a drop on program consists of a combination of noninvasive a slightly wetted surface is treated as a series of two measurements with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) surfaces of discontinuity from which the jump and numerical simulation using lattice-Boltzmann momentum and mass equations are developed along with methods (LBM) of such internal flows. Two model the governing equation for crown radius. The crown systems have been considered: a water-saturated packed radius equation is solved in conjuction with the governing bed and a helical flow mixer driven by a pair of equations of the flow emanating from drop/wall impact. Rushton turbines. Both viscid and inviscid situations are treated. Comparing experimental and computational results from the literature Hypervapotron Isothermal Flow Resistance validates the results. The effects of film height and wall Tests for Use in ITER Divertor Cooling friction on the crown formation and evolution are B. G. Jones* (Nucl., Plasma, & Radiol. Engr.), investigated. D. Driemeyer* (McDonnell Douglas-St. Louis), X. Li U.S. Department of Energy, DE-YBE233R-CO4A Experimental Investigation of Refrigerant/Oil Flows Using an Ambient Pressure Flow Isothermal flow tests have been conducted to determine Visualization Facility parametric flow resistance characteristics of hypervapotron T. A. Newell,* T. Shedd, X. Bai (boiling in single-sided, ribbed surface flow channels) 22 Company Consortium: Air Conditioning and configurations using low-pressure water systems with Refrigeration Center, National Science Foundation prototypic dimensions and flow rates. Experimental data indicate friction factors are significantly lower than A flow visualization loop using refrigerant R123 is being previously published correlations and are only slightly constructed. A novel optical measurement system is being higher than smooth wall values. For very small flow developed for nonintrusive measurement of two-phase channel height, of the dimension of the rib pitch or flow parameters. smaller, the tests show a modest friction factor increase, being very sensitive to accurate channel height Void Fraction and Pressure determinations. Drop in Microchannels T. A. Newell,* P. S. Hrnjak,* V. Niño, W. Payne Fluctuation in Fully Developed Pipe Flow of a 22 Company Consortium: Air Conditioning and Dense Suspension and Transport Parameters Refrigeration Center, National Science Foundation C. F. Lee,* Y. Xu University of Illinois Void fraction and pressure drop of different microchannel tubes is being investigated. A variety of refrigerants at Fully developed pipe flow of a dense suspension is different mass flow rates and quality are examined. characterized by low-frequency fluctuations in wavy stratified flow in a horizontal pipe. Upgrading Drop Dynamics and Speciation in Isolation synchronized measurements of laser Doppler velocimetry of Metals from Liquid Wastes and phase Doppler particle analyzer gives components of A. J. Pearlstein,* A. Scheeline (Chem.), M. P. Shiue fluctuating velocities and densities of particle suspensions U.S. Department of Energy, DE-FG07-97ER14837 where particle-particle interactions are significant when compared to particle-wall interactions. Data permits High-temperature thermal treatment is a potentially closure of the time-averaged equations for the predictions promising approach to isolation of radioactive and of stress components in a flowing suspension. Advances otherwise hazardous metals from liquids. Researchers are
* Denotes principal investigator. 22 conducting computational and experimental investigations desired activity resides in one enantiomer. Thus, of the dynamics of liquid drops in high-temperature gas separation of enantiomers is of interest. Enantioselective flows, with particular emphasis on how heat and mass complexation with a chiral carrier (vancomycin) gives rise transfer affect metal speciation. The computational work to an effective electrophoretic mobility difference, which focuses on understanding how flow internal and external researchers will amplify using an axisymmetric annular to drops affects transport and speciation, with particular swirl flow. Computational work accounts for diffusion, emphasis on the drop’s wake. This involves extending electric field strength, geometry, and swirl and will guide previous work to higher density ratios, different viscosity the design of azimuthal collection geometries. ratios, accounting for thermal effects (variable surface tension), and ultimately, multicomponent mass transfer. Stability of the Wake behind a Rotating Circular Cylinder Effects of Rotation on Bridgman A. J. Pearlstein,* F. Petteni Solidification of Binary Alloys University of Illinois A. J. Pearlstein,* H. Lee University of Illinois Researchers are conducting computational investigations of the stability of the steady (asymmetric) 2-D flow past a Compositional nonuniformity in directionally solidified rotating cylinder, as well as the time-periodic 2-D flow to alloys is of concern in producing single-crystal turbine which it loses its stability as the Reynolds number (Re) is blades and other high-strength components and increased. To date, researchers have shown that the electro-optic materials. Rotation can suppress convection critical Re at which the steady flow becomes unstable to in a horizontally unbounded layer, and (through the 2-D disturbances depends nonmonotonically on the Coriolis and centrifugal accelerations) can strongly affect dimensionless rotation rate and that the frequency of the dopant distributions in galliom selenide, a nonlinear critical mode that evolves from the Hopf bifurcation has optical material. several discontinuities along the stability boundary, corresponding to transitions from one mode to another. Fluid Mechanics of Electrodeposition to High Aspect Ratio Through-Holes in Dean Vortices in a Spiral Duct Printed Circuit Boards of Square Cross Section A. J. Pearlstein,* D. L. Cotrell S. P. Vanka,* P. Sudkamp National Science Foundation, CTS 94-22770 University of Illinois
Rapid and uniform deposition of copper on the inner It is well known that when a fluid flows through a passage surface of high aspect ratio “through-holes” of printed with streamwise curvature, secondary flows are set up in circuit boards is important in electronics manufacture. the duct cross section as a result of the centrifugal forces Researchers are investigating a new approach using a acting on the fluid. Most of the previous studies have rotating screw electrode (RSE) inside the hole. In addition considered the formation of secondary flow cells in the to improving the electric field distribution, the RSE fully-developed regime. In this study, researchers consider generates a 3-D flow that greatly enhances mass transfer. the spatial development of the four-cell pattern from a Experiments show that plating uniformity is excellent. two-cell pattern, as the Dean number is increased Researchers have developed a numerical code to compute gradually in the streamwise direction. This is achieved by this flow and have shown that the computed flow is in changing the radius of curvature of the duct. good agreement with two-component laser-Doppler velocimetry. Natural Convection in a CVD Reactor with Radial Variation of Substrate Temperature Helical Flow-amplified Electrophoretic S. P. Vanka,* N. Ploplys Separation of Enantiomers Differentially University of Illinois Complexed to Chiral Carriers A. J. Pearlstein,* H. Gao, H. Lee The objective of this research is to study the influence of National Science Foundation, CTS 9613241; NIST Coop. a radial temperature variation on natural convection in Agreement 70NANB740059 CVD reactors. It is anticipated that such a temperature variation can mitigate the convective flow and can lead to Many drugs, pesticides, and other biologically active enhanced uniformity of thin films grown by chemical compounds are chiral, existing in left- and right-handed vapor deposition. mirror images called enantiomers. In most cases, the
23 * Denotes principal investigator. Three-dimensional Vortex Shedding Magnetic Damping for Crystal from Circular Cylinders Growth in Space S. P. Vanka,* G. Luo J. S. Walker* U.S. Office of Naval Research, N00014-96-1-0697 National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NAG8-1453 Researchers are studying the three-dimensional structure of vortex shedding from a circular cylinder placed in a Any crystal growth experiment in an earth-orbiting spanwise sheared free stream. Computations are being vehicle is subjected to chaotic accelerations called g-jitters. performed using a high-order accurate numerical scheme A magnetic field can be used to suppress the melt motions and high performance parallel computers. driven by g-jitters in order to achieve optimal crystal properties. Models are being developed for the Buoyant Convection during Semiconductor magnetically damped melt motions and for the associated Crystal Growth with a Magnetic Field transport of dopants that determine the electrical J. S. Walker* properties of the crystal. Model predictions will be used National Aeronautics and Space Administration, to design magnet damping furnaces for experiments on NAG8-1453 the International Space Station.
During the crystal growth of an alloy of two Magnetic Stabilization of Thermocapillary semiconductors, one compound is rejected into the Convection during Floating Zone Crystal melt, producing variations in the composition of the Growth melt. Since one compound has a much larger density J. S. Walker,* B. C. Houchens than the other, the compositional variations drive a National Aeronautics and Space Administration, buoyant convection which may lead to unacceptable NAG8-1453 nonuniformities in the crystal. A strong magnetic field damps this convection, leading to much better crystals. In the floating zone process, there is a zone of molten Models are being developed to predict crystal properties semiconductor between a melting feed rod and a growing as functions of magnetic field strength and of other crystal. The thermocapillary convection is driven by the parameters. Predictions will be compared to change of the temperature-dependent surface tension experimental results obtained at the NASA Marshall along the free surface of the floating zone. Floating zone Space Flight Center. crystal growth in space is very promising, but it is currently limited by an instability in the thermocapillary Indium-Phosphide Crystal Growth by the flow, leading to an oscillatory flow with adverse effects on Liquid-encapsulated Kyropoulos Process the crystal. A magnetic field can be used to stabilize the with a Magnetic Field flow and to eliminate the adverse effects of the oscillatory J. S. Walker* flow. Models are being developed to guide the selection National Aeronautics and Space Administration, of the optimal magnetic field. NAG8-1453 Thermoelectric Effects during Many optoelectronic devices require indium-phosphide Semiconductor Crystal Growth (InP) crystals with small defect densities. Most crystal- with a Magnetic Field growth processes involve large temperature gradients, J. S. Walker* and the associated thermal stresses produce large defect National Aeronautics and Space Administration, densities in the weak InP crystals. The liquid-encapsulated NAG8-1453 Kyropoulos process involves crystal growth with very small temperature gradients, so that the InP crystals have very Single crystals composed of alloys of two semiconductors small defect densities. A magnetic field is needed to are important for devices to interface between optical and stabilize the melt motion and to eliminate turbulent electrical signals. During the growth of these crystals from temperature fluctuations. Analytical and numerical a liquid, temperature gradients produce voltage gradients models are being developed to guide process optimization. that drive circulation of electric current through the liquid The purpose of the modeling effort is to complement because of the nonuniform thermoelectric properties of an experimental program being conducted at an Air the alloy. Strong magnetic fields are often applied during Force laboratory. crystal growth in order to stabilize the liquid motion, and these magnetic fields interact with the thermoelectric
* Denotes principal investigator. 24 currents to drive additional melt motions. Models are internal heat transfer enhancements. Heat transfer is being developed to predict the thermoelectric effects studied for liquid, vapor, and two-phase flow. The during crystal growth with a strong magnetic field. purpose of this study is to quantify the heat transfer characteristics of microchannel tubes so that more energy efficient refrigeration systems can be designed. Heat Transfer Combined Spanwise and Streamwise Vorticity to Enhance Air-Side Heat Transfer Radiative Transfer in Absorbing J. C. Dutton,* A. M. Jacobi,* H. Ge, M. L. Smotrys and Scattering Media 22 Company Consortium: Air Conditioning and R. O. Buckius,* W. L. Cheng Refrigeration Center, National Science Foundation American Air Liquide An experimental study is being conducted of the heat Radiation heat transfer models for absorbing and transfer enhancement of interrupted fins using streamwise scattering media including general multidimensional vorticity. The general approach is to create a flow with gaseous absorption are being developed. The correlated-k spanwise vorticity using the offset-strip geometry and to approach is being enhanced and validated for thermal introduce streamwise vorticity using delta wings mounted radiative transport in highly nonhomogeneous media at the leading edges of fins. The following experimental containing water vapor and carbon dioxide. Simplified methods are being employed: flow visualizations using approaches are being used to model the entire infrared smoke and dye, full-field velocity data using particle image spectrum of water vapor and carbon dioxide, including velocimetry (PIV), and total and local convective heat band overlap regions, for temperatures up to 2500 K. transfer measurements using naphthalene sublimation. From these measurements and overall pressure drop data, Thermal Radiation Scattering the heat transfer enhancement and pressure-drop penalty from Very Rough Surfaces obtained with this system will be assessed. R. O. Buckius,* P. A. Kawka National Science Foundation, CTS 95-31772; National Frost Growth on Conventional, Coated, Center for Supercomputing Applications, CT 950044N and Enhanced Heat Transfer Surfaces J. G. Georgiadis,* A. M. Jacobi,* J. Hoke This research program consists of a combined analytical 22 Company Consortium: Air Conditioning and and experimental investigation of the scattering and Refrigeration Center, National Science Foundation emission from realistic interfaces, including those with surface length scales on the order of the wavelength. This research is directed at developing a fundamental The objectives are to rigorously quantify the scattering of understanding of frost formation and growth in air thermal radiation from electromagnetic theory, to develop conditioning and refrigeration applications. This deeper approximate yet accurate models, and to experimentally understanding will be used to develop models of frost determine reflection for such interfaces. Rigorous deposition that account for the microstructure. electromagnetic theory and approximate geometric Detailed experiments to study frost initiation on optics and diffraction models have been developed and conventional surfaces and on surfaces coated with compared with experimental findings. hydrophilic and hydrophobic materials are complemented by careful measurements of mature frost growth on Refrigerant-side Heat Transfer flat-plates and on surfaces with louvers and vortex in Microchannel Tubes generators. The data and resulting models will help guide W. E. Dunn,* W. Mamani the development of frost-tolerant design methods, frost 22 Company Consortium: Air Conditioning and mitigation techniques, and defrost strategies. Refrigeration Center, National Science Foundation
This project deals with refrigerant-side heat transfer in microchannel tubes used in advanced-design condensers for mobile and stationary air conditioning systems. Microchannel tubes consist of 10 to 30 parallel ports that are typically circular, square, or triangular in cross section and between 0.3 and 1 mm in size. The ports may have
25 * Denotes principal investigator. Linear and Nonlinear Passive Vibration condensers could be excellent heat exchangers if proven to Control of Mechanical Systems work satisfactorily. This is the first time this technology is J. G. Georgiadis,* A. F. Vakakis;* L. A. Bergman* being tried for use with ammonia. (Aero. & Astro. Engr.); L. G. Raguin, X. Jiang U.S. Office of Naval Research, N00014-00-1-0187 Heat Transfer of Viscous Single-Phase Secondary Refrigerants When Flowing In An exploratory study of heat transfer and ice deposition Pipes at Very Low Re Numbers on a vibrating, gas-cooled plate positioned in a grazing, P. S. Hrnjak,* S. H. Hong humid flow has been undertaken with the emphasis of Heatcraft; Kemira deicing lifting surfaces. It is reported that new single-phase secondary refrigerants The Effect of Hydrodynamic, Substrate perform better heat transfer than existing correlations Energy, and Structure on Frost Growth predict at very low Re number (100 to 800). The goal of J. G. Georgiadis,* P. S. Hrnjak,* A. M. Jacobi,* J. Hoke, this research is to experimentally check those correlations D. Carlson, C. Robinson for heat transfer inside tubes. 22 Company Consortium: Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Center, National Science Foundation Heat Transfer in Evaporating and Condensing
CO2 at Low Temperatures This research is directed at developing a fundamental P. Hrnjak,* J. Jang understanding of frost formation and growth in air Wolverine, Inc. conditioning and refrigeration applications. Experiments to explore frost inception and growth on interrupted Carbon dioxide is an excellent refrigerant for low surfaces and on full-scale heat exchangers will be used to temperature cascade systems and secondary loops in develop a model of frost initiation and growth. The data temperature ranges from -50°C to -20°C. Heat transfer in and resulting model will help guide the development of round tubes and between plates is studied with emphasis frost-tolerant design methods, frost mitigation techniques, on small channels. and defrost strategies. Air-Side Condensate Accumulation and Transcritical CO2: Understanding In-Tube Shedding Effects on the Thermal Heat Transfer Performance of Automotive Air-Conditioning J. G. Georgiadis,* A. M. Jacobi;* J. Petterson* (SINTEF Evaporators Refrigeration Engr., Norway); J. Aldana, D. Holdych A. M. Jacobi,* J. Kaiser 22 Company Consortium: Air Conditioning and Ford-Visteon Refrigeration Center, National Science Foundation This research has been aimed at developing design This project is directed at developing a fundamental methods and guidelines for condensate management in understanding of heat transfer and flow phenomena in the automotive air-conditioning evaporators. The research is transcritical section of CO2 air-conditioning and pursued through an approach combining experimental refrigeration systems. Microscopic temperature and heat methods and analytical modeling. The specific goals of the flux sensors will be developed for high resolution mapping current work are to quantify the air-side condensate of the refrigerant side thermal field in metallic pipes. retention in automotive evaporators as a function of fin This, along with local visualization, will facilitate the and heat exchanger geometry, the effects of surface and design of the next generation of compact CO2 systems. operating conditions on condensate retention, and the effects of retained condensate on heat transfer and Condensation of Ammonia in Microchannel pressure-drop performance. Researchers also will develop Tubes of Aluminum Air Cooled Condensers an engineering tool to predict condensate retention and its P. S. Hrnjak,* A. Litch effect on thermal performance. Modine; Hydro Aluminum
Ammonia is the best refrigerant based on thermodynamical and thermophysical properties but charge reduction is essential to overcome its problems with odor and combustibility. Microchannel aluminum
* Denotes principal investigator. 26 An Experimental and Analytical Study of The operating conditions of interest span heating, Condensate Retention on Air-Side Heat air-conditioning, and refrigeration systems. This range Transfer Managing Condensate ensures that dry-surface, wet-surface, and frosted-surface A. M. Jacobi,* J. Yin. A. Tang, A. ElSherbini performance will be examined. 22 Company Consortium: Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Center, National Science Foundation The Use of Unsteady Flow Effects to Enhance Heat Transfer In air-conditioning systems, the evaporator usually A. M. Jacobi,* R. P. Lucht,* S. Kearney operates below the dew point of the conditioned air, and Ford-Visteon moisture condenses on the air-side surface until gravity or flow forces remove it. This project is aimed at extending a This project addresses heat transfer in an unsteady, simplified retention model to handle important geometric developing, channel flow. Controlling the unsteadiness complexities and at exploring new methods for managing of the flow may provide significant heat transfer condensation on the heat transfer surface. The ultimate enhancements. This research focuses on the application outcome of this work will be a new approach in modeling of this idea to the low Reynolds number flows associated heat exchanger performance–an approach based on a with refrigeration and air conditioning applications. rational prediction of condensate retention and its effect Experiments in rectangular and triangular channels will on air-side heat transfer and pressure drop. quantify the heat transfer enhancement as a function of the acoustic or mechanically induced pulse frequency and Falling Film Behavior: Maps to Include amplitude, and the boundary layer structure will be Vapor Shear, Dry-Out, and Flooding investigated in detail using laser diagnostics. The physical A. M. Jacobi,* Y. Wei mechanisms for the enhancement will be determined with 22 Company Consortium: Air Conditioning and a focus on exploiting these effects. Refrigeration Center, National Science Foundation A Study in Heat and Mass Transfer with This research extends our earlier work, which resulted in Boiling in Porous Deposits the first generalized flow-pattern map for predicting B. G. Jones* (Nucl., Plasma, & Radiol. Engr.), whether a liquid film falling from one horizontal tube to C. Pan* (Tsinghua Univ., Taiwan), X. Li another below it will take the form of discrete droplets, University of Illinois jets, or a continuous sheet. Flow pattern maps will be developed for a falling liquid film in the presence of a A numerical model of boiling heat transfer in flowing vapor. Experiments use a falling-film bundle heterogeneous porous layers with and without chimneys constructed within a wind tunnel, allowing visual access has been conducted. Experimental observations have during experiments with a vertical up- or down-flow of provided qualitative modeling information and model the vapor. Fluid properties and flow rates are measured refinements. Researchers have evaluated 1-D and 2-D and images of the flow are recorded. models numerically with nonlinear coupling between mass, momentum, energy, capillary pressure, and High Performance Heat Exchangers for Air evaporation rate. Good agreement with published data Conditioning and Refrigeration Applications has been obtained. Examination of artificially created (Noncircular Tubes) layer performance suggests broad potential application for A. M. Jacobi,* Y. Park controlled boiling heat transfer, such as in computer chip Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology Institute; cooling via freon or other refrigerant type fluids, with heat Department of Energy, 1-5-28251 fluxes in excess of 100 W/cm2, and in steam generator tube performance. The objective of this research is to evaluate the heat transfer and pressure-drop performance of serpentine-fin, Effect of Boiling on Interfacial Behavior flat-tube heat exchangers (exchangers with noncircular during Melt Quench Processes tubes). This assessment will be conducted for smooth, B. G. Jones* (Nucl., Plasma, & Radiol. Engr.), corrugated, and louvered fins over a range of geometrical B. W. Spencer,* J. Schneider and operating parameters representative of particular U.S. Department of Energy, DE-FG07-89ER12900 HVAC&R applications. The performance of serpentine- fin, flat-tube designs will be compared to that of The effects of interfacial mixing and contact area between conventional, plain-fin, round-tube heat exchangers. two liquids of differing densities and temperatures, which
27 * Denotes principal investigator. result from a high-density, high-temperature liquid passing Heat Transfer Enhancement in Copper Tubing through a lower density, low-temperature liquid, have T. Newell,* J. C. Chato,* M. Wilson been studied. Heat transfer effects, including the effects of Copper Development Association vapor generation as well as breakup and solidification, were modeled from first principles. Analytical modeling This investigation is examining the effects of microfinned was carried out at the University of Illinois at Urbana- copper tubing on heat transfer, pressure drop, and void Champaign, while simulant experimental studies of both fraction. Common refrigerants (R134a and R410A) under single and multiple injected columns were conducted at condensation conditions are being tested. Argonne National Laboratory. Good agreement between model predictions and experimental data was found. Investigation of Refrigerant/Oil Mixtures in Horizontal Tubes and Flat Plate Evaporators Subcooled Nucleate Boiling Effects on T. Newell,* J. C. Chato,* E. Jassim, T. Piggott Formation of Porous Crud Layers on Fuel Pin 22 Company Consortium: Air Conditioning and Surfaces Leading to Axial Offset Anomaly in Refrigeration Center, National Science Foundation PWR Cores and Modeling and Thermal Performance Evaluation of Such Layers Void fraction, pressure drop, heat transfer, and oil B. G. Jones* (Nucl., Plasma, & Radiol. Engr.), C. Pan* concentration will be investigated in a variety of (Tsinghua Univ., Taiwan), X. Li, D. Zhou, H. J. Joe, refrigerant tubes and passageways. Q. Rao, J. P. Ha U.S. Department of Energy, DE-FG07-00ID13924 Radiative Interactions with Microstructures L. M. Phinney,* J. W. Rogers A study of Axial Offset Anomaly (AOA) conditions in National Science Foundation, CTS-9984979 PWR cores, focusing on boron holdup and retention in porous layers on fuel pins, is being conducted. Mechanical structures with dimensions as small as a few Computational models indicate sufficient boron microns are being used in conjunction with electronic accumulation in the solution in the crud layer could circuits to create microelectromechanical systems. These account for the observed axial power shift. devices offer low weight and batch production methods, Parameterization over the range of the geometric which are advantageous for many applications. The small characteristics of the crud suggests that precipitation of size and mass of these devices is particularly suited for boron from solution is likely. Examination of potential space applications. The reliability of these devices in space mechanisms for crud deposition, including radiochemical depends on their ability to remain functional while processes, suggests that combined effects of electrolysis of exposed to radiation. Additionally, controlling and water in the core may contribute to formation and help optimizing laser processing of microdevices during explain controlling mechanisms. The research focus is on fabrication requires a thorough understanding of radiative clarifying which physical mechanisms dominate the interactions with microstructures. This project examines processes. The nuclear power industry strongly desires the effect of radiation on microstructures. resolution of this issue. An Experimental and Computational Study of Investigation of Refrigerator Heat and Mass Two-Phase Flow in Distribution Headers Transfer Cabinet Loading during Open Door S. P. Vanka,* P. S Hrnjak,* C. Winkle, P. Feng Conditions 22 Company Consortium: Air Conditioning and T. A. Newell,* W. Terrell Refrigeration Center, National Science Foundation 22 Company Consortium: Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Center, National Science Foundation Maldistribution of two-phase refrigerant flow in headers is influenced by the geometry and orientation of the header, Experimental investigation of combined heat and mass inlet flow velocities, the inlet quality, and flow regime. transfer in open cavities is being conducted. An understanding of the effects of these quantities on the distribution of two-phase flow into the individual passes is being sought both by experiments and computations.
* Denotes principal investigator. 28 Human Factors Manufacturing Systems
Development of Advanced Direct Perception A Simplified Model for Error Budgeting Displays for Nuclear Power Plants to R. E. DeVor,* P. Subramanya Enhance Monitoring, Control, and Fault Caterpillar, Inc.; National Science Foundation, Management Industry/University Cooperative Research Centers, Center B. G. Jones* (Nucl., Plasma, & Radiol. Engr.), for Machine Tool Systems Research N. Moray,* P. Sanderson,* D. Reising U.S. Department of Energy, DE-FG02-92ER75781; In order to meet the tolerances for critical features of a University of Illinois part, all the sources of variation must be clearly identified and analyzed. The sources of variations/errors in a A direct perception interface (DPI) integrates information machining system arise from the components of the into a unified, animated diagram that supports fault machine tool system (the spindle, tooling, slides, diagnosis more strongly than conventional displays. workpiece) and the cutting process. An error budget Building on earlier research on a DPI for nuclear thermal model can play an important role in achieving high hydraulics, this project will lead to a complete suite of precision machining. Although errors will arise from all DPI displays for an entire nuclear plant. It will also take subsystems, the most critical sources need to be identified. into account the need for teams of operators to extract An error budget model will facilitate identification of the different types of information from a DPI. A special case critical machining subsystems and will help allocate the of reactor start-up has been examined that demonstrates resources (allowable amounts of error) accordingly to the effectiveness of the display. minimize errors.
Co-Raven: A Distributed Collaborative User Collaborative Research: Virtual Machine Tool Interface for Battlefield Reasoning R. E. DeVor,* S. G. Kapoor,* P. Bless P. M. Jones,* C. Hayes* (Univ. of Minn.), P. Asaro, National Science Foundation, DMI00-04226 N. Danner, T. Fleury U.S. Army, DAAL01-96-2-0003 F-1 HAY The envisioned Virtual Machine Tool (VMT) will have the ability to perform machining operations in a The project goal is to develop a collaborative multimedia comprehensive simulation environment and to obtain user interface to support teams of intelligence analysts realistic predictions of its outcome in terms of workpiece working together on collection planning and analysis. attributes and process capabilities. This will allow Based on domain knowledge acquired from army experts machine tool builders to evaluate alternative machine via interviews, protocol analysis, and scenario-based design designs and configurations and assist machine tool users sessions, researchers continue to develop prototype in predicting the achievable workpiece attributes during interactive intelligent support tools based on a Bayesian planning, selection, and use of metal cutting belief network that supports collaborative user interaction machine tools. and audio cues. Cutting Fluid Recycling through the Toward Collaborative Auditory and Ultrafiltration Process Haptic User Interfaces for Blind and R. E. DeVor,* S. G. Kapoor,* S. Skerlos, N. Rajagopalan Low-Vision Users Partnership Illinois; National Science Foundation, Machine- P. M. Jones,* K. Moses Tool Agile Manufacturing Research Institute; IRMCO University of Illinois, Mary Jane Neer Research Fund Advanced Lubricant Technologies; Illinois Waste Management Research Center Studies of visually-impaired people performing collaborative tasks will lead to insights in the design of The scope of this research is to develop ultrafiltration new auditory and haptic technologies to support technology that will alleviate or eliminate liabilities collaborative work. (environmental, health, performance, financial) by cleaning and reusing the cutting fluid. This ultrafiltration research aims to drastically reduce pollution emissions to the environment from cutting fluid waste while eliminating risk factors for occupational airway disease
29 * Denotes principal investigator. and allergic contact dermatitis. Additional goals include Machinability Studies for improving process performance while greatly reducing Austempered Ductile Iron disposal and acquisition costs. Ceramic membranes are R. E. DeVor,* A. Ghisellini being studied to filter synthetic and semisynthetic cutting Intermet Corporation; National Science Foundation, fluids. Experimentation to date has focused on the flux Industry/University Cooperative Research Centers, Center characteristics of uncontaminated cutting fluids as a for Machine Tool Systems Research function of additives, including lubricants, defoamers, and biocides. The use of Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI) in automotive applications has been increasing due to its Drilling and Deep-Hole Drilling strength-to-weight ratio, wear and impact resistance, and under Dry Conditions vibration damping capacity as compared to forgings and R. E. DeVor,* S. Sahu cast steels. The machinability of ADI in its fully Caterpillar, Inc.; National Science Foundation, heat-treated state, however, has not been investigated Industry/University Cooperative Research Centers, Center extensively. The goal of this project is to investigate the for Machine Tool Systems Research ways and means to aggressively machine ADI in its fully heat-treated state. The resulting machining strategy will Environmental concerns have been forcing manufacturers lead to machining of ADI with comparable costs to those to reanalyze their production methods. In metal cutting, for ferritic ductile iron. one of the major contributors to environmental pollution is the cutting fluids. Removing these, however, brings Machining Advisor forward a new set of challenges since cutting must be R. E. DeVor,* S. G. Kapoor,* J. Lu performed without the lubrication and cooling functions National Science Foundation, Industry/University these fluids provide. This project aims to develop Cooperative Research Centers, Center for Machine Tool guidelines for drilling and deep-hole drilling of steel under Systems Research dry conditions. Decreased chip-evacuation capability and increased tool wear are the main concerns when drilling Given inputs for part material, tool material, tool dry. Researchers will develop models for these mechanisms geometry, and cutting conditions, models for machining and determine the most favorable conditions (tool operations such as milling and drilling predict cutting geometry and cutting conditions) to conduct forces, tool and workpiece deletions, and associated part these operations. quality characteristics. In a process planning environment, however, it is desired to determine the Enhancement of Hole Quality in Drilling necessary inputs for a given set of output requirements. R. E. DeVor,* S. G. Kapoor;* K. Ehmann* (Northwestern This inverse problem is being addressed in this project. Univ.); J. Ni* (Univ. of Michigan); B. Ozdoganlar, A machining advisory system is being developed wherein K. Gupta the process model is used to identify the values of a set National Science Foundation of decision variables which optimize a set of process objectives such as cycle time, tool life, and part Research has been directed at the modeling and prediction dimensional accuracy. of the drilling process such as torque and thrust (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign). This work Microfiltration as a Control Method for must now be extended to link these drilling process Reducing Health Hazards from Microbial parameters to process responses that describe hole quality, Growth in Metal Working Fluids including cylindricity, roundness, location errors, and R. E. DeVor,* M. Greeley oversize errors. This multi-university project is directed United Auto Workers, Chrysler National Training Center toward the development of models that will predict hole quality as a function of drill geometry and drilling process With an increased focus on attaining environmentally conditions. Drilling process dynamic characteristics that conscious manufacturing conditions prevalent across give rise to initial drill skidding and wandering are being industry, more and more attention is being paid to included in the models as well as models for cutting reducing waste streams that are regarded as an forces and drill temperature effects. environmental burden. Cutting fluids used to machine metal constitute one such waste stream, and the useful life of these chemicals is affected by various sources of contamination. Scientific procedures evaluating the
* Denotes principal investigator. 30 machining efficiency of cutting fluids is lacking Next-Generation Intelligent considerably. The ability to distinguish slight alterations of Monitoring System the fluid through machining experimentation will be R. E. DeVor,* S. G. Kapoor,* J. A. Stori,* L. Yang, assessed. Predictive models relating contamination R. Zhu, Q. Mezentsev, J. Lim accumulation, fluid chemistry, and machining efficiency National Institute of Standards and Technology, Advanced will be developed and verified. Technology Program; Montronix, Inc.
Modeling and Analysis of Turning Processes Current machine tool monitoring systems are limit-based with Contoured and Interrupted Surfaces and do not function well when such process variations as R. E. DeVor,* S. G. Kapoor,* R. Reddy, X. Liu stock size and hardness variations arise. The result is false National Science Foundation, Industry/University alarms that seem to indicate other problems that are not Cooperative Research Centers, Center for Machine Tool really present. The goal of this project is to develop a Systems Research machining process model-based online intelligent monitoring system to detect, isolate, and identify process Turning simulation models considered in the past were variations and faults in machining processes. Use of an suitable for uniform cross section along the length of open architecture control enabling environment, improved cut/axis of the part. However, while machining an axial fault detection, and diagnostics will lead to adaptive contour geometry, these models fail to consider the control strategies for process optimization. variation of cutting parameters along the length of cut. The purpose of this project is to develop a process model Productivity and Compatibility of Cutting for prediction of cutting forces and surface errors in Fluids with Microfiltration Membranes contour turning and to study the effects of workpiece R. E. DeVor,* S. G. Kapoor,* S. J. Skerlos, J. Eppert contour geometry and varying workpiece dynamics on National Science Foundation; Industry/University process performance. The effect of cutting parameters on Cooperative Research Centers, Center for Machine Tool burr formation in turning interrupted surfaces is also Systems Research being studied. While the ability of membrane filtration to remove Modular Machining Fixture cutting fluid contaminants is well proven, the capacity of Test-Bed Development the technology to accomplish this without disrupting R. E. DeVor,* S. G. Kapoor,* B. Fang cutting fluid chemistry is not known. This research aims National Science Foundation, Machine-Tool Agile to identify the chemical characteristics of cutting fluid Manufacturing Research Institute ingredients that determine the compatibility and productivity of a given cutting fluid/membrane Over the last four years, research on fixture design and combination. The specific research objectives are to assess fixture analysis has been conducted within the Machine- the compatibility of both non-oil-containing (synthetic) Tool Agile Manufacturing Research Institute. With the and oil-containing (semisynthetic and soluble oil) cutting progress in theoretical understanding and model fluids with aluminum oxide microfiltration membranes development, there is an increasing need to conduct and to investigate different microfiltration membrane experimental studies for model validation. The objectives materials and geometries for compatibility with synthetics, of this project are to develop an experimental fixture test- semisynthetics, and soluble oils. bed that will take into account the needs of industrial and university partners by supporting a wide spectrum of Productivity and Quality Improvement experiments to study both static and dynamic in Deep-Hole Drilling characteristics of workpiece-fixture systems and to R. E. DeVor,* S. G. Kapoor,* B. Ozdoganlar, J. Mellinger validate results from theoretical model development Delphi Automotive Systems; National Science Foundation, on fixture design and performance analysis. Industry/University Cooperative Research Centers, Center for Machine Tool Systems Research
The goal of this project is to improve the productivity and quality of the deep-hole drilling process by understanding the major contributors to chip clogging and poor chip evacuation. Extensive experimental studies will support model development and model validation leading to the
31 * Denotes principal investigator. determination of the process and drill geometry variables component is large. Special system structures under that can facilitate the evacuation of chips in the drilling which these cuts are “optimal” are also explored. process. The project results should lead to reduced tool breakage and therefore less downtime as well as shorter Scalable Flexible Manufacturing machining cycles and better hole quality. P. M. Ferreira,* S. Jain, V. Subramanian Rockwell-Collins Decision Support Modules for Machine Tools P. M. Ferreira,* V. Subramanian, C. Yuan In this project, the problem of developing scalable Caterpillar, Inc. flexibility in printed circuit board production is addressed. The goal of the project is to develop a system capable of Modern NC machine tools have different configurations taking a printed circuit board design and generating its and capabilities and produce vastly different results when process plans and insertion programs for each process on executing the same NC program to produce the same its route. Furthermore, for a given set of boards being workpiece geometries. This causes problems, both in manufactured, the overall system control logic is process planning and in capability analysis. In this simultaneously generated. project, researchers are developing an integrated environment for storing and updating machine Development of Face Milling capability and performance data. Process Simulation Tools S. G. Kapoor,* G. Arora Development and Calibration of a Ford Motor Company; National Science Foundation, Parallel-Link High-Speed X-Y Table Industry/University Cooperative Research Centers, Center P. M. Ferreira,* Z. Abadin for Machine Tool Systems Research University of Illinois Face milling process is widely used in industry to create In this project, researchers attempt to design and fabricate flat surfaces. Researchers at the University of Illinois at a novel X-Y translation system. In contrast to Urbana-Champaign have developed models to predict conventional “stacked axes” configurations, this design forces and surface profile of the face-milling operation. is such that both (x and y) actuators are simultaneously These models can be utilized for cases with known grounded (so the table is the only moving member in the workpiece geometry, including interruptions and gaps. mechanism), and there is no asymmetry in the inertial This project aims to create a face-milling simulation loads carried by the actuators. This allows for uniform package that will be integrated into the Machining behavior across the workspace and low inertial loads, Advisor software (a machining-process optimization making this a design particularly useful in high-speed, software created at the U of I). The software will be high-accuracy applications. capable of predicting and optimizing machining forces, surface finish characteristics, and the cycle time for given Logical Control of Large-Scale Discrete process parameters. Model enhancements to include Event Systems with Application to Flexible simultaneous bimetal machining, as seen in face-milled Automation surfaces with exposed cylinder liners, will also be P. M. Ferreira,* C. Yuan completed. The effectiveness of the software will be University of Illinois; University Scholars Award; University illustrated through experimentation. of Illinois Manufacturing Research Center Dry Machining with Applications Structural control refers to the shaping of the structure of to Drilling and Tapping the state space of a discrete-event system. The state space S. G. Kapoor,* R. E. DeVor,* S. Kalidas is a directed graph, and one of the most important Hayes-Lemmerz International; National Science Foundation, structural properties required of this graph is that the Industry/University Cooperative Research Centers, Center component containing the initial state be strongly for Machine Tool Systems Research connected. This guarantees that the system is free of deadlocks under normal operation. In this project Recently, a considerable amount of attention has been researchers devise control policies (which are essentially directed to the problem of dry machining, in large part cuts on this directed graph) that are polynomially because of the environmental and health concerns computable and guarantee strong conductivity while associated with the use of cutting fluids. In drilling and ensuring that the size of the strongly connected tapping, dry machining is complicated by the problems
* Denotes principal investigator. 32 associated with chip clogging and chip removal. Mechanistic Model for the Prediction of This project is investigating reduced-cutting fluid and dry Cutting Forces under Tool Wear drilling. Attention is being focused on the use of S. G. Kapoor,* R. E. DeVor,* X. Liu thin-film coatings on drills to improve lubrication and National Science Foundation, Industry/University chip removal characteristics of the drilling process. Cooperative Research Centers, Center for Machine Tool Current modeling work is focusing on the prediction of Systems Research temperatures. Temperature measurements during drilling experiments are driving the model building and validation Mechanistic models have been developed to predict processes. cutting forces in machining operations. These models consider only the case for which the tool is sharp. In this Five-Axis Machining of 3-D project, a contact stress field model is being used together Free-Form Surfaces with the mechanistic model for sharp-tool to predict S. G. Kapoor,* R. E. DeVor,* R. Zhu forces due to flank wear. This model incorporates both National Science Foundation, Industry/University the elastic and plastic contact characteristics on the flank Cooperative Research Centers, Center for Machine Tool of the tool. Only one wear test in conjunction with a Systems Research series of sharp tool tests is required to calibrate the worn tool force prediction model. Good results have been With recent advances in CNC machining centers, 3-D obtained for orthogonal and oblique machining and free-form surfaces such as dies, molds, turbines, and other more recently for turning. aerospace components are being machined using five-axis machining centers. In order to assure part quality and Modeling and Analysis of Internal higher productivity, the knowledge of cutting force and Thread Forming Process vibration system during machining is crucial. The S. G. Kapoor,* R. E. DeVor,* S. Chowdhary purpose of this project is to develop a mechanistic model Delphi Automotive Systems; National Science Foundation, for predicting cutting forces and tool deflection in Industry/University Cooperative Research Centers, Center for machining of free-form surfaces. A generalized chip load Machine Tool Systems Research calculation procedure is being developed which will take into account the cutter geometry like ball end mill as well Many applications in industry rely on threaded holes as a as tool path interference with the workpiece geometry. means of joining components. The most popular way to create the threads is via cutting. However, another High Speed Dry Machining method, thread forming, has recently seen increasing of Aluminum Wheels interest. The mechanism behind thread forming is the S. G. Kapoor,* S. Marathe plastic deformation of the material, which also causes Hayes Lemmerz International; National Science Foundation, work hardening, and thus threads are able to withstand Industry/University Cooperative Research Centers, Center greater loads. This project aims to develop a model for for Machine Tool Systems Research internal thread forming process that can be used to predict the forces for a given set of process parameters. The model The manufacturing companies would like to improve will be validated experimentally. Use of such a model will their competitive position in the market. One way to allow the selection of process parameters to improve realize this goal is by reduction of the cycle time. In terms the productivity. of machining, this translates to increasing the cutting speed and feed. This project aims to investigate, through Prediction of Residual Stresses in Machining modeling and experimentation, the dry machining of S. G. Kapoor,* R. E. DeVor,* Y. Liu aluminum at high speeds while maintaining good tool life, National Science Foundation, Industry/University effective tool management, and good surface finish. Cooperative Research Centers, Center for Machine Tool The aim is to meet or exceed the current wet machining Systems Research performance in terms of quality, throughput, and tool life. This project is developing models for the prediction of machining-induced residual stresses. Experimental studies have been conducted to understand the nature of the stress profiles induced by orthogonal and three- dimensional processes, such as turning and the end milling processes. X-ray defraction techniques are used
33 * Denotes principal investigator. to measure the residual stresses. The predictive model Process Optimization of Electro-Discharge includes both mechanical and thermal effects and links Machining (EDM) machining processing conditions to the deformation fields J. A. Stori,* N. Jayaraman at and below the machined surface. The results are being National Science Foundation, DMI 99-84214 used to develop a model to predict part warpage due to the machining-induced residual stresses. Recent work is The Electro-Discharge Machining (EDM) process is a focusing on model enhancement to accommodate nontraditional material removal process capable of prestressed conditions. attaining high accuracy in hard workpiece materials. Exploiting the capabilities of EDM involves the Spindle-based Online Force Monitoring and manipulation of a wide range of process parameters Spindle Speed Variation for Machine-Tool including spark pulse profiles, peak currents, gap voltages, Chatter Prevention and feed rates. Unlike traditional CNC processes, process S. G. Kapoor,* R. E. DeVor,* B. Ozdoganlar, M. Jun feedback is an integral component of a stable machining Kistler Instruments; Ingersoll Milling Machine Co.; National operation. A model-based framework is being developed Science Foundation, Industry/University Cooperative for the optimization of the process parameters and control Research Centers, Center for Machine Tool Systems Research strategies. Expected benefits include the ability to generate optimal parameters for new materials with a minimum of The spindle speed variation (SSV) method results in an experimentation, and the development of an analytical augmentation of the machining stability and improvement tool for balancing the trade-offs between accuracy and in the surface quality. The University of Illinois and the process efficiency. Ingersoll Milling Machine Company have been collaborating on this project to develop a chatter- Process-Conscious Tool Path Generation avoidance technology based on the SSV method. J. A. Stori,* H. Wang, P. Huang A special spindle/motor/drive system has been designed University of Illinois and constructed and a test plan is being developed to validate the theory developed for automotive industry Tool-path generation for machining operations has powertrain applications. Kistler Instruments, a second traditionally been approached from a purely geometric industrial partner on the project, has developed a new perspective. When the cutting mechanics and process spindle-based force ring monitoring technology that is dynamics are considered, existing tool path strategies are being employed in the test bed to facilitate online found to be significantly lacking. Excessive plunging and adaptive control research for vibration reduction. slotting, sharp velocity discontinuities, and changing cut geometry limit production rates, reduce part quality, and Parametric Cost Modeling increase tool wear. New algorithms are developed to M. L. Philpott,* M. Marini, W. Way, D. Wood reduce variations in cutter engagement and chip geometry, John Deere Harvester resulting in a stable, predictable, and controllable process. Particular emphasis is placed on accommodating the A methodology for Parametric Cost Modeling is being dynamic limitations of modern high-speed machining developed to interactively provide designers with centers. manufacturing cost information as they create a design using a 3D CAD solid modeler. A user interface has been System-level Fault Detection and Diagnosis created for Parametric Technology’s Pro/ENGINEER® J. A. Stori,* R. E. DeVor,* S. G. Kapoor,* S. Dey solid modeler (ProE). The interface is being linked to a National Institute of Standards and Technology; number of critical cost drivers via parametric cost models Montronix, Inc. derived directly from John Deere’s manufacturing cost database. Feature recognition algorithms are employed to Process variability, such as that occurring in workpiece extract key geometry features from the part model. A cost hardness or casting geometry, complicates the detection window is automatically created each time the designer and diagnosis of process faults in a production machining adds geometric features to the evolving design. environment. Process monitoring algorithms often fail to detect gradual changes and misdiagnose sudden process shifts. In the present work, a system-level process monitoring methodology is being developed to increase fault diagnosis reliability when a single workpiece undergoes a series of sequential machining operations.
* Denotes principal investigator. 34 Upstream sensor data is used to modify process limits for Biaxial Nonproportional Testing downstream operations, and data from sequential of Aircraft Alloys operations is used to collectively discern variations that P. Kurath* may not be detected within a single operation. General Electric, 00-2711 RFA
An age of many service aircraft invokes questions of safety and remaining useful service life. Most baseline fatigue Materials Behavior data is uniaxial and inherently proportional. However, several major service events are nonproportional. Current Long-Term Durability of Thermal Barrier efforts attempt to quantify the effect of these loadings on Coatings the service life at several temperatures. K. H. Hsia* (Theoret. & Appl. Mech.); Y. Huang,* D. F. Socie;* T. Chiang* (Physics); J. Greene* Multiaxial High-Cycle Fatigue (Mater. Sci. & Engr.); B. Chen P. Kurath* Campus Research Board Dayton Research Institute, RSC00011
Researchers develop mechanics models to investigate the With many components, it is desirable to ascertain if their long-term durability of thermal barrier coatings under actual service life is longer than that for which they were thermal cycling and other loadings. originally designed. Most fatigue test data is obtained from uniaxial specimens, and the extension of this data to Constitutive Modeling of Aluminum Sheets more complex stress states has not been verified. Hence, for Accurate Formability and Springback long life multiaxial fatigue tests will be performed to Predictions evaluate existing design algorithms with an emphasis on Y. Huang,* B. Chen high cycle fatigue. Existing multiaxial fatigue life model Ford Motor Company; Alcan Aluminum predictions often differ by orders of magnitude. The most appropriate algorithm for this life range will be identified Development of constitutive models of aluminum sheets or if necessary, an alternate approach will be suggested. for automotive applications is the objective of this research project. Temperature-dependent Deformation of Plasma Sprayed Steels Exploration of New Design Avenues for P. Kurath* High-Speed Ceramic Grinding Ford Motor Company Y. Huang,* A. Chandra* (Iowa St. Univ.), G. Subhash* (Mich. Tech. Univ.) Plasma deposition is a method currently under National Science Foundation, NSF 42-87-93-000 investigation to fabricate moderate to high hardness tooling in near net shape. This would eliminate The purpose of this research project is the exploration of subsequent heat treatment and associated warping due to new design avenues for high-speed ceramic grinding. nonsymmetrical residual stresses. Spot surface temperatures during deposition are as high as 700°C, with Mechanism-based Theories of Strengthening subsequent cooling to ambient temperature. In order to and Hardening for Alloy Design and model the residual stresses, it is vital to model the time Processing dependent mechanical response of the material. Baseline Y. Huang* mechanical strength and durability of the product is also National Science Foundation, CMS-0084980 being investigated.
Researchers use the theory of mechanism-based strain Thermomechanical Fatigue of Cast Iron gradient (MSG) plasticity to investigate the size effect P. Kurath* in alloys. Caterpillar, Inc.
During routine operation, many engine components can experience nonuniform or localized temperature changes. These temperature differences in conjunction with structural constraint can cause stresses to develop in
35 * Denotes principal investigator. addition to those caused by normal operating loads. Fatigue Crack Growth and Crack Closure The effects of these additional stresses and possible H. Sehitoglu,* F. V. Lawrence, Jr.* (Civil & Environ. acceleration of fatigue damage from oxidation at extreme Engr.), D. F. Socie,* J. F. Stubbins* (Nucl., Plasma, & temperatures are being investigated. Extending the Radiol. Engr.), K. J. Hsia* (Theoret. & Appl. Mech.), experimental observations from uniaxial testing into a N. Chen, H. Hsieh, T. McGreevy, S. Andrews multidimensional model applicable to actual components Fracture Control Program is also being investigated. The aim of this study is to develop a life prediction Interface and Reliability Studies methodology for fatigue crack growth based on the of MEMS and Microelectronics changes in crack opening levels with maximum stress T. Saif,* A. Haque level, crack length, geometry, mean stress, and National Science Foundation, ECS 97-34368 microstructure. The primary tool for the determination of opening stress is an elastic-plastic finite-element The objective is to investigate in-situ, at an atomic to simulation of fatigue crack growth. Stress-strain behavior nanometer scale, the fundamental mechanisms of failure in the model accounts for slip at the microlevel as well as in microelectronic components and micromechanical elastic anisotrophy. Fatigue crack growth data obtained systems. Microinstruments, developed from under conditions of intermediate- and large-scale yielding, micromechanical systems, as well as such macroanalytical including low-cycle fatigue and biaxial loading, are devices as transmission electron microscopes are employed successfully correlated only when closure-modified for the study. The study is initially directed to parameters are employed. experimentally investigate the micromechanisms of failure of interfaces formed by a metal (aluminum) and Fatigue of Welds and Adhesive Joints a ceramic (silicon dioxide). The effects of environment, H. Sehitoglu,* F. V. Lawrence, Jr.* (Civil & Environ. such as humidity, pressure, and temperature, on the Engr.), D. F. Socie,* J. F. Stubbins* (Nucl., Plasma, & mechanisms of failure are also studied. Radiol. Engr.), K. J. Hsia* (Theoret. & Appl. Mech.), N. Chen, H. Hsieh, T. McGreevy, S. Andrews Durability of Advanced Materials Fracture Control Program H. Sehitoglu,* F. V. Lawrence, Jr.* (Civil & Environ. Engr.), D. F. Socie,* J. F. Stubbins* (Nucl., Plasma, & Factors that control the fatigue behavior of welded Radiol. Engr.), K. J. Hsia* (Theoret. & Appl. Mech.), components are being studied. Analytical methods for N. Chen, H. Hsieh, T. McGreevy, S. Andrews estimating the total fatigue life of butt and fillet welds Fracture Control Program subjected to variable-amplitude loading histories are being evaluated. Surface treatments, such as shot peening and Recent developments in processing technology have laser dressing of the weld toe, are also being investigated resulted in advanced materials with lower fabrication as possible methods for improving the fatigue strength. costs and improvements in microstructural uniformity. Recently, a new model for estimating the fatigue life To utilize the full potential of these materials, new design of weldments has been proposed for butt, T-joint, and tools have to be developed in collaboration with industry. cruciform weldments using the concepts of “crack closure” Examples of such materials include metal matrix for cracks emanating from a notch. Results compare composites and short reinforcement fibers in epoxy favorably with experimental data in the University of matrices. The metal matrix composites with higher Illinois fatigue data bank and with experimental work elastic modulus, higher temperature capabilities, and in the literature. lower weight compared with their counterparts represent excellent opportunities for engine, brake, and rotating Fe-based Transforming Single Crystals components in the ground vehicle industry. H. Sehitoglu* Air Force Office of Scientific Research
The purpose of this work is to develop new materials, based on Fe-Co-Ni-Ti, that exhibit pseudoelastic and shape memory behavior. The Fe-based alloys hold strong promise as they have high strength and high transformation strains. Methods to limit slip and improve the reversibility of transformation are currently being explored.
* Denotes principal investigator. 36 Life Prediction Methods for Notched and fatigue conditions. Single crystals of different Members under Nonproportional orientations (in solution treated and precipitated Multiaxial Fatigue microstructures) of Nitinol are studied. Several unique H. Sehitoglu,* F. V. Lawrence, Jr.* (Civil & Environ. experiments under combined shear stress-hydrostatic Engr.), D. F. Socie,* J. F. Stubbins* (Nucl., Plasma, & pressure are conducted. Based on these experiments, the Radiol. Engr.), K. J. Hsia* (Theoret. & Appl. Mech.), work will set the background to evaluate the theories N. Chen, H. Hsieh, T. McGreevy, S. Andrews proposed, and lay the foundation for new ones with Fracture Control Program particular emphasis on complex changes in transformation strains. The purpose of this research is to develop fatigue life prediction methods for notched components subjected to Probabilistic Methods nonproportional multiaxial fatigue. To do this, the local H. Sehitoglu,* F. V. Lawrence, Jr.* (Civil & Environ. stresses and strains must be related to the global stresses Engr.), D. F. Socie,* J. F. Stubbins* (Nucl., Plasma, & and strains by some approximation procedure, such as Radiol. Engr.), K. J. Hsia* (Theoret. & Appl. Mech.), Neuber’s rule. Experimental tests on notched shafts N. Chen, H. Hsieh, K. Gall, T. McGreevy, S. Andrews subjected to proportional and nonproportional loading in Fracture Control Program tension and torsion are being performed. Results from these tests are being used to develop and verify the A comprehensive fatigue damage model is being approximation procedure. Fatigue life estimates will then developed to address the following questions: What be made using an appropriate damage model that is based governs the nucleation of a microcrack within a single upon observations made during the tests. A life prediction grain or other suitable microstructural unit cell? What scheme will be developed from the approximation governs the growth of this microcrack into adjacent procedure and the appropriate damage model and will microstructural unit cells? When does the microcrack be verified from the results of the tests. develop enough plasticity to sustain its growth? These elements will be combined into a model for the entire Mechanics and Materials Issues in fatigue damage process. Mesoscale Compressors H. Sehitoglu,* M. T. A. Saif,* E. Alaca Stress-Strain Response under Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Quenching of Al Alloys H. Sehitoglu,* J. A. Dantzig,* X. Zhang, M. Newman Mechanics calculations are conducted for thin membranes Ford Motor Company under the combined action of electrostatic forces and refrigerant pressures. Anisotropic plate theory will be The purpose of this work is to develop a general model used with variable support conditions at the ends of the for the deformation of Al-Cu alloy under solutionized membrane. The potential for instability in the form conditions. Experiments involve rapid cooling of of bubbled mode will be explored. The aim of these laboratory specimens to suppress the nucleation of calculations is to optimize the cross sectional geometry precipitates followed by deformation at temperature. of the membrane. Experiments are designed to assess the The experiments show that the strength and the structural integrity of the membrane under conditions of hardening of the solutionized material are significantly fatigue loading. In this case the special concern will be on lower compared to the precipitation hardened cases. the bending stresses at the end where bonding to silicon occurs and also on crack growth behavior due to the Thermomechanical Fatigue modulus mismatch at the interface of dissimilar of Aluminum Alloys materials used. H. Sehitoglu,* C. Engler, T. Smith, H. Maier Ford Motor Company Origins of Asymmetry in Phase Transformations The thermomechanical fatigue resistance of a material H. Sehitoglu,* K. Gall, R. Anderson, J. Jun often limits the lifetime of a component such as the U.S. Department of Energy, DE-FG02-93ER14393 cylinder head in engines. Isothermal tests performed at various temperatures, mechanical strain ranges, and strain The basic information obtained from the work will rates may not capture many of the important damage generate improved understanding of transformation under micromechanisms under varying temperature and stress, stress-strain behavior as a function of temperature, strain (TMF), and experiments and modeling of
37 * Denotes principal investigator. thermomechanical damage processes are needed. Parameter Estimation of the Mechanical The study is developing a physically based life prediction Threshold Stress Model via the method for the Al 319 and Al 356 alloys. The overall Finite-Element Method and Inverse Analysis program considers the effects of the following process D. A. Tortorelli,* A. J. Beaudoin,* S. Kok parameters on mechanical behavior: secondary dendrite U.S. Department of Energy through ASCI arm spacing, effect of aging heat treatment, effect of porosity, and compositional effects. The mechanical threshold stress (MTS) material model is being implemented in a small strain plasticity finite Thermomechanical Fatigue of Cast Iron element code. This model has a very strong physical basis H. Sehitoglu,* A. Viswanath and includes temperature and rate effects. Parameter Ford Motor Company estimation will be performed via an inverse analysis. This will require sensitivity information obtained via the The purpose of this work is to describe the stress-strain adjoint method. response of grey cast iron at high temperatures. Experimental and modeling efforts are under way to describe tension-compression asymmetry, mean stress Materials Processing effects in these alloys that are typically used in disc brakes.
Twinning in Single Crystal Steels Coordinated Application of Constitutive H. Sehitoglu,* I. Karaman, D. Canadinc Models, Simulation, and Experiment for National Science Foundation, CMS 99-00090 Study of Metal-Forming Processes A. J. Beaudoin,* M. E. Bange Orientation and stress state dependence of twinning is National Science Foundation, NSF 98-75154; Alcan studied with novel experiments in materials with low International, Ltd. stacking fault energy. These materials include Hadfield and austenitic stainless steels with nitrogen additions. There exists considerable difference between the One of the unusual attributes of these steels is that during laboratory setting used for characterization of metals and deformation, an upward curvature in stress-strain curves the industrial plant where the resulting material models develops. Considerable tension-compression asymmetry are applied. The present work combines experimental test develops in these classes of materials because of procedures and finite element simulations to pose a directionality of twinning. A micromechanics modeling deformation history that lies between the simple uniaxial effort, incorporating the twin volume fraction and twin tests used in laboratory characterization and the evolution, will be undertaken for predicting the stress- complexity of a production process. Inhomogeneity is strain response as a function of orientation, stress-state, considered at the scale of the microstructure, as well as and texture evolution. from the friction and geometric conditions induced during forming. The resulting experimental design serves Statistical Fatigue Analysis to further the utility of existing constitutive models and D. F. Socie,* K. Dahl provide a rigorous validation for the predictive capability Ford Motor Company of finite element codes.
Long-term monitoring of service usage to quantify Modeling Filling of Wheel Casting customer variability involves collecting information in a A. J. Beaudoin,* J. A. Dantzig,* R. S. Yang rainflow histogram format on a single channel. Reynolds Metals Knowledge of this variability is an important component of statistically based design and reliability evaluations. In this project, researchers simulate the filling of In body and chassis structures, the phasing of the input automotive wheel molds during low pressure dye casting. loads determines both the magnitude and location of the The objective is to optimize the process to eliminate stress concentrations that in turn govern the reliability and defects and reduce scrap. durability of the vehicle. For example, out-of-phase loading produces a racking or twisting motion that is not observed during in-phase loading. This research program is developing methods of pattern recognition for preserving the important phasing information.
* Denotes principal investigator. 38 Numerical Simulation of the Relaxation of Residual Stress Control during Heat Aluminum Alloy 5182 after Sheet Forming Treatment of Aluminum Alloys A. J. Beaudoin,* L. Zhu J. A. Dantzig,* H. Sehitoglu,* B. Robinson National Science Foundation, NSF 98-75154; Alcan Ford Motor Company International, Limited In this project, models and experiments are developed to Time-dependent relaxation processes continue after describe residual stress in the heat treatment of aluminum stamping of sheet metal components. Hence, properties alloys. Constitutive models for materials behavior are and shape of the part will evolve with time. By means of developed and applied to industrial processes. numerical simulation, the variation of shape and stress of sheet metal with relaxation time is predicted. Relaxation Fiber Orientation in Injection times vary from seconds to thousands of hours. Molded Composites Application is made to aluminum sheet metal intended C. L. Tucker III,* H. Huynh for autobody and packaging applications. Delphi Automotive Systems
Adaptive Grid Methods for Phase Field Some injection-molded plastics are reinforced with short Models of Dendrite Growth glass fibers. The flow patterns during mold filling cause J. A. Dantzig,* N. Goldenfeld* (Physics), J. H. Jeong the fibers to orient in specific directions, making the part National Aeronautics and Space Administration, stronger and stiffer in those directions and weaker and NAG 8-1249 more compliant in others. Proper design of these parts requires knowledge of these orientation patterns. Phase field models offer the potential to examine new Researchers have combined 2-D and 3-D computational theories of dendrite growth. However, previous work has fluid mechanics software with a theory of fiber orientation been hampered by computational limits imposed by the to predict orientation patterns in molded features with conflicting needs for spatial resolution and domain size. complex geometry. Current work focuses on improving Researchers apply adaptive grid methods to permit these the accuracy of the model for small parts with short calculations to examine new regions of parameter space, flow lengths. such as low undercooling. These calculations permit examination of theory and experiments not Mixing and Microstructure Control previously possible. in Polymer Processing C. L. Tucker III,* N. E. Jackson Modeling and Control of Residual National Science Foundation, DMI 98-13020 Stresses in Cast Iron Solidification J. A. Dantzig,* A. Chang A polymer blend consists, at the microscopic level, of Caterpillar, Inc. droplets of one polymer dispersed in a continuous matrix of another. The microstructure of a blend, (the size, shape In this project, models for cast iron solidification are used and orientation of the droplets), has a major influence on to predict the behavior of casting processes. Casting the properties of the bulk material. Researchers are residual stresses are computed, and a design optimization developing theoretical models for how this microstructure approach is used to improve product design. arises during processing from the deformation during mixing. Researchers are also testing the model with Phase-field Modeling of Microstructure carefully controlled experiments on droplet deformation Development in Microgravity and writing numerical simulations to predict the J. A. Dantzig,* N. Goldenfeld* (Physics), C. S. Lee microstructure in complex flows, such as extruders National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and polymer mixers. NAG 8-1657 Optimization of Injection Molding In this project, researchers use advanced computational C. L. Tucker III* techniques to model dendritic growth with the goal of Moldflow Pty. Ltd. studying and understanding microgravity experiments. Researchers collaborate with other NASA researchers When a new plastic part is being developed, substantial studying both pure materials and alloys. time and effort is required to properly design the mold to make the part. Computer simulations of polymer flow
39 * Denotes principal investigator. during mold filling are routinely used, but these tools Bulging between Rolls in Continuous Casting can only tell an engineer that a design is bad and cannot B. G. Thomas,* L. Yu, K. J. Lin recommend a better design. Researchers are combining Continuous Casting Consortium (Accumold; Allegheny mold filling simulations with design sensitivity and Ludlum; AK Steel; Columbus Stainless; Inland Steel; LTV optimization methods to produce software that Steel; Stollberg, Inc.) automatically finds the best mold design for a given part. For instance, the software can automatically determine Beneath the mold in the spray zone of a continuous caster, the best locations for the gates, which are the places internal pressure causes plastic creep bulging of the where the polymer enters the mold. solidifying steel between the support rolls. This leads to internal cracks, segregation, and permanent shape changes. Processing Optimization for Dimensional To understand and quantify this phenomenon, finite Control in Polymer Composites element models and thermal stress models are being C. L. Tucker III;* S. R. White,* P. H. Geubelle* developed using ABAQUS. The results will be (Aero. & Astro. Engr.); M. Li, D. J. O’Brien, Q. Zhu implemented into a model to predict and control the final National Science Foundation, DMI 96-10382 width of slabs, which is known to vary with casting conditions, and is likely affected by bulging. The dimensional accuracy and residual stresses in parts made from composite materials depend on the Flow and Clogging in Continuous temperature history of the material as it is cured. In this Casting Tundish Nozzles project researchers are developing methods to help B. G. Thomas,* H. Bai optimize the curing of these materials. Aspects of the Continuous Casting Consortium (Accumold; Allegheny project include characterizing the curing kinetics and Ludlum; AK Steel; Columbus Stainless; Inland Steel; LTV viscoelastic properties of a typical epoxy resin, calculating Steel; Stollberg, Inc.) the temperature and cure profiles during the curing cycle, and performing a viscoelastic stress analysis to determine Clogging of tundish nozzles limits the productivity and residual stresses and dimensional changes. Researchers are adversely affects the quality of continuous cast steel. also using design sensitivity methods to permit rapid This project seeks to quantify the prediction and detection optimization of the processing conditions. of clogs caused by air aspiration into low pressure regions on the nozzle. Mathematical models have been developed Effect of Processing Conditions on to predict flow and pressure in the nozzle, including Development of Oxide Film Microstructure the effects of argon bubble motion and turbulence. in Electro-Oxidation of Aluminum Alloys The results have been validated and used to characterize A. J. Pearlstein,* A. Scheeline* (Chem.), H. Gao flow conditions at nozzle exit, to develop an index to U.S. Department of Energy, DE-FG02-96ER45607 detect clogging, and to optimize argon injection as a function of casting parameters. Surface preparation of aluminum alloys for adhesive bonding is an important process in using aluminum in Influence of Mold Geometry on Mold automotive structural applications. Proper choice of acid, Temperature in Continuous Cast Steel oxidant, temperature, contact time, electrical potential, B. G. Thomas,* M. M. Langeneckert and other processing conditions is critical in forming Continuous Casting Consortium (Accumold; Allegheny porous oxide films on the alloy that simultaneously Ludlum; AK Steel; Columbus Stainless; Inland Steel; LTV provide corrosion protection and high bond strength. Steel; Stollberg, Inc.) The goal of this research is to understand how processing affects oxide microstructure and to use that information to Three-dimensional finite-element models using ANSYS develop a better process. Researchers have developed a have been used to study the relationship between mold laminar-flow rotating cylinder electrode reactor for rapid geometry and heat transfer. Three-dimensional evaluation of contact time and potential effects and have calculation results have been distilled into simple used it to grow microstructures of remarkable uniformity. analytical relationships. Specifically, the narrow face corner temperature can be predicted easily for different cooling water slot geometries, in order to identify ways to achieve uniform hot face temperature. A simple relation to relate thermocouple measurements to heat flux has been incorporated into an existing heat transfer model,
* Denotes principal investigator. 40 CON1D, using the concept of offset distance. Thermal Stress Analysis of This model is being applied to study the cause of crack Solidifying Steel Shells defects in continuous cast steel, especially those related to B. G. Thomas,* C. Li changes in water-cooled copper mold design and Continuous Casting Consortium (Accumold; Allegheny associated changes in thermocouple signals. Ludlum; AK Steel; Columbus Stainless; Inland Steel; LTV Steel; Stollberg, Inc.) Interface Heat Transfer B. G. Thomas,* Y. Meng A coupled, two-dimensional, transient finite-element Continuous Casting Consortium (Accumold; Allegheny model has been developed to predict temperature, Ludlum; AK Steel; Columbus Stainless; Inland Steel; LTV shrinkage, and stress development in both horizontal and Steel; Stollberg, Inc.) vertical sections through the solidifying shell as it moves down through the caster. The model includes the effects Heat transfer in continuous casting molds is controlled of the volume change during phase transformation; primarily by heat conduction across the interface between ferrostatic pressure; the generalized plane strain stress the solidifying steel shell and the water-cooled copper state; the constraining influence of the mold; creep mold. A comprehensive model, CON1D, has been plasticity; and the dynamic effect of solidification developed to predict this heat transfer, including mass and shrinkage on heat transfer across the interfacial gap momentum balances on the interfacial powder layers, between the mold and the shell. The model is being superheat delivery from the turbulent liquid pool, and gap applied to simulate the early stages of solidification, ideal formation between the shell and the mold walls. Plant taper for different steel grades, and maximum casting and lab experiments are being conducted to measure speed to avoid excessive bulging and to understanding interfacial heat transfer in the continuous casting mold. crack formation. These are needed to obtain fundamental interfacial property data, so that the model can become a fully Transient Flow Structures and Heat Transfer predictive tool to solve quality problems and interpret in the Continuous Casting Mold mold thermocouple and friction signals. B. G. Thomas,* S. P. Vanka,* S. Sivaramakrishnan, T. Shi, Q. Yuan, B. Zhao Segregation and Microstructure Continuous Casting Consortium (Accumold; Allegheny in Solidifying Steel Ludlum; AK Steel; Columbus Stainless; Inland Steel; LTV B. G. Thomas,* Y. M. Won Steel; Stollberg, Inc.) Continuous Casting Consortium (Accumold; Allegheny Ludlum; AK Steel; Columbus Stainless; Inland Steel; LTV Transient events are important to the generation of quality Steel; Stollberg, Inc.) problems in continuous cast steel. Large eddy simulation models are being developed to directly simulate three- A simple analytical model of microsegregation in dimensional transient flow in the mold region. Results are solidifying steel has been developed based on the being compared with conventional K-ε model results in Clyne-Kurz model. It includes the effects of multiple addition to experiments on water models and in alloying elements, columnar dendrites, coarsening, and the commercial casting machines. The models are being peritectic transformation. A new empirical equation for used to investigate multiphase flow effects, dissipation secondary dendrite arm spacing has been developed, of superheat, and the movement of argon gas bubbles which varies with cooling rate and carbon content. and solid inclusion particles. The results will help us Predictions with this microsegregation model agree with understand and prevent flow-related quality problems, both experimental measurements and calculations with including surface defects due to free-surface motion, or a 1-D finite difference model. The model is being meniscus freezing, and entrained inclusions and gas implemented into CON1D, to investigate the effects of bubbles. continuous casting conditions on microstructure and composition, in addition to temperature and stress.
41 * Denotes principal investigator. Fabrication of Microminiature Devices and Microelectromechanical Microelectromechanical Systems Systems (MEMS) M. L. Philpott,* M. A. Shannon,* T. C. Tsao,* I. Adesida, T. A. DeTemple, K. C. Hsieh, B. C. Wheeler (Elect. & Comput. Engr.) Mesoscopic Thermomechanical (MTM) Water Campus Critical Research Initiative Program Purifier: An Energy-Efficient, Compact Approach to Cool, Filtered Drinking Water Applications for microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) J. G. Georgiadis,* M. A. Shannon, M. L. Philpott; being developed include low-cost, micro-optical J. Economy (Mater. Sci. & Engr.); J. Martel (CRREL); mechanical switches for telecommunications, mechanical S. Maloney (USACERL); N. R. Miller, A. F. Vakakis devices for microsurgery, and masks for biological Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency molecule deposition. This project is aimed at high force and displacement devices, as well as using dissimilar The objective of this project is to develop an energy- materials and creating 3-D utility from planar elements. efficient, compact water purifier unit that can be One approach is to combine wafer-scale and laser-material employed by the military in the field. The proposed processing to join elements that cannot be fabricated in purifier exploits the physics of the mesoscale, in that the same process as silicon. Research in silicon and performance improves as the size is reduced, and it laser-material processing is currently being developed spans the micro- to normal-scale. The mesoscopic to solve fundamental issues of MEMS. thermomechanical (MTM) water purifier is based on classical physics on the micro- and mesoscale, and it relies Integrated Mesoscopic on a novel continuous fractionation process to remove Cooler Circuits (IMCC) high concentrations of ions and solutes in the water, M. L. Philpott,* M. A. Shannon,* G. Mozsgai, followed by the use of optimized activated carbon fiber J. H. Yeom filters to retain nuclear, biological, and chemical Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency contaminants (NBC). The project is developing a distributed system of Development and Performance lightweight, ultraefficient mesoscopic coolers that can Measurement of MEMS Refrigeration be economically mass-produced to create a flexible System and Components refrigeration system. They are designed to transfer P. S. Hrnjak,* C. W. Bullard,* X. Tu between 1 to 4 W of heat, over 40°C, with a COP from Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency 4 to 7. The network of flexible, electrically powered IMCCs are approximately 120 mm (4.7 in.) square and The focus of this project is on mechanical vapor 3mm (<1/8 in) thick. The compressor is about the size of compression systems in the range 1-5W. The choice of a quarter. The research involves developing innovative refrigerant, its effects on heat exchanger design, expansion layered mesoscopic fabrication techniques including device, and controls are studied. The focus this year is on polymers and thin-film layers with silicon-based design and building of an experimental facility capable of electromechanical device fabrication. precise measurement of extremely low mass flow and heat transfer rates in the exchangers and other components. Integrated Mesoscopic Cooler Circuits (IMCCs): A Transforming Technology of Refrigerant Flow through Small Orifices Robust Ultraefficient Environmental Control P. S. Hrnjak,* C. W. Bullard,* X. Tu for Warriors of the 21st Century Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency M. L. Philpott,* M. A. Shannon;* J. Economy, A. A. Rockett (Mater. Sci. & Engr.); C. W. Bullard, Flow through small orifices (D=10-100µm) becomes a A. M. Jacobi; T. A. DeTemple, D. J. Beebe, K. C. Hsieh crucial issue in MEMS refrigeration systems. How do the (Elect. & Comput. Engr.); N. R. Miller, H. Sehitoglu, cavity shape, surface roughness, and geometry at that scale P. S. Hrnjak, M. T. A. Saif; N. Aluru (Gen. Engr.) affect the relationship between mass flow rate and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency inlet thermodynamic state of the fluid? How do the governing equations differ from those applicable at By combining new layered mesoscopic fabrication microscale? These and other issues related to expansion techniques with a scale-efficient vapor-compression cycle, device design are being addressed experimentally a system of lightweight microcoolers is being developed. and analytically. A network of compliant electrically powered devices
* Denotes principal investigator. 42 approximately 120 mm (4.7 in.) square and 3 mm A Fundamental Stiction (< 1/8 in.) thick are meshed together to form an active Model for Microassembly cooling fabric. The mesoscopic processes under A. A. Polycarpou* development combine polyimide/thin-film layering University of Illinois technologies with silicon-based electromechanical device fabrication. An important potential application is the In many MEMS applications the dimensions of the cooling of military personnel on active duty in hot components are relatively small, typically less than climates. Other potential applications include cooling of 100 µm. When such components come into contact, microelectronics and infrared sensors and weapon systems friction is relatively high, with friction coefficients that can benefit from robust distributed cooling. typically being larger than one, which is unacceptable. One such case is often encountered in microassembly, Accelerated Testing of MEMS where handling of small components is critical. In this Structures and Devices research, a fundamental static friction (stiction) model will L. M. Phinney,* J. M. Jennings be developed from first principles and applied to typical University of Illinois microassembly components. The model will incorporate the roughness of the contacting surfaces, intermolecular Before microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices forces, and possibly electrostatic forces. can be mass-produced and marketed, the reliability and operating lifetimes of these devices must be determined. Three-Dimensional Surface Topography This involves understanding how failures that affect Effects on Intermolecular Forces in MEMS devices behave at both operating and extreme Miniature Systems (high temperature) conditions. Accelerated testing A. A. Polycarpou,* A. Suh protocols can be developed once the relationship between University of Illinois the failure times at standard and extreme conditions are known. Also, the results of this investigation will provide Miniature devices, including MEMS and the head disk further insight into MEMS failures and suggest future interface in magnetic storage, often include very smooth directions for research into the prevention of these surfaces typically having root-mean-square roughness, Rq, failures. This project experimentally and analytically of the order of 10 nm or less. When such smooth surfaces studies the failure of MEMS structures in order to contact, or come into proximity of each other, strong establish accelerated testing procedures. intermolecular (adhesive) forces are developed and may result in unacceptable and possibly catastrophic adhesion, Microscale Thermal Sensing stiction, friction, and wear. In this work, an adhesion and Actuation Using MEMS model is developed and is used to calculate the adhesion L. M. Phinney* forces at typical MEMS interfaces. The model strongly University of Illinois depends on the surface roughness parameters (3-D), which are measurements using an atomic MEMS, microelectromechanical systems, are a rapidly force microscope. developing technology with applications in the automotive, health care, aerospace, environmental sensing, Bistable MEMS for Nonvolatile Information and consumer products industries. MEMS devices have Storage and Optomechanical Computing in been used to extend thermal measurement capabilities to Harsh Environments greater sensitivities and smaller spatial resolutions than T. Saif,* N. R. Miller,* M. Sulfridge those achieved by traditional methods. Additionally, some National Science Foundation, ECS-0083155 MEMS devices are thermally actuated. For example, bimaterial cantilevers deform when heated because of This project investigates a micromechanical bistable mismatches in the thermal expansion coefficients and have system for use in nonvolatile data storage and been used to actuate MEMS devices. This project optomechanical computing in harsh environments, investigates using MEMS devices to measure heat transfer such as extreme temperatures, where conventional performance, thermophysical properties, and thermal microelectronics face severe limitations. Here, a actuation schemes. micromechanical bistable system is studied. It has two states: 1 or 0 (logic true or logic false), thus giving rise to the potential of digital data storage. The states can be changed by the pressure of a moderate intensity laser
43 * Denotes principal investigator. beam, thus giving rise to the potential of developing Noninvasive Analysis and Manipulation of optomechanical computers. Being a mechanical system, it Single Cells Using MEMS Devices is inherently robust and is suitable for harsh T. Saif,* L. Allen* (Mater. Sci. & Engr.), M. B. Wheeler environment applications. (Animal Sci.), C. Sager National Science Foundation, ECS 98-07384; Capillary Forces at the Interface University of Illinois of a MEMS Probe and a Liquid T. Saif* A single living embryo is mechanically probed using University of Illinois microactuators and sensors to study its internal fluid pressure, viscosity, mechanical stiffness, and dynamic Capillary force allows small, flat, solid plates to float on response. The objective is to investigate whether these liquids. The density of the plate material is higher than parameters change during cell division within the embryo. liquid. This project investigates the mechanisms of The study will reveal fundamental understanding of the floatation and the force interaction between two small biological processes during the initial stages of life. floating bodies. The project aims to identify the The parameters will also allow distinguishing between parameter space in which a MEMS probe can be used a healthy and a pathological embryo. to manipulate an object in liquid without inundating the corresponding MEMS devices. Reliability of Thermal Microactuators T. Saif* MEMS Instructional Module for National Science Foundation, ECS 97-34368; Kodak High School Students T. Saif,* L. Benkowski, S. Tomasek, E. Wiggins The project explores the primary mechanisms of National Science Foundation, ECS 97-34368 thermomechanical fatigue and failure of MEMS thermal actuators made from metal-ceramic thin-film layers. An instructional module is being developed on MEMS The medium of operation of these actuators may be for high school students. The module will consist of a vacuum, air, or liquids. MEMS sensors and actuators series of videotapes, a high school MEMS web page, and are used to understand the mechanisms of fatigue. experimental MEMS demonstrations. The work is being conducted in collaboration with the University High Microengines Based on Combustion School located on the University of Illinois campus. at the Microscale M. A. Shannon,* R. I. Masel* (Chem. Engr.) Motion Amplification-based Tunable, DynCorp. Bistable, Low-Power Sensor Arrays T. Saif* This exploratory research is aimed at developing the University of Illinois appropriate surface chemistries as well as material synthesis and fabrication to construct a microcombustor A new novel class of micromechanical sensors is being that will burn fuels without chemical and thermal developed based on buckling of a long slender beam to quenching. The project seeks to test theory that suggests sense a wide variety of physical parameters, such as an approach to solving the quenching problems that temperature, humidity, acceleration, and electromagnetic currently keep microcombustion from occurring. fields. The sensors have two stable equilibrium states. They change state when the physical excitation exceeds a threshold value. They consume power during state change only, not while maintaining the state. The nonlinear dynamical behavior of the sensors is studied, including the response of the bistable system subjected to a white noise excitation (thermal noise).
* Denotes principal investigator. 44 Discrete Manufacturing Process Design Operations Management Optimization Using Generalized Hill and Research Climbing Algorithms S. H. Jacobson,* D. E. Armstrong, J. M. Bowman, J. Orosz A Study of Local Search Strategies Using U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, Generalized Hill Climbing Algorithms F49620-98-1-0111 S. H. Jacobson,* D. E. Armstrong, J. M. Bowman, J. Orosz The objective of this project is to introduce generalized National Science Foundation, DMI-9907980 hill climbing (GHC) algorithms as a new approach to address intractable discrete manufacturing process design The objective of this project is to study local search optimization problems. The results of this research strategies for discrete optimization problems, using the provide a framework under which a large body of local generalized hill climbing algorithm framework. search strategies (including simulated annealing, tabu This project presents and classifies local search algorithms search, and the noising method) for discrete optimization (including simulated annealing, threshold accepting, and problems can be studied and analyzed using a single tabu search, among others) using the generalized hill cohesive theory. The results of this research will provide climbing algorithm framework; identifies and develops a vehicle upon which new search strategies can be convergence results and new finite-time performance systematically developed, hence providing the potential measures for such algorithms (that more closely match to address larger, more challenging problems of interest how practitioners would apply them); studies the to the Air Force. implications of these convergence results and finite-time performance measures on particular algorithm Optimal Discrete Manufacturing formulations; and evaluates the application of such Process Design Optimization algorithms to manufacturing and service industry S. H. Jacobson,* D. E. Armstrong, J. M. Bowman discrete optimization problems. U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, F49620-98-1-0432 Deployment of Aviation Security Technologies Discrete manufacturing process design optimization can S. H. Jacobson,* J. M. Bowman, J. Virta be difficult due to the large number of manufacturing Federal Aviation Administration, DTFA01-99-C-00085 process sequences and associated input parameter setting combinations that exist. Generalized hill climbing International terrorism inflicted on the nation’s aviation (GHC) algorithms have been introduced to address such system poses a significant threat to the economic and design problems. Initial results with GHC algorithms political infrastructure of the United States. The Federal required the design sequence to be fixed, with the Aviation Administration is commissioned to deploy algorithm used to identify optimal input parameter aviation security devices in airports throughout the nation. settings. This project introduces new neighborhood It is a challenge to determine the type of and number of functions that allow GHC algorithms to be used to also security devices to deploy at which airports. This research identify the optimal design sequence. The resulting project develops operations research models and algorithms are being applied to an integrated blade rotor algorithms to address this question. The results of this design problem of interest to the Air Force. research will be used to improve the security of the national airspace system through a systematic and cost- High-Performance Algorithms for effective process of allocating aviation security resources. Logistics and Optimization: HALO L. V. Kale* (Comput. Sci.), U. S. Palekar,* A. Rajagopalan INTEL; University of Illinois
Most optimization problems arising in logistics and supply chain systems tend to be large and computationally difficult integer programming problems. Solutions of these problems require decomposition strategies and a multilevel optimization framework. The methodology requires the solution of thousands of smaller integer
45 * Denotes principal investigator. programs that are very loosely coupled together. will study models and solutions methodologies that Researchers are developing parallel algorithms for such produce more robust crew schedules in planning. problems that can be solved on a distributed network of The team proposes an objective function that captures the workstations. The team uses mathematical programming number of move-up crews, which are crews that can be techniques for decomposition and the CHARM++ swapped in operations. Researchers will study several parallel-programming kernel for parallelization. The solution methodologies for solving the models. software is being tested on a network of Pentium servers with 64 nodes. MEDUSA: Multi-Echelon Distribution Systems Analyzer Computational Study of Crew U. S. Palekar,* A. Agarwal Scheduling with Regularity University of Illinois D. Klabjan,* A. Makri Campus Research Board Multi-echelon distribution systems are commonly used to support manufacturing and after-market sales Researchers will perform additional computational organizations. Because of the many complex inventory, experiments in airline crew scheduling with regularity. material handling, and transportation issues involved, it is Plans include embedding several new techniques into generally difficult to analyze large systems in their entirety. the solution methodology. The project will involve MEDUSA is a software analysis tool that permits the user developing an implementation strategy and performing to manually configure and control different activities or intensive comprehensive experiments. automatically calculate parameters of the system.
Library Budget Allocation Modeling Mathematical Models for Joint Optimization D. Klabjan,* A. Arora of Supply Chain and Trade Promotion Plans University of Illinois Library U. S. Palekar,* A. Jain, R. Proano, J. Zhang, J. Bagga Kellogg Co. The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign library has many units and only one budget. This project is Researchers consider the problem of supply chain about finding the best allocation of funds to the units. optimization when demand can be managed by optimally Currently a linear model is in use that has many selecting trade promotional plans. The model is a large drawbacks. Researchers seek to develop a model that integer programming problem that is solved using a will take into account many complex aspects of the multilevel decomposition approach. library units and their interaction. Mathematical Models for Optimizing Next-Generation Airline Crew Scheduling Retail Assortments D. Klabjan,* V. Shah U. S. Palekar,* A. Jain Sabre, Inc.; National Center for Supercomputing University of Illinois Applications Researchers consider the problem of determining the best Researchers will develop a software library for airline crew set of items to be displayed as well as the amount to be scheduling. Unique features of the library will be the use carried in retail stores. The models consider space, of parallel algorithms, portability, independence of the budget, inventory performance, and logistic constraints. complex crew scheduling rules, and its generality. The The model is a large-scale integer program. Algorithms design will easily allow the use of the library for other developed in this project currently solve problems similar problems, such as robust crew scheduling involving several hundred stores and over 1,000 items. and rostering. The algorithms use piece-wise linearizations and column-generation strategies. Robust Airline Crew Scheduling: Move-up Crews Optimization Models for Manpower Planning D. Klabjan* in Distributed Service Networks National Science Foundation, DMI 00-84826 U. S. Palekar,* K. Delli, A. Rajagopalan Sears; National Center for Supercomputing Applications Due to the flight disruptions in operations, the crew scheduling cost at the end of a month is substantially Manpower planning in distributed service networks is a higher than the projected cost in planning. Researchers complex problem requiring estimation of travel
* Denotes principal investigator. 46 requirements, first complete percentages of service calls, Branch-and-Reduce Algorithms and assignment of personnel to appropriate skill for Global Optimization categories. Researchers develop a multilevel optimization N. V. Sahinidis,* M. Tawarmalani, J. P. Shectman, framework for the problem to simultaneously address the H. S. Ryoo various optimization models embedded in the problem. National Science Foundation, DMI 94-14615, The main model is a large-scale integer program that DMI 95-02722 determines the staffing levels over a 15-month horizon. Auxiliary models determine optimum skill groupings, This project develops global optimization methodologies travel routes, and repair kit compositions. for escaping from local minima traps. The algorithms combine branch and bound with optimality- and A Lagrangian Approach to feasibility-based range reduction, finite branching rules, the Pooling Problem tight bounding schemes, and efficient heuristics to N. V. Sahinidis,* N. Adhya, M. Tawarmalani accelerate convergence. Problems considered include National Science Foundation, DMI 95-02722; minimization of concave functions over polytopes, Mobil Technology Center multiplicative programs, bilinear programs, integer programs, and factorable programs. Researchers apply Pooling and blending problems occur frequently in the algorithms to problems in supply chain management, petrochemical industry where crude oils, procured from portfolio optimization, and engineering design. various sources, are mixed together to manufacture several end products. Finding optimal solutions to pooling Planning in the Process Industry problems requires the solution of nonlinear optimization under Uncertainty problems with multiple local minima. Researchers N. V. Sahinidis,* S. Ahmed introduce a new Lagrangian relaxation approach for National Science Foundation, DMI 94-14615, developing lower bounds for the pooling problem. DMI 95-02722 The team proves that, for the multiple quality case, the Lagrangian approach provides tighter, lower bounds than As the chemical industry is becoming increasingly the standard linear programming relaxations used in competitive, tools to hedge against uncertainty become global optimization algorithms. increasingly important. The project develops a two-stage stochastic optimization approach to the problem of BARON: An All-Purpose Global planning in the process industries. Researchers consider Optimization Package both discrete and continuous random parameters. In one N. V. Sahinidis,* M. Tawarmalani research direction, the team introduced the upper partial National Science Foundation, DMI 94-14615, mean as a new measure of robustness and developed DMI 95-02722 robust process planning algorithms under uncertainty. Another research direction included development of The area of global optimization software is so important, approximation algorithms for two-stage stochastic integer yet so underdeveloped. This project aims at the programs. Researchers provide proofs that these schemes development of BARON, an all-purpose, are optimal in expectation as the problem size increases. high-performance global optimization methodology to support engineering design and manufacturing. BARON Portfolio Optimization Via Nonconvex (Branch-And-Reduce-Optimization-Navigator) executes a Quadratic Programming global optimization strategy by navigating its way through N. V. Sahinidis,* J. P. Shectman user-provided subroutines. Its optimization strategy Campus Research Board integrates conventional branch-and-bound with a wide variety of range reduction tests and branching schemes. Markowitz, Nobel prize-winning oeuvre, initiated the Specialized modules have been developed for special area of portfolio optimization in the early 1950s. Like problem classes, including concave minimization over Markowitz’s method, the proposed method employs a polyhedral, polynomial programs, mixed integer and quadratic programming formulation to construct optimal quadratic programs, and factorable programs. portfolios. Unlike prior approaches, this formulation is nonconvex. Statistically, returns on market securities are often distributed in highly asymmetric ways and the proposed model accounts for this fact. Moreover, the model does not require the investor to be risk-averse at
47 * Denotes principal investigator. all levels of wealth but allows for utility to have two Dynamic Pricing for Manufacturer Capacity segments. Each segment may be concave or convex, W. Zhao* corresponding to risk aversion or risk affinity, respectively, University of Illinois at different levels of wealth. Advances in e-commerce, enterprise information systems, Multiobjective Optimization and Sensitivity and automated production process control enable Analysis for Discrete and Continuous manufacturers to sell their processing capacity to more Optimization Problems potential customers. Researchers develop models that J. A. Stori,* S. H. Jacobson,* V. Venkat dynamically determine the price of the capacity in order Austral Engineering and Software; Air Force Office of to maximize the total expected revenue. The prices depend Scientific Research on the demand forecast, existing orders, and due dates.
The purpose of this research is to develop and define procedures that can be used to identify optimal solutions in a multiobjective environment, as well as to assess the Journals and Books quality of these solutions using sensitivity analysis and postoptimality analysis procedures. For systems with continuous parameters and smooth (continuous) objective Automotive Systems functions, there has been a significant amount of research on this topic. For discrete solution spaces, the literature has been much more limited. This suggests the difficulty Kelly-Zion, P. L., J. P. Styron, C. F. Lee, R. P. Lucht, and challenges associated with the postoptimality analysis J. E. Peters, and R. A. White. Atomization quality in the problem for multiobjective optimization in the cylinder of a port-injected spark-ignition engine. discrete domain. Atomiz. Sprays, 10:1, 1-23 (2000).
Trujillo, M. F., W. Mathews, C. F. Lee, and J. E. Peters. Modelling and experiment of impingement and Production Management atomization of a liquid spray on a wall. Int. J. Engine Res., 1:1, 87-105 (2000). Analysis of Facility Space, Inventory, and Outsourcing Decision for New Product Zeng, Y. and C. F. Lee. A multicomponent fuel-film Introduction vaporization model for multidimensional computations. U. S. Palekar,* V. Vig, D. Wu J. Propul. Power, 15:6, 964-973 (2000). Caterpillar, Inc.
Researchers are developing mathematical models to Bioengineering estimate facility space required for inventory and production based on sourcing and replenishment decisions. The model allows planners to estimate the Nussbaum, M. A. and X. Zhang. Heuristics for locating cost of introducing a new product in the supply chain upper-extremity joint centers from surface markers. of a company. The model is an integer program based Hum. Movement Sci., 19, 797-816 (2000). on the Bill of Material Structure of the product. Zhang, X., M. A. Nussbaum, and D. B. Chaffin. Back lift Fulfillment Strategies for Multichannel versus leg lift: an index and visualization of dynamic Retailers with B2C E-commerce Demand lifting strategies. J. Biomech., 33, 777-782 (2000). U. S. Palekar,* A. Jain, J. Bagga University of Illinois
Researchers consider several strategies that can be employed by brick-and-click retailers to meet e-commerce demand. In particular, the team considers the use of retail store inventory to satisfy e-commerce demand. Researchers develop bidding mechanisms whereby stores bid for e-commerce demand.
* Denotes principal investigator. 48 Combustion and Propulsion Control Systems
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61 Gwynn, C. Control of secondary oscillations in Theses shock/vibration isolation. M.S. thesis, A. G. Alleyne, adviser (2000).
Hull, T. D. An investigation of motorcycle stability and Automotive Systems control. M.S. thesis, A. G. Alleyne, adviser (2000).
Yamada, S. An experimental investigation of diesel and Lynch, D. P. Velocity scheduled driver-assisted control of gasoline fuel additives on engine performance and a four-wheel steer vehicle. M.S. thesis, A. G. Alleyne, emissions. M.S. thesis, R. A. White and C. F. Lee, adviser (2000). advisers (2000). Prasetiawan, E. A. Modeling, simulation and control of Zeng, Y. Modeling of multicomponent fuel vaporization an earthmoving vehicle powertrain simulator. M.S. in internal combustion engines. Ph.D. thesis, C. F. Lee, thesis, A. G. Alleyne, adviser (2000). adviser (2000). Rosenthal, B. J. The dynamic analysis and control system design of a Hydroski. M.S. thesis, A. G. Alleyne, adviser Bioengineering (2000). Withrow, M. P. Robust controller design for Sager, C. R. Adhesion studies of a single living cell using simultaneous control of throttle pressure and megawatt MEMS sensors. M.S. thesis, M. T. A. Saif, adviser (2000). output in a power plant. M.S. thesis, J. Bentsman, adviser (2000). Combustion and Propulsion Design Methodology
Ali, A. N. High-explosive ignition dynamics. M.S. thesis, and Tribology M. Q. Brewster, adviser (2000). Chappell, J. D. Measurement of the relationship between Chai, S. Pressure-coupled response function oil circulation and compressor lubrication in a mobile measurement using an ultrasound echo-location A/C system: part two. M.S. thesis, P. S. Hrnjak, N. R. technique. M.S. thesis, H. Krier, adviser (2000). Miller, T. A. Newell, and C. Cusano, advisers (2000). Chorpening, B. T. The flame structure of AP/HTPB Chen, S. Analysis and design of nonlinearly constrained sandwiches. Ph.D. thesis, M. Q. Brewster, adviser (2000). dynamic systems. Ph.D. thesis, D. A. Tortorelli, adviser (2000). Murphy, J. J. Measurement and modeling of pressure- driven transient burning of solid propellants. Ph.D. thesis, H. Krier, adviser (2000). Dynamic Systems Spalding, M. J. Boron particle ignition and combustion in a shock tube using time-resolved spectroscopy. Fullilove, J. D. Mesoscale dynamic ice formation and Ph.D. thesis, H. Krier, adviser (2000). breaking on a vibrating thin membrane. M.S. thesis, A. F. Vakakis, adviser (2000).
Control Systems Ma, X. Order reduction, identification, and localization studies of dynamical systems. Ph.D. thesis, A. F. Vakakis, adviser (2000). Crisman, P. Modeling analysis and control of a flop system for shock boundary layer interaction control. M.S. thesis, A. G. Alleyne, adviser (2000).
62 Ng, H. W. Iterative learning control and bumpless Tran, C. C. A study of refrigerant void fraction and transfer for an electro-pneumatic servo system. M. S. pressure drop in return bends and development of a new thesis, A. G. Alleyne, adviser (2000). two-phase experimental apparatus. M.S. thesis, T. A. Newell and J. C. Chato, advisers (2000). Ngo, K. V. Analytical derivations related to nonlinear energy pumping in coupled oscillators. M.S. thesis, A. F. Vakakis, adviser (2000). Engineering Mechanics Solberg, J. R. Regulation of the liquid-mass-fraction of the refrigerant exiting an evaporator. M.S. thesis, Shi, M. X. Fracture in the higher-order elastic N. R. Miller, adviser (2000). continuum. M.S. thesis, Y. Y. Huang, adviser (2000).
Energy Systems and Fluid Dynamics Thermodynamics Gefroh, D. L. Experimental study of mesoflaps to control oblique-shock/boundary-layer interaction. Barnes, P. R. Optimization of sawtooth and multi-slab M.S. thesis, J. C. Dutton and E. Loth (Aeronautical and wire-on-tube condensers and minimizing TEWI by Astronautical Engineering), advisers (2000). charge reduction in a compact chiller. M.S. thesis, C. W. Bullard, adviser (2000). Kuehner, J. P. Simultaneous acquisition of pressure, temperature, and velocity using coherent anti-stokes Drozdek, J. C. Measurement of the relationship between Raman scattering. M.S. thesis, J. C. Dutton and oil circulation and compressor lubrication in a mobile R. P. Lucht (Texas A&M University), advisers (2000). A/C system: part one. M.S. thesis, T. A. Newell and N. R. Miller, advisers (2000). Mantle, W. J. Use of improved far-field boundary conditions to compute external flows on reduced Gerlach, D. W. Dual evaporator household refrigerator domains. Ph.D. thesis, A. J. Pearlstein, adviser (2000). performance testing and simulation. M.S. thesis, T. A. Newell and C. W. Bullard, advisers (2000). Meyer, T. R. Turbulent molecular mixing in gaseous free shear flows. Ph.D. thesis, J. C. Dutton and R. P. Lucht Gupta, S. Investigation of the effect of an R134a/polyol (Texas A&M University), advisers (2000). ester mixture on void fraction and pressure drop in horizontal tube evaporators. M.S. thesis, T. A. Newell Raguin, M. L. G. Experimental study of mass transport and J. C. Chato, advisers (2000). and flow structures in Taylor-Couette-Poiseuille flows using MRI. M.S. thesis, J. G. Georgiadis, adviser (2000). Harshbarger, D. S. Finite element heat exchanger simulation within a Newton-Raphson framework. M.S. thesis, C. W. Bullard, adviser (2000). Heat Transfer Inan, C. Heat and mass transfer through a domestic refrigerator and evaluation of evaporator performance Aldana, J. P. Critical heat flux of CO in a microchannel under frosted conditions. Ph.D. thesis, A. Nilufer 2 at elevated subcritical pressures. M.S. thesis, A. M. (Istanbul Technical University) and T. A. Newell, advisers Jacobi, adviser (2000). (2000). Hong, S. H. Heat transfer in thermal developing flow Stein, M. A. Moisture, transport, frost visualization, and of fluids with high Prandtl numbers preceding and dual evaporator modeling in domestic refrigerators. following u-bend. M.S. thesis, P. S. Hrnjak, adviser M.S. thesis, T. A. Newell, adviser (2000). (2000).
63 Kaiser, J. M. Condensate retention effects on the air-side Marin, R. A. The kinematics of rigid body contact in the heat transfer performance of automotive evaporator design and analysis of machining fixtures. Ph.D. thesis, coils. M.S. thesis, A. M. Jacobi, adviser (2000). P. M. Ferreira, adviser (2000).
Kawka, P. A. An experimental, theoretical, and numerical Reddy, R. A mechanistic force model and stability investigation of directional scattering from configured analysis for contour turning. Ph.D. thesis, R. E. DeVor surfaces including polimide films. M.S. thesis, and S. G. Kapoor, advisers (2000). R. O. Buckius, adviser (2000). Roy, S. N. Cross-coupled controls for two DOF parallel Payne, W. T. Void fraction and pressure drop in link mechanisms. M.S. thesis, P. M. Ferreira, adviser microchannels. M.S. thesis, P. S. Hrnjak and (2000). T. A. Newell, advisers (2000). Skerlos, S. J. Microfiltration of synthetic metalworking Pira, J. V. An evaluation of heat exchangers using system fluids using aluminum oxide membranes. Ph.D. thesis, information and PEC. M.S. thesis, A. M. Jacobi and R. E. DeVor and S. G. Kapoor, advisers (2000). C. W. Bullard, advisers (2000). Subbiah, S. Flexible fixturing through part positioning. Rogers, J. W. Repair of stiction-failed MEMS structures M.S. thesis, R. E. DeVor and S. G. Kapoor, advisers using a ND:YAG laser. M.S. thesis, L. M. Phinney, (2000). adviser (2000). Yin, J. Condensate retention effects on the air-side heat Materials Behavior transfer performance of plain and wavy-louvered heat exchangers. M.S. thesis, A. M. Jacobi, adviser (2000). Ahmed, H. M. Shear testing of thermal barrier coatings. M.S. thesis, D. F. Socie, adviser (2000). Human Factors Anderson, R. D. The effect of aging treatments on shape memory and pseudoelastic behavior of nickel-titanium Cristina, F. J., Jr. The effect of feedback lag variability single crystals. M.S. thesis, H. Sehitoglu, adviser (2000). on choice of automated decision aids. M.S. thesis, P. M. Jones, adviser (2000). Gardner, D. W. On the resolution limits of thermoelastic stress analysis. M.S. thesis, T. J. Mackin, adviser (2000). Graham, A. R. Distributed collaborative planning in a heterogeneous computing environment: usability of Horn, G. P. Quantifying damage in polymer matrix hand-held wireless devices with collaborative virtual composites using thermoelastic stress analysis. M.S. workspaces. M.S. thesis, P. M. Jones, adviser (2000). thesis, T. J. Mackin, adviser (2000).
McCray, L. M. GISMOO: analysis, design and Karaman, I. The competing effects of slip and twinning evaluation of a collaborative planning environment for on the deformation of Hadfield manganese steel single civil infrastructure management. M.S. thesis, P. M. Jones, and polycrystals. Ph.D. thesis, H. Sehitoglu, adviser adviser (2000). (2000).
Lian, K. J. E. The effect of through-thickness Manufacturing Systems prestraining on the formability of aluminum autobody sheets. M.S. thesis, A. J. Beaudoin, adviser (2000).
Johnson, M. P. Design of a parallel link machine tool. Reed, W. R. Rate-insensitive yield surface development M.S. thesis, P. M. Ferreira, adviser (2000). and parallelism in polycrystal plasticity. M.S. thesis, A. J. Beaudoin, adviser (2000). Lee, M. C. Auto calibration of machine tools exploiting redundancy, transitivity, and error projection. Ph.D. Rejda, E. F. The constitutive behavior of thick thermal thesis, P. M. Ferreira, adviser (2000). barrier coatings. Ph.D. thesis, D. F. Socie, adviser (2000).
64 Viswanath, A. D. Thermo-mechanical modeling and Moore, G. V. Failure of a thin-film mullite synthesis due experimental results for gray cast iron. M.S. thesis, to carbothermic reduction. M.S. thesis, M. A. Shannon, H. Sehitoglu, adviser (2000). adviser (2000).
Webster, G. E. Deformation behavior of thick thermal barrier coatings. M.S. thesis, D. F. Socie, adviser (2000). Operations Research
Materials Processing Abbott, H. Replenishment models for retail systems with space elasticity. M.S. thesis, U. S. Palekar, adviser (2000).
Bai, H. Argon bubble behavior in slide-gate tundish Rajagopalan, A. A parallel approach to solving the nozzles during continuous casting of steel slabs. multi-tier time constrained vehicle routing problem. Ph.D. thesis, B. G. Thomas, adviser (2000). M.S. thesis, U. S. Palekar, adviser (2000).
Bloch, M. I. A study of the filling of automotive wheel molds. M.S. thesis, J. A. Dantzig, adviser (2000). Production Management Comas-Cardona, S. Measurement of droplet deformation in simple shear flow with zero interfacial tension. Delli, K. Supply chain scheduling and coordination M.S. thesis, C. L. Tucker III, adviser (2000). problems. M.S. thesis, U. S. Palekar, adviser (2000).
Parkman, J. Simulation of thermal-mechanical behavior von Beck, U. Production cost variance analysis by during initial solidification of steel. M.S. thesis, merging discrete-event simulation with activity-based B. G. Thomas, adviser (2000). costing. M.S. thesis, U. S. Palekar, adviser (2000).
Sivaramakrishnan, S. Transient fluid flow in the mold and heat transfer through the molten slag layer in continuous casting of steel. M.S. thesis, B. G. Thomas Awards and Honors and S. P. Vanka, advisers (2000). Alva L. (Tad) Addy, Emeritus Stone, D. T. Mathematical modeling of interfacial heat Fellow, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1984 transfer in the continuous slab casting process. Fellow, American Society for Engineering Education, M.S. thesis, B. G. Thomas, adviser (2000). 1997 Associate Fellow, American Institute of Aeronautics and Yu, L. FEM analysis of bulging between rolls in Astronautics, 1977 continuous casting. M.S. thesis, B. G. Thomas, adviser NATO AGARD, Fluid Dynamics Panel, Lectureships, (2000). 1968, 1973, 1975, 1976 Visiting Research Professor, U.S. Department of the Army, 1973, 1982 Microelectromechanical Visiting Research Professor, U.S. Army Missile Laboratory, 1982 Systems (MEMS) Outstanding Research Accomplishment, U.S. Army Research Office, 1983 Halliburton Award for Engineering Education Leadership, Fischer, A. A. Fabrication of an electrostatically activated U of I College of Engineering, 1984 microscale flapper valve. M.S. thesis, M. A. Shannon, South Dakota School of Mines & Technology Centennial adviser (2000). 100 Award, 1985 Mechanical Engineering Ralph Coats Roe Award, Jennings, J. M. The effects of temperature on in-use American Society for Engineering Education, 1990 stiction failure for various MEMS release methods. Keynote Speaker, 20th U.S. Army Science Conference, M.S. thesis, L. M. Phinney, adviser (2000). Norfolk, Va., 1996
65 Andrew G. Alleyne National Science Foundation Presidential Young Faculty Early Development (CAREER) Award, National Investigator Award, 1984 Science Foundation, 1996 Office of Naval Research Young Investigator Award, 1987 Engineering Council Award for Excellence in Advising, University Scholar, U of I, 1993 U of I College of Engineering, 1998, 1999 Hermia G. Soo Professor, U of I Department of Guest Editor, IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 2000-2005 special issue on Mechatronics in Automotive Systems, Associate Editor, Journal of Propulsion and Power, 2001- 4:3, September 1999 Best Paper Award, ASME International Mechanical Richard O. Buckius Engineering Congress and Exposition, Fluid Power Fellow, American Society of Mechanical Engineering Systems and Technology Division, Orlando, Fla., Associate Fellow, American Institute of Aeronautics and November 2000 Astronautics Xerox Award for Faculty Research, U of I College of Dow Outstanding Young Faculty, American Society for Engineering, 2000 Engineering Education, Illinois-lndiana Section, 1978 Listed in Who’s Who Among America’s Teachers, Sixth Stanley H. Pierce Faculty Award, U of I College of Edition, 2000 Engineering, 1979 Associate Editor, ASME Journal of Dynamic Systems, W. L. Everitt Undergraduate Teaching Excellence Award, Measurement, and Control, 2000-2003 U of I College of Engineering, 1980 Editorial Board Member, International Journal of Vehicle Two-Year Alumni Effective Teacher Award, U of I Autonomous Systems, 2000- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Alumni Association, 1980 Armand J. Beaudoin Campus Award for Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching, Invited Speaker, Fourth Annual Symposium on Frontiers U of I, 1980 of Engineering, sponsored by the National Academy of Western Electric Fund Award, American Society for Engineering, 1998 Engineering Education, 1981 Editorial Board, Modelling and Simulation in Materials Five-Year Alumni Effective Teacher Award, U of I Science and Engineering, 1998- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Faculty Early Development (CAREER) Award, National Alumni Association, 1982 Science Foundation, 1999 Halliburton Engineering Education Leadership Award, Key Reader, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions, U of I College of Engineering, 1987 1999- Two-Year Alumni Effective Teacher Award, U of I Invited Participant, First Japan-America Frontiers of Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Engineering Symposium, sponsored by the National Alumni Association, 1987 Academy of Engineering and the Engineering Academy Five-Year Alumni Effective Teacher Award, U of I of Japan, Nara, Japan, November 2000 Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Alumni Association, 1989 Joseph Bentsman Beckman Associate, U of I Center for Advanced Study, Presidential Young Investigator Award, National Science 1989 Foundation, 1989 Centennial Memorial Fund, Tokyo Institute of Andersen Consulting Award for Excellence in Advising, Technology, 1990 U of I College of Engineering, 1990 Editorial Advisory Board, Heat Transfer-Japanese Research, Invited Editor for special issue on Adaptive Control of 1990- Distributed Parameter Systems in the International CIC Academic Leadership Fellow, 1990 Journal of Adaptive Control and Signal Processing, Richard W. Kritzer Professor, U of I Department of December 1998- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 1992 Member of the Editorial Board, Nonlinear Phenomena in Two-Year Alumni Effective Teacher Award, U of I Complex Systems, An Interdisciplinary Journal, November Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering 1999- Alumni Association, 1994 Editorial Advisory Board, Microscale Thermophysical M. Quinn Brewster Engineering, 1996- Fellow, American Society of Mechanical Engineers Editorial Advisory Board, Heat Transfer Research, 1997- Associate Fellow, American Institute of Aeronautics and Associate Technical Editor, AIAA Journal of Astronautics Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, 1999-
66 Two-Year Alumni Effective Teaching Award, Department Prince Distinguished Lecturer, Arizona State University, of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Alumni 1984 Board, 2000 Tau Beta Pi Daniel C. Drucker Eminent Faculty Award (first), U of I College of Engineering, 1985 Clark W. Bullard University Scholar, U of I, 1985-88 Public Service and Civic Activities Award, Izaak Walton William T. Ennor Manufacturing Technology Award, League of America, Illinois Division, 1985 American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1992 Fulbright-Hayes Research Award, 1986 Certificate of Recognition for Creative Development, Visiting Fellow, Science Policy Research Unit, Sussex NASA, 1993 University, U.K., June-December 1986 Centennial Medallion, American Society for Engineering Chevron Conservation Award, Chevron USA, 1990 Education, 1993 Andersen Consulting Award for Excellence in Advising, Centennial Alumnus, National Chiao-Tung University, U of I College of Engineering, 1992 Taiwan, 1996 Associate Editor, Illinois Environmental Policy Review, Distinguished Alumnus, Shanghai Tiao-Tong University, 1998-2000 China, 1996 Engineering Council Award for Excellence in Advising, U of I College of Engineering, 1999, 2000 John C. Chato, Emeritus Fellow, American Institute for Medical and Biological Bei Tse Chao, Emeritus Engineering Member, Academia Sinica, Republic of China Fellow, American Society of Mechanical Engineers Member, National Academy of Engineering Postdoctoral Fellow, National Science Foundation, 1961 Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Distinguished Engineering Alumnus Award, University of Science Cincinnati, 1972 Fellow, American Society for Engineering Education Associate Editor, Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, Fellow, American Society of Mechanical Engineers 1976-1982 Boxer Indemnity Scholar, Sino-British Cultural and Fogarty Senior International Fellow, National Institutes of Educational Foundation, 1945-1948 Health, 1978-1979 Blackall Machine Tool and Gage Award, American Society Charles Russ Richards Memorial Award, Pi Tau Sigma and of Mechanical Engineers, 1957 American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1978 Heat Transfer Memorial Award, American Society of Russell B. Scott Memorial Award, Cryogenic Engineering Mechanical Engineers, 1971 Conference, 1979 Western Electric Fund Award, American Society of Honorary Visiting Professor, University of New South Engineering Education, 1973 Wales, Australia, 1986 Russell S. Springer Visiting Professor of Mechanical Andersen Consulting Award for Excellence in Advising, Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, 1973 U of I College of Engineering, 1989 Ralph Coats Roe Award (first), American Society for H. R. Lissner Award, American Society of Mechanical Engineering Education, 1975 Engineers, 1992 Five-Year Effective Teacher Award, U of I Department of Certificate of Appreciation for Outstanding Paper Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Alumni presented at the 46th Annual International Appliance Association, 1978 Technical Conference, 1995 Board of Governors’ Certificate of Appreciation for service Engineering Council Advisors List for Outstanding as Technical Editor, ASME Journal of Heat Transfer, Advising, U of I, 1996 1982 Travel Fellowship, Japan Society for the Promotion of Southwest Mechanics Lecturer, Southwest Universities Science, 1997 Association, 1982 Dedicated Service Award, American Society of Mechanical Max Jakob Memorial Award, American Society of Engineers, 2000 Mechanical Engineers and American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 1983 Wen L. Chow, Emeritus Lamme Medal, American Society for Engineering Fellow, American Society of Mechanical Engineers Education, 1984 Associate Fellow, American Institute of Aeronautics and Outstanding Achievement Award, American Academy of Astronautics Higher Education, 1984
67 Arthur M. Clausing, Emeritus Key Reader, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, Fellow, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998 1998- Fulbright-Hays Research Award, 1983 Member of Editorial Board, International Journal of Cast Associate Editor, Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, Metals Research, 1998- 1984-1986 Distinguished Alumnus Award, Valparaiso University, Richard E. DeVor 1985 Fellow, American Society of Mechanical Engineers Deutscher Akademischer Austausch Dienst Scholarship, Fellow, Society of Manufacturing Engineers 1987 Member, National Academy of Engineering, 2000 Technical Editor, Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, Blackall Machine Tool and Gage Award, American Society 1987-1988 of Mechanical Engineers, 1983, 1997 Andersen Consulting Award for Excellence in Advising, Everitt Award for Teaching Excellence, U of I College of U of I College of Engineering, 1992, 1993, 1994 Engineering, 1985 Engineering Council Award for Excellence in Advising, Campus Award for Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching, U of I College of Engineering, 1995 U of I, 1987 Honorary Knight of St. Pat, U of I College of Halliburton Engineering Education Leadership Award, Engineering, 1998 U of I College of Engineering, 1989 Stanley H. Pierce Award, U of I College of Engineering, Two-Year Effective Teacher Award, U of I Mechanical and 1998 Industrial Engineering Alumni Association, 1981, 1989, 1995 Cristino Cusano, Emeritus Five-Year Effective Teacher Award, U of I Mechanical and Fellow, American Society of Mechanical Engineers Industrial Engineering Alumni Association, 1981, 1990 Everitt Award for Teaching Excellence, U of I College of Past President, North American Manufacturing Research Engineering, 1978 Institution of the Society of Manufacturing Engineers, Captain Alfred E. Hunt Award, American Society of 1993-1994 Lubrication Engineers, 1981 Society of Manufacturing Engineers Education Award, Al Sonntag Award, American Society of Lubrication 1993 Engineers, 1983 Grayce Wicall Gauthier Chair Professorship, U of I Xerox Award for Faculty Research, U of I College of Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Engineering, 1983 1995-2000 Distinguished Service Award, University of Wisconsin- Edward R. Damiano Madison College of Engineering, 1997 Cardiovascular Research Center Fellowship, University of College of Engineering Distinguished Professor of Virginia, 1995 Manufacturing, U of I, 2000-2005 National Research Service Award, National Institutes of Health, 1996 Geir E. Dullerud NSERC of Canada Research Initiation Award, 1996 Jonathan A. Dantzig Associate Editor, Systems & Control Letters, July 1998- Fellow, American Society for Metals International, 1998 Faculty Early Development (CAREER) Award, National Arnold O. Beckman Award, University Research Board, Science Foundation, 1999 U of I, 1982 Associate Editor, Automatica, Dec. 1999- Union Oil Young Faculty Award, 1985-1988 Best Oral Presentation, 5th Engineering Foundation William E. Dunn Conference on Modeling of Casting, Welding and Two-Year Effective Teacher Award, U of I Mechanical and Advanced Solidification Processes, 1990 Industrial Engineering Alumni Association, 1991 Key Reader, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, Andersen Consulting Award for Excellence in Advising, 1990- U of I College of Engineering, 1992 Member of Editorial Board, Applied Mathematical Five-Year Effective Teacher Award, U of I Mechanical and Modeling, 1990- Industrial Engineering Alumni Association, 1994 Best Paper Award, Poster Division, 8th Engineering Engineering Council Award for Excellence in Advising, Foundation Conference on Modeling of Casting, U of I College of Engineering, 2000 Welding, and Advanced Solidification Processes, 1998 Subject Editor for Modeling, Encyclopedia of Materials: Science and Technology, 1998-2000
68 J. Craig Dutton John G. Georgiadis Associate Fellow, American Institute of Aeronautics and Presidential Young Investigator Award, National Science Astronautics, 1990 Foundation, 1991 Fellow, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1994 Guest Associate Editor, Journal of Fluids Engineering, 1996 J. George H. Thompson Faculty Award for Teaching, Member, Editorial Advisory Board, Journal of Porous Texas A&M University, 1981 Media, 1996- ARCO Oil and Gas Company Outstanding Junior Faculty Certificate of Appreciation, American Society of Award for Research and Teaching, 1981 Mechanical Engineers, 1998-1999 Exxon Faculty Assistance Award for Research, 1983 Engineering Council Award for Excellence in Advising, Outstanding Faculty Award for Teaching, Texas A&M U of I College of Engineering, 1999 University Student Engineers Council, 1983 CNRS Researcher, Institute of Fluid Mechanics of Summer Faculty Research Fellowship, U. S. Air Force Toulouse, Toulouse, France, 1999 Office of Scientific Research, 1983 Associate Technical Editor, Journal of Heat Transfer, College-Level Distinguished Teaching Award, Texas A&M 2000-2003 University Association of Former Students, 1983 Ralph R. Teetor Educational Award, Society of C. Dale Greffe, Emeritus Automotive Engineers, 1986 Fellow, American Society of Mechanical Engineers Associate Technical Editor, ASME Journal of Fluids Engineering, 1987-1991 Yonggang Y. Huang Campus Award for Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching, Wakonse Fellow, University of Arizona (awarded for U of I, 1988 commitment to excellence in teaching), 1993 Two-Year Effective Teacher Award, U of I Mechanical and Junior Investigator Award, National Science Foundations, Industrial Engineering Alumni Association, 1989 1995 AT&T Foundation Award, American Society for ALCOA Foundation Faculty Award, ALCOA Foundation, Engineering Education Illinois-lndiana Section, 1989 1995, 1996 Five-Year Effective Teacher Award, U of I Mechanical and Motorola Foundation Faculty Award, Motorola Industrial Engineering Alumni Association, 1992 Foundation, 1997 American Society for Engineering Education Centennial Ford Foundation Faculty Award, Ford Foundation, 1998 Certificate, 1993 Outstanding Young Investigator Award, National Science Andersen Consulting Award for Excellence in Advising, Foundation of China, 2000 U of I College of Engineering, 1993 Engineering Council Award for Excellence in Advising, Anthony M. Jacobi U of I College of Engineering, 1995, 1998 Stanley H. Pierce Faculty Award, U of I College of W. Grafton and Lillian B. Wilkins Professor, U of I Engineering, 1994 Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Exemplary Service to the Journal of Heat Transfer, 1998-2003 American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1994 Engineering Council Award for Excellence in Advising, Placid M. Ferreira U of I College of Engineering, 1996, 1997 Andersen Consulting Award for Excellence in Advising, Two-Year Alumni Effective Teacher Award, U of I U of I College of Engineering, 1990 Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Alumni Board, Outstanding Young Manufacturing Engineer, Society of 1996 Manufacturing Engineers, 1990 Associate Technical Editor, International Journal HVAC&R Presidential Young Investigator Award, National Science Research, 1998- Foundation, 1991 Five-Year Alumni Effective Teacher Award, U of I Department Editor, Manufacturing Processes and Devices, Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Alumni Board, IIE Transactions on Design of Manufacturing, 1993- 1999 University Scholar, U of I, 1995 Associate Technical Editor, ASME Journal of Energy Engineering Council Award for Excellence in Advising, Resources Technology, 1999- U of I College of Engineering, 1997 Editor, Journal of Energy Resources Technology, 1999- Invited Guest Professor, Controls Engineering Editor, ASME Heat Transfer Division Newsletter, 2000- Department, Chalmers University, Gothenberg, Sweden, Summer 1999
69 Sheldon H. Jacobson Fellow, American Society of Mechanical Engineers Research Initiation Award, National Science Foundation, Senior Postdoctoral Fellow, National Science Foundation, 1994 1957 Best Paper Award, Industrial Simulation Track, European Dr. Ernest H. Wakefield Award, U of I, 1975 Simulation Multiconference, Istanbul, Turkey, 1997 Associate Member, U of I Center for Advanced Studies, Application Award, First Place (with J. E. Kobza), 1977-1978 Operations Research Division, Institute of Industrial Ebaugh Professor of Mechanical Engineering, University Engineers, 1998 of Florida, Fall 1984 Centennial Medallion, American Society for Engineering Shiv G. Kapoor Education, 1993 Fellow, American Society of Mechanical Engineers Daniel Guggenheim Medal, ASME, AIAA, and SAE, Fellow, Society of Manufacturing Engineers 1994 Everitt Award for Teaching Excellence, U of I College of Engineering, 1984 Herman Krier Two-Year Effective Teacher Award, U of I Mechanical and Fellow, American Institute of Aeronautics and Industrial Engineering Alumni Association, 1986 Astronautics Technical Editor, ASME Journal of Engineering for Two-Year Effective Teacher Award, U of I Mechanical and Industry, 1991-1996 Industrial Engineering Alumni Association, 1985 Blackall Machine Tool and Gage Award for Best Research Five-Year Effective Teacher Award, U of I Mechanical and Paper, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1992, Industrial Engineering Alumni Association, 1988 1997 Best Paper Award in Plasmadynamics and Lasers, AIAA Technical Editor, ASME Journal of Manufacturing Science Conference on Plasmadynamics and Lasers, 1997 and Engineering, 1996-2001 Wyld Award for outstanding achievement in the GM-CAM Professor, U of I Department of Mechanical development of application of rocket propulsion and Industrial Engineering and College of Engineering, systems, AIAA, 1998 1997-2002 Richard W. Kritzer Distinguished Professor, U of I Outstanding Service Award, American Society of Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Mechanical Engineers, Manufacturing Engineering 1998-2003 Division, 1998 Engineering Council Award for Excellence in Advising, Scientific Committee Chair, Transactions of U of I College of Engineering, 2000 NAMRI/SME, 1998-2000 Dedicated Service Award, American Society of Mechanical Carl S. Larson, Emeritus Engineers, 1999 National Science Foundation Summer Teaching Grants, James W. Bayne Professor, U of I Department of 1957-1963 Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 2000-2005 Teaching Development Award, U of I, 1967 Two-Year Effective Teacher Award, U of I Mechanical and Diego Klabjan Industrial Engineering Alumni Association, 1974, 1993 Transportation Science Dissertation Award, international Five-Year Effective Teacher Award, U of I Mechanical and award given by the Institute for Operations Research Industrial Engineering Alumni Association, 1977 and the Management Sciences (INFORMS) for the best Certificate of Appreciation, Tau Beta Pi Executive thesis related to transportation, 2000 Committee, Advisor, 1977-85, 1987-1992 Merit Award, Lincoln Foundation Design Contest, 1981 Richard E. Klein, Emeritus Honorary Knight of St. Pat, U of I College of Two-Year Alumni Effective Teacher Award, U of I Engineering, 1986 Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Alumni Board, Outstanding Faculty Member, Dad’s Association, 1985 U of I, 1987 Five-Year Alumni Effective Teacher Award, U of I Certificate of Appreciation, National Council of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Alumni Examiners for Engineers, Consultant, 1988-1992 Association, 1985, 1993 Outstanding Zone Campus Representative Award, American Society for Engineering Education, 1993 Helmut H. Korst, Emeritus Centennial Certificate, American Society for Engineering Fellow, American Institute of Aeronautics and Education, 1993 Astronautics
70 Chia-Fon Lee Two-Year Effective Teacher Award, U of I Mechanical and Fellow, U of I Center for Advanced Study, Fall 2000 Industrial Engineering Alumni Association, 1990, 1999 Engineering Council Award for Excellence in Advising, Fulbright Scholarship, Universidad Nacional de Salta, U of I College of Engineering, 1997, 1998 Argentina, Summer 1992 Faculty Early Development (CAREER) Award, National Commander’s Award for Distinguished Public Service Science Foundation, 1998 U. S. Army Construction Engineering Research Ralph R. Teetor Educational Award, Society of Laboratory, 1992 Automotive Engineers, 2000 Invited Lectureship, Ain Shams University/Egyptian Government, 1993 Judith S. Liebman, Emeritus Associate Editor, Solar Energy, International Solar Energy Everitt Award for Teaching Excellence, U of I College of Society, 1993-date Engineering, 1978, 1986 Everitt Award for Teaching Excellence, U of I College of Honorary Knight of St. Pat, U of I College of Engineering Engineering, 1995 Award for Service to Students, 1981 Five-Year Effective Teacher Award, Mechanical and Two-Year Effective Teacher Award, U of I Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Alumni Association, UIUC, Industrial Engineering Alumni Association, 1982 1995 Five-Year Effective Teacher Award, U of I Mechanical and Engineering Council Award for Excellence in Advising, Industrial Engineering Alumni Association, 1984 U of I College of Engineering, 1995, 1996, 1997 Special Recognition Award, U of I College of Medicine, U of I College of Engineering Award for Teaching 1994 Excellence, 1997 Past President, the Operations Research Society of Alumni Association Educator’s Award, U of I Alumni America Association, 2000 Engineering Council Award for Excellence in Advising, Campus Award for Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching, U of I College of Engineering, 1995 U of I, 2000 George E. Kimball Medal, Institute of Operations Research and Management Science, 1996 Udatta S. Palekar Distinguished Engineering Alumni Award, University of Outstanding Young Manufacturing Engineer Award, Colorado, College of Engineering and Applied Science, Society of Manufacturing Engineers, 1990 1997 Andersen Consulting Award for Excellence in Advising, U of I College of Engineering, 1992 Thomas J. Mackin Engineering Council Award for Excellence in Advising, Everitt Award for Teaching Excellence, U of I College of U of I College of Engineering, 1997, 1998, 1999 Engineering, 1996 Engineering Council Award for Excellence in Advising, Arne J. Pearlstein U of I College of Engineering, 1996 Presidential Young Investigator Award, National Science Faculty Early Development (CAREER) Award, National Foundation, 1985 Science Foundation, 1996 Union Oil Young Faculty Award, 1985-1988 Two-Year Effective Teacher Award, U of I Mechanical and Andersen Consulting Award for Excellence in Advising, Industrial Engineering Alumni Association, 1998 U of I College of Engineering, 1993 Peterson Award, best paper in Experimental Mechanics, Engineering Council Award for Excellence in Advising, Society for Experimental Mechanics, 1998 U of I College of Engineering, 1995, 1997 Robert E. Miller Award for Excellence in Teaching Mechanics, U of I Department of Theoretical and Curtis O. Pedersen, Emeritus Applied Mechanics, 2000 Fellow, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers Norman R. Miller Certificate of Appreciation, U.S. Army Construction Andersen Consulting Award for Excellence in Advising, Engineering Research Laboratories, 1985 U of I College of Engineering, 1990 International Member, Doctoral Jury, University of Liege, Engineering Council Advisor List for Outstanding Belgium, 1981, 1986 Advising, U of I, 1997 Commander’s Award for Distinguished Public Service, U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Ty A. Newell Laboratories, 1992 Andersen Consulting Award for Excellence in Advising, U of I College of Engineering, 1989, 1990, 1993
71 Michael L. Philpott Guest Editor, Special Issue of Journal of Engineering Senior Fulbright Scholarship, 1988 Materials Technology, Shape Memory Alloys, October National Science Foundation Initiation Award, 1991 1998 CIM LEAD Award, an international award for Marcus Grossman Award, American Society for Metals “Leadership and Excellence in the Application and International, 1998 Development of Computer-lntegrated Manufacturing Grayce Wicall Gauthier Professor, U of I Department of Curricula,” 1993-1994 Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 2000-2005 Stanley H. Pierce Award, U of I College of Engineering, 1995 Mark A. Shannon Five-Year Effective Teacher Award, U of I Mechanical and Engineering Council Award for Excellence in Advising, Industrial Engineering Alumni Association, 1996 U of I College of Engineering, 1995, 1998 Two-Year Effective Teacher Award, U of I Mechanical and Faculty Early Development (CAREER) Award, National Industrial Engineering Alumni Association, 1997 Science Foundation, 1997 Engineering Council Award for Excellence in Advising, U of I College of Engineering, 1997, 1998, 1999 Darrell F. Socie Fellow, American Society for Testing and Materials, 2000 Leslie M. Phinney Ralph R. Teetor, Society of Automotive Engineers, 1980 GE Scholar, U of I, 1998 Summer Faculty Fellow, NASA Lewis Research Center, GE Fellow, U of I, 1999 1983 Contributing Editor, Proceedings of the ASME Heat Commander’s Award for Distinguished Public Service, Transfer Division, Volume 3, HTD-Vol. 364-3, U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research November 1999 Laboratories, 1990 Faculty Early Development (CAREER) Award, National Distinguished Alumni Award, University of Cincinnati Science Foundation, 2000 College of Engineering, 1991 Summer Faculty Fellowship, NASA/ASSE, Jet Propulsion Fatigue Achievement Award, American Society for Testing Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif., 2000 and Materials, 1992 Editor, Materials and Design, 1992-1994 Andreas A. Polycarpou Arch T. Colwell Award, Society of Automotive Engineers, Fellowship, Israel Council for Higher Education on 1994 Tribology, Haifa, Israel, 1995, 1996 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Fellowship, Reviewer of the Year Award, ASME Journal of Tribology, 1997 1997 Oral Presentation Award, Society of Automotive Engineers, 1997, 1998 M. Taher A. Saif Editor, Fatigue and Fracture of Engineering Material and Faculty Early Development (CAREER) Award, National Structures, 1997-2000 Science Foundation, 1998 Award of Merit (highest award given to an individual GE Scholar, U of I, 1998 member), American Society for Testing and Materials, 2000 Huseyin Sehitoglu Engineering Council Award for Excellence in Advising, Sir John Dawrance Award, the City University, London, U of I College of Engineering, 2000 England, 1977 Wohler Medal for outstanding research work related to Institution of Mechanical Engineers Award, the City the fatigue of metals, European Structural Integrity University, London, England, 1979 Society, 2000 F. H. Russell Prize, the City University, London, England, 1979 Wilbert F. Stoecker, Emeritus Research Award, Ford Foundation, 1987 Fellow, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Director, Mechanics and Materials Program, National Air-Conditioning Engineers Science Foundation, Washington, DC, 1991-1993 Fellow, American Society of Mechanical Engineers Beckman Associate, U of I Center for Advanced Study, Honorary Professional Degree in Mechanical Engineering, 1993 University of Missouri-Rolla Associate Editor, ASME Journal of Pressure Vessel Honorary Member, APEC Consulting Engineers Technology, 1995-2000 Association
72 National Science Foundation Faculty Fellowship, Xerox Award for Faculty Research, U of I College of 1960- 1961 Engineering, 1991 Foundation Teacher Study Grant, 1961-1962 John Chipman Award, best paper two-year period, Iron Danforth Foundation Teacher Study Grant, 1961-1962 and Steel Society, 1996 Western Electric Award for Effective Teaching University Steelmaking Conference Award, second best paper of Illinois/lndiana Section presented by authors under 40 at 1997 Steelmaking Five-Year Effective Teacher Award, U of I Mechanical and Conference, Iron and Steel Society, 1997 Industrial Engineering Alumni Association, 1966, 1976, Frank B. McKune Award, best paper presented by authors 1978, 1985 under 40 at 1997 Steelmaking Conference, Iron and Two-Year Effective Teacher Award, U of I Mechanical and Steel Society, 1997 Industrial Engineering Alumni Association, 1971, 1975, Marcus A. Grossmann Young Author Award, best paper 1982, 1985 by authors under 40 in Metallurgical Transactions in E. K. Campbell Award for contribution to education, 1996, ASM International, 1997 ASHRAE, 1973 Robert W. Hunt Silver Medal, best paper on iron and steel Award for Best Technical Paper, Annual ASHRAE published between July 1996 and June 1997, Iron and Meeting Steel Society, 1998 Distinguished Service Award, ASHRAE, 1976 Extraction and Processing Technology Award, Best series F. Paul Anderson Award, Highest Technical Award of of papers on extractive metallurgy and related sciences, ASHRAE, 1978 Minerals, Metals, and Materials Society, 1998 Halliburton Engineering Education Leadership Award, Engineering Council Award for Excellence in Advising, U of I College of Engineering, 1978 U of I College of Engineering, 1998 Ralph Coats Roe Award, American Society for Best Experimental Paper Award, MCWASP VIII Engineering Education, Mechanical Engineering Conference, 1998 Division, 1980 Charles H. Herty, Jr. Award, best paper presented at the International Activities Award, American Society of 1997 Steelmaking Conference, Iron and Steel Society, Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning 1998 Engineers, 1985 Robert W. Hunt Silver Medal, best paper on iron and steel Hall-Thermotank Gold Medal, British Institute of published between July 1997 and June 1998, Iron and Refrigeration, 1986 Steel Society, 1999 Outstanding Alumnus Award, U of I Department of Best Paper Award, Metallurgical Society of the Canadian Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 1989 Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 2000 Ottesen Memorial Medal, Danish Refrigeration Association, 1991 Daniel A. Tortorelli Life Membership, International Institute of Ammonia Arnold O. Beckman Award, University Research Board, Refrigeration, 1992 U of I, 1991 Associate Technical Editor, Inverse Problems in Engineering, James A. Stori 1992-1997 Faculty Early Development (CAREER) Award, National Young Investigator Award, National Science Foundation, Science Foundation, 2000 1993 Associate Editor, Mechanics of Structures and Machines, Brian G. Thomas 1997- Key Reader and Member, Board of Review, Metallurgical Editorial Board Member, Structural Optimization, 1999- Transactions (A and B), 1987 Treasurer, Executive Committee, International Society of Presidential Young Investigator Award, National Science Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization, 2000- Foundation, 1989 Best Investment Casting Paper, American Foundry Charles L. Tucker III Society, AFS Transactions, 1990 Fellow, American Society of Mechanical Engineers Outstanding Young Manufacturing Engineer Award, Member, Editorial Board, International Polymer Processing Society of Manufacturing Engineers, 1990 Ralph R. Teetor Award, Society of Automotive Engineers, Rossiter W. Raymond Memorial Award, best paper, 1980 American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Everitt Award for Teaching Excellence, U of I College of Petroleum Engineers, 1991 Engineering, 1981
73 Two-Year Effective Teacher Award, U of I Mechanical and Outstanding Faculty Advisor Award, Society of Industrial Engineering Alumni Board, 1983, 1992 Automotive Engineers, 1991, 1996 Union Oil Young Faculty Award, 1983 Department of the Air Force, Medal and Award for TRW Postdoctoral Award in Manufacturing Engineering, Meritorious Civilian Service, 1991 1984 Presidential Young Investigator Award, National Science Xudong Zhang Foundation, 1984 Industrial Ergonomics Best Student Paper Award, Human Visiting Fellow Commoner, Churchill College, Factors and Ergonomics Society, 1996 Cambridge University, England, 1984-1985 Editorial Board Member, International Journal of Industrial Outstanding Young Manufacturing Engineer Award, Ergonomics, 1999- Society of Manufacturing Engineers, 1985 Five-Year Effective Teacher Award, U of I Mechanical and Wen Zhao Industrial Engineering Alumni Board, 1987, 1998, Honorable Mention, George Nicholson Prize, 2000 INFORMS, 1999 Best Paper Award, Society of Plastic Engineers Annual Technical Conference, Engineering Structure and Properties Division, 1988 Harriet and Charles Luckman Distinguished Undergraduate Teaching Award, U of I, 1994 Engineering Council Award for Excellence in Advising, U of I College of Engineering, 1995, 1996 W. Grafton and Lillian B. Wilkins Professor, U of I Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 1998-2003
S. Pratap Vanka Fellow, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997 Associate Fellow, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1992 Editorial Board, Journal of Numerical Heat Transfer, 1998-
John S. Walker Fellow, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1994 Pi Tau Sigma Gold Medal, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1976 Halliburton Engineering Education Leadership Award, U of I College of Engineering, 1985 Campus Award for Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching, U of I, 1990
C. J. Gauthier Professorship in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, U of I Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 1999-2004
Robert A. White, Emeritus Associate Fellow, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Fulbright Scholarship, 1960-1961 NATO Senior Fellowship in Science, 1968 Thord-Gray Fellow in Physics, Scandinavian-American Foundation, 1968 Ralph R. Teetor Educational Award, Society of Automotive Engineers, 1986
74 Nuclear, Plasma, and Radiological Engineering
J. F. Stubbins, Head Several research groups have made important 214 Nuclear Engineering Laboratory contributions recently in these areas: 103 S. Goodwin Ave., MC-234 Urbana, IL 61801-2984 • inertial electrostatic confinement for fusion applications 217-333-2295 • http://www.ne.uiuc.edu and for neutron, x-ray, and gamma radiation sources;
Research in the Department of Nuclear, Plasma, and • energy cell performance for heat release and material Radiological Engineering is broadly based on issues transmutations; surrounding the production, transport, and interactions of radiation in all kinds of media. This includes the traditional • advanced computational techniques applied to stochastic areas of nuclear fission for production of electric power and radiation transport, smoke distribution in buildings, and nuclear fusion as a near-term analytical tool and as a future reactor physics and safety, including Lie groups and group energy source. invariant difference schemes; In addition to these more traditional areas, the research efforts in the department now embrace a wide spectrum of • perceptual displays and temporal pattern recognition plasma science, radiological science, materials science, and applied to reactor control and operation; other related applications. Also included are topics involving national and global energy issues, particularly • nuclear nonproliferation and safeguards; concerning the development and implementation of nuclear power sources. These areas reflect the creative interests and • fusion blanket and diverter materials behavior and breadth of experience of the faculty of the department. performance; To best portray the full scope of research in the department, 11 topical groups have been selected to display • plasma processing of electronic materials, plasma-induced current research efforts. sputtering, and plasma measurements; Primary research directions within the department support the continued role of nuclear power in meeting society’s • nuclear radiation effects on materials and neutron electric power needs through currently installed light water scattering measurements; fission reactors and through development of advanced light water reactors and fusion systems for future applications. • materials behavior under high-temperature corrosion and Other directions being pursued include broad applications radiation bombardment environments, including of plasma to materials processing measurement sensing and nondestructive examination; other processes; development and utilization of radiation sources, including radiological and medical applications; • combined neutron capture therapy and magnetic advanced computational and analytical methods; thermal resonance imaging for cancer cell treatment; and hydraulics and reactor safety; and nuclear materials. • thermal hydraulics, including multiphase flows, boiling in porous media, molten jet breakup, and turbulent structure modeling.
* Denotes principal investigator. 2 Multiprocessing Chamber for Etching and Applied Plasma Physics Deposition in Semiconductor Manufacture D. N. Ruzic,* J. Norman, M. Neumann, N. Li Incorporation of Fractal Geometry into Surface LSI Inc. Reflection and Sputtering Monte Carlo Codes D. N. Ruzic,* J. P. Allain, M. Nieto For computer chips to continue to become faster, better, National Science Foundation, DMR-9201689 and cheaper each year, machines must be made to produce them. To date, this has meant that each step of the process Seacoasts, clouds, mountains, and the microstructure of has become more complicated, requiring more and surfaces can all be described by fractal geometry, a geometry more specialized apparatus. Soon the cost of making not limited to integer dimensions. Present surface analysis improvements in this way will outstrip the advances made, computer models such as TRIM and the “embedded atom and computer chips may get smaller, but they will not be method” treat surfaces as flat. They calculate the reflection cheaper. A focus of this research is on creating one coefficient and sputtering coefficients as a function of processing chamber that can accomplish more than one energy, angle of incidence, and material composition. of the processing steps. Through advanced diagnostics and This study introduces realistic surface roughness and control of the helical-wave generated plasma, a machine more complete interaction physics into those codes by such as the one used in this research may keep down the incorporating the fractal geometry concept. costs of future computer chips.
Ionized Magnetron Sputtering D. N. Ruzic,* J. Norman, N. Li Arms Control, Disarmament, CVC Inc. and International Security The next generation of microelectronic integrated circuits will have submicron features with depths that are much Development of Models for Nuclear Fuel greater than their widths. To fill such features with metal, Cycles in South Asia and Studies of the which creates the “wires” that connect various parts of the Strategic and Political Dimensions microchip, a new technology is needed. Standard magnetron C. E. Singer,* J. Tiouririne, J. Luo, T. S. G. Rethinaraj sputtering fails because the top closes over before the trench U.S. Department of Energy, DEFG02-97SF21281 (or via) is filled. By ionizing the metal atoms before they reach the substrate, the ions can be drawn to the bottom This research involves the construction of regional of the trenches to fill the features. This research is focused disaggregated global models on the basis of utility on developing and testing novel ionization techniques in optimization for energy use, gross national product, a commercial-scale system. and demographics. Measurements of Ion-Induced Electron Energy Economics Emission, Reflection, and Sputtering C. E. Singer,* M. Khanna D. N. Ruzic,* J. P. Allain U.S. Department of Energy, DE-FG03-9 7SF21281 Tosoh SAD Inc.; National Science Foundation, DMR 9201689 Energy economics studies related to the future of nuclear energy in South Asia and elsewhere include calibration of When ions strike materials, electrons may be emitted, models of demography and economic development, analysis the ion reflected, or the material removed (sputtered). of regional resources of uranium and other depletable fuels, Magnetron sputtering is useful in all microelectronics and development of regionally disaggregated models of the the production of videocassette tapes. In a magnetron, competition between various depletable and renewable plasma ions fall through the plasma sheath and impact the energy resources, examination of prospects for conclusion target. The emitted electrons are accelerated away from the and implementation of agreements on greenhouse gas target and sustain the plasma discharge; the sputtered emissions, examination of nuclear waste disposal in various material deposits on the microelectronic device being countries, and implications for the fixture of nuclear fabricated. To understand this system in detail, the emission energy and nuclear fuel cycles. coefficients for low-ion energy must be known. These measurements are complicated by the presence of real-life adsorbates and surface defects. Measurements of these phenomena are under way in a UHV ion-surface interaction facility. Modeling efforts are also under way. 3 * Denotes principal investigator. Global Management of Weapons: Usable Special Nuclear Materials Computational Mechanics C. E. Singer* University of Illinois Parallel Monte Carlo Particle Transport Algorithm with Neuro-Fuzzy Optimal Institutional factors that influence global cooperation on Tracks Scaling management of special isotopes used in nuclear weapons M. Ragheb,* H. Wang are under investigation with emphasis on four factors: University of Illinois interaction of civilian and military programs in India and Pakistan, Sino-Indian relations, prospects for correlating Researchers are exploring the application of a sequential agreement between the United States and Russia on formulation of a Monte Carlo particle tracks-caling holdings of nuclear explosives with policies and plans algorithm to parallel computer architectures. In this case, of other self-declared nuclear weapons states, and policy each processing element will be devoted to exploring a and technical questions related to building confidence in subset of the problem’s parameter space. The results the absence of assembled nuclear explosives from obtained by the parallel processes will be combined to prohibited areas. generate a second moment surface that will then be searched for local or global minima to identify the location(s) South Asia, an Area of Continuing corresponding to minimum or near-optimal variance. National Security Concern Resources of the parallel processors will be reallocated by C. E. Singer* a neuro-fuzzy search engine as the simulation progresses to U.S. Department of Defense National Security Education explore the minimum variance location. Incorporation of Program, DASW01-00-1-0007 the developed methodology will be attempted in an existing Monte Carlo particle transport code. Researchers with the Program in Arms Control, Disarmament, and International Security (ACDIS) at the A Nodal Computational Scheme University of Illinois are working in cooperation with the for the 2-D, Burger’s Equation Department of Engineering and Public Policy at Carnegie R. Uddin,* B. L. Westcott Mellon University and the Center for International Trade DOE Center for Simulation of Advanced Rockets and Security at the University of Georgia at Athens. This innovative program in South Asian security studies To demonstrate its feasibility in solving the Navier-Stokes combines the study of language and culture with an equations, the modified nodal integral method has been examination of major security issues, including applied to solve the 2-D Burger's equation at high Reynolds environmental concerns, uses of nuclear energy, and numbers. Performance of the nodal method has been international trade policy. compared with other competing methods. Implicit and explicit nodal schemes have been developed and tested. The New Nuclear Arms Control Environment: A multigrid method has also been developed for the nodal A Parallel Bilateral Approach numerical scheme. C. E. Singer,* A. Sands (Monterey Inst.) John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, Development of Advanced Computational 00-57628-GSS Methods for Navier-Stokes Equations R. Uddin,* F. Wang This program looks at long-term challenges involving DOE Center for Simulation of Advanced Rockets diplomacy and verification in connection with military uses of nuclear energy. An advanced coarse-mesh nodal scheme has been developed to solve the incompressible, time-dependent Navier-Stokes Visiting Scholars Program equations. Local solutions for transverse-integrated velocities C. E. Singer* have a (linear and exponential) variation in each spatial Ford Foundation, 1000-13-11 direction and linear variation in time. Local pressure has a quadratic variation. The set of equations is implemented in This program brings two South Asian scholars to the a computer code, and several benchmark problems have University of Illinois each spring and summer to do research been solved. Extension is being carried out to allow on areas of common interests concerning South Asia. different boundary conditions and to couple the set of equations with the energy equation via the Bouissenesq approximation.
* Denotes principal investigator. 4 Characterizing Dual Magnetic Resonance Health Physics, Radiological, Imaging and Boron Neutron Capture and Medical Applications Therapy Reagents E. Wiener,* N. Pederson National Institutes of Health, PHS 2P41 RR 05964-06 Medical Dosimetry Planning and Determination R. Nelson,* J. Stubbins,* M Garada Neutron capture therapy (NCT) is a binary technique that Provena Covenant Medical Center delivers a nonradioactive agent to the tumor followed by neutron irradiation and conversion of the agent into a This project is to develop efficient methods for planning radioactive compound. To predict the efficacy of the patient dosimetry for radiation oncology applications using treatment, one must run dosimetric calculations. This accelerator beams. The work is carried out in conjunction implies an a priori knowledge of the drug concentration. with a local hospital and the applications are clinical One technique uses a method based on the tumor in nature. enhancement achieved with gadolinium-labeled derivatives and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This requires an The Control of Porosity and Biological understanding of the magnetic properties of the agents Properties of Medical Plastics through under physiological conditions. The focus of this research Plasma Processing is on characterizing a gadolinium-labeled carbon derivative D. N. Ruzic,* M. Neumann for dual MRI and NCT applications. INTEL Corp. Targeting Ion-Chelate Complexes Many medical applications care about the interaction of to Tumors and Tumor Cells biology on materials used in the body. This could be a E. Wiener,* S. Konda, M. Aref, J. Wang catheter, or a heart valve, or even a drug introduction system National Institutes of Health, R29-CA61918-01 (time-release capsules, for example). The use of plasma processing to alter the surface of many biocompatible Ion-chelate complexes have many applications in tumor materials is just now being explored. This research may lead diagnosis and therapy. Radioactive isotopes of technetium, to new control of porosity and biofouling while keeping the yttrium, indium, and samarium offer applications in process temperatures low. The use of an ECR and Helicon- radioscintography and radiotherapy. Gadolinium has wave plasma-processing reactor on many potential substrates applications in magnetic resonance imaging and neutron demonstrates the ability of this new technology to capture therapy. Researchers have attached ion-chelate contribute to the biomedical field. complexes to StarburstTM dendrimers. Folic acid was attached to these polymers. They specifically bind to tumor Analyzing Breast Tumor Permeability cells that express the high affinity folate receptor. The team E. Wiener,* M. Aref, J. Wang is using these polymers to diagnose and treat tumors that National Institutes of Health, R29-CA61918-01 express this receptor in vivo. Tumors of epithelial origin express this receptor. These include 90% of ovarian tumors, Tumors make their own blood vessels by secreting molecules ependymomas, and choroid plexus tumors. that stimulate angiogenesis, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). This molecule was also called vascular permeability factor because it increased the permeability of these blood vessels to macromolecules such Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions as proteins and polymers. Researchers have developed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents that Coherent Lattice Accelerator Interionie allow for the preparation of agents with discrete sizes. Reactions Enhancer (CLAIRE) The team is using MRI and these contrast agents to G. H. Miley,* V. Violante determine if differences in vascular permeability can be ENEA, Frascati used to differentiate benign from malignant breast tumors. CLAIRE is an integrated software package developed to simulate the dynamics of charged particles within a metal lattice, such as palladium or nickel, when hydrogen or deuterons are loaded into the metal. It is assumed that the oscillations of the metal atoms’ electrons develop coherently
5 * Denotes principal investigator. and that the hydrogen or deuterons to metal ratio is very high. The analysis of the dynamics of the moving particles is Nuclear Fusion obtained by means of a numerical solution of the classical differential equations of the motion. The goal is to simulate Detailed Computer Simulation of an Axial low-energy nuclear reactions experiments and to compare Cylindrical Inertial Electrostatic Plasma the data with experimental results. The first case under Confinement Fusion Neutron Device study concerns proton-nickel interactions in a dipole R. A. Axford,* B. P. Bromley potential trap signal. University of Illinois
Low-Energy Nuclear Reactors A time-dependent, spatially 2-D (rz), particle-in-cell, Monte G. H. Miley Carlo collision (PIC-MCC), multiple-species computer New York Community Trust simulation model is under development to predict the plasma physics behavior and fusion neutron rate of an axial- The objective of this grant was to aid studies that would cylindrical inertial electrostatic plasma confinement fusion extend the scientific understanding of the phenomena device (IEC C-device). Theoretical results will be termed Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions. Such reactions benchmarked with recent experimental data. The C-device can occur in solids under unique conditions created when uses a symmetric arrangement of biased hollow-ring hydrogen or one of its isotopes is loaded into a metal, such electrodes to accelerate and confine fusion fuel plasma in as palladium, to obtain a one-to-one added ratio of the two. axial and radial directions at high densities and energies. When this is done, a coherent structure can be obtained. The C-device could be used as a near-term neutron source This structure allows the hydrogen (proton or deuterium) and a future power generator if the plasma confinement can to interact with the metal lattice, causing a nuclear trans- be successfully understood, enhanced, and exploited. mutation in releasing heat. A Traveling Wave Direct Energy Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions in Thin Films Converter for Advanced Fusion G. H. Miley,* M. Okuniewski, C. Castano G. H. Miley,* H. Momota (Nagoya Univ.), Infinite Energy, Inc. M. Ishikawa (Tsukuba Univ.) National Institute for Fusion Sciences, Japan Part of the research in the Low-Energy Nuclear Reaction (LENR) Lab consists of an experiment that uses either an The principle of the traveling wave direct energy converter electrolysis process, a high-pressure process, or an arc process mechanism is understood as a combination of a traveling to force hydrogen atoms into the lattice structure of a thin wave tube and a linear accelerator. To optimize device film (500-3500 Å of metal. In this manner, a very high parameters, 3-D numerical simulations are being carried loading (approaching 1 atom H/atom metal) is achieved, out. Self-excitation of an alternative electric power in the a necessary condition for LENRs. One major goal is to transmission circuit was examined with a theoretical analysis examine the metal before and after the experiment, to as well as by 3-D numerical simulations. Based on establish the signatures of LENRs by studying transmutation parameters from a conceptual reactor study, a conversion products. Another goal is to measure the energy output efficiency as high as 69.8% is predicted. of the unit. If an ample amount is released, such cells offer an attractive small power source for future distributed Collision Modeling of Inertial Electrostatic energy systems. Confinement (IEC) Systems G. H. Miley,* J. DeMora, R. Stubbers University of Illinois
IEC devices typically run at low gas pressures (1-10 mTorr), which provide a plasma that is mostly collisionless. However, the collisions that do occur, especially charge exchange, significantly alter the ion energy distribution within the IEC. This affects the fusion rate. Computational studies have been undertaken to determine the effects of charge exchange, impact ionization, and other collisions in an IEC device. Preliminary results indicate that under typical conditions, the average ion energy is reduced to
* Denotes principal investigator. 6 80% of the applied voltage for small (1 cm radius) grids, more than 106 steady-state D-D fusion neutrons per second and 60% for larger (3 cm radius) grids. The computational in both configurations. The objective now is to further model is now being used to optimize the IEC design so that improve performance by pulsed high-current operation for collisional losses are reduced, maximizing the neutron yield. greater fusion neutron yield, investigation of forced and natural plasma oscillations for plasma core densification, and Energy Gain Calculations in Spherical, Virtual study of electrode grid and insulator design for increased ion Cathode IEC Devices Using a Bounce-averaged confinement and for grid lifetime extension. Also under Fokker-Planck Model investigation are gas mixture separation for plasma G. H. Miley,* L. Chacon, D. Barnes processing and IEC jet mode operation for space Los Alamos National Laboratory thruster applications.
A bounce-averaged Fokker-Planck code (BAFP) has been Design Considerations for the Edge developed to model the ion physics in virtual-cathode IEC Region of Next-Step Fusion Devices fusion devices in the ion-ion collision time scale and to D. N. Ruzic,* D. Alman calculate fusion energy gains in a variety of operating U.S. Department of Energy, DE-FG02-89ER52159 regimes. A single ion species is considered. Electrons in the system are assumed to distribute uniformly in configuration Russia, Japan, Western Europe, and the United States are space. Collisional ion-electron interactions are neglected in jointly designing a tokamak reactor that will achieve and this time scale, although space charge interactions are taken sustain fusion ignition. One region of particular concern into account self-consistently via the determination of the is the edge region where the plasma strikes the wall. electrostatic potential. Results indicate that operating The helium produced by the fusion events needs to be regimes that result in quasi-thermal ion populations, exhausted, and the power load must not melt the wall confined by the electrostatic well, are most efficient. and contaminate the plasma. Complete modeling of this Operating regimes with fusion power to ion input edge region, including the detailed macroscopic and power ratios > 100 have been identified. microscopic geometry and neutral atom scattering, is of critical importance. Spherical IEC Jet Thruster Studies G. H. Miley,* Y. Shaban FLIRE: Flowing Liquid Metal Illinois NASA NPL Retention Experiment D. N. Ruzic,* J. P. Allain, J. Norman, M. Nieto Experimental and theoretical studies are being performed U.S. Department of Energy, DE-FG02-99ER54515 on the spherical inertial electrostatic confinement (IEC) jet thruster to better understand its plasma physics behavior Future fusion devices will have very high heat loads that and performance characteristics in order to optimize its could melt the walls of the fusion device. The use of a design and operational conditions for use as a 500- to flowing liquid not only allows for rapid heat removal, but 800-W spacecraft thruster. The IEC jet thruster creates and also lets the wall be replaced continually. Though this accelerates ions toward a central spot, which then escape out concept has much merit, there are several unknowns about through a single quasi-neutral jet with electrons, creating the interaction of a plasma with a flowing liquid metal. thrust. Faraday cup and thermocouple measurements are Will the incident hydrogen and helium be retained? If so, being taken to determine particle energy distributions and for how long? Retaining some helium is a must: otherwise, heating power of the jet, and hence, the device thrust a fusion device would eventually choke on its own waste and efficiency. products. Retaining too much hydrogen could be very bad, though, because refueling can be difficult. Here at the Spherical and Cylindrical Inertial Electrostatic University of Illinois, researchers are building FLIRE, a Confinement (IEC) Fusion Research laboratory-scale experiment that will measure these retention G. H. Miley,* L. Chacon, J. DeMora, B. Jurczyk, properties and answer other important questions about the M. Nieto, Y. Nam, R. Stubbers, Y. Shaban, J. Nadler feasibility of this new concept. NASA NPL
The IEC uses a central cathode grid to ionize a low-pressure gas within either a spherical or cylindrical vacuum chamber. Ions are extracted and accelerated to high energies by the grid and are focused at the center of the chamber, creating a high-density fusing plasma core. Experiments have yielded
7 * Denotes principal investigator. Measurements of Plasma Interactions will be used to monitor the hydride formation and with Liquid Metals decomposition. This technique is also sensitive to residual, D. N. Ruzic,* J. P. Allain trapped hydrogen at interfacial dislocations. This project U.S. Department of Energy, DE-FG02-99ER54515 will concentrate on Nb and Pd films made in the EpiCenter at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. The walls of a fusion reactor will have to withstand Experimental results will be complemented by enormous heat and particle fluxes. Flowing liquid metals numerical simulations. may be the only method that would work. Researchers are measuring the interactions of the liquid metal with a plasma Monte Carlo Simulations of Hydrogen in to find out if the two systems are compatible. To date the Thin-Film Pd Using Empirical Potentials team has measured the sputtering of liquid lithium with B. J. Heuser,* A. Celik-Aktas lithium, deuterium, and helium ions. Future experiments National Science Foundation, DMR-9982520 will focus on other liquid metals and more complicated plasma interactions. The clamping stresses associated with adhesion of a hydrogen-absorbing metal on a nonabsorbing substrate alter Modeling of Ion and Neutral Atom Interactions the phase behavior of the thin-film system. Researchers and Hydrocarbons at Low Energies have studied the phase behavior of hydrogen in thin-film Pd D. N. Ruzic,* D. Alman with neutron reflectivity. This project was successful in Argonne National Laboratory, ANL 20442401 determining the phase diagram and elastic response in thin-film geometry. The team is now performing Monte Recycling is the process by which particles are returned to a Carlo simulations, using embedded atom potentials, to plasma. Recycling in magnetic fusion devices is dominated investigate the effect of thin-film geometry on precipitation by the surfaces in contact with the plasma: walls, limiters, morphology. The researchers also will investigating the and divertor plates. To understand and possibly control effect of coherency loss and associated epitaxial dislocation recycling, it is necessary to know the ion and neutral atom generation on phase behavior and elastic response of energy and particle emission coefficients for a variety of thin-film Pd. materials at the energy of the incident particles, 1-1000 eV. New models that include sputtering, reflection, and the Numerical Simulations of Neutron Transport transport particularly of hydrocarbons in the plasma are in the SNS-LWTS Using MCNP being developed and applied to current fusion B. J. Heuser,* D. Forsyth research devices. National Science Foundation, DMR-0073038
The effect of pelletizing a cold neutron moderation is being Nuclear Materials, Materials investigated using MCNP, a neutron transport code developed at LANL. Solid methane is an excellent cold Science and Performance, neutron moderator material, but it undergoes significant radiation damage. The high power levels of the Spallation Radiation Effects, and Waste Neutron Source Long Wavelength Target Station (SNS-LWTS) prohibit the using of solid methane. Management The performance of the standard alternative material, liquid hydrogen, is much poorer. Researchers are Hydrogen Phase Behavior in investigating the neutron leakage characteristics of a Epitaxial Metal Films moderator with solid methane pellets embedded in liquid B. J. Heuser,* M. C. Allain hydrogen. It is anticipated that the pelletized geometry National Science Foundation, DMR-9982520 will provide a performance similar to that of solid methane without the radiation damage problems Researchers are using several experimental tools to observed in the past. investigate the perturbed phase behavior of hydrogen in metal thin films. The goal of the project is to correlate film coherency loss, determined from high-resolution XRD, to hydride formation and decomposition for different film thicknesses. Additionally, neutron reflectivity, which is sensitive to the hydrogen depth profile within the film,
* Denotes principal investigator. 8 Investigation of Pd Hydride Formation Using Durability of Advanced Materials Small-Angle Neutron Scattering H. Sehitoglu* (Mech. & Indus. Engr.), F. V. Lawrence, Jr.* B. Heuser,* W. Chen (Civil & Environ. Engr.), D. F. Socie* (Mech. & Indus. American Chemical Society, 33711-AC5 Engr.), J. F. Stubbins,* K. J. Hsia* (Theoret. & Appl. Mech.), N. Chen, H. Hsieh, S. Andrews, T. McGreevy Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) is being used to Fracture Control Program investigate hydride (deuteride) precipitation in single crystal palladium (Pd). There are many aspects of Pd-H phase Recent developments in processing technology have resulted transformation behavior that are not clearly understood. in advanced materials with lower fabrication costs and SANS is extremely sensitive to the presence of hydrogen and improvements in microstructural uniformity. To utilize the deuterium in metals. Researchers have performed several full potential of these materials, new design tools have to be measurements to characterize particle morphology during developed in collaboration with industry. Examples of such deuteride formation and decomposition. The most materials include metal matrix composites and short interesting result is that the pressure plateau regions of the reinforcement fibers in epoxy matrices. The metal matrix miscibility gap correspond to the formation of large, composites with higher elastic modulus, higher temperature incoherent particles. This result is consistent with the capabilities, and lower weight compared to their hypothesis that the pressure hysteresis is due, at least in counterparts represent excellent opportunities for part, to irreversible dislocation formation that accompanies engine, brake, and rotating components in the ground the loss of particle coherency. vehicle industry.
Amorphization and Embrittlement Fatigue Crack Growth and Crack Closure Effects in Metallic Materials H. Sehitoglu* (Mech. & Indus. Engr.), F. V. Lawrence, Jr.* P. Okamota,* N. Lam,* J. F. Stubbins,* J. Heuer (Civil & Environ. Engr.), D. F. Socie* (Mech. & Indus. DOEBES, Argonne National Laboratory Engr.), J. F. Stubbins,* K. J. Hsia* (Theoret. & Appl. Mech.), N. Chen, H. Hsieh, S. Andrews, T. McGreevy The relationship between amorphization and brittle fracture Fracture Control Program is being investigated. Model alloys based on the Ni-S system are studied using both ion beam implantation The aim of this study is to develop a life prediction techniques and mechanical testing. The ion implantation methodology for fatigue crack growth based on the changes reveals the point at which Ni amorphizes as a function of in crack opening levels with maximum stress level, crack S content. This can be related to the grain boundary length, geometry, mean stress, and microstructure. concentrations of S which induce brittle fracture in Ni. The primary tool for the determination of opening stress is This work is focused on understanding the physical nature an elastic-plastic finite-element simulation of fatigue crack of brittle fracture. growth. Stress-strain behavior in the model accounts for slip at the microlevel as well as elastic anisotropy. Fatigue crack Adsorption and Desorption of Radionucleides growth data obtained under conditions of intermediate- and on Cecil Clay and Its Trace Minerals large-scale yielding, including low-cycle fatigue and biaxial W. R. Roy,* J. F. Stubbins,* P. Huggins loading, are successfully correlated only when closure- Illinois State Geological Survey modified parameters are employed.
This work is to determine the adsorption and desorption Fatigue of Welds and Adhesive Joints behavior of specific radionucleides onto Cecil clay and H. Sehitoglu* (Mech. & Indus. Engr.), F. V. Lawrence, Jr.* several of its trace minerals. The specific radionucleides (Civil & Environ. Engr.), D. F. Socie* (Mech. & Indus. under investigation are Cs-137 and Fu-152 to represent Engr.), J. F. Stubbins,* K. J. Hsia* (Theoret. & Appl. typical radioisotopes in nuclear waste forms. The adsorption Mech.), N. Chen, H. Hsieh, S. Andrews, T. McGreevy and desorption characteristics are critical parameters in Fracture Control Program determining issues related to potential transport of such isotopes in waste repository soils. The study will include Factors that control the fatigue behavior of welded competitional effects between mixtures of the two isotopes components are being studied. Analytical methods for in the systems under study. estimating the total fatigue life of butt and fillet welds subjected to variable-amplitude loading histories are evaluated. Surface treatments, such as shot peening and laser dressing of the weld toe, are investigated as possible methods for improving the fatigue strength. A new model for
9 * Denotes principal investigator. estimating the fatigue life of weldments has been proposed Copper and Copper Alloys for for butt, T-joint, and cruciform weldments using the Fusion Applications concepts of “crack closure” for cracks emanating from a J. F. Stubbins,* M. M. Li, D. J. Edwards (PNNL), notch. Results compare favorably with experimental data in B. N. Singh (Risø) the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign fatigue data Associated Western Universities; OMG America; Brush bank and with experimental work in the literature. Wellman; Battelle Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Risø National Laboratory, Denmark; University of Illinois Life Prediction Methods for Notched Members under Nonproportional Multiaxial Fatigue This research project is aimed at developing an H. Sehitoglu* (Mech. & Indus. Engr.), F. V. Lawrence, Jr.* understanding of the performance of copper and copper (Civil & Environ. Engr.), D. E. Socie* (Mech. & Indus. alloys for fabrication of high heat flux components in Engr.), J. F. Stubbins,* K. J. Hsia* (Theoret. & Appl. nuclear fusion applications. Service performance will be Mech.), N. Chen, H. Hsieh, S. Andrews, T. McGreevy based on irradiation damage behavior and elevated Fracture Control Program temperature mechanical properties. These features are being examined by testing alloys that have been subjected to high To develop fatigue life prediction methods for notched fluences neutron exposure in reactor and performing room components subjected to nonproportional multiaxial fatigue, and elevated temperature mechanical properties testing. the local stresses and strains must be related to the global stresses and strains by some approximation procedure, such Crack Growth for APT Relevant as Neuber’s rule. Experimental tests on notched shafts Materials Conditions subjected to proportional and nonproportional loading in J. F. Stubbins,* M. M. Li., J. Heuer, V. Voyevodin tension and torsion are being performed. The results are Los Alamos National Laboratory, H65540019-84 being used to develop and verify the approximation procedure. Fatigue life estimates will then be made using an The goal of this study is to develop a technique to appropriate damage model that is based upon observations determine fatigue crack growth rates (that is, da/dN change made during the tests. A life prediction scheme will be in crack length per cycle) as a function of the loading developed from the approximation procedure and the parameters. Typical design approaches use the applied stress appropriate damage model and will be verified from the intensity factor, delta K (or delta J). The program will then results of the tests. develop APT design-relevant crack growth data on APT design-base materials. This goal is complicated in the Probabilistic Methods current context by the small specimen sizes available from H. Sehitoglu* (Mech. & Indus. Engr.), F. V. Lawrence, Jr.* irradiation exposure to make crack growth rate (Civil & Environ. Engr.), D. F. Socie* (Mech. & Indus. measurements. Engr.) J. F. Stubbins,* K. J. Hsia* (Theoret. & Appl. Mech.), N. Chen, H. Hsieh, S. Andrews, T. McGreevy Cyclic Softening in Ferritic/Martensitic Fracture Control Program Steels for Fusion Reactor Application J. F. Stubbins,* D. Gelles,* V. Voyevodin A comprehensive fatigue damage model is being developed Associated Western Universities: COBASE-NRC to address the following: What governs the nucleation of a microcrack within a single grain or other suitable Ferritic/martensitic steel alloys have been under investigation microstructural unit cell? What governs the growth of this for structural applications in fusion reactors. They are very microcrack into adjacent microstructural unit cells? When appealing because of adequate mechanical properties and does the microcrack develop enough plasticity to sustain its extremely good irradiation performance when compared to growth? These elements will be combined into a model for austenitic stainless steels. The strength of the alloy comes the entire fatigue damage process. from the complicated dislocation lath structure that forms on heat treating. This imparts good initial strength, but the strength can degrade under cyclic or fatigue loading conditions. This program is studying the loss of strength of an advanced ferritic/martensitic steel as a function of cyclic loading.
* Denotes principal investigator. 10 Mechanical Behavior and Fracture Development of Advanced Direct Perception Characteristics of Strongly Bonded Displays for Nuclear Power Plants to Enhance Bilayer Materials Monitoring, Control, and Fault Management J. F. Stubbins,* J. Collins B. G. Jones,* N. Moray,* P. Sanderson,* S. Shaheen, U.S. Department of Energy, LM 19X- SY481 V D. Reising U.S. Department of Energy, DEFG02-92ER75781; University The use of bilayer materials is being studied to understand of Illinois the fracture behavior. This behavior depends strongly on the character of the bond and the characteristics of the (In conjunction with the Department of Mechanical and structural loads. In this study, researchers are concentrating Industrial Engineering) on Cu alloy to 316L SS bilayers where joining has been accomplished by hot isostatic pressing. This develops a A direct perception interface (DPI) integrates information strong bond layer where fracture seems to be controlled by into a unified animated diagram that supports fault the differing materials properties near, but not precisely on, diagnosis more strongly than conventional displays. Building the interface. The interdiffusion zone leaves a region in the on our earlier work on a DPI for nuclear thermal hydraulics, copper alloy side where the microstructure is altered from this project will lead to a complete suite of DPI displays for the starting microstructure. The fracture process and a useful an entire nuclear plant, from nucleonics to power means to quantify the bond strength are being studied using generation. It will also take into account the need for teams experimental techniques and by finite-element modeling. of operators to extract different types of information from a DPI. A special case of reactor start-up has been examined Materials Radiation Effects for Spallation that demonstrates the effectiveness of the display. Neutron Systems Applications V. Voyevodin,* J. F. Stubbins,* F. Garner* Single-Purpose and Dual-Purpose (Pacific Northwest National Lab) Nuclear Desalination Plants National Research Council, COBASE-NRC M. Ragheb,* A. Siddique University Illinois This project examines neutron energy spectral effects on materials irradiation damage evolution for spallation, fast Exergetic efficiency analysis of a dual-purpose (DP) fission, and fusion environments. Effort will be concentrated electricity and water production plant is considered. on a wide range of materials at a variety of irradiation The total system cycle efficiency is the sum of the electrical conditions (fluence, dose rate, temperature) of relevance power efficiency and the water production efficiency to spallation facility design. The aim is to compare and weighted by the ratio of the heat addition temperature contrast damage evolution and effects for spallation sources of the water cycle to the heat addition temperature of the compared to the others. electrical cycle. Analyses show that product streams represent competing processes from the perspective of overall cycle efficiency, that is, improvement of one process occurs at the Nuclear Power, Operations, expense of the other. Thus, thermoeconomic analysis of a DP plant is considered for optimization of the water- and Control electricity ratio under minimized water costs.
Infrastructure Support for Nuclear Dissociating Gases as Coolant Engineering Research and Education Media for Nuclear Propulsion J. F. Stubbins* M. E. Hardwidge, M. Ragheb* Exelon; U.S. Department of Energy, DEFG02-95NE38111 University of Illinois This multiyear project has supported departmental Dissociating gases are proposed in nuclear propulsion. infrastructure to establish new experimental facilities on In addition to providing the possibilities for increased the TRIGA reactor. Instrumentation and computational thermal efficiencies, dissociating gases dramatically increase equipment have also been acquired for upgrading existing the ratio of useful work generated to turbomachinery and equipping new undergraduate nuclear engineering weight. The feasibility of using a magnetohydrodynamics laboratories, as well as the student computing facilities in is examined, both as a potential power cycle as well as a the department. Computational equipment to provide potential propulsion system. These improvements have the startup for a new faculty member was also provided. potential to result in reduced power plant size and faster, quieter propulsion.
11 * Denotes principal investigator. Flashing Instability for Next-Generation Subcooled Boiling Analysis in Natural Circulation Reactors Pressurized Water Reactors R. Uddin,* A. Toreja, B. Askari R. Uddin,* F. Wang, D. Rock U.S. Department of Energy Duke Energy Co.
Simulation of flashing in unheated risers of natural Deposition of boron (negative reactivity) in crud formed on circulation-based reactor designs requires a new fuel elements has been suggested to be the reason for the development of the basic set of thermal hydraulic equations discrepancy between the predicted and measured axial power that allow the saturation enthalpy to vary with pressure (and distributions in cores or reactors. Formation of crud is hence elevation). Researchers are developing such a model directly related to the subcooled boiling that occurs in the to study the stability and dynamics of reactors susceptible to top portions of most pressurized water reactor cores. flashing. In this first phase, a thermal hydraulic model is This project aims at establishing the link among subcooled being developed to allow simulation of the flashing boiling, crud formation, and the deviation between phenomenon. This will later be extended to coupled measured and predicted axial flux distribution. Means of neutronics-thermalhydraulics simulation. reducing the boron deposition in crud are being explored in the second phase of the project. Root Cause Analysis of Crud Pattern Formation on Fuel Rods Two-Phase Flow Analysis Using CFD Codes R. Uddin,* A. Toreja, F. Wang, D. Rock R. Uddin,* D. Rock Duke Energy Co. Argonne National Laboratory
Detailed flow and temperature profiles are being evaluated Estimation of such parameters as the coefficient for to identify the reasons behind the development of patterns concentrated pressure drop coefficient evaluation in of crud on fuel rods at specific locations in some nuclear two-phase flows is being carried out using a beta version of a reactors. Causes being investigated parametrically are CFD code with two-phase (two-components and no energy buckled fuel rods leading to higher power, effect of gap equation) flow capability. Void fraction distribution in between fuel assemblies, and others. It is found that triangular and circular pipes have also been determined buckling induced gap reduction may lead to a 5- to using the computer code and compared with experimental 10-degree increase in fuel temperature. data. It is noted that the code cannot adequately capture the drop in void fraction adjacent to the wall. Subchannel Analysis Using CFD Code R. Uddin,* D. Rock Argonne National Laboratory Reactor Physics and Significant safety margins are imposed on reactor operations Reactor Kinetics because computer codes used to design and simulate these systems are often based on lumped analyses. Researchers are performing CFD calculations to determine the subchannel Stochastic Neutronics details of the velocity and temperature fields in a fuel rod R. A. Axford* bundle. This will help the team identify conservative Los Alamos National Laboratory operational boundaries that can be relaxed. In addition, user defined subroutines have been added to the CFD The time evolution of the neutron population in a fissile codes to evaluate, for example, pressure drop coefficients assembly containing an insufficiently large enough number due to area changes which can be used reliably in lumped of neutrons to be able to define a probable number of parameter codes. neutrons per unit volume of phase space must be analyzed on the basis of stochastic formulations. New methods for obtaining the generating functions from which dynamics parameters and neutron fluctuations can be found have been developed. Methods for multidimensional assemblies are being studied.
* Denotes principal investigator. 12 A Nodal Scheme for Multigroup Neutron Diffusion Equations with Axially Varying Thermal Hydraulics and Node Sizes Reactor Safety R. Uddin,* Q. Deng University of Illinois Similarity Analysis and Invariant Difference A nodal integral method has been developed and Schemes for Hydrodynamics, Transient Heat implemented to solve the multigroup neutron diffusion Conduction Plasma Physics, and Multigroup equations. Several new features (lacking in current Neutronics implementations) are being explored. For example, the R. A. Axford,* L. J. DeMers, B. A. Temple nodal method will allow different node sizes in the axial Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, B341494; direction to accurately accommodate physically distinct University of Illinois regions in the axial direction. In addition, improved approximations, based on actual local analytical solution Concepts from the transformation theory of ordinary and for flux, are being tested for the leakage and source terms. partial differential equations have been applied to determine self-similar solutions of the nonlinear partial differential equations of nonlinear and linear diffusion phenomena, hydrodynamics, and plasma physics. Invariance properties Space Propulsion and of turbulence models have been calculated together with Power Systems the corresponding solutions. An invariant source iteration method for one- and two-dimensional multigroup neutronics calculations has been developed. Exact Technical Assistance to NPL on NASA difference equations for transient heat conduction have Phase II Project: “A Breakthrough Fusion been determined. The theory of Lie group extensions in Power Unit for Space Applications” discretized jet spaces needed to construct invariant difference G. H. Miley,* J. Nadler* schemes has been worked out in terms of grid point values NASA NPL SRA00-239 of dependent variables.
This project is carried out in the Fusion Studies Lab (FSL) Experimental Studies on Natural at NPRE. In order to build a new reactor design for power Circulation Two-Phase Flow System or thrust applications, a breakeven, Q ≥ 1, prototype will T. H. J. J. van der Hagen,* R. Zboray, R. Uddin first be demonstrated. The primary objective of this Phase Technical University of Deb, The Netherlands II project is to investigate the fundamental physics issues associated with inertial-electrostatic confinement as a new Experiments are being performed in a natural circulation breakeven reactor concept and demonstrate the feasibility of loop (DESIRE) to study the dynamics of two-phase natural an IEC reactor to reach breakeven. Such a demonstration circulation flow in the unstable regime. For the first time, will satisfy all the physics questions associated with these experiments have shown the first period-doubling breakeven operation and will identify the salient engineering bifurcation in two-phase systems. Further increase in heat issues for the final order of magnitude scale-up necessary flux then leads to chaos. for future stages. A Study in Heat and Mass Transfer with Boiling in Porous Deposits B. G. Jones,* C. Pan,* X. Li University of Illinois
(In conjunction with the Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering)
A numerical/analytical model of boiling heat transfer in heterogeneous porous layers with and without chimneys has been conducted. Experimental observations have provided qualitative modeling information and model refinements. One- and two-dimensional models have been evaluated numerically with nonlinear coupling between mass,
13 * Denotes principal investigator. momentum, energy, capillary pressure, and evaporation rate. Sub-Cooled Nucleate Boiling Effects on Good agreement with published data has been obtained. Formation of Porous Crud Layers on Fuel Pin Examination of artificially created layer performance Surfaces Leading to Axial Offset Anomaly in suggests broad potential application for controlled boiling PWR Cores and Modeling and Thermal heat transfer, such as computer chip cooling via Freon or Performance Evaluation of Such Layers other CFCs, with heat fluxes in excess of 100 W/cm2, and B. G. Jones,* C. Pan,* X. Li, D. Zhou, H. J. Joe, Q. Rao, in steam generator tube performance. and J. P. Ha U.S. Department of Energy, DE-FG07-00ID13924 Effect of Boiling on Interfacial Behavior during Melt Quench Processes (In conjunction with the Department of Mechanical and B. G. Jones,* B. W. Spencer,* J. Schneider Industrial Engineering) U.S. Department of Energy, DEFG07-89ER12900 A study of Axial Offset Anomaly (AOA) conditions in PWR (In conjunction with the Department of Mechanical and cores, focusing on boron holdup and retention in porous Industrial Engineering) layers on fuel pins, is being conducted. Computational models indicate sufficient boron accumulation in the The effects of interfacial mixing and contact area between solution in the crud layer could account for the observed two liquids of differing densities and temperatures have been axial power shift. Parameterization over the range of the studied. A high-density, high-temperature liquid is passed geometric characteristics of the crud suggests that through a lower density, low-temperature liquid. Heat precipitation of boron from solution is likely. Examination transfer effects, including the effects of vapor generation as of potential mechanisms for crud deposition, including well as break-up and solidification, are modeled. Analytical radiochemical processes, suggests that combined effects of modeling was carried out at the University of Illinois at electrolysis of water in the core may contribute to formation Urbana-Champaign and simulant experimental studies of and help explain controlling mechanisms. The research focus both single and multiple injected columns were conducted is on clarifying which physical mechanisms dominate the at Argonne National Laboratory. Good agreement between processes. The nuclear power industry strongly desires model predictions and experimental data is found. resolution of this issue.
Hypervapotron Isothermal Flow Resistance Hopf-Bifurcation Analysis of a Natural Tests for Use in ITER Divertor Cooling Circulation Boiling Water Reactor B. G. Jones,* D. Driemeyer* (McDonnell Douglas-St. R. Uddin,* D. D. B. Van Bragt, T. H. J. J. van der Hagen, Louis), X. Li R. Zboray U.S. Department of Energy, DE-YBE233R-C04A Nederlande Organisatie Voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Holland Isothermal flow tests have been conducted to determine parametric flow resistance characteristics of hypervapotron Researchers have analyzed nonlinear dynamics of natural (that is, boiling in single-sided ribbed flow channels) circulation BWRs. A low-dimensional boiling water reactor configurations using low-pressure water systems, with (BWR) model has been implemented in the Hopf- prototypic dimensions and flow rates. Experimental data bifurcation code BifDD. This model describes the nonlinear indicate friction factors are significantly lower than dynamics of a BWR in the vicinity of the linear stability previously published correlations and are only slightly higher boundary. A bifurcation analysis and direct numerical than smooth wall values. For very small flow channel height, simulations with and without nuclear feedback effects of the dimension of the tooth pitch or smaller, the tests have been investigated. Results show both supercritical and show a modest friction factor increase with decreasing subcritical bifurcations for an elementary thermohydraulic channel height. This friction factor is very sensitive to system. The elementary thermohydraulic system has been accurate channel height. extended with an unheated riser on top of the heated section. Further bifurcation studies with the complete BWR model, including nuclear feedback effects, are being carried out.
* Denotes principal investigator. 14 Stability Analysis of Boiling Water Reactor Nuclear-coupled Thermal Hydraulics Journals and Books R. Uddin,* J. Dorning, A. A. Karve University of Virginia
Nonlinear finite-amplitude flow and power oscillations are important safety concerns for BWR operations. Though Applied Plasma Physics many large-scale computational codes have been developed in recent years to study this problem, for efficient parametric Allain, M. M. C., D. B. Hayden, D. R. Juliano, and D. N. analyses, simple and accurate models that can be studied Ruzic. Characterization of magnetron-sputtered partially using classical stability techniques and methods from ionized deposition as a function of metal and gas species. modern bifurcation theory are needed. Researchers have J. Vac. Sci. Technol., A 13, 797-801 (2000). developed such a model that includes single- and two-phase thermal hydraulics and coupled point kinetics or modal Axford, R. A. Solutions of the NoH problem for various reactor kinetics equations. Results obtained using modal equations of state using lie groups. Laser Particle Beam, 18, reactor kinetics equations show that the low-flow/high- 93-100 (2000). power region is even less stable than previously believed because of the important effect of the first harmonic. Ranjan, R., J. P. Allain, N. R. Hendricks, and D. N. Ruzic. A simple loop has been added to study the effect of balance Absolute sputtering yield of Ti/TiN by Ar+/N+ at 400 to of plant on reactor stability. 700 eV. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A., 19:3, 1004-1007 (2000).
Wang, Z., S. A. Cohen, D. N. Ruzic, and M. J. Goeckner. Nitrogen atom energy distributions in a hollow cathode planar sputtering magnetron. Phys. Rev. E., 61, 1904-1911 (2000).
Arms Control, Disarmament, and International Security
Singer, C. E. South Asian nuclear proliferation research: final report. In University of Illinois ACDIS Research Report, 41 (2000).
Computational Mechanics
Toreja, A. J. and R. Uddin. A hybrid numerical method for time-dependent convection-diffusion problems in arbitrary geometries. Trans. ANS, 83, 426-428 (2000).
Wang, F. and R. Uddin. A nodal scheme for the time- dependent, incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. Trans. ANS, 83, 422-424 (2000).
15 * Denotes principal investigator. Health Physics, Radiological, Nuclear Materials, Materials and Medical Applications Science and Performance, Radiation Effects, and Waste Konda, S. D., M. Aref, M. Brechbiel, and E. C. Wiener. Development of a tumor-targeting MR contrast agent Management using the high-affinity folate receptor: work-in-progress. Invest. Radiol., 35, 50-57 (2000). Chen, W. C. and B. J. Heuser. Solubility and kinetic properties of deuterium in single crystal Pd. J. Alloys Narayanan, V. J. and E. C. Wiener. Metal-directed Compounds, 312, 176-180 (2000). self-assembly of ethylenediamine-based dendrons. Macromolecules, 33:10, 3944-3946 (2000). Chen, W. C., B. J. Heuser, and J. S. King. SANS investigation of deuteride (hydride) precipitation and decomposition morphology in single crystal Pd. J. Appl. Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Crystallogr., 33, 442-446 (2000).
Costescu, C. I. and B. J. Heuser. Effect of a nitrogen-rich Miley, G. Some personal reflections on scientific ethics and surface layer on the sub-surface deuterium (hydrogen) the cold fusion “episode”. J. Account. Res.: Pol. Qual. Assur., concentration distribution in Ti. Surf. Sci., 450, 242-250 8, 1 (2000). (2000).
Heuer, J. K., P. R. Okamoto, N. Q. Lam, and J. F. Stubbins. Nuclear Fusion Relationship between segregation-induced intergranular fracture and melting in the nickel-sulfur system. Appl. Phys. Lett., 76:23, 3403-3405 (2000). Alman, D. A. and D. N. Ruzic. A model of hydrocarbon reactions in low temperature hydrogen plasmas. Heuser, B. J., J. S. King, and W. C. Chen. Corrigendum to Phys. Plasmas, 7, 1421-1432 (2000). small-angle neutron scattering measurements of deuteride formation in single crystal Pd. J. Alloys Compounds, 305, Barnes, D., M. Schauer, K. Umstadter, L. Chacón, and 318-319 (2000). G. Miley. Electron equilibrium and confinement in a modified Penning trap and its application to Penning Li, G., B. G. Thomas, and J. F. Stubbins. Modeling creep fusion. Phys. Plasmas, 7, 1693 (2000). and fatigue of copper alloys. Metall. Mater. Trans. A., 31A, 2419-2502 (2000). Mattas, R. F., J. P. Allain, R. Bastasz, J. N. Brooks, T. Evans, A. Hassanein, S. Luckhardt, K. McCarthy, P. Mioduszewski, Li, M., J. K. Heuer, J. F. Stubbins, and D. J. Edwards. R. Maingi, E. Mogahed, R. Moir, S. Molokov, N. Morley, Fracture behavior of high-strength, high-conductivity R. Nygren, T. Ronglien, C. Reed, D. N. Ruzic, copper alloys. J. Nucl. Mater., 283-287, 977-981 (2000). I. Svitoslavsky, D. Sze, M. Tillack, M. Ulrichson, P. M. Wade, R. Wooley, and C. Wong. ALPS-advanced Stubbins, J. F., J. Collins and J. Min. Evaluation of the limiter-divertor plasma-facing systems. Fusion Eng. deformation fields and bond integrity of Cu/SS joints. Design, 49-50, 127-134 (2000). J. Nucl. Mater., 283-287, 982-986 (2000).
Miley, G., L. Chacón, D. Barnes, and D. Knoll. An implicit energy-conservative 2D Fokker-Planck algorithm. J. Comput. Phys., 157, 654-682 (2000). Nuclear Power, Operations, and Control Miley, G. Converging beam neutron source. Bull. Am. Phys. Soc., 45:2, 122 (2000). Ivan Bragt, D. D. B., R. Uddin, and T. H. J. J. van der Momota, H. Energy loss of plasma in a field-reversed Hagen. Effect of void distribution parameter and axial configuration. Bull. Am. Phys. Soc., 45:2, 122 (2000). power profile on BWR bifurcation characteristics. Nucl. Sci. Eng., 134, 227-235 (2000).
16 Miley, G., G. Selvaggi, A. Tate, M. Okuniewski, Papers Presented at M. Williams, and D. Chicea. Experimental status and potential applications of a thin-film low-energy nuclear reaction (LENR) power cell. Proc. 8th Int. Conf. on Conferences and Nuclear Engineering, ICONE 8 (Baltimore, Md., Symposia Apr. 2000) (2000). Nuclear Fusion Computational Mechanics Chacón, L., D. C. Barnes, D. A. Knoll, and G. H. Miley. Toreja, A. J. and R. Uddin. A hybrid numerical method On the energy gain in Penning fusion systems. Proc. for the time-dependent convection-diffusion equation in Physics of Plasmas and Computer Physics Communications arbitrary geometries. Numerical Analysis Days (West (2000). Lafayette, Ind., Apr. 2000) (2000). Miley, G. and J. Nadler. Recent studies of star mode IEC Wang, F. and R. Uddin. An advanced numerical scheme devices and possible new directions. Proc. ICC Meeting, for the time-dependent incompressible Navier-Stokes Department of Energy, LLNL (Livermore, Calif., Apr. 2000) equations. Numerical Analysis Days (West Lafayette, Ind., (2000). Apr. 2000) (2000). Miley, G., M. Okuniewski, A. Tate, G. Selvaggi, Wescott, B. and R. Uddin. Recent improvements to the M. Williams, D. Chicea, and H. Hora. Advances in modified nodal integral method. Numerical Analysis Days thin-film proton-reaction cell experiments. NASA (West Lafayette, Ind., Apr. 2000) (2000). Advanced Propulsion Workshop (Pasadena, Calif., May 2000) (2000). Health Physics, Radiological, Miley, G., T. Bauer, H. Hora, and J. Nadler. Converging beam neutron source for driving a sub-critical fission and Medical Applications reactor. Proc. 8th Int. Conf. on Nuclear Engineering, ICONE 8 (Baltimore, Md., Apr. 2000) (2000).
Miller, D. W. U.S. experience with depleted zinc and Miley, G., T. Bauer, J. Nadler, and H. Hora. Converging noble metal injection at BWRs. EC/ISOE ALARA beam neutron source for driving a sub-critical fission Workshop, OECD NEA/IAEA (Tarragona, Spain, reactor. Proc. 8th Int. Conf. on Nuclear Engineering, Apr. 2000) (2000). ICONE 8 (Baltimore, Md., Apr. 2000) (2000).
Miley, G. Driven sub-critical fission reactor using a CB Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions fusion neutron source. Proc. ANS (2000). Miley, G. IEC research in University of Illinois. U.S.-Japan Hora, H., G. Miley, and J. Kelly. Low-energy nuclear Workshop (Kyoto, Japan, Feb. 2000) (2000). reactions of protons in host metals at picometer. 2000 ANS/ENS Int. Mtg. (Washington, D.C., Nov. 2000) Miley, G. H. and M. Nieto. A novel concept for CRIEC- (2000). driven subcritical research reactors. Proc. 9th Int. Conf. on Nuclear Engineering, ICONE 9 (Nice, France, Apr. 2000) Miley, G. Low-energy nuclear reaction (LENR) studies (2000). using thin-film electrodes. Proc. 12th APS Topical Conf. on Atomic Processes in Plasmas (Reno, Nev., Mar. 2000) Momota, H. and G. Miley. Energy loss of plasma in a (2000). field-reversed configuration. APS 2000 (Long Beach, Calif., Apr. 2000) (2000). Miley, G., D. Chicea, M. Williams, M. Okuniewski, G. Selvaggi, and A. Tate. Status and recent studies using thin-film electrodes. Proc. Science Program Committee Mtg. (Frascati, Italy, Feb. 2000) (2000). 17 Momota, H., G. H. Miley, and J. Nadler. Direct energy Miley, G. H., G. Selvaggi, A. Tate, M. Okuniewski, M. conversion for IEC propulsions. Report to the National Williams, D. Chicea, H. Hora, and J. Kelly. Advances in Institute for Fusion Science (Nagoya, Japan, Aug. 2000) thin-film electrode experiments. Proc. 8th Int. Conf. on (2000). Cold Fusion, ICCF8 (Villa Marigola, Lerici, La Spezia, Italy, May 2000) (2000). Nadler, J. and G. Miley. Physics issues related to development of inertial-electrostatic confinement for deep Miley, G. H. On the reaction product and heat correlation space propulsion. Proc. AIAA Plasmadynamic and Laser for LENRs. Proc. 8th Int. Conf. on Cold Fusion, ICCF8 2000 (Jan. 2000) (2000). (Villa Marigola, Lerici, La Spezia, Italy, May 2000) (2000).
Nadler, J., G. H. Miley, M. Coventry, and H. Momota. Miley, G. and Y. Shaban. Nuclear-pumped laser propulsion Recent advances in inertial-electrostatic confinement (IEC) for advanced missions. Proc. Laser 2000 (Albuquerque, fusion for space power and propulsion. Space Technology N. Mex., Dec. 2000) (2000). and Applications Int. Forum (Albuquerque, N. Mex., Jan. 2000) (2000). Momota, H., G. Miley, and J. Nadler. Direct energy conversion for IEC fusion for space applications. Proc. Nadler, J., G. Miley, M. Coventry, Y. Nam, and W. 36th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conf. and Hammond. Inertial-electrostatic confinement (IEC) Exhibit (Huntsville, Ala., Jul. 2000) (2000). for space propulsion and power. Proc. 36th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conf. and Nadler, J., G. Miley, M. Coventry, and H. Momota. Recent Exhibit (Huntsville, Ala., Jul. 2000) (2000). advances in inertial-electrostatic confinement (IC). Fusion for Space Power and Propulsion, Space Technology and Applications Int. Forum (Albuquerque, N. Mex., Jan. 2000) Nuclear Power, Operations, (2000). and Control Nieto, M., H. Momota, and G. H. Miley. Use of an IEC device as a proton beam source. Proc. 8th Int. Conf. on Nuclear Engineering, ICONE 8 (Baltimore, Md., Miley, G. and M. Prelas. Nuclear-pumped flashlamp Apr. 2000) (2000). sources. Proc. SPIE (San Jose, Calif., Jan. 2000) (2000).
R. Uddin. Sub- and supercritical bifurcations and turning points in a simple BWR model. Proc. PHYSOR-2000, ANS Int. Topical Mtg. on Advances in Reactor Physics and Theses Mathematics and Computation into the Next Millennium (Pittsburgh, Penn., May 2000) (2000). Applied Plasma Physics Weber, D. P., T. Y. C. Wei, R. A. Brewster, D. T. Rock, and R. Uddin. High-fidelity thermal-hydraulic analysis using Allain, J. P. Measurement and modeling of lithium CFD and massively parallel computers. Proc. 4th Int. Mtg. sputtering. M.S. thesis, D. N. Ruzic, adviser (2000). on Supercomputing Applications in Nuclear Engineering (Japan, Sept. 2000) (2000). Cortez Allain, M. M. Characterization of magnetron- sputtered partially ionized deposition as a function of metal and gas species. M.S. thesis, D. N. Ruzic, adviser Space Propulsion and (2000). Power Systems
Hammond, W., M. Coventry, J. Hanson, I. Hrbud, G. H. Miley, and J. Nadler. IEC fusion: the future power and propulsion system for space. Proc. Space Technology and Applications Int. Forum (Albuquerque, N. Mex., Jan. 2000) (2000).
18 Arms Control, Disarmament, Nuclear Materials, Materials and International Security Science and Performance, Radiation Effects, and Waste Zhang, J. Energy economic modeling and optimization. Ph.D. thesis, C. Singer, adviser (2000). Management
Costescu, C. J. Effect of Ti2N surface layers on deuterium Health Physics, Radiological, absorption and on sub-surface concentration profiles in and Medical Applications titanium. Ph.D. thesis, B. J. Heuser, adviser (2000). Heuer, J. K. Application of disorder-induced melting Hui, L. Molecular dynamics simulation of force-induced concept to fracture. Ph.D. thesis, J. F. Stubbins, adviser protein domain unfolding. Ph.D. thesis, K. J. Schulten, (2000). adviser (2000). Munter, A. E. Deuterium phase behavior in thin film Pd. Ph.D. thesis, B. J. Heuser, adviser (2000). Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Thermal Hydraulics Tate, A. Anomalous heat production using multiple layer thin-film cathodes in an electrolytic cell. M.S. thesis, and Reactor Safety G. H. Miley, adviser (2000). Demers, L. J. Application of Lie groups in turbulence modeling. Ph.D. thesis, R. A. Axford, adviser (2000). Nuclear Fusion
De La Rosa, L. C. Fokker-Planck modeling of spherical inertial electrostatic, virtual-cathode fusion systems. Ph.D. Awards and Honors thesis, G. H. Miley, adviser (2000). Roy A. Axford Everitt Award for Teaching Excellence, U of I College of Jurczyk, B. E. Research on edge ionization and star mode Engineering, 1985 discharge physics in inertial electrostatic confinement Nuclear Engineering Student’s ANS Excellence in neutron/proton sources. Ph.D. thesis, G. H. Miley, adviser Undergraduate Teaching Award, U of I, 1990, 1995, (2000). 1997, 1999 Distinguished Faculty Member, Alpha Nu Sigma, 1991 Temple, B. Construction of a multidimensional Lagrangian hydrodynamics model of a plasma using the Lie group Daniel E. Hang, Emeritus theory of point transformations. Ph.D. thesis, Honorary Member, Alpha Nu Sigma R. A. Axford, adviser (2000). Life Senior Member, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Life Member, National Society of Professional Engineers Life Member, Illinois Society of Professional Engineers Stanley H. Pierce Award, U of I College of Engineering, 1981 Distinguished Service Award, Central Zone of NCEES, 1990 Distinguished Service Award, National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying, 1990
19 Illinois Award, Illinois Society of Professional Engineers, Rizwan Uddin 1997 Mark Mills Award for Best Ph.D. Dissertation, American Loyalty Award, University of Illinois Alumni Association, Nuclear Society, 1987 1997 Allan Talbott Gwathmey Memorial Award, University of Distinguished Service Award with Special Commendations, Virginia, 1988 NCEES, 1999 ANN Students Award for Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching, U of I Department of Nuclear, Plasma and Barclay G. Jones Radiological Engineering, 1998-1999 Fellow, American Nuclear Society Young Members Engineering Achievement Award, American Fellow, Athlone Nuclear Society, 1999 Honorary Member, Alpha Nu Sigma Power Engineering Educator Award, Edison Electric Institute, 1991
George H. Miley Fellow, American Nuclear Society Fellow, American Physical Society Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Exceptional Service Award, American Nuclear Society, 1980 Fellow, J. S. Guggenheim Foundation, 1985 Fellow, United Kingdom Research, 1987 Halliburton Engineering Education Leadership Award, U of I College of Engineering, 1990 Distinguished Faculty Member, Alpha Nu Sigma, 1991 Outstanding Achievement Award in Fusion Energy, American Nuclear Society, 1992 Senior Fellow, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 1994 NATO Senior Fellow, Eastern European Outreach, 1994 Edward Teller Medal, 1995 Outstanding Scientist Award, Journal of New Energy, 1996
David N. Ruzic Presidential Young Investigator Award, National Science Foundation, 1985 Xerox Award for Faculty Research, U of I College of Engineering, 1990 Andersen Consulting Award for Excellence in Advising, U of I College of Engineering, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994 Everitt Award for Teaching Excellence, U of I College of Engineering, 1992 Stanley H. Pierce Award, U of I College of Engineering, 1992 Kinds Award for Excellence in Undergraduate Instruction, U of I, 1993 College of Engineering Teaching Excellence Award, 1996 Harriet and Charles Luckman Undergraduate Distinguished Teaching Award, U of I, 1996 Honorary Knight of St. Pat, U of I College of Engineering, 1996 The Broadfick-Allen Award for Excellence in Honors Teaching, U of I, 1997
20 Physics
J. D. Sullivan, Head Advanced Science and Technology, and the National J. P. Wolfe and G. E. Gladding, Associate Heads Center for Supercomputing Applications; and national for Undergraduate Programs and international laboratories such as Fermilab, Argonne 211 Loomis Laboratory of Physics National Laboratory, Jefferson National Accelerator 1110 W. Green St., MC-704 Laboratory, Brookhaven National Laboratory, the Centre Urbana, IL 61801-3080 Europeenne pour la Recherché Nucleaire (CERN), and 217-333-2761 • http://www.physics.uiuc.edu the Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY). The department is home to two National Institutes Physics is the study of the natural world and the of Health National Resources, the Laboratory for fundamental laws that govern its behavior. The domain of Fluorescence Dynamics and the NIH Resource for physics is vast, reaching out to the ultimate limits in space Macromolecular Modeling and Bioinformatics. and time of the universe and down into the smallest Research funding comes from numerous external reaches of the subatomic world. The establishment of supporters, including the National Science Foundation, physics marked the foundation of modern science. U.S. Department of Energy, National Institutes of Health, The pace and scope of discovery in physics today exceeds National Aeronautics and Space Administration, that in any previous era, thanks to the sophistication and Department of Defense, U.S. Department of Education, precision of the instrumentation and computational tools the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, State of Illinois, in the hands of physicists today. In many cases, physicists American Chemical Society, Carver Charitable Trust, themselves developed these tools in their quest to probe IBM Corporation, John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur the secrets of nature in new ways. Foundation, Petroleum Research Fund, Research Many physicists work in interdisciplinary settings. Corporation, Searle Foundation, Semiconductor Research The principles and laws of physics underlie all other Corporation, Shell Foundation, Sloan Foundation, natural science and engineering disciplines, including Sony Corporation, and Xerox Corporation. astronomy, biology, computer engineering, and civil engineering. An intimate relationship exists between physics and engineering, as evidenced by many familiar Biomolecular and devices upon which our modern lives depend: integrated circuits, magnetic storage media, lasers, optical fiber Biological Physics communications, medical MRI systems, the satellite-based Global Positioning System, and the Internet. The Department of Physics at the University of Illinois Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics at Urbana-Champaign has strong research programs in E. Gratton,* W. W. Mantulin,* R. M. Clegg,* T. Hazlett, many of the major fields of the discipline, including: S. Sanchez, N. Barry, O. Akcakir, J. Eid, Q. Ruan, J. Sutin, K. Kispetikova • hard and soft condensed matter physics, National Institutes of Health, P41-RR-03155 • high-energy physics, • nuclear/intermediate energy physics, The Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics (LFD), • biological physics, a national biomedical resource, has a dual and equal • astrophysics, commitment to foster fluorescence research and to • quantum information and optics, provide service in a user-oriented facility. • complex systems and chaos, and • mathematical physics. Fluorescence Research and Development Faculty members, postdoctoral research associates, graduate students, and, increasingly, undergraduate The research goal of the LFD is to develop new students carry out research in a variety of state-of-the-art fluorescence instrumentation, design new theoretical facilities: Loomis Laboratory; interdisciplinary facilities on formulations of fluorescence phenomena, and compile campus such as the Materials Research Laboratory, the appropriate software, with the aim of advancing basic Microelectronics Center, the Beckman Institute for research and biomedical applications. Examples of current
* Denotes principal investigator. 2 projects include: instrumentation (frequency domain proposed as an attractive alternative to obtain information fluorometer with lifetime and spectral resolution, laser about the oxygenation state of tissues due to the difference heterodyning, lifetime fluorescence microscopy, ultrastable in optical spectra of the oxy- and deoxy-form of fluorescence microscope, high-pressure microscopy), hemoglobin. This frequency-domain approach uses the software (global analysis of multifrequency data sets), propagation of high-frequency amplitude modulated light. optical imaging (near-infrared images of tissue), and In the frequency-domain, propagation of the AM applications (two-photon fluorescence correlation intensity wave in a highly scattering medium is spectroscopy and photon counting histograms). analogous with wave optics. An object immersed in the These advances in fluorescence technology are transferred medium produces deformation of the propagation to the user fluorescence and microscopy laboratories. wavefront of the amplitude-modulated wave and results in an easy identification of absorbing and scattering objects, Fluorescence Laboratory such as blood vessels or bone. Computer algorithms display in real-time the wavefront of the AM wave after The laboratory serves both the campus research traversing the tissue. Currently, this optical approach is community and visiting scientists. To date, core and being used to study activity in the brain in conjunction collaborative research has stressed macromolecular with MRI measurements. assembly and dynamics, membrane structure/function relationships, and fluorescence microscopy of cells. Optical Monitors for Vascular Insufficiency The LFD houses a spectropolarimeter for circular in Peripheral Tissue dichroism measurements. Fluorescence equipment E. Gratton,* W. W. Mantulin, A. Paunescu, U. Wolf includes high-sensitivity, photon-counting, scanning National Institutes of Health, 5 R01 RR10966 fluorometers (with polarization accessory), three laser-based variable multifrequency phase/modulation Peripheral vascular disease (PVD), a chronic disease, fluorometers with different excitation wavelength and afflicts diabetics and others with vascular pathologies. modulation frequency options, stopped flow and high The level of tissue oxygenation in extremities is an pressure accessories. Dedicated personal computers assist important parameter for diagnosis of PVD. Researchers in data collection and analysis. Ancillary support for have developed a new technology based on near-IR biomedical research is housed in a general biochemistry frequency domain spectroscopy that provides quantitative laboratory, which is equipped for biological sample information on the level of tissue oxygenation. The optical manipulation. signal is derived from penetration of photon density waves in tissue. The team has designed and built noninvasive, Fluorescence Microscopy Development Laboratory (FMDL) portable, tissue oxygen saturation monitors. Preliminary tests show that the optical oxygen monitor can be FMDL is a technology development laboratory for clinically useful by providing the clinician with a multiphotonic fluorescence microscopy, which also serves quantitative physiological parameter that is a meaningful users. A tissue culture facility is also available. It conducts index for the early detection and treatment of PVD. core and collaborative research on a variety of cellular The major advance has been in developing a large components and systems (membranes, receptors, mapping sensor, which is applicable to all patients. antibodies, and so forth). The instrumentation includes Ti:sapphire lasers, upright and inverted fluorescence Transferal Controls from Destructive to microscopes, and correlation systems for photon counting. Healthy Complex Biological Attractors The multiphotonic techniques under development E. A. Jackson* include: fluctuation correlation spectroscopy, fluorescence University of Illinois lifetime imaging, photon counting histograms, particle tracking, and single molecular studies. A method of open-plus-closed-loop control interactions, developed by Jackson and Grosu, was experimentally Optical Imaging of Thick Tissues extended to the transfer of the dynamics of a system E. Gratton,* M. Filiaci, V. Toronov, M. Wolf, A. Michalos between two of its attractors, based on the use of recorded National Institutes of Health, 1RO1 CA57032 dynamic information in each attractor (rather than information from differential equations). The possibility This project explores the use of frequency-domain of using such methods of transferal for living systems, methods to obtain near-infrared optical images of thick for which equations are not known, has important tissues. The use of near-infrared radiation has been possibilities. It now appears possible to investigate this
3 * Denotes principal investigator. method for the control of heart fibrillations, in about quasi-particle interactions and electron correlation collaboration with a local cardiologist. effects in solids. To take advantage of these developments, researchers are setting up an ultrahigh resolution angle-resolved photoemission system that will match the Experimental Condensed performance of the light source. A two-dimensional detector, which allows multi-channel energy- and Matter Physics angle-dependent data to be taken, will be employed.
Electronic Properties of Impurities, Laboratory for Nanoscale Science Surfaces, and Quantum Structures and Engineering T. C. Chiang,* T. Miller, D. Luh, M. Upton R. Averback, P. Bellon, M. B. Salamon* National Science Foundation, DMR99-75470 University CRI Program High-resolution angle resolved photoemission is employed A new laboratory is being set up to study the synthesis to investigate the electron properties of metal surfaces and and processing of novel nanostructured materials using films. Atomically uniform films are prepared, and the far-from-equilibrium methods. Initial research is focused resulting quantum well states can be understood in on nanocomposites of magnetically soft and hard terms of Fabry-Perot modes in a solid state electron materials exhibiting an effect known as exchange-spring interferometer. An interferometric analysis yields a band behavior. Ball milling at elevated temperatures and structure and quasi-particle lifetime broadening that are ion-beam mixing of epitaxial film are being used to the most accurate to date. Effects of impurity and defect control the interfaces between the two components. scattering, both at the surface and in the interior of a This work is coupled with computer simulations. film, will be studied by doping during film growth. Temperature dependent phonon scattering, electron- Atomically Uniform Films electron scattering, and structural stability will also T. C. Chiang,* T. Miller, D. Luh be investigated. Petroleum Research Fund; American Chemical Society Semiconductor and Ceramic Recent advances in crystal growth have made it possible Surfaces and Interfaces to prepare atomically uniform films of Ag on an iron T. C. Chiang,* T. Miller, D. Luh, T. Kidd, M. Holt, whisker. Films prepared by thermal evaporation onto D. Ricci, S. Sligh, Z. Wu a low-temperature substrate followed by annealing are U.S. Department of Energy, DEFG02-96ER45439 investigated by angle-resolved photoemission. Electrons in these films, confined by the substrate potential, form (In cooperation with the Materials Research Laboratory) discrete quantum well states. These states show atomic layer resolution and can be used as spectroscopic Photoemission and x-ray diffraction and scattering fingerprints for layer thickness identification. One goal techniques are employed to determine the electronic of this project is to understand the kinetics and atomic properties and atomic structure of surfaces, interfaces, and processes involved in the formation of such uniform thin films. The behavior of crystal growth by molecular films that have been thought to be impossible to beam epitaxy, chemical vapor deposition, laser ablation, prepare until now. and magnetron sputtering is being investigated. Key issues of interest include chemical reactions and atomic Development of an Ultrahigh Resolution interactions during thermal and energetic beam deposition Photoemission System for Studies of leading to the formation of surface reconstructions, Quantum Structures nonequilibrium compositions, and metastable structures. T. C. Chiang,* T. Miller, D. Luh Fundamental surface behaviors, such as charge density U.S. National Science Foundation, DMR99-75182 wave transitions and metal insulator transitions, are also of interest, and these phenomena are probed by Recent advances in experimental capabilities at national photoelectron holography and x-ray diffraction. synchrotron radiation facilities, including the development of new monochromators and high-intensity undulator beamlines, have enabled ultra-high-resolution measurements that can provide detailed information
* Denotes principal investigator. 4 Spectroscopic Studies of Low Carrier under conditions of ultrahigh vacuum at temperatures Density Magnetic Systems up to 1400°C. Through diffraction and imaging, S. L. Cooper,* C. Snow the evolution of surface morphology (including National Science Foundation, DMR 97-00716 reconstructions, surface steps, slip bands, and threading dislocations) and bulk morphology (including screw, Researchers are interested in a number of low carrier edge, and interfacial dislocations and subboundaries) density magnetic systems that exhibit rich phase diagrams can be examined in real time and during actual growth. as a function of doping, temperature, and magnetic field, as well as diverse phenomena such as spin polaron Field-Dependent Penetration Depth in formation and field-induced metal-insulator transitions. Unconventional Superconductors The diverse phase diagrams and phenomena exhibited R. W. Giannetta* by these materials derive largely from the competition National Science Foundation, DMR 01-01872 between strong Coulomb correlations, electron-phonon coupling, and spin interactions. The research team will The focus of this research is on the electromagnetic use various optical techniques, including reflectance properties of superconductors whose pairing symmetry is and light-scattering spectroscopies, to characterize the believed to be unconventional. These include both hole excitation spectra of these materials and to elucidate the and electron-doped cuprates and organic and certain mechanisms driving the different phase transitions. magnetic superconductors. Using high resolution, magnetic field-dependent measurements of the London Spectroscopic Studies and Josephson penetration depth researchers study nodal of the Magnetic Oxides quasiparticles, surface Andreev bound states, vortex S. L. Cooper,* S. Yoon, H. Rho motion, and the coexistence of superconductivity and U.S. Department of Energy, DEFG02-96ER45439 ferromagnetism. The aim is to develop field-dependent penetration depth into a new spectroscopy of the (In cooperation with the Materials Research Laboratory) superconducting state.
The magnetic oxides exhibit a wide variety of exotic Penetration Depth Measurements in phenomena, including paramagnetic insulating-to- Unconventional Superconductors ferromagnetic metal transitions and “colossal R. W. Giannetta* magnetoresistance” behavior at intermediate doping, University of Illinois Research Board as well as ordered charge and spin structures at high doping. Researchers are attempting to elucidate the This work utilizes low temperature, radio frequency physics governing these interesting phase regions by penetration depth techniques to detect a quantum effect using reflectance, Raman, and Brillouin scattering unique to unconventional superconductors: the surface spectroscopies to study the interactions among the lattice, Andreev bound state. The recent electromagnetic charge, and spin degrees of freedom in these materials. detection of bound states provides a contactless probe of the underlying superconductive gap symmetry, applicable Growth and Properties in principle to any material. The effect can be enhanced of Single-Crystal Films through heavy ion irradiation, making possible the study C. P. Flynn,* M. Ondrejcek, C. Durfee of inhomogeneous d-wave superconductivity in crystals U.S. Department of Energy, LEEM, DEFG02-96ER45439 with nanoscale defects.
(In cooperation with the Materials Research Laboratory) In Situ Studies of Materials Growth J. M. Gibson,* J. C. Yang, M. Yeadon, The growth processes of single-crystal films prepared by W. Henstrom, M. Kleinschmidt MBE are investigated with a view to applications in rare U.S. Department of Energy, DEFG02-96ER45439 earth magnetism, surface science, atomic mobility in materials, and the evolution of materials in radiation (In cooperation with the Materials Research Laboratory) fields. A specific synthesis route starting with commercial sapphire buffered by bcc refractory metals is being This is a study of surface and interface structure using explored. This research uses a low-energy electron quantitative transmission electron microscopy. TEM microscope (LEEM). It permits exploration of surface studies are made of surface reactions and in situ epitaxial morphology and reconstruction during actual growth and growth using image formation relying on surface-related
5 * Denotes principal investigator. diffracted intensities. Quantitative atomic resolution Neutron Scattering and Muon Spin Rotation microscopy is being applied to interface structure and L. H. Greene,* E. Dumont; G. Feltcher, S. G. E. te chemistry. Velthuis (Argonne National Laboratory); H. Keller (Paul Scherrer Institute) Properties of Simple Liquids and Glasses U.S. Department of Energy, DEFG02-91ER45439 A. V. Granato,* A. B. Lebedev, C. Gordon, W. Bains National Science Foundation, DMR 97-05750 (In cooperation with the Materials Research Laboratory and Ministre de la Culture, Luxembourg) Critical tests of the interstitialcy theory of condensed matter states are being made by measuring the The existence of spontaneously broken time reversal temperature dependence of the elastic constants of crystals symmetry, or the spontaneous generation of magnetic just below the melting temperature in the crystalline state fields, in the near-surface region of unconventional and just above the glass temperature in the supercooled superconductors is studied by grazing-incidence polarized liquid state. Observation of predicted results would neutron scattering (GIPoNS) and low-energy muon spin confirm a simple, quantitative, easily visualized model rotation (LEM). The GIPoNS is performed at the IPNS according to which simple liquids and amorphous facility at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) and the materials are crystals containing a few percent of LEM is performed at Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) self-interstitials. in Switzerland.
Charge Transport across Superconductive Tunneling Spectroscopy Superconductor/Semiconductor and and Electronic Transport in Pure and Superconductor/Normal-Metal Doped YBa2Cu3O7 L. H. Greene,* J. Elenewski, A. C. Abeyta, I. V. Roshchin, L. H. Greene,* E. Badica W. L. Feldman; P. W. Bohn, T. Tanzer, X. L. Li (Chem.); National Science Foundation, DMR 94-21957 J. F. Klem (Sandia National Laboratories); G. Spalding (Physics, Illinois Wesleyan Univ.) Reliable film growth, electronic transport, magnetization U.S. Department of Energy, DEFG02-91ER45439 measurements, and superconductive tunneling provide the foundation for our investigations of the electronic (In cooperation with the Materials Research Laboratory) properties of high-temperature superconductors. Thin films of pure Ni- and Zn-doped YBa2Cu3O7-δ (YBCO) are The static and dynamic properties of hybrid grown by sputter deposition. These thin films are also superconductor-semiconductor structures are studied. grown in various crystallographic orientations, allowing Electronic transport, superconductive tunneling, and charge transport measurements along different lattice light-scattering measurements are conducted on planar, directions in this highly anisotropic material. Information nanofabricated structures of high quality thin films of on the disorder and interface properties of this metallic superconductors grown directly on III-V unconventional superconductor is being provided through semiconductors. The superconducting proximity effect, these measurements. Furthermore, tunneling provides a Andreev reflection, and tunneling are investigated. powerful spectroscopy of the superconducting state, which In order to extend previous work on the optical detection will help elucidate the mechanism of high-temperature of the superconducting proximity effect on Nb/InAs superconductivity. interfaces, researchers have developed a nanosphere lithographic technique to create defect-free colloidal Tunnel-Junction Fabrication mono- and bi-layers for use as masks. Raman scattering Using Chemical Techniques on these nanoscale Nb arrays on InAs are performed. L. H. Greene,* P. Hentges; W. Klemperer, G. Westwood (Chem.) U.S. Department of Energy, DEFG02-91ER45439
(In cooperation with the Materials Research Laboratory)
To date, the most reliable method of tunnel-junction fabrication on high-temperature superconductors has been by evaporation of Pb counter electrodes directly on the surface, but this method damages the surface of the
* Denotes principal investigator. 6 superconductor. To avoid such surface degradation, Experimental Determination of the Pairing researchers have developed a fabrication technique in State of Unconventional Superconductors which an ultrathin insulating layer of ZrO2 is condensed D. J. Van Harlingen,* J. E. Sadleir onto the surface of YBa2Cu3O7-δ (YBCO) thin films. National Science Foundation, DMR 99-72087 Researchers find less damage to the YBCO interface than other junction fabrication techniques, and this method Experiments are under way to determine the order passivates the YBCO surface over at least a year’s time in parameter symmetry of exotic superconducting materials laboratory ambient. These junctions are used to study the suspected to have unconventional pairing mechanisms, electrodynamic properties of the Andreev bound state. leading to anisotropic energy gap structure. These include heavy fermion, organic, and ruthenate superconductors. Tunneling Spectroscopy of High-Temperature By measuring the magnetic response of Josephson and Other Unconventional Superconductors junctions and dc SQUIDs fabricated between single L. H. Greene,* H. Aubin, X. Yu crystals of the exotic superconductor and conventional National Science Foundation, DMR 99-72087 superconducting thin films, researchers can determine the phase anisotropy of the order parameter, distinguishing Researchers take advantage of the unconventional nature proposed anisotropic pairing states. Low-temperature of high-temperature superconductors to probe details of penetration depth measurements using a resonant the superconducting and normal-state properties. oscillator technique yield complementary information Tunneling spectroscopic studies of the surface-induced on the magnitude of the order parameter. Andreev bound state (ABS) are performed. This (ABS) consists of quasi-electrons and quasi-holes that form near Magnetic Imaging of Vortices in to the interface of an unconventional superconductor, High-Temperature Superconductor such as the d-wave superconductor, YBa2Cu3O7. Films and Devices Investigations of this ABS as a function of several physical D. J. Van Harlingen,* A. Ruosi parameters, including temperature, applied magnetic field, University of Illinois, University Scholar Grant crystallographic orientation, and disorder, reveal signatures of intriguing broken symmetries in these complex This project uses scanning SQUID microscopy (SSM) to superconductors, including spontaneously broken time- study vortex dynamics and pinning in superconductor reversal symmetry. Other single-crystal unconventional samples. The SSM provides good spatial resolution and superconductors and novel techniques for exploring the unparalleled flux sensitivity for imaging magnetic field broken symmetries are also being explored. distributions, making it useful for imaging vortex distributions around defect structures in superconducting Search for Subdominant Order Parameter thin films and crystals. Researchers have imaged flux Phases in d-Wave Grain Boundary Junctions distributions and studied vortex motion around surface D. J. Van Harlingen,* W. K. Neils steps in NbSe2 crystals and in patterned Nb, NbN, and U.S. Department of Energy, DEFG02-96ER45439 MoGe thin films, which exhibit different pinning strengths. These results are being compared with (In cooperation with the Materials Research Laboratory) transport measurements of the critical current and magnetization measurements of flux entry and exit Researchers are carrying out experiments designed to test from superconductor samples. for the onset of subdominant superconductor phases induced by perturbations in d-wave superconductors. Magnetic Screening and Phase Fluctuations Phases with complex order parameters are predicted to in Underdoped Cuprates arise from the suppression of the d-wave order parameter D. J. Van Harlingen,* K. D. Osborn, J. A. Bonetti at surfaces and near magnetic impurities by Andreev U.S. Department of Energy, DEFG02-96ER45439 reflection. The research team is fabricating grain boundary junctions in pure and magnetically-doped cuprate films (In cooperation with the Materials Research Laboratory) and measuring the critical current at low temperatures, searching for signatures of a phase transition to a Researchers are exploring the normal regime and the secondary order parameter state. The critical current transition to superconductivity in underdoped cuprate modulation with applied magnetic field is also being thin films. These materials exhibit anomalous properties, monitored to extract phase-sensitive information about in particular an apparent energy gap in the single particle the order parameter. excitations above the superconducting transition
7 * Denotes principal investigator. temperature. This pseudogap behavior has been described It will provide an intense dedicated source of x-rays for in terms of phase fluctuations, preformed pairs, coherent x-ray diffraction experiments. The design uses a inhomogeneous stripe formation, and spin dynamics. grazing-incidence, horizontally deflecting mirror to The team is testing these ideas using two-coil separate this beam from a second one, used by scientists susceptibility measurements and nanoscale transport from Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The beamline will measurements to probe the magnetic screening and be used for investigation of the microstructure of local conductivity of superconducting films near and polycrystalline materials and the physics of fluctuating above the transition. condensed matter systems
Phase Coherence and Dynamics Coherent X-Ray Diffraction of Pi-Josephson Junctions I. K. Robinson,* I. A. Vartanyants, D. J. Van Harlingen,* T. Crane, S. Frolov G. M. Williams, M. A. Pfeifer National Science Foundation, DMR 99-72087 National Science Foundation, DMR 98-76610
Researchers are fabricating and testing superconductor In these experiments, researchers prepare beams of x-rays junctions that may exhibit a pi-phase shift in the that are so narrow that they are coherent across their Josephson current-phase relation. Two systems are under width. A diffraction measurement with such a beam is study: superconductor-ferromagnet-superconductor representative of the entire object under illumination. (S-F-S) junctions, in which the phase shift arises from An image of the object can therefore be derived by magnetic scattering in the barrier, and mesoscopic S-N-S inversion of its diffraction pattern, using computer junctions, in which the Josephson tunneling can be algorithms. Researchers are applying the techniques to controlled by inducing a non-equilibrium quasiparticle study the structure of microscopic grains inside materials. distribution in the normal layer. A series of SQUID Individual crystalline grains give diffraction patterns interferometer measurements and current-phase relation characteristic of their shape, which can be reconstructed. measurements are under way. The team expects to be able to image the spatial distribution of strain within grains. Raman Scattering from Electronic Excitations in Superconductors Solid-Liquid Interface Studies M. V. Klein,* H. Rho by X-Ray Diffraction Science and Technology Center for Superconductivity I. K. Robinson,* J. deVilbiss, A. A. Gewirth U.S. Department of Energy, DEFG02-96ER45439, (In cooperation with the Materials Research Laboratory) DEAC02-76CH00016; National Synchrotron Light Source
It costs an energy greater than the gap 2∆ to create an (In cooperation with the Materials Research Laboratory) excitation in a superconductor. In a wide variety of superconductors, this results in redistribution in the Researchers have constructed a high-speed diffractometer, intensity of inelastically scattered light into a peak at a employing the “kappa” geometry, for the measurement of photon energy shift of 2∆. Researchers study this peak as a electrochemical interfaces. Versions exist on the X16C function of temperature, magnetic field, and impurity beamline at NSLS, Brookhaven National Laboratory, and concentration in the rare-earth nickel borocarbide family in the basement of the Materials Research Laboratory of superconductors, where the rare-earth site is occupied (MRL). The beamline has a focused beam of 1010 photons by Y or Lu atoms. With that site occupied by rare-earth per second in a submillimeter spot on the sample. atoms, scientists study the interplay between the rare-earth The MRL setup uses a focusing graphite monochromator magnetism and superconductivity. with 108 photons per second. Researchers use a teflon environmental cell with a thin mylar window to hold 34ID Beamline Construction samples inside liquids under full electrochemical control. I. K. Robinson,* C. A. Benson The thin-layer geometry allows the transmission of the National Science Foundation, DMR 97-24294; U.S. x-ray beam to the sample and out again. The team is Department of Energy, DEFG02-96ER45439 studying metal and ionic adsorbed species on copper surfaces by x-ray diffraction to try to gain an (In cooperation with the Materials Research Laboratory) understanding of copper and aluminum corrosion. The structural mechanisms behind electrocatalysis are also Researchers are constructing an undulator beamline at the studied by the use of appropriate transition state analogs. Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory.
* Denotes principal investigator. 8 X-Ray Diffraction Investigations are sensitive to magnetic fields, causing colossal of Protein Crystallization magnetoresistance. Recent work focuses on the I. K. Robinson,* S. Boutet ferromagnetic state and the nature of the transition to U.S. Department of Energy, DEFG02-96ER45439, it. Researchers have identified a new mechanism for the DEAC02-76CH00016; Advanced Photon Source Hall effect arising from quantum interference unique to these oxides and have used the Hall effect to pinpoint (In cooperation with the Materials Research Laboratory) the boundary between polaronic and metallic regimes. The team recently turned attention to other oxides Researchers have observed the crystal truncation rods due that have similar behavior, but contain iron or cobalt to diffraction from the outermost monolayer of a crystal as the magnetic element. of the protein ferritin. These provide information about the surface structure, particularly the question of which Phase Transitions in High-Temperature facets are present on the crystal. The facets of the Superconductors crystal that are studied appear naturally in the growth M. B. Salamon,* T. Park, E. Chia morphology. The initial stages of crystallization of National Science Foundation DMR 99-27087 proteins are largely unknown, and yet are of vital (with D. Van Harlingen, et al.) importance to the future of biotechnology. With the experience gained from these large crystals, the team is This research focuses on efforts to study the nature of now turning to nanometer-sized crystals that reflect the unconventional superconductors through the behavior later stages of nucleation. These are predicted to have of the superconducting penetration depth at low very different morphology. They are prepared by freezing temperatures. The materials studied include the possible crystallization solutions at different stages of growth and p-wave superconductor Sr2RuO4 and various nickel are measured with coherent x-ray diffraction at our borocarbides. Further studies of the d-wave nature of the Argonne facility. superconducting state in the cuprates are under way, including predictions of a dependence of the heat capacity Contribution of the University of Illinois on the orientation of a magnetic field. Heat capacity to the Magnetic Random Access studies of the borocarbides and the newly discovered
Memory Project superconductor MgB2 are also being carried out. M. B. Salamon,* M. B. Weissman, E. Nowak U.S. Army/IBM 2040 Excitations in Complex Condensed Systems R. O. Simmons,* D. A. Arms University of Illinois researchers are subcontracted by IBM U.S. Department of Energy, DEFG02-96ER45439 to explore the basic properties of magnetic multilayer structures that might be useful for magnetic random (In cooperation with the Materials Research Laboratory) access memory (MRAM) modules. Specifically, researchers are studying the noise characteristics of trilayer junctions Prototype complex condensed systems are studied over a that exhibit spin-dependent tunneling and examining the wide domain of density, temperature, interactions, and distribution of magnetic material in the structures by quantum effects. Synchrotron x-ray and epithermal means of neutron reflectometry. The latter work is being neutron scattering are used, and direct critical performed at the Missouri University Research Reactor. comparisons are made with path-integral Monte Carlo Future work will involve detailed examination of and other a priori calculations. Properties of interest tunneling characteristics, perhaps using superconductors include electronic and collective excitations, single-particle in place of the magnetic top layer. dynamics, impurity-matrix interactions, and the equilibria and dynamics of structural phase transformations Magnetic Behavior of Oxides and including patterning and other textural questions. Nanophase Materials Separately, x-ray diffraction and pressure techniques are M. B. Salamon,* H. Yanagihara, P. Lin, S. Baily applied to study the properties of crystalline defects and U.S. Department of Energy, DEFG02-96ER45439 intrinsic properties in He isotope crystals.
(In cooperation with the Materials Research Laboratory)
Certain manganese oxides, when doped, exhibit remarkable changes in electrical resistance at the ferromagnetic transition temperature. These changes
9 * Denotes principal investigator. Momentum Densities and Electronic Noise Investigations of Properties of Noble Gas Solids and Fluids Condensed Matter Systems R. O. Simmons,* A. T. Macrander (Argonne National M. B. Weissman,* E. Kolla, F. M. Hess, Laboratory), M. Schwoerer-Bohning (Carnegie A. Mills, L. Chao, A. Palanisami Institution), D. N. Timms (Univ. Portsmouth) National Science Foundation, DMR 99-81869 U.S. Department of Energy, DEFG02-96ER45439 The conductivity and other properties of most condensed (In cooperation with the Materials Research Laboratory, matter systems show slow fluctuations, resulting from Argonne National Laboratory, and Rutherford Appleton transitions between multiple metastable states. Especially Laboratory, U.K.) in small samples, this noise can reveal aspects of the physics of materials, especially disordered materials, Excitations in condensed matter systems have which are hidden in measurements of average properties. characteristic properties that are summarized in the Researchers are using this noise to study colossal dynamic structure factor, S(Q,E), where Q and E are magnetoresistive effects, relaxor ferroelectrics, the momentum and energy transfers, respectively, in a Barkhausen effects in magnets, and other problems scattering process. Two regimes are of particular interest in in condensed matter. this project. The first is neutron scattering in the impulse approximation, which yields atomic momentum densities in fluid and solid He, Ne, Ar, and H2. The second is Experimental Nuclear Physics electronic excitations in these wide band-gap systems, in both solid and fluid form. Synchrotron x-rays can study these excitations over broad energy ranges (100 eV) and Medium Energy Nuclear Physics Research in systems under high pressure. A. M. Nathan,* D. H. Beck, P. T. Debevec, D. W. Hertzog, P. Kammel, N. C. R. Makins, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in Solids S. E. Williamson, M. Bouwhuis, T. H. Chang, F. Ignatov, D. Y. Smith, A. Comment, C. P. Slichter,* Z. Lu, C. J. G. Onderwater, P. Bailey, D. Chitwood, J. P. Ansermet, C. T. Milling A. Danagoulian, F. Gray, R. Hasty, K. Nakahara, C. Polly, U.S. Department of Energy, DEFG02-96ER45439 M. Roedelbronn, R. Roy, E. Schulte, G. Selvaggi, M. Sossong, L. B. Wang (In cooperation with the Materials Research Laboratory) National Science Foundation, PHY 00-72044
Researchers probe magnetic and electric fields at the The group doing experimental medium energy nuclear atomic level by NMR to study many-body effects, phase physics at Illinois pursues its studies at a variety of transitions, magnetism, solids possessing unusual accelerator facilities throughout the world, using properties, and electronic and structural aspects of surface high-energy beams of electrons, photons, and muons. atoms and absorbed molecules (including catalysis). Some examples of solids are high-temperature superconductors, Nuclear Physics Studies Using Beams for which NMR provides detailed information about both of Photons at Jefferson Laboratory the normal and superconducting states; organic The primary experiment is high energy scattering of conductors that exhibit both superconductivity and photons (Compton scattering) from the nucleon, the antiferromagnetism; magnetic solids such as those goal of which is to learn about the momentum exhibiting colossal magnetoresistance; and charge density distribution of quarks inside the proton. In particular, waves (NMR of NbSe3), including study of the motion the Compton scattering process is one of the few reactions under applied electric fields. Examples of surfaces include that is sensitive to correlations among the quarks. electronic properties of the surface layer of atoms of The experiment is a multi-institute collaboration led Pt particles, by 195Pt NMR; bonding and structure of by Illinois. It involves the construction of a calorimeter molecules (such as CO, C2H2) adsorbed on Pt, by and data acquisition system for detection of 13C NMR. high-energy photons.
Nuclear Physics Studies Using Beams of Electrons There are two programs in which this research team is heavily involved. First is a program to measure the contribution of strange quarks to the vector current of
* Denotes principal investigator. 10 the nucleon. These experiments utilize the parity- measure the muon anomalous magnetic moment 20 times nonconserving interference between electromagnetic and better than previous work; this will result in a test of the weak neutral currents in the scattering of longitudinally relevant quantity termed “(g-2)” to a level of 0.35 ppm. polarized electrons from the proton. One of these If achieved, the result will test the contributions of the experiments, called SAMPLE, has measured the strange weak interaction to the muon (g-2) factor, an essential quark contribution to the magnetic moment of the proton component of the electroweak theory, which has not yet with data taken at the MIT/Bates Linear Accelerator. been detected experimentally. A far more ambitious program is the G0 experiment, Deviations from the theory may occur only by invoking which will take place at the new national electron facility, new physics phenomena. The experiment is being Jefferson Laboratory. The entire effort involves a large mounted at the Brookhaven National Laboratory. international collaboration led by the Illinois group. The Illinois group has built the major detectors, Among other things, this group is responsible for the constructed novel electronics simulation systems, and construction of the key piece of instrumentation that developed a unique electron traceback system from makes the experiment possible, a novel superconducting state-of-the-art particle-tracking devices. In addition, this magnetic spectrometer. Second is a series of experiments group is spearheading the “Midwest analysis team” in the (HERMES), which will measure the spin structure of the analysis of the data. Preliminary results have already been proton and neutron by scattering longitudinally polarized published. Data taking and analysis will continue for the electrons from polarized protons and neutrons. This will next few years. Early in 2001, the collaboration reported a allow researchers to determine how much each type of new result at the 1.3 ppm level, which disagrees with the quark contributes to the spin of the nucleon. An exciting Standard Model by 2.6 standard deviations. This result new initiative is an experiment to measure the was widely reported as the first “kink” in the Standard contribution of the gluons to the spin of the proton. Model in the 30 years of its existence. If confirmed, it This involves upgrading the HERMES experiment to will signal exciting new physics. detect “charmed” mesons, an effort in which the Illinois group plays a major role. The experiments are under The Muon Lifetime Experiment way at the DESY facility in Hamburg, Germany. The Standard Model is a concise description of elementary particles, quarks and leptons, and their Atomic Parity Violation and Metastable interactions, the strong and electroweak. Experiments Hydrogen/Deuterium Beam must provide three independent quantities to characterize As a follow-up both to earlier work developing laser- completely the electroweak interaction, and these driven polarized hydrogen/deuterium targets and the quantities are taken from the most precise measurements. group’s interest in parity-violating electron scattering and The Illinois group has proposed to measure the muon in studying tests of the Standard Model, researchers have lifetime to a higher precision and with this measurement initiated a program to develop a high-intensity thermal, determine the Fermi coupling constant to a precision of metastable hydrogen beam. The primary goal is to study one part per million. The measurement will be done at parity violation in atomic hydrogen in order to place the Paul Scherrer Institute (near Zurich, Switzerland). stringent constraints on physics beyond the Standard Model. Precision Measurement of Muon Capture in Hydrogen The aim of this new experiment is a 1% measurement of Precision Measurement of the Anomalous the capture rate of negative muons, which is a process that Magnetic Moment of the Muon is sensitive to the so-called induced pseudoscalar coupling Measurements of the magnetic dipole moments of constant gP. The measurement will provide a rigorous test particles have played an important role in understanding of theoretical predictions based on the Standard Model the structure of matter. Deviations from the expected and Chiral Perturbation Theory. The experiment is being characteristics of “point-like” particles appear as so-called led in part by the Illinois group and is on a fast track for anomalous moments and are sensed by observation of the production running in 2002. precession rates of such particles in magnetic fields. For protons and neutrons, anomalous magnetic moments are big, as expected for these particles, which are each built from three quarks. But for electrons and muons, the anomaly is tiny and so far is in agreement with theoretical expectations to an extraordinary degree of precision. This group is participating in a new experimental effort to
11 * Denotes principal investigator. Experimental Particle Physics Other Physics Research
CLEO Experiment at CESR Dynamics of Disordered Non-equilibrium J. J. Thaler,* B. I. Eisenstein, G. E. Gladding, Systems: Hysteresis, Noise, and Domain G. D. Gollin, I. Karliner, M. A. Selen, J. A. Ernst, Wall Dynamics in Systems Ranging from M. J. Haney, M. A. Palmer, T. J. Bergfeld, C. Sedlack, Magnets to Earthquakes N. Lowery, M. Marsh, C. Plager, J. Williams K. A. Dahmen* U.S. Department of Energy, DEFG02-91ER40677 National Science Foundation, NSF DMR99-72783/66
The CLEO experiment at the Cornell electron positron (In cooperation with the NFS funded Materials storage ring (CESR) studies the properties of the bottom Computation Center and the Materials Research Laboratory) and charmed quarks and the tau lepton. The primary goals of these studies are threefold: understanding of the Magnets, earthquake faults, and many other systems origin of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) respond to slowly changing external conditions with mixing matrix, for which no dynamical theory exists; discrete, impulsive events that span a huge range of sizes understanding of time reversal symmetry violation, which (Barkhausen noise or avalanches in the case of magnets, appears to be a necessary prerequisite to the observed and earthquakes in the case of the earth). Researchers matter-antimatter asymmetry of the universe; and tests of study Barkhausen noise in disordered magnets as a the “standard model” of particle physics, whose very representative of these systems and compute predictions precise predictions have been tested very accurately, but for the universal aspects of the behavior on long length which, nonetheless, is known not to be correct. Deviations scales as a function of disorder, field sweep rate, history, from these predictions will indicate where the flaw lies. and temperature. This research uses ideas from phase transitions, the renormalization group, and disordered High-Energy Photoproduction systems theory. J. Wiss,* D. Kim, C. Cawlfield University of Illinois The Dynamic Metamorphosis of Science E. A. Jackson (In collaboration with other institutions) University of Illinois
Researchers study charmed particles produced by A study is being made to understand how the increasing high-energy photons. The team completed data taking at scientific information from many different natural Fermilab in the summer of 1997, after amassing a huge dynamic phenomena may lead to an understanding of charm sample. Researchers use this unparalleled sample how different fields of science may be related to each of charm particles to study rare charm decays, charm other. This will depend in part on realizing that there are lifetimes, excited charm spectroscopy, and QCD based different scientific modes of understanding dynamics models for charm photoproduction and decay. The Illinois phenomena, which can be more appropriate in different group made major contributions to the FOCUS hardware fields, as illustrated in the recently published book, and software, and they recently played a critical role in Exploring Nature’s Dynamics. This will fundamentally the observation of charm mixing at the 2.4 standard change the basis of the accepted scientific understanding, deviation level. based on new modes of dynamic understanding.
Quantum Optics and Quantum Information Science P. Kwiat,* D. Branning, N. Peters, E. Jeffrey, D. Achilles University of Illinois
In this quantum optics lab, researchers are using photons to investigate a range of topics from foundations of quantum mechanics (such as tests of nonlocality, the quantum Zeno effect, and so forth) to quantum cryptography (enabling for the first time provable unconditional security), communication (including
* Denotes principal investigator. 12 “teleportation”), and computation (investigating simple In June 2001, a summer school on computational quantum logic, algorithms, and decoherence-defeating materials science, “Spanning Length and Time Scales,” measures). Researchers have developed methods to brought together more than 70 faculty and advanced produce pairs of photons that share the most mysterious students from Illinois and other institutions to explore of all quantum properties—entanglement. The goal now the tools and concepts used in first-principles simulations is to improve these systems, to explore uncharted waters of of atomic and molecular systems. The use of the novel quantum mechanical states, and to learn to use fundamental laws of matter with high performance them to advantage in all areas of information processing. computing to enable predictions of experimental properties of materials was explored. Basic simulation and electronic-structure methods were covered in the Physics Research and Education first week of the summer school and recently developed methods for handling systems for longer times and with larger sizes were presented during the second week. Graduate Assistance in Areas Future summer schools will be held on computational of National Need (GAANN) electronics and MEMS (Summer 2002) and D. K. Campbell,* J. P. Wolfe computational molecular biology (Summer 2003). U.S. Department of Education, P200A80724 CSEMS Initiative: Retaining Minority Students The Department of Physics participates in the U.S. in Engineering through Improved Outcomes Department of Education’s GAANN program to enhance in Mandatory Physics Courses the nation’s capacity to prepare outstanding students, G. E. Gladding,* P. E. Parker, N. J. Brown, M. A. Selen* representative of our whole society, to assume roles as National Science Foundation, NSF 00-94841 teachers and researchers in physics. Ten graduate student fellowships are provided that allow the department to A novel instructional approach developed by the develop a new paradigm for graduate physics education Department of Physics at the University of Illinois at by integrating formal scholarship and research training; Urbana-Champaign will be teamed with the National provide supervised teaching experiences for graduate Science Foundation’s Computer Science, Engineering, students to broaden their intellectual range and improve and Mathematics Scholarships (CSEMS) program in a their communications and presentation skills; and combination of classroom teaching and supportive services implement focused, aggressive recruiting efforts to bring to retain talented, financially disadvantaged minority more women, minorities, and persons with disabilities students in bachelor’s degree CSEMS curricula at Illinois. into the department. Recognizing that many students are underprepared for the introductory calculus-based courses, an optional Combined Research: Curriculum preparatory course (Physics 100) and elective enrichment Development in Computational Materials tutorial sections have been created for the standard Science and Nanoscale Science and introductory engineering physics courses for students at Engineering risk of failure. State-of-the-art educational technologies D. M. Ceperley* have been integrated with innovative pedagogy based on National Science Foundation, NSF EEC-0088101 physics education research to provide essential skills in mathematics and basic knowledge in traditional physics This project develops curricular materials for advanced topics. Preliminary results show that the approach can undergraduate and beginning graduate-level significantly reduce the failure rate in Physics 111, computational materials science (CMS) courses based General Mechanics, the first of the three- or four-course on cutting edge, contemporary research, with an emphasis introductory physics sequence required for all Illinois on problems in nanoscale science and engineering. engineering students. Topics include numerical methods in computational materials science, parallel and high performance computing, basic simulation methods, simulation of quantum systems, Monte Carlo methods, computational microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), computational molecular biology and computational biotechnology, and scientific visualization.
13 * Denotes principal investigator. Development and Dissemination of help them develop a concept-based strategy to solve a Computer-Mediated Instructional Modules homework problem. The IEs address documented G. E. Gladding,* T. J. Stelzer student difficulties and have been shown to improve Illinois Board of Higher Education, Illinois Century students’ functional understanding of basic physics Network Backbone Content Development Grant principles. See http://webug.physics.uiuc.edu/ courses/ie.html for examples of IEs. This project represents a broad collaborative effort to develop and disseminate model introductory physics Research Experiences for Undergraduates course materials, based on recent physics education in Theoretical, Experimental Physics research, appropriate for Illinois community college and G. E. Gladding* high school advanced placement students. The location- National Science Foundation, NSF Grant PHY-99-87906 independent, computer-mediated instructional modules http://www.physics.uiuc.edu/Education/undergrad/REU/ are provided for remote, asynchronous access as part of the Illinois Century Network. The project addresses two Since 1993, the Department of Physics has hosted critical issues for Illinois schools: enrollment in high “Research Experiences for Undergraduates” (REU), a school physics courses is at a 40-year high, while the summer program to provide students with an engaging number of physics bachelor’s degrees continues to decline. introduction to a broad range of forefront research in Indeed, the physics bachelor’s degrees conferred for the physics. The program is supported by the National class of 1999 is down 20%, compared with the number Science Foundation (NSF). Faculty involved in the REU granted only five years ago. program endeavor to provide meaningful hands-on “Master teachers” from Illinois community colleges and research experiences in a first-class environment so that from Illinois high schools offering advanced placement these students develop their own research literacy skills. physics courses participate in course material development Twenty-one students (14 from the University of Illinois and receive training during the academic year. A week- and 7 from other institutions) and 12 faculty participated long professional development workshop was held at in the summer 2000 program. Students worked on an Urbana during the summer of 2001. At the workshop, extraordinary range of projects, such as using digital participating teachers were introduced to courseware photography techniques to locate optical targets on the developed by Illinois faculty, including the computerized surface of the $2.75 million superconducting magnet that homework and grade book system, as well as original will comprise the toroidal spectrometry for the G0 nuclear Web-based interactive instructional materials. physics experiment; developing 3-D visualizations of The participants adapted the curriculum to their complex astrophysical phenomena drawn from huge own specific needs and placed instructional materials experimental datasets; constructing a distortion pedal to for their classes on the Department of Physics’ secure emulate the sounds of overdriven tube amplifiers; and Web-server, which will be accessed remotely by their employing molecular beam epitaxy to grow thin (<200 é students over the Illinois Century Network. a-axis DBCO) films for electronic and magnetic devices. In addition to busy research schedules, the students also Development of Interactive Examples for participated in a number of programmatic and social Concept-Based Problem Solving in Physics activities intended to foster a sense of cohesiveness and G. E. Gladding,* D. J. Kane, M. A. Selen, T. J. Stelzer integration into the REU community. Illinois faculty held National Science Foundation, NSF 00-88734 weekly seminars to introduce the students to a wide http://webug.physics.uiuc.edu/courses/ie.html variety of interesting research opportunities in physics. Further information about the REU program is available Traditional introductory physics courses typically fail to at http://www.physics.uiuc.edu/Education/ significantly improve students’ conceptual understanding undergrad/REU/. of, and attitude toward, physics. The primary goal of this work is to create instructional materials that students in introductory physics courses can use to develop problem-solving strategies based on conceptual analysis. A complete set of research-based interactive examples (IEs) are being created that can be used in introductory calculus-based physics courses in undergraduate institutions. These IEs are Web-based exercises that actively engage students in a Socratic dialog designed to
* Denotes principal investigator. 14 superwind and look for any signs of interaction between Theoretical Astrophysics it and the intergalactic medium.
Numerical Simulations of Galaxy Collisions Coalescence of Binary Black Holes S. A. Lamb* and Neutron Stars: Computational Department of Energy, ASCI level 3 award Contributions to LIGO S. L. Shapiro,* T. W. Baumgarte* Computational exploration of galaxy collisions is National Science Foundation PHY99-02833 conducted using massively parallel supercomputers and comparison of the simulations with observational data Gravitational wave forms from the final plunge and obtained at a variety of wavelengths to learn more of coalescence of black hole and neutron star binaries are the physical conditions in the real systems. This is a primary targets for LIGO and other gravitational wave collaborative effort with researchers at Lawrence interferometers. These waveforms can only be predicted Livermore National Laboratory, and it involves the by large-scale numerical computations. A stable and construction of a new computational code which will accurate code for evolving Einstein’s equations in three also be useful for simulating a variety of astrophysically spatial dimensions and with no special symmetries interesting situations, such as the formation of galaxies assumed is needed to produce binary coalescence and the collisions of clouds in the ISM. simulations. Researchers will construct such a code to solve the problem of coalescing compact binaries, Active Galactic Nuclei, Dense Stellar combining theory and computation in a symbiotic Systems, and Galactic Environment fashion to make the most rapid progress possible S. Lamb,* A. Baker (Cardiff, Wales), toward the goal of producing gravitational wave forms. J. Perry (Cambridge, England) University of Illinois Rotating and Binary Stars in General Relativity Researchers are investigating a self-consistent model on a S. L. Shapiro large range of scales to understand the processes leading to National Aeronautics and Space Administration, nuclear activity in galaxies. Current observations support NAG5-10781 the view that interactions between galaxies may be crucial in triggering episodes of activity in some active galactic The existence of binary and rotating neutron stars is nuclei. Interactions also trigger some starbursts, and the beyond dispute. However, the two-body problem remains team is investigating the relationship between these two the most important unsolved problem in classical general phenomena. Researchers employ numerical simulations of relativity. The solution has important consequences for the colliding galaxies and analytical studies of the physics of detection of gravitational waves by laser interferometers the central regions of galaxies to obtain a detailed model now under construction and for resolving other that can be compared to observations of these systems. astrophysical puzzles, such as the origin of gamma-ray bursts and planets around pulsars. Likewise, the dynamical An AXAF Investigation of the stability of rotating neutron stars is not fully understood, Archetypal ULIRG: Arp 220 and the final fate of unstable stars is not known. Similarly, S. A. Lamb;* D. Clements, A. Baker (Cardiff, Wales); the collapse of an unstable, rotating supermassive star has K. Borne (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center); not been studied in general relativity, yet it remains a L. Colina (European Space Agency, Spain); J. McDowell prime candidate for the formation of a supermassive black (Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Harvard); hole. Recent advances in this project have made it possible C. Mundell (Manchester, England) for researchers to solve these fundamental, closely related National Aeronautics and Space Administration computational problems, essentially for the first time.
There are three primary scientific goals: to examine the role of the hot interstellar medium in Arp 220 and to see how it relates to the star formation regions and dust structures revealed by Hubble Space Telescope optical images; to search for any evidence of an active galactic nucleus (AGN) in the merging galaxy system Arp 220; and to examine the properties of the extended galactic
15 * Denotes principal investigator. Supernova Fallback and the Emergence of Black Holes and Neutron Stars Theoretical Condensed S. L. Shapiro* Matter Physics National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NAG5-8418 Theory of the Quantum Hall Smectic Phase Researchers are investigating the fallback of gaseous D. Barci, E. Fradkin;* S. Kivelson, V. Oganesyan (UCLA) material in a supernova onto the central compact object National Science Foundation, DMR 98-17941 formed in the aftermath of the explosion. A goal of the project is to construct a radiation-hydrodynamics code to We present a theory for the “Quantum Hall smectic” or calculate the light curve and the spectrum from the stripe phase of a two- dimensional electron gas in a large supernova remnant, taking into account the luminosity magnetic field. A fixed-point action that describes the low produced by accretion onto the compact object. energy magneto-phonons of the smectic is introduced, Researchers will determine to what extent the late-time which we show corresponds to a stable state of matter. behavior of the computed light curve is capable of That is, we show it is perturbatively stable against revealing the presence of the compact object and whether crystalization into an anisotropic Wigner crystalline phase. the light curve can distinguish an accreting black hole This effective action is then derived from microscopics by from a neutron star. Preliminary calculations for SN integrating out excitations with energies greater than or of 1997D suggest that a black hole may emerge above the the order of the cyclotron energy. The remaining low- emission of the envelope in just a few years. Its detection energy theory can be expressed in terms of two canonically by the Hubble Space Telescope would thus provide conjugate sets of degrees of freedom: a displacement field, unmistakable evidence for the presence of a black hole. which describes the fluctuations of the shapes of the stripes, and a set of chiral edge modes for each stripe. Theoretical Studies in Gravitation The one electron Green function G(r,t) can be expressed, and Astrophysics at low energies, entirely in terms of collective bosonic S. L. Shapiro* variables. It is found that quantum fluctuations are so National Science Foundation, PHY 00-90310 severe that electrons are “confined” in the sense that the density of states vanishes as the temperature, T → 0. This project will enable continued research in general relativity and theoretical astrophysics addressing several Electronic Structure of Condensed Matter problems involving general relativity, the generation of D. M. Ceperley,* R. M. Martin,* F. H. Zong, T. Wilkens gravitational radiation, and relativistic hydrodynamics, National Science Foundation, DMR 98-02373 radiative transport, and stellar dynamics. A common thread uniting the different theoretical topics is the crucial The goals of this research are to develop computational role of gravitation, especially relativistic gravitation as methods for condensed matter starting from the described by Einstein's field equations of general relativity. fundamental many-body equations. The primary methods Some of the topics for investigation include the inspiral used are quantum Monte Carlo simulations, which can and coalescence of binary neutron stars and black holes; find exact properties of many-body systems, and density the generation of gravitational waves from binaries and functional methods, which can be applied to diverse solids other promising astrophysical sources of gravitational and liquids. Researchers are combining these approaches radiation; gravitational collapse; the stability of rotating to create new methods and to test the accuracy of neutron stars and supermassive stars and the final fate of calculations on materials. Current research includes unstable stars; and the formation of supermassive black studies of electron fluids, metalization of hydrogen at high holes in the cores of galaxies and quasars. The approach pressure, simulations of solids and liquids as a function of will involve large-scale computations on parallel machines, temperature, and atoms in strong magnetic fields. as well as analytical modeling.
* Denotes principal investigator. 16 Prediction of Macroscopic Properties of Applications of Field Theory to Liquid Helium from Computer Simulation Condensed Matter Physics D. Ceperley,* N. Goldenfeld,* E. Draeger, M. Holzmann E. Fradkin,* M. Stone,* S. Kos, K. S. Park, W. V. Liu, University of Illinois; National Aeronautics and Space D. Barci, E. A. Kim, M. Lawler, C. Wu Administration, NRA-94-OLMSA-05 National Science Foundation, DMR 98-17941
This research is concerned with fundamental aspects of This proposal is aimed at advancing the theoretical helium and quantum fluids in general. Researchers are understanding of a variety of condensed-matter systems, addressing outstanding problems in the current each involving many strongly-coupled degrees of freedom, understanding of relevant phenomena such as Bose including the following: phases of doped Mott insulators, condensation, superfluidity, and phase transitions as including electronic liquid crystal phases, their smectic- well as of theoretical issues such as the inference of bulk nematic-isotropic transitions, and superconductivity; properties of matter from the study of finite clusters. quantum critical behavior of Kondo impurities in D-wave The theoretical issues involved in helium systems are systems, the quantum Hall effect, including strong of direct relevance to understanding other many-body coupling behavior of quantum Hall tunnel junctions, quantum systems such as correlated electronic systems. and Ginzburg-Landau theory for Pfaffian states; and superfluids and superconductors, including d-wave Interaction-induced Bose Metal in 2D spectral flow and vortex motion in dirty systems. D. Dalidovich, P. Phillips* The underlying theme, which unifies this entire research program, is that the problems of statistical physics raised Numerous experiments on insulator-superconductor by such systems are best attacked using the ideas and transitions in thin films have revealed resistivity levels on concepts of field theory. Condensed matter, nuclear, the superconducting side, indicating the possible existence and high-energy physics have been and continue to be of a metallic phase. These experiments pose a theoretical cross-fertilized, and thereby enormously enriched, puzzle because two ground states are thought to exist for through such uses of field theory. bosons at T=0: a superconductor with long-range phase coherence and an insulator in which the quantum Effective Chern-Simons Theories of Pfaffian mechanical phase is disordered. Recently, researchers have and Parafermionic Quantum Hall States, and proven that the phase-disordered regime is actually not an Orbifold Conformal Field Theories insulator but rather a metal with a universal conductivity E. Fradkin,* M. Huerta (Instituto Balseiro), given by (2π)4e2h. This result arises from a conspiracy: G. Zema (Tandar-CNEA) In the quantum-disordered regime, the population of National Science Foundation, DMR 98-17941 bosons is exponentially suppressed; however, so is the scattering rate between bosons. Because the conductivity We present a pure Chern-Simons formulation of families is a product of the density and the scattering time, the of interesting Conformal Field Theories describing edge exponentials cancel, giving rise to a finite conductivity states of non-Abelian Quantum Hall states. These theories at T=0. contain two Abelian Chern-Simons fields describing the electromagnetically charged and neutral sectors of these Quantum Theory of the Smectic Metal models, respectively. The charged sector is the usual State in Stripe Phases Abelian Chern-Simons theory that successfully describes V. J. Emery (Brookhaven National Lab.), E. Fradkin,* Laughlin-type incompressible fluids. The neutral S. A. Kivelson (UCLA), T. C. Lubensky (U. Penn.) sector is a 2+1-dimensional theory analogous to the National Science Foundation, DMR 98-17941 1+1-dimensional orbifold conformal field theories. It is based on the gauge group O(2), which contains We present a theory of the electron smectic fixed point a Z2 disconnected group manifold, which is the salient of the stripe phases of doped layered Mott insulators. feature of this theory. At level q, the Abelian theory of We show that in the presence of a spin gap three phases the neutral sector gives rise to a Z2q symmetry, which is generally arise: a smectic superconductor, an insulating further reduced by imposing the Z2 symmetry of charge- stripe crystal, and a smectic metal. The latter phase is a conjugation invariance. The remaining Zq symmetry stable two-dimensional anisotropic non-Fermi liquid. of the neutral sector is the origin of the non-Abelian In the absence of a spin gap, there is also a more statistics of the (fermionic) q-Pfaffian states. conventional Fermi-liquid-like phase. The smectic superconductor and smectic metal phases may have already been seen in Nd-doped LSCO.
17 * Denotes principal investigator. Nodal Quasi-Particles and Coexisting Orders pairs, of the long-wavelength, mid-infrared-frequency part in Striped Superconductors of the Coulomb interaction. In addition, independently of M. Granath, V. Oganesyan, S. A. Kivelson (UCLA); this scenario, this research team is attempting to explain E. Fradkin;* V. J. Emery (BNL) the c-axis transport properties of the cuprates and is National Science Foundation, DMR 98-17941 looking at some problems associated with the “pseudogap” regime and with the peculiar features resulting from the We study the properties of a quasi-one dimensional existence of gap nodes. superconductor that consists of an alternating array of two inequivalent chains. This model is a simple caricature of a Experimentally Oriented Studies of Basic locally striped, high-temperature superconductor and is Conceptual Issues in the Foundations of more generally a theoretically controllable system in which Quantum the superconducting state emerges from a non-Fermi A. J. Leggett* liquid normal state. Even in this limit, “d-wave like” order John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation parameter symmetry is natural, but the superconducting state can either have a complete gap in the quasi-particle Researchers are studying the application of the spectrum or gapless “nodal” quasi-particles. We also find quantum-mechanical formalism to the description of circumstances in which antiferromagnetic order (typically various experiments that severely test one’s understanding incommensurate) coexists with superconductivity. of its meaning. In addition, researchers study possible alternative explanations of ostensibly relevant experiments Physical Mechanism of the d→d+is Transition in the literature. S. Kos National Science Foundation, DMR 98-17941 Antiferromagnetic Spin Ladders Effectively Coupled by One-Dimensional Electron Liquids We discuss the basic physical mechanism of the d→d+is W. V. Liu, E. Fradkin* transition, which is the currently accepted explanation for National Science Foundation, DMR 98-17941 the results of tunneling experiments into ab planes. Using the first-order perturbation theory, we show that the We study a model of the stripe state in strongly correlated zero-bias states drive the transition. We present various systems consisting of an array of antiferromagnetic spin order-of-magnitude estimates and consistency checks ladders, each with nleg legs, coupled to each other through that support this picture. the spin-exchange interaction to charged stripes in between each pair of ladders. The charged stripes are Zero-Bias States and the Mechanism assumed to be Luttinger liquids in a spin-gap regime of the Surface d→d+is Transition (Luther-Emery). An effective interaction for a pair of S. Kos neighboring ladders is calculated by integrating out the National Science Foundation, DMR 98-17941 gapped spin degree of freedom in the charged stripe. The low energy effective theory of each ladder is the usual → We study the physical mechanism of the surface d d+is nonlinear sigma-model with additional cross couplings of transition proposed as the interpretation of results of neighboring ladders. These interactions are found to favor tunneling experiments into ab planes. We base our either in-phase or anti-phase short-range spin orderings argument on first-order perturbation theory and show that depending on whether the charge stripe is site-centered or the zero-bias states drive the transition. We support the bond-centered as well as on its filling factor and other argument by various estimates and consistency checks. physical parameters of the charged stripe.
Aspects of Cuprate Superconductivity Effective Field Theory for the Bulk and Edge A. J. Leggett,* R. Ramazashvili, H. Westfahl, States of Quantum Hall States in Unpolarized M. Turlakov, V. Lukic Single Layer and Bilayer Systems NSF Science and Technology Center for Superconductivity; A. Lopez (Instituto Balseiro), E. Fradkin* John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation; National Science Foundation, DMR 98-17941 University of Illinois Center for Advanced Study We present an effective theory for the bulk Fractional Researchers are exploring a scenario for cuprate Quantum Hall states in spin-polarized bilayer and spin- superconductivity in which a major factor is the 1/2 single layer, two-dimensional electron gases (2DEG) reduction, due to increased screening by the Cooper in high magnetic fields consistent with the requirement of
* Denotes principal investigator. 18 global gauge invariance on systems with periodic Short-ranged RVB Physics, Quantum Dimer boundary conditions. We derive the theory for the edge Models, and Ising Gauge Theories states that follows naturally from this bulk theory. R. Moessner, S. L. Sondhi (Princeton); E. Fradkin* We find that the minimal effective theory contains two National Science Foundation, DMR 98-17941 propagating edge modes that carry charge and energy and two nonpropagating topological modes responsible for the Quantum dimer models are believed to capture the statistics of the excitations. We give a detailed description essential physics of antiferromagnetic phases dominated by of the effective theory for the spin-singlet states, the short-ranged valence bond configurations. We show that symmetric bilayer states, and the (m,m,m) states. these models arise as particular limits of Ising Z2 gauge We calculate explicitly, for a number of cases of interest, theories, but that in these limits the system develops a the operators that create the elementary excitations, their larger local U(1) invariance that has different bound states, and the electron. We also discuss the scaling consequences on different lattices. Conversely, we note behavior of the tunneling conductances in different that the standard Z2 gauge theory is a generalized situations: internal tunneling, tunneling between quantum dimer model, in which the particular relaxation identical edges, and tunneling into a FQH state from of the hardcore constraint for the dimers breaks the U(1) a Fermi liquid. down to Z2. These mappings indicate that at least one realization of the Senthil-Fisher proposal for Materials Computational Center fractionalization is exactly the short ranged resonating R. M. Martin,* D. Das, N. Romero, I. Vasiliev, valence bond (RVB) scenario of Anderson and of J. Vincent, T. Wilkens Kivelson, Rokhsar, and Sethna. They also suggest that National Science Foundation, DMR 99-76550; other realizations will require the identification of a local University of Illinois low-energy, Ising-link variable and a natural constraint. We also discuss the notion of topological order in Z2 (In cooperation with the Materials Research Laboratory) gauge theories and its connection to earlier ideas in RVB theory. We note that this notion is not central to the Researchers have developed new methods for experiment proposed by Senthil and Fisher to detect computations of properties of materials using techniques vortices in the conjectured Z2 gauge field. such as quantum Monte Carlo simulations of interacting electrons and density functional theory. The emphasis of Quantum Theory of a Nematic Fermi Fluid the work on this grant is to develop computer codes that V. Oganesyan, S. Kivelson (UCLA); E. Fradkin* are well-written, object-oriented, and made available to National Science Foundation, DMR 98-17941 others worldwide. This will go along with work supported by other funding that will use the codes We develop a microscopic theory of the electronic nematic for forefront materials research. phase proximate to an isotropic Fermi liquid in both two and three dimensions. Explicit expressions are obtained Theory of Solids, Surfaces, for the small amplitude collective excitations in the and Heterostructures ordered state; remarkably, the nematic Goldstone mode R. M. Martin,* D. Sanchez-Portal, A. Tsolakidis (the directorwave) is overdamped except along special U.S. Department of Energy, DEFG02-96ER45439 directions dictated by symmetry. At the quantum critical point we find a dynamical exponent of z=3, implying (In cooperation with the Materials Research Laboratory) stability of the gaussian fixed point. The leading perturbative effect of the overdamped Goldstone modes Researchers are developing theoretical methods to describe leads to a breakdown of Fermi liquid theory in the the electronic structure of solids and applying them to the nematic phase and to strongly angle dependent electronic calculation of properties of crystalline solids, surfaces, and self-energies around the Fermi surface. Other metallic interfaces. Recent work has focused on development of liquid crystal phases, such as a quantum hexatic, new linear scaling “order N” algorithms for first-principles behave analogously. simulations of materials and new methods to treat electric polarization. Researchers have applied the methods to predict the structures and the electronic states of amorphous carbon, Au chains on silicon surfaces, complex magnetic materials, ferroelectrics, and other systems.
19 * Denotes principal investigator. Fractional Quantum Hall Junctions compute the associated Green functions, including the and Two-Channel Kondo Models anomalous Green functions that describe pair formation. N. Sandler (Brandeis), E. Fradkin* This research shows explicitly that these anomalous Green
National Science Foundation, DMR 98-17941 functions are non-zero in the d{x2-y2} channel; however, the entities that pair up are not single electron-like particles A mapping between fractional quantum Hall (FQH) but rather composite excitations (called cexons) made out junctions and the two-channel Kondo model is presented. of an electron and a hole on nearest-neighbor sites. We discuss in detail this relation for the particular case of Cexons are fermionic in nature as they have spin a junction of a FQH state at ν = 1/3 and a normal metal. 1/2 and also have unit charge. Calculations of the We show that in the strong coupling regime this junction chemical potential reveal that negative compressibility in has a non-Fermi liquid fixed point. At this fixed point the the 2D Hubbard model and composite excitation pairing electron Green's function has a branch cut, and the are intimately connected, namely, the larger the negative entropy has a non-zero value equal to S=1/2 ln 2. compressibility, the larger the pairing amplitude. We construct the space of perturbations at the strong Observation of negative compressibility in the under- coupling fixed point and find that the dimensions of the doped regime is consistent with phase segregation or tunneling operator is 1/2. These behaviors are strongly stripe formation in the normal state. While pairing reminiscent of the non-Fermi liquid fixed point of a ameliorates the negative compressibility, it does not number of quantum impurity models, particularly the eliminate it entirely. In addition, the team found that the two-channel Kondo model. However we have found that, anomalous correlation functions are particle-hole in spite of these similarities, the Hilbert spaces of these symmetric and exhibit a maximum at a doping level of two systems are quite different. In particular, although in roughly 10% as measured from half-filling. For U=8|t|, a special limit the Hamiltonians of both models are the the onset temperature for pair formation is 0.02|t|. same, their Hilbert spaces are not since they are determined by physically distinct boundary conditions. Local Dynamics and Strong Correlation As a consequence, the spectrum of operators in both Physics I: 1D and 2D Half-filled Hubbard models is different. Models T. Stanescu, P. Phillips* Nearest-Neighbor Attraction Stabilizes Staggered Currents in the 2D Hubbard Model This research is focused on a non-perturbative approach T. D. Stanescu, P. Phillips* to the 1D and 2D Hubbard models that is capable of recovering both strong (U > t) and weak-coupling (U < t) Using a strong-coupling approach, researchers show that limits, with U the on-site Coulomb repulsion and t the staggered current vorticity does not obtain in the repulsive kinetic energy. Dynamical corrections to the electron 2D Hubbard model for large on-site Coulomb self-energy in the single particle Green function are interactions, as in the case of the copper oxide explicitly included by expanding in terms of the 16 superconductors. This trend also persists even when eigenstates that characterize two nearest neighbor sites. nearest-neighbor repulsions are present. However, Researchers first show that even when U is much smaller staggered flux ordering emerges when attractive nearest- than the bandwidth, the Mott-Hubbard gap never closes neighbor Coulomb interactions are included. Such at half-filling in both 1D and 2D. Consequently, the ordering opens a gap along the (π,0)-(0,π) direction Hubbard model at half-filling is always in the strong- and persists over a reasonable range of doping. coupling non-perturbative regime. For both large and small U research indicates that the population of nearest- d{x2-y2} Pairing of Composite Excitations neighbor singlet states approaches a value of order unity as in the 2D Hubbard Model T→0, as would be expected for antiferromagnetic order. T. D. Stanescu, I. Martin,* P. Phillips Finally computed is the heat capacity C(T,U) for both 1D and 2D. Results for 1D at moderate to high This research reports on a strong coupling approach temperatures are in quantitative agreement with those of (on-site Coulomb repulsion, U larger than the nearest- the exact Bethe ansatz solution, differing by no more than neighbor hopping energy |t| to the Hubbard model). 1%. In addition, researchers found that in 2D, the C(T,U) Starting from the Hubbard operators, which diagonalize curves versus T for different values of U exhibit a universal the interaction term, researchers generate a hierarchy of crossing point at two characteristic temperatures, composite operators from the equations of motion. Using T~ 1.7t±0.1t and T~0.4±0.1t, as is seen universally in the Hubbard operators as a basis, the team is able to Hubbard models and experimentally in a wide range of
20 3 strongly-correlated systems such as He, UBe3 and Theoretical Nuclear Physics CeCu6-xAlx. The success of this method in recovering well-established results that stem fundamentally from the Coulomb interaction suggests that local dynamics are at Theoretical Nuclear Physics the heart of the physics of strongly correlated systems. G. A. Baym,* V. R. Pandharipande,* D. G. Ravenhall,* J. Wambach,* B. Vanderheyden, M. Paris, J. Morales, A Note on the Time Evolution S. Cowell of Generalized Coherent States National Science Foundation, PHY 98-00978 M. Stone* National Science Foundation, DMR-9817941 Projects include evolution of ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions, studies of dense matter applied to the problem I consider the time evolution of generalized coherent of neutron star interiors, and other problems in states based on nonstandard fiducial vectors and show astrophysics. Also included are studies of nuclear forces that only for a restricted class of fiducial vectors does the and nuclear structure with subfemtometer resolution; associated classical motion determine the quantum quark models of hadron structure; correlations between evolution of the states. I discuss some consequences nucleons in nuclei and of subnuclear degrees of freedom, of this for path integral representations. s as seen in high-energy lepton scattering; and studies of nuclear vibrational modes, giant resonances, the Phonons and Forces: Momentum versus quasielastic region, and collective motion at Pseudomomentum in Moving Fluids finite temperature. M. Stone* National Science Foundation, DMR 98-17941
I provide a pedagogical introduction to the notion of Theoretical Particle Physics pseudomomentum for waves in a medium and show how changes in pseudomomentum may sometimes be used to compute real forces. I then explain how these ideas apply Studies in Quantum Field Theory to sound waves in a fluid. When the background fluid is S. J. Chang,* J. B. Kogut in motion, the conservation laws for pseudomomentum National Science Foundation, PHY 96-05199 and pseudoenergy are most easily obtained by exploiting the acoustic metric and the formalism of general relativity. Quantum field theory is the union of quantum mechanics and relativity theory. It provides a framework suitable for The Semiclassical Propagator the study of the fundamental interactions of nature—the for Spin Coherent States strong, the electromagnetic, and the weak interactions of M. Stone,* K. S. Park, A. Garg (Northwestern) the elementary particles. Research by the group includes National Science Foundation, DMR 98-17941 predictions of quantum chromodynamics, the natural generalization of electromagnetism for the structure of We use a continuous-time path integral to obtain the strongly interacting particles; semiclassical approach; semiclassical propagator for minimal-spread spin coherent physics at superhigh energies; and other model field states. We pay particular attention to the “extra phase” theories. discovered by Solari and Kochetov and show that this correction is related to an anomaly in the fluctuation Elementary Particle Theory determinant. We show that, once this extra factor is A. X. El-Khadra,* R. G. Leigh,* S. S. Willenbrock,* included, the semiclassical propagator has the correct D. Berenstein, F. Maltoni, V. Jejjala, D. Menscher, short-time behavior to O T2 and demonstrate its M. Niczyporuk, K. Paul consistency under dissection of the path. U.S. Department of Energy, DE-FG02-91ER04677
The high-energy theory group has a wide variety of research interests. Topics include the top quark, electroweak symmetry breaking, quantum chromodynamics and lattice field theory, standard-model phenomenology, dynamical supersymmetry breaking, duality in supersymmetric field theory and string theory, M theory, and grand unification.
21 Standard Model Phenomenology Superstring Theory with Lattice QCD R. G. Leigh* A. X. El-Khadra* University of Illinois U.S. Department of Energy, DEFG02-91ER40677; Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Superstring theory is our only candidate for a consistent unification of quantum field theory and gravity. Quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the theory of It provides a framework in which an understanding of the strong interactions, is amenable to perturbative the components of the standard model of particle physics calculations only at high energies. A quantitative may be sought. Research here includes studies of the understanding of the low-energy behavior of QCD, like nonperturbative aspects of string theory, including the the interactions of quarks inside hadrons, requires special role played by D-branes, which are nonperturbative methods. Lattice field theory offers a multidimensional solitonic states. systematic approach to solving QCD nonperturbatively. The space-time continuum is replaced by a discrete lattice. Studies in Lattice Field Theory Part of this research is concerned with improvements in J. Stack* the formulation of lattice QCD. Other projects deal with National Science Foundation, PHY99-00658 applications of lattice QCD to phenomenologically interesting processes that yield insight into the standard The primary purpose of this work is to gain a physical model of particle physics. understanding of how quarks are confined inside nuclear particles or hadrons. Quantum chromodynamics is the Lattice Field Theory theory describing quarks and their interactions, and the J. B. Kogut,* P. Vranas proposed work will involve supercomputer simulations of National Science Foundation, PHY 96-05199 quantum chromodynamics. These simulations provide data unobtainable by other means, which can be used to In the theory called quantum chromodynamics, observed provide a physical picture of the forces confining quarks. particles such as the proton are composed of quarks, held These forces underlie all the phenomena of nuclear together by forces transmitted by gluons, described by a physics and rank in importance with the more familiar nonabelian gauge field. To calculate, one uses simulation forces of gravity and electromagnetism. The approach techniques on a space-time lattice. New methods for followed in this research is to look for what is called a dealing with fermions in lattice gauge theories have been topological explanation of confinement. This means that developed by our group and are now being extensively confinement is postulated to be due to a dense gas of exploited to study particle spectra chiral and to study topological objects. At present, attention is focused on symmetry restoration and quark deconfinement at finite either magnetic monopoles or center vortices as the temperatures and chemical potential. Quantum relevant topological objects. The major challenge is to electrodynamics and fluctuating surfaces are also develop reliable methods for identifying these objects in under investigation. the raw data of simulations and accurate methods of determining the confining forces from them. Dynamical Mechanisms for Supersymmetry Breaking Strong and Electroweak Interactions R. G. Leigh* S. Willenbrock,* F. Maltoni, K. Paul, M. Niczyporuk U.S. Department of Energy, DEFG02-91ER40677 U.S. Department of Energy, DEFG02-91ER40677 Task P
Supersymmetry is thought to be a desirable property of The top quark, discovered in 1995, is the most recently microscopic theories that subsume the Standard Model of discovered fundamental particle of nature. It is much particle physics. In order that it be consistent with present heavier than the other five known quarks and may day experiments, supersymmetry must be a broken therefore be exotic in some way. Researchers perform symmetry. Field theory models that dynamically break theoretical calculations related to measurements, which supersymmetry are being studied with the hope of will be made in the near future, to test the properties of understanding the mechanism more fully and applying the top quark. The team is hopeful that these it to realistic situations. measurements will point the way to understanding nature at a deeper level. Researchers are also studying the mechanism responsible for breaking the electroweak symmetry, which ultimately generates the masses of all elementary particles.
22 Buehler, Ch., C. Y. Dong, P. T. C. So, T. French, and Journals and Books E. Gratton. Time-resolved polarization imaging by pump-probe (stimulated emission) fluorescence microscopy. Biophys. J., 79, 536-549 (2000).
Atomic, Molecular, Casavola, C., L. A. Paunescu, S. Fantini, and Optical Physics M. A. Franceschini, and E. Gratton. Blood flow and oxygen consumption with near-infrared spectroscopy and venous occlusion: spatial maps and the effect of time Paraoanu, G. S. and H. Scutaru. Fidelity for multimode and pressure of inflation. J. Biomed. Opt., 5:3, 269-276 thermal squeezed states. Phys. Rev. A, 61, 022306-1-4 (2000). (2000). Chen, J. and P. R. Selvin. Lifetime and color-tailored fluorophores in the micro- to milli-second time regime. Biomolecular and J. Am. Chem. Soc., 122, 657-660 (2000). Biological Physics Chen, J. and P. R. Selvin. Synthesis of 7-amino-4- trifluoromethyl-2-(1H)-quinolinone and its use as an antenna molecule for luminescent europium Arcangeli, C., W. Yu, S. Cannistraro, and E. Gratton. polyaminocarboxylates chelates. J. Photochem. Two-photon autofluorescence microscopy and Photobiol., 135, 27-32 (2000). spectroscopy of an Antarctic fungus: a new approach for studying the effect of UV-B irradiation. Biopolymers, 57, Chen, Y., J. D. Müller, S. Y. Tetin, J. D. Tyner, and 218-225 (2000). E. Gratton. Probing ligand protein binding equilbria with fluorescence fluctuation spectroscopy. Biophys. Bagatolli, L. A. and E. Gratton. A correlation between J., 79, 1074-1084 (2000). lipid domain shape and binary phospholipid mixture composition in free-standing bilayers: a two-photon Damjanovic, A., T. Ritz, and K. Schulten. Excitation fluorescence microscopy study. Biophys. J., 79, 434-447 energy trapping by the reaction center of rhodobacter (2000). sphaeroides. Int. J. Quantum Chem., 77, 139-151 (2000).
Bagatolli, L. A. and E. Gratton. Two-photon fluorescence Eid, J. S., J. D. Muller, and E. Gratton. Data acquisition microscopy of coexisting lipid domains in giant card for fluctuation correlation spectroscopy allowing unilamellar vesicles of binary phospholipid mixtures. full access to the detected photon sequence. Rev. Sci. Biophys. J., 78, 290-305 (2000). Instrum., 71:2, 361-368 (2000).
Bagatolli, L. A., T. Parasassi, and E. Gratton. Giant Fantini, S. and E. Gratton. Fluorescence photon-density phospholipid vesicles: comparison among the whole waves in optically diffusive media. Opt. Commun., 173, lipid sample characteristics using different preparation 73-79 (2000). methods: a two-photon fluorescence microscopy study. Chem. Phys. Lipids, 105, 135-147 (2000). Franceschini, M. A., V. Toronov, M. Filiaci, E. Gratton, and S. Fantini. On-line optical imaging of the human Bagatolli, L. A., E. Gratton, T. K. Khan, and brain with 160-ms temporal resolution. Opt. Express, P. L. G. Chong. Two-photon fluorescence microscopy 6:3, 49-57 (2000). studies of biopolar tetraether giant liposomes from thermoacidophilic archaebacteria Solfolubus Franceschini, M. A., V. Toronov, M. E. Filliaci, M. Wolf, acidocaldarius. Biophys. J., 79, 416-425 (2000). A. Michalos, E. Gratton, and S. Fantini. Real-time video of cerebral hemodynamics in the human brain using Bettati, S., S. Benci, B. Campanini, S. Raboni, non-invasive optical imaging. Neuroimage, 11:5, S454 G. Chirico, S. Beretta, K. D. Schnackerz, T. L. Hazlett, (2000). E. Gratton, and A. Mozzarelli. Role of pyridoxal 5’- phosphate in the structural stabilization of 0-acetylserine sulfhydrylase. J. Biol. Chem., 275, 40244-40251 (2000).
23 Frolov, A., A. Petrescu, B. P. Atshaves, P. T. C. So, Molnar, F., M. Ben-Nun, T. J. Martinez, and K. Schulten. E. Gratton, G. Serrero, and F. Schroeder. High-density Characterization of a conical intersection between the lipoprotein-mediated cholesterol uptake and targeting to ground and first excited state for a retinal analog. lipid droplets in intact L-cell fibroblasts. A single- and Theochem. - J. Molec. Struct. (Special WATOC issue), 506, multiphoton fluorescence approach. J. Biol. Chem., 275, 169-178 (2000). 12769-12780 (2000). Ostermann, A., R. Waschipky, F. G. Parak, and Kessel, A., K. Schulten, and N. Ben-Tal. Calculations G. U. Nienhaus. Ligand binding and conformational suggest a pathway for the transverse diffusion of a motions in myoglobin. Nature, 404, 205-208 (2000). hydrophobic peptide across a lipid bilayer. Biophys. J., 79, 2322-2330 (2000). Parasassi, T., W. Yu, D. Durbin, L. Kuriashkina, E. Gratton, N. Maeda, and F. Ursini. Two-photon Lamb, D. C., J. Kriegl, K. Kastens, and G. U. Nienhaus. microscopy of aorta fibers shows proteolysis induced Quantum-mechanical tunneling of water in heme by LDL hydroperoxides. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 28:11, proteins. J. Phys. Org. Chem., 13, 659-663 (2000). 1589-1597 (2000).
Lamb, D. C., A. Schenk, C. Rocker, and G. U. Nienhaus. Ritz, T., S. Adem, and K. Schulten. A model for Determining chemical rate coefficients using time-gated photoreceptor-based magnetoreception in birds. Biophys. fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. J. Phys. Org. J., 78, 707-718 (2000). Chem., 13, 654-658 (2000). Schulten, K. To students contemplating research in Lamb, D. C., A. Schenk, C. Rocker, C. Scalfi-Happ, and biomolecular modelling. J. Mol. Graphics Model., 18, G. U. Nienhaus. Sensitivity enhancement in fluorescence 218-220 (2000). correlation spectroscopy of multiple species using time-gated detection. Biophys. J., 79, 1129-1138 (2000). Selvin, P. R. The renaissance of fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Nat. Struct. Biol., 7, 730-734 (2000). Lavalle, P., A. L. DeVries, C. C. C. Cheng, S. Scheuring, and J. J. Ramsden. Direct observation of postadsorption Sharma, R., M. Zeller, V. I. Pavlovic, T. S. Huang, aggregation of antifreeze glycoproteins on silicates. Z. Lo, S. Chu, Y. Zhao, J. C. Phillips, and K. Schulten. Langmuir, 16, 5785-5789 (2000). Speech/gesture interface to a visual-computing environment. IEEE Comput. Graphics Appl., 20, 29-37 Lu, H. and K. Schulten. The key event in force-induced (2000). unfolding of titin’s immunoglobulin domains. Biophys. J., 79, 51-65 (2000). Strickman, D., B. Timberlake, J. Estrada-Franco, M. B. Weissman, P. W. Fenimore, and R. J. Novak. Lu, H., B. Isralewitz, A. Krammer, V. Vogel, and Effects of magnetic fields on mosquitoes. J. Am. K. Schulten. Computer modeling of force-induced titin Mosquito Control Assoc., 16, 131-137 (2000). domain unfolding, pp. 143-162. In Elastic Filaments of the Cell, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, Stuhmeier, F., A. Hillisch, R. M. Clegg, and S. Diekmann. N.Y. (2000). Fluorescence energy transfer analysis of DNA structures containing several bulges and their interaction with CAP Müller, J. D., Y. Chen, and E. Gratton. Resolving (Review). J. Mol. Biol., 302, 1081-1100 (2000). heterogeneity on the single molecular level with the photon counting histogram. Biophys. J., 78:1, 474-486 Sukhishvili, S. A., Y. Chen, J. D. Muller, E. Gratton, (2000). K. S. Schweizer, and S. Granick. Materials science— diffusion of a polymer ‘pancake’. Nature, 406, 146 Molnar, F., L. S. Norris, and K. Schulten. Simulated (2000). (un)binding of arachidonic acid in the cyclooxygenase site of prostaglandin H-2 synthase-1. Progr. React. Kinet., Tajkhorshid, E., J. Baudry, K. Schulten, and S. Suhai. 25, 263-298 (2000). Molecular dynamics study of the nature and origin of retinal’s twisted structure in bacteriorhodopsin. Biophys. J., 78, 683-693 (2000).
24 Tetin, S. Y. and T. L. Hazlett. Optical spectroscopy in Petta, J. R., T. Ladd, and M. B. Weissman. Nonlinear AC studies of antibody-hapten interactions. Methods, 20, response and noise of a giant-magnetoresistive sensor. 341-361 (2000). IEEE Trans. Magn., 36, 2057-2061 (2000).
Toronov, V., M. A. Franceschini, M. Filiaci, S. Fantini, M. Wolf, A. Michalos, and E. Gratton. Near-infrared Experimental Atomic, study of fluctuations in cerebral hemodynamics during rest and motor stimulation: temporal analysis and Molecular, Optical, and spatial mapping. Med. Phys., 27:4, 801-815 (2000). Quantum Physics Wolf, M., U. Wolf, V. Toronov, L. A. Paunescu, A. Michalos, M. A. Franceschini, S. Fantini, and Akcakir, O., J. Theiren, N. Barry, M. H. Nayfeh, and E. Gratton. Fast cerebral functional signals in the E. Gratton. Detection of luminescent single ultrasmall 100-ms range detected by frequency-domain near- silicon nanoparticles using fluctuation correlation infrared spectroscopy. Neuroimage, 11:5, S515 (2000). spectroscopy. Appl. Phys. Lett., 76, 1857-1859 (2000). Yu, W., W. W. Mantulin, and E. Gratton. Fluorescence Enzer, D. G., M. M. Schauer, J. J. Gomez, M. S. Gulley, lifetime imaging: new microscopy technologies, M. H. Holzscheiter, P. G. Kwiat, S. K. Lamoreaux, pp. 139-173. In Emerging Tools for Single-Cell Analysis, C. G. Peterson, C. G. Sandberg, D. Tupa, R. J. Hughes, Wiley-Liss, New York, N.Y. (2000). and D. F. V. James. Observation of power-law scaling for phase transitions in linear trapped ion crystals. Phys. Zhuang, X., L. Bartley, H. P. Babcock, R. Russell, T. Ha, Rev. Lett., 85, 2466-2469 (2000). D. Herschlag, and S. Chu. A single molecule study of RNA catalysis and folding. Science, 288, 2048-2051 Hughes, R. J., W. T. Buttler, P. G. Kwiat, S. K. (2000). Lamoreaux, G. L. Morgan, J. E. Nordholt, and C. G. Peterson. Free-space quantum cryptography Zolese, G., G. Falcioni, E. Bertoli, R. Galeazzi, in daylight. SPIE Proc., 3932, 117-126 (2000). M. Wozniak, Z. Wypych, and A. Ambrosini. Steady-state and time resolved fluorescence of albumins interacting Hughes, R. J., W. T. Buttler, P. G. Kwiat, S. K. with N-oleylethanolamine, a component of the Lamoreaux, G. L. Morgan, J. E. Nordholt, and endogenous N-acylethanolamines. Proteins: Struct. C. G. Peterson. Free-space quantum key distribution Function Genet., 40, 39-48 (2000). in daylight. J. Mod. Opt., 47, 549-562 (2000).
Kwiat, P. G. and R. J. Hughes. The usefulness of Rydberg Complex and Nonlinear atoms for quantum information storage and processing. Systems Science, 289, 1431a (2000). Kwiat, P. G., A. J. Berglund, J. B. Altepeter, and Board, J. and K. Schulten. The fast multipole algorithm. A. G. White. Experimental verification of decoherence- IEEE Comput. Sci. Eng., 2, 56-59 (2000). free subspaces. Science, 290, 498-501 (2000).
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Melby, P., J. Kaidel, N. Weber, and A. Hübler. Adaptation Naik, D. S., C. G. Peterson, A. G. White, A. J. Berglund, to the edge of chaos in the self-adjusting logistic map. and P. G. Kwiat. Entangled state quantum cryptography: Phys. Rev. Lett., 84, 5991-5993 (2000). eavesdropping on the Ekert protocol. Phys. Rev. Lett., 84, 4733-4736 (2000). Oono, Y. Renormalization and asymptotics. Int. J. Mod. Phys. B, 14:12-13, 1327-1361 (2000).
25 Nayfeh, M. H., O. Akcakir, G. Belomoin, N. Barry, Colla, E. V., L. K. Chao, M. B. Weissman, and J. Therrien, and E. Gratton. Second harmonic generation D. D. Viehland. Aging in a relaxor ferroelectric: in microcrystallite films of ultrasmall Si nanoparticles. scaling and memory effects. Phys. Rev. Lett., 85, Appl. Phys. Lett., 77, 4086-4088 (2000). 3033-3036 (2000).
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Chun, S. H., M. B. Salamon, Y. Tomioka, and Y. Tokura. Feng, D. L., D. H. Lu, K. M. Shen, S. Oh, A. Andrus, Breakdown of the lattice polaron picture in J. O’Donnell, J. N. Eckstein, J. Shimoyama, K. Kishio, La0.7Ca0.3MnO3 single crystals. Phys. Rev. B, 61, and Z. X. Shen. On the similarity of the spectral R9225-9228 (2000). weight pattern of Bi2Sr2CaCuO8+δ and La1.48Nd0.4Sr0.12CuO4. Phys. C, 341, 2097-2098 (2000).
26 Feng, D. L., D. H. Lu, K. M. Shen, C. Kim, H. Eisaki, Hong, H., Z. Wu, T. C. Chiang, P. Zschack, P. Jemian, A. Damascelli, R. Yoshizaki, J. Shimoyama, K. Kishio, H. Chen, and R. D. Aburano. Reflection surface x-ray G. D. Gu, S. Oh, A. Andrus, J. O’Donnell, J. N. diffraction patterns: k space images. Rev. Sci. Inst., 71, Eckstein, and Z. X. Shen. Signature of superfluid 3132-3137 (2000). density in the single-particle excitation spectrum of
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“Cuprate superconductivity: dependence of Tc on the systems. Phys. Rev. B, 62, 13884-13887 (2000). c-axis layering structure”, with reply. Phys. Rev. Lett., 85, 3983-3984 (2000). Leggett, A. J. Topics in the theory of the ultracold dilute alkali gases. Mod. Phys. Lett. B, 14 (Supp. issue), 1-42 Kastrinakis, G. A Fermi liquid model for the overdoped (2000). and optimally doped cuprate superconductors: scattering rate, susceptibility, spin resonance peak and Lin, H. Q., D. K. Campbell, and R. T. Clay. Broken superconducting transition. Phys. C, 340, 119-132 symmetries in the one-dimensional extended Hubbard (2000). model. Chin. J. Phys., 38, 1-23 (2000).
Kim, Y. H., I. H. Lee, and R. M. Martin. Object-oriented Lyanda-Geller, Y. and P. M. Goldbart. Mesoscopic construction of a multigrid electronic structure code phenomena in Bose-Einstein systems: persistent with Fortran 90. Comput. Phys. Commun., 131, 10-25 currents, population oscillations and quantal phases. (2000). Phys. Rev. A, 61, 43609-43617 (2000).
Kim, Y. H., I. H. Lee, S. Nagaraja, J. P. Leburton, Makhlin, Y., G. Schon, and A. Shnirman. Josephson R. Q. Hood, and R. M. Martin. Two-dimensional junction quantum bits and logic gates. Phys. B, 280, limit of exchange-correlation energy functional 410-411 (2000). approximations. Phys. Rev. B, 61, 5202-5211 (2000).
37 Makhlin, Y., G. Schon, and A. Shnirman. Josephson Plazanet, M. and D. Sanchez-Portal. The structure and junction quantum logic gates. Comput. Phys. Commun., dynamics of crystalline durene by neutron scattering and 127, 156-164 (2000). numerical modelling using density functional methods. Chem. Phys., 261, 189-203 (2000). Mazumdar, S., R. T. Clay, and D. K. Campbell. Bond-order and charge-density waves in the isotropic Prosen, T. and D. K. Campbell. Momentum conservation interacting two-dimensional quarter-filled band and the implies anomalous energy transport in 1D classical insulating state proximate to organic superconductivity. lattices. Phys. Rev. Lett., 84, 2857-2860 (2000). Phys. Rev. B, 62, 3400-13425 (2000). Schroder, A., G. Aeppli, R. Coldea, M. Adams, Metzler, R. Generalized Chapman-Kolmogorov equation: O. Stockert, H. von Lohneysen, E. Bucher, R. a unifying approach to the description of anomalous Ramazashvili, and P. Coleman. Onset of transport in external fields. Phys. Rev. E, 62, 6233-6245 antiferromagnetism in heavy-fermion metals. (2000). Nature, 407, 351-355 (2000).
Militzer, B. and D. M. Ceperley. Path integral Monte Sengupta, D., Y. C. Chang, and G. Stillman. Carlo calculation of the deuterium Hugoniot. Phys. Rev. Broadspectrum InGaAs/InP quantum-well infrared Lett., 85, 1890-1893 (2000). photodetector via quantum-well intermixing. Semiconductor Quantum Wells Intermixing, 539-562 Militzer, B. and E. L. Pollock. Introduction to the (2000). variational density matrix method and its application to dense hydrogen. J. Phys. IV, 10, 315-318 (2000). Sheehy, D. E., P. M. Goldbart, J. Schmalian, and A. Yazdani. Andreev interferometry as a probe of Militzer, B. and E. L. Pollock. Variational density matrix superconducting phase correlations in the pseudogap method for warm, condensed matter: application to regime of the cuprates. Phys. Rev. B, 62, 4105-4113 dense hydrogen. Phys. Rev. E, 61, 3470-3482 (2000). (2000).
Morr, D. K. and R. Wortis. Theory of NMR as a local Shevchenko, P. V., A. W. Sandvik, and O. P. Sushkov. probe for the electronic structure in the mixed state of Double-layer Heisenberg antiferromagnet at finite the high-Tc cuprates. Phys. Rev. B, 61, R882-885 (2000). temperature: Brueckner theory and quantum Monte Carlo simulations. Phys. Rev. B, 61, 3475-3487 (2000). Moukara, M., M. Stadele, J. A. Majewski, P. Vogl, and A. Gorling. Norm-conserving pseudopotentials in the Shumway, J., L. R. C. Fonseca, J. P. Leburton, exact-exchange Kohn-Sham formalism. J. Phys.: Cond. R. M. Martin, and D. M. Ceperley. Electronic structure Matt., 12, 6783-6798 (2000). of self-assembled quantum dots: comparison between density functional theory and diffusion quantum Mueller, E. and G. Baym. Finite-temperature collapse of Monte Carlo. Phys. E, 8, 260-268 (2000). a Bose gas with attractive interactions. Phys. Rev. A, 62, 053605-1-8 (2000). Soler, J. M., M. Beltran, K. Michaelian, I. Garzon, P. Ordejon, D. Sanchez-Portal, and E. Artacho. Metallic Nozaki, K., Y. Oono, and Y. Shiwam. Reductive use of bonding and cluster structure. Phys. Rev. B, 61, renormalization group. Phys. Rev. E, 62, R4501-4504 5771-5780 (2000). (2000). Song, Y., H. Q. Lin, and A. W. Sandvik. Green’s function Pashko, O. and Y. Oono. The Boltzmann equation is a theory of the two-dimensional antiferromagnetic renormalization group equation. Int. J. Mod. Phys. B, 14, Heisenberg model with local magnetic impurities. 555-561 (2000). J. Phys.: Cond. Matt., 12, 5275-5285 (2000).
Peng, W. and P. M. Goldbart. Renormalization-group Souza, I., T. Wilkens, and R. M. Martin. Polarization and approach to the vulcanization transition. Phys. Rev. E, 61, localization in insulators: generating function approach. 3339-3357 (2000). Phys. Rev. B, 62, 1666-1683 (2000).
38 Souza, I., R. M. Martin, N. Marzari, X. Zhao, and Westfahl, H., Jr. and D. K. Morr. Theory for the D. Vanderbilt. Wannier-function description of the spin susceptibility in the pseudogap regime of the electronic polarization and infrared absorption of underdoped cuprates: effect of phase fluctuations. high-pressure hydrogen. Phys. Rev. B, 62, 15505-15520 Phys. Rev. B, 62, 5891-5895 (2000). (2000). Xia, X. Y. and P. G. Wolynes. Fragilities of liquids Städele, M. and R. M. Martin. Metallization of molecular predicted from the random first-order transition theory hydrogen: predictions from exact-exchange calculations. of glasses. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 97, 2990-2994 Phys. Rev. Lett., 84, 6070-6073 (2000). (2000).
Stanescu, T., I. Martin, and P. Phillips. dx2-y2 pairing of Yoo, S. K. and S. Y. Lee. Geometrical phase effects in composite excitations in the two-dimensional Hubbard biaxial nanomagnetic particles. Phys. Rev. B, 62, model. Phys. Rev. B, 62:7, 4300-4308 (2000). 5713-5718 (2000).
Stanescu, T., I. Martin, and P. W. Phillips. Finite Zou, L. J., D. K. Campbell, and H. Q. Lin. Spin temperature density instability at high Landau level diffusion dynamics in double exchange manganites. occupancy. Phys. Rev. Lett., 84, 1288-1291 (2000). J. Appl. Phys., 87, 5499-5501 (2000).
Stephan, U., R. M. Martin, and D. A. Drabold. Extended-range computation of Wannier-like functions Theoretical Nuclear Physics in amorphous semiconductors. Phys. Rev. B, 62, 6885-6888 (2000). Barci, D. G. and L. E. Oxman. Universal transverse Stone, M. Acoustic energy and momentum in a moving conductance between quantum Hall regions and (2+1)D medium. Phys. Rev. E, 62, 1341-1350 (2000). bosonization. Nucl. Phys. B, 580, 721-738 (2000).
Stone, M. Iordanskii force and the gravitational Benhar, O., V. R. Pandharipande, and I. Sick. Many-body Aharonov-Bohm effect for a moving vortex. Phys. Rev. theory interpretation of deep inelastic scattering. Phys. B, 61, 11780-11786 (2000). Lett. B, 489, 131-136 (2000).
Stone, M., K. S. Park, and A. Garg. The semiclassical Paris, M. W. and V. R. Pandharipande. Quantum Monte propagator for spin coherent states. J. Math. Phys., 41, Carlo calculations of six-quark states. Phys. Rev. C, 62, 8025-8049 (2000). 015201-1-17 (2000).
Sun, S. J. and Y. C. Chang. Modeling self-assembled Vranas, P. M. The finite temperature QCD phase quantum dots by the effective bond-orbital method. transition with domain wall fermions. Nucl. Phys. B, Phys. Rev. B, 62, 13631-13640 (2000). 83-84, 414-416 (2000).
Torelli, T. and L. Mitas. Electron correlation in C4N+2 Vranas, P., I. Tziligakis, and J. B. Kogut. Fermion-scalar carbon rings: aromatic versus dimerized structures. interactions with domain wall fermions. Phys. Rev. D, 62, Phys. Rev. Lett., 85, 1702-1705 (2000). 054507-1-9 (2000).
Torelli, T. and L. Mitas. Recent developments in Willenbrock, S. Studying the top quark. Rev. Mod. Phys., the quantum Monte Carlo method: evaluation of 72, 1141-1148 (2000). interatomic forces. Prog. Theor. Phys. Suppl., 138, 78-83 (2000). Wiringa, R. B., S. C. Pieper, J. Carlson, and V. R. Pandharipande. Quantum Monte Carlo calculations of Vartanyants, I., C. Ern, W. Donner, H. Dosch, and A=8 nuclei. Phys. Rev. C, 62, 014001-1-23 (2000). W. Caliebe. Strain profiles in epitaxial films from x-ray Bragg diffraction phases. Appl. Phys. Lett., 77, 3929-3931 (2000).
39 Theoretical Particle Physics Papers Presented at
Argyres, P. C., K. Intriligator, M. J. Strassler, and R. G. Leigh. On inherited duality in N=1 d=4 supersymmetric Conferences and gauge theories. J. High Energ. Phys., 4, 676-688 (2000). Symposia Baur, U. and T. Stelzer. Two photon radiation in W and Z boson production at the Fermilab Tevatron collider. Phys. Rev. D, 61, 073007-1-9 (2000). Biomolecular and Biological Berenstein, D. and R. G. Leigh. Discrete torsion, Physics AdS/CFT and duality. J. High Energ. Phys., 01, 038-1-22 (2000). Franceschini, M. A., S. Fantini, V. Toronov, M. E. Filiaci, and E. Gratton. Cerebral hemodynamics measured by Berenstein, D., V. Jejjala, and R. G. Leigh. Marginal near-infrared spectroscopy at rest and during motor and relevant deformations of N = 4 field theories and activation. Proc. Inter-Institute Workshop on in Vivo non-commutative moduli spaces of vacua. Nucl. Phys. Optical Imaging at the NIH (Grandjbakhche, ed.) Optical B, 589, 196-248 (2000). Society of America, 73-80 (2000). Berenstein, D., V. Jejjala, and R. G. Leigh. Non- Wolf, M., V. Toronov, U. Wolf, L. A. Paunescu, commutative moduli spaces, dielectric tori and T-duality. A. Michalos, and E. Gratton. Maps of cerebral Phys. Lett. B, 493, 162-168 (2000).Cohn, J. D. and E. D. hemoglobin concentration changes obtained by Stewart. Non-abelian discrete gauge symmetries and near-infrared spectroscopy, characterization of phase inflation. Phys. Lett. B, 475, 231-235 (2000). shifts among locations. OSA Tech. Digest, Proc. Biomedical Topical Mtg. (Miami Beach, Fla., Apr. 2000) Hashimoto, S., A. X. El-Khadra, A. S. Kronfeld, P. B. TuF6, 416-418 (2000). Mackenzie, S. M. Ryan, and J. N. Simone. Lattice QCD calculation of B →Dl ν decay form-factors at zero Wolf, U., M. Wolf, V. Toronov, A. Michalos, recoil. Phys. Rev. D, 014502-1-13 (2000). L. A. Paunescu, and E. Gratton. Detecting cerebral functional slow and fast signals by frequency-domain Kogut, J. B. and D. K. Sinclair. Tricritical scaling at the near-infrared spectroscopy using two different sensors. N = 6 chiral phase transition for 2 flavour lattice QCD t OSA Tech. Digest, Proc. Biomedical Topical Mtg. (Miami with staggered quarks. Phys. Lett. B, 492, 228-232 Beach, Fla., Apr. 2000) TuF10, 427-429 (2000). (2000).
Kogut, J. B., M. A. Stephanov, D. Toublan, J. J. M. Verbaarschot, and A. Zhitnitsky. QCD-like theories at Experimental Condensed finite baryon density. Nucl. Phys. B, 582, 477-513 (2000). Matter Physics
Aprili, M., M. Covington, E. Badica, and L. H. Greene. Doppler-shift of the surface bound states in YBCO. Phys. B, Proc. 22nd Int. Conf. on Low-Temperature Physics (Helsinki, Finland, Aug. 1999) 284, 1864-1865 (2000).
Badica, E., M. Aprili, M. Covington, and L. H. Greene. Andreev bound state tunneling spectroscopy of unconventional superconductivity. SPIE, Proc. Superconducting and Related Oxides: Physics and Nanoengineering IV (Orlando, Fla., Apr. 2000) 4058, 52-59 (2000).
40 Baily, S. A., M. B. Salamon, and W. Oepts. Lin, P., S. H. Chun, M. B. Salamon, Y. Tomioka, and Magnetothermopower of cobalt copper multilayers with Y. Tokura. Magnetic heat capacity in lanthunum gradient perpendicular to planes. J. Appl. Phys., 44th manganite single crystals. J. Appl. Phys., 44th Ann. Conf. Ann. Conf. on Magnetism and Magnetic Materials on Magnetism and Magnetic Materials (San Jose, Calif., (San Jose, Calif., Nov. 1999) 87, 4855-4857 (2000). Nov. 1999) 87, 5825-5827 (2000).
Benson, C. A. and I. K. Robinson. Beam-splitting mirror Neils, W. K. and D. J. Van Harlingen. Search for complex for advanced photon source sector 34. AIP Conf. Series, order parameters in grain boundary junctions. Phys. B, 11th U.S. Nat. Conf. on Synchrotron Radiation Proc. 22nd Int. Conf. on Low-Temperature Physics Instrumentation (Stanford, Calif., Oct. 1999) CP521, (Helsinki, Finland, Aug. 1999) 284, 587-588 (2000). 230-233 (2000). Prozorov, R., R. W. Giannetta, P. Fournier, and Chun, S. H., M. B. Salamon, M. Jaime, R. R. L. Greene. Magnetic penetration depth in electron- Suryanarayanan, G. Dhalenne, and A. Recolevschi. Hall doped cuprates—evidence for gap nodes. Phys. C, Proc. effect of a layered manganite La1.2Sr1.8Mn2 O7 single 6th Int. Conf. on Materials & Mechanisms for High- crystal. Phys. B, Proc. 22nd Int. Conf. on Low- Temperature Superconductivity (Houston, Tex., Feb. Temperature Physics (Helsinki, Finland, Aug. 1999) 2000) 341-348, 1703-1704 (2000). 284-288, 1442-1443 (2000). Robinson, I. K. and D. M. Fanning. Resonant x-ray Flynn, C. P., S. M. Bonham, J. A. Eades, M. Odrejcek, diffraction search for non-stoichiometric chemically W. Swiech, and G. L. Zhou. Control of variants in ordered domains in PMN. Fundamental Physics of heteroepitaxy by substrate miscut. Recent Developments in Ferroelectrics, Proc. First-Principles Calculations for Oxide and Metal Epitaxy—Theory and Experiment, MRS Ferroelectrics 2000 (Aspen, Colo., Feb. 2000) 535, 47-55 Symp. Proc. Series (Yeadon, Chiang, Farrow, Evans, and (2000). Auciello, eds.) (MRS Warrendale, Penn.) Proc. Mat. Res. Soc. Spring Mtg. (San Francisco, Calif., 2000) 619, 3-12 Xiu, K. and J. M. Gibson. Correction of the field (2000). curvature in SCALPEL projection system. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B, 44th Int. Conf. on Electron, Ion, and Photon Greene, L. H., M. Covington, M. Aprili, and E. D. E. P. Beam Technology & Nanofabrication (Palm Springs, Badica. Observation of broken time-reversal symmetry Calif., May 2000) 18, 3067-3071 (2000). with Andreev bound state tunneling spectroscopy. Phys. B, Proc. 22nd Int. Conf. on Low-Temperature Physics (Helsinki, Finland, Aug. 1999) 280, 159-164 (2000). Experimental Particle Physics Greene, L. H., M. Aprili, M. Covington, E. Badica, D. E. Pugel, H. Aubin, Y. M. Xia, M. B. Salamon, Ahmadov, A., M. Beneke, S. Willenbrock, et al. Top S. Jain, and D. G. Hinks. Spectroscopy of the Andreev quark physics. Standard Model Physics (and More) at the bound state of high-temperature superconductors: LHC (Altarelli and Mangano, ed.) Workshop on Standard measurements of quasiparticle scattering, anisotropy Model Physics at the LHC (CERN, Switzerland, 1999) and broken time-reversal symmetry. Phys. C, Proc. 419-529 (2000). 6th Int. Conf. on the Materials & Mechanisms of Superconductivity & High-Temperature Superconductivity (M2S-HTSC-VI) (Houston, Tex., Feb. 2000) 341-348, 1633-1637 (2000). Other Physics Research
Kim, Y. H., I. H. Lee, and R. M. Martin. Density- Dahmen, K. A., J. Sethna, O. Perkovic, and M. Kuntz. functional study of the hydrogen-bonded water cluster Hysteresis, Barkhausen noise, and disorder-induced + H5O2 . Stochastic Dynamics and Pattern Formation in critical behavior. IEEE Trans. Magn., 2000 Int. Magnetics Biological and Complex Systems, AIP Conf. Series (Seoul, Conf. (Toronto, Ont., Apr. 2000) 36, 3150-3154 (2000). Korea, Jul. 1999) CP521, 366-372 (2000).
41 Vanderheyden, B. and G. Baym. Self-consistent Theoretical Astrophysics approximations: application to a quasiparticle description of the thermodynamic properties of Balberg, S., S. L. Shapiro, and L. Zampieri. Black hole relativistic plasmas. Progress in Nonequilibrium Green’s emergence in supernovae cosmic explosions. Cosmic Functions, Proc. Conf. on Kadanoff-Baym Equations: Explosions, Proc. 10th Ann. October Astrophysics Conf. Progress and Perspectives for Many-Body Physics (College Park, Md., Oct. 1999) 147-150 (2000). (Rostock, Germany, Sep. 1999) 144-152 (2000).
Iben, I. E. T., Jr. Mass transfer/loss from AGB stars in close binaries. Astron. Soc. Pacific Conf. Series, Proc. Theoretical Particle Physics Asymmetrical Planetary Nebulae II: From Origins to Microstructures (Kastner, Stoker, and Rappaport, eds.) (MIT, Cambridge, Mass., Aug. 3-6, 1999) 199, 107-114 El-Khadra, A. X., S. Hashimoto, A. S. Kronfeld, (2000). P. B. Mackenzie, and S. M. Ryan. A study of sea-quark effects on the charmonium spectrum. Nucl. Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.), Proc. 17th Int. Symp. on Lattice Field Theory (LATTICE 99) (Pisa, Italy, Jun. 1999) 83-84, Theoretical Condensed 283-285 (2000). Matter Physics Ryan, S. M., A. X. El-Khadra, A. S. Kronfeld, P. B. Mackenzie, and J. N. Simone. B and D semileptonic Baym, G. Conservation laws and the quantum theory decays to light mesons. Nucl. Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.), of transport: the early days—progress in nonequilibrium Proc. 17th Int. Symp. on Lattice Field Theory (LATTICE Green’s functions. Progress in Nonequilibrium Green’s 99) (Pisa, Italy, Jun. 1999) 83-84, 328-330 (2000). Functions, Proc. Conf. on Kadanoff-Baym Equations: Progress and Perspectives for Many-Body Physics Sroczynski, Z., A. X. El-Khadra, A. S. Kronfeld, (Rostock, Germany, Sep. 1999) 17-32 (2000). P. B. Mackenzie, and J. N. Simone. First results from the asymmetric O(a) improved Fermilab action. Nucl. Phys. Koch, E., O. Gunnarsson, and R. M. Martin. Metal- B (Proc. Suppl.), Proc. 17th Int. Symp. on Lattice Field insulator transitions in generalized Hubbard models. Theory (LATTICE 99) (Pisa, Italy, Jun. 1999) 83-84, Computer Phys. Commun., Proc. CCP99/Centennial 971-973 (2000). Conference of the APS (Atlanta, Ga., 2000) 27, 137-142 (2000). Stack, J. D. and W. Tucker. On the distribution of vortex sizes and the long-range potential. Nucl. Phys. B Sanchez-Portal, D., I. Souza, and R. M. Martin. LCAO (Proc. Suppl.), Proc. 17th Int. Symp. on Lattice Field calculation of dynamical charges and ferroelectricity. Theory (LATTICE 99) (Pisa, Italy, Jun. 1999) 83, AIP Conf. Series, Proc. Workshop on Fundamental Physics 539-540 (2000). of Ferroelectrics (Aspen, Colo., Feb. 2000) 535, 111-120 (2000).
Shumway, J. and D. M. Ceperley. Path integral Monte Carlo simulations for fermion systems: pairing in the electron hole plasma. J. Phys. IV, Proc. Int. Conf. on Strongly Coupled Coulomb Systems (St. Malo, France, 1999) 10, 3-16 (2000).
Stone, M. Core states and spectral flow in vortex dynamics. Phys. B, Proc. 22nd Int. Conf. on Low- Temperature Physics (Helsinki, Finland, Aug. 1999) 280, 117-121 (2000).
42 Plourde, B. L. Vortex distributions and dynamics in Theses superconductors near surface steps and sample edges studied by scanning SQUID microscopy and critical current measurements. Ph.D. thesis, D. J. Van Harlingen, Biomolecular and adviser (2000). Biological Physics Reese, P. J. Derivative photoelectron holography studies of metal-terminated semiconductor surfaces. Ph.D. thesis, T. C. Chiang, adviser (2000). Portman, J. J. Chain dynamical theories of protein folding. Ph.D. thesis, P. G. Wolynes, adviser (2000). Roshchin, I. V. Electronic and optical properties of thin- film superconductors and superconductor-semiconductor interfaces. Ph.D. thesis, L. H. Greene, adviser (2000). Experimental Condensed Yamani, Z. H. Optical properties of size-selected Matter Physics nanocrystallites in porous silicon. Ph.D. thesis, M. H. Nayfeh, adviser (2000).
Abeyta, A. C. Planar tunneling spectroscopy of thin-film Yanoff, B. D. Temperature dependence of the Nb, Nb/normal metal and Nm/semiconductor penetration depth in the unconventional superconductor structures. Ph.D. thesis, L. H. Greene, adviser (2000). Sr2RuO4. Ph.D. thesis, D. J. Van Harlingen, adviser (2000). Fanning, D. M. Structure property relations in ferroelectric materials. Ph.D. thesis, I. K. Robinson, adviser (2000). Experimental Nuclear Physics Gall, D. Crystal growth and physical properties of polycrystalline and epitaxial scandium nitride layers. Bains, B. S. A measurement of nucleon quark spin Ph.D. thesis, J. E. Greene, adviser (2000). distributions at HERMES. Ph.D. thesis, A. M. Nathan and C. K. Sinclair, advisers (2000). Gordon, C. A. Equilibrium concentration of interstitials in aluminum just below the melting temperature. Grames, J. M. Measurement of a weak polarization Ph.D. thesis, A. V. Granato, adviser (2000). sensitivity to the beam orbit of the CEBAF accelerator. Ph.D. thesis, D. H. Beck and C. K. Sinclair, advisers Henstrom, W. L. Quantitative electron microscopy (2000). studies of Si1-xGex/Si(001). Ph.D. thesis, J. M. Gibson, adviser (2000). Experimental Particle Physics Luh, D. Core-level photoemission studies of the structure of semiconductor surfaces and interfaces. Ph.D. thesis, T. C. Chiang, adviser (2000). Bergfeld, T. J. D0 decays from e+e- collisions: precision, rare and substructure results. Ph.D. thesis, M. Selen, Merithew, R. D. Mesoscopic noise probe of an adviser (2000). inhomogeneous colossal magnetoresistance phase. + + → - +π+ Ph.D. thesis, M. B. Weissman, adviser (2000). Rahimi, A. Amplitude analyses of the D , Ds K K 0 → 0 + - and D Ks K K final states. Ph.D. thesis, adviser, O’Donovan, K. V. Magnetic studies of epitaxial J. E. Wiss, adviser (2000). neodymium. Ph.D. thesis, M. Salamon, adviser (2000).
Pitney, J. A. Coherent x-ray diffraction. Ph.D. thesis, I. K. Robinson, adviser (2000).
43 Walko, D. A. Structure and faceting of low-symmetry Optical and Discharge Physics metal surfaces. Ph.D. thesis, I. K. Robinson, adviser (2000). Zhang, D. Surface reaction mechanisms in plasma etching processes. Ph.D. thesis, M. J. Kushner, adviser (2000). Awards and Honors
Daniel Alpert, Emeritus Plasma Physics Fellow, American Physical Society
Juliano, D. R. Modeling and measurements of an ionized Ansel C. Anderson, Emeritus physical vapor deposition device plasma. Ph.D. thesis, Fellow, American Physical Society D. Ruzic, adviser (2000). Fellow, J. S. Guggenheim Foundation, 1966
Gordon A. Baym Member, American Academy of Arts and Sciences Theoretical Condensed Member, American Philosophical Society Matter Physics Member, National Academy of Sciences Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science Fine, B. V. Theory of high-temperature spin dynamics. Fellow, American Physical Society Ph.D. thesis, A. J. Leggett, adviser (2000). Fellow, A. P. Sloan Foundation, 1965 Fellow, Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, 1983-1988 Kim, Y. Density-functional study of molecules, clusters, University Scholar, U of I, 1987-1988 and quantum nanostructures: development of nonlocal Tau Beta Pi Daniel C. Drucker Eminent Faculty Award, exchange-correlation approximation. Ph.D. thesis, U of I College of Engineering, 1999 R. M. Martin, adviser (2000). Douglas H. Beck Martin, I. Quantum phenomena in disordered Fellow, A. P. Sloan Foundation, 1991 conductors. Ph.D. thesis, P. Phillips, adviser (2000). Beckman Fellow, U of I Center for Advanced Study, 1992 Young Investigator Award, National Science Foundation, Militzer, B. Path integral Monte Carlo simulations of 1992 hot dense hydrogen. Ph.D. thesis, D. M. Ceperley, Associate, U of I Center for Advanced Study, 1996 adviser (2000). Frederick C. Brown, Emeritus Richie, D. A. A dynamic self-adaptive wavelet-based Fellow, American Physical Society method for multiscale electronic structure calculations. Ph.D. thesis, K. Hess, adviser (2000). Richard M. Brown, Emeritus Fellow, American Physical Society Shieh, L. Y. Topics in cuprate superconductors. A. J. Legett, adviser (2000). David M. Ceperely Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences Souza, I. N. Theory of electronic polarization and Arnold O. Beckman Award, U of I Center for Advanced localization in insulators with applications to solid Study, 1989 hydrogen. Ph.D. thesis, R. M. Martin, adviser (2000). Xerox Award for Faculty Research, U of I College of Engineering, 1990 Trellakis, A. Computational approaches to silicon-based Eugene Feenberg Memorial Award, 3rd International nanostructures. Ph.D. thesis, U. Ravaioli and R. Martin, Conference on Recent Progress in Many-Body Theories, advisers (2000). 1994 Eugene Feenberg Memorial Medal, 1995 Turlakov, M. Transport properties and noise of Rahman Prize, American Physical Society, 1997 low-dimensional conductors. Ph.D. thesis, A. J. Leggett, adviser (2000).
44 Shau-Jim Chang, Emeritus Hans Frauenfelder, Emeritus Fellow, American Physical Society Member, Academy Leopoldina Fellow, A. P. Sloan Foundation, 1972-1976 Member, American Philosophical Society Member, National Academy of Sciences Tai-Chang Chang Member, U of I Center for Advanced Study Fellow, American Physical Society Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences IBM Faculty Development Award, 1984 Fellow, American Association for the Advancement Xerox Award for Faculty Research, U of I College of of Science Engineering, 1984 Fellow, American Physical Society Presidential Young Investigator Award, National Science Fellow, New York Academy of Sciences Foundation, 1985 Honorary Doctor of Science, University of Pennsylvania Honorary Doctorate, Technical University of Munich Y. C. Chang Honorary Member, Roland Eotvos Physical Society, Fellow, American Physical Society, 2000 Hungary Biological Physics Award, American Physical Society Karin Dahmen Fellow, J. S. Guggenheim Foundation, 1958, 1972 Research Fellow, Alfred P. Sloan, Center for Advanced Senior U.S. Scientist Award, Alexander von Humboldt Study, 2001 Foundation, Germany, 1986 Tau Beta Pi Daniel C. Drucker Eminent Faculty Award, Peter Debrunner, Emeritus U of I College of Engineering, 1990 Fellow, American Physical Society Charles Gammie Bob I. Eisenstein CAREER Award for Outstanding Research/Teaching, Everitt Award for Teaching Excellence, U of I College National Science Foundation of Engineering, 1983 Donald M. Ginsberg, Emeritus Aida X. El-Khadra Fellow, American Physical Society Outstanding Junior Investigator Award, U.S. Department Fellow, A. P. Sloan Foundation, 1960-1962 of Energy, 1996 Associate, U of I Center for Advanced Study, 1988 Research Fellow, Alfred P. Sloan, 1997 Tau Beta Pi Daniel C. Drucker Eminent Faculty Award, Xerox Award for Faculty Research, U of I College of U of I College of Engineering, 1992 Engineering, 1997 University Scholar, U of I, 1994 Beckman Fellow, U of I Center for Advanced Study, Oliver E. Buckley Prize in condensed matter physics, 1998 1998-1999 Collins Award for Innovative Teaching, U of I College Gary E. Gladding of Engineering, 2000 Associate, U of I Center for Advanced Study, 1988 Rose Award for Teaching Excellence, U of I College of Steven M. Errede Engineering, 1998 Fellow, American Physical Society BP Amoco Award for Innovation and Excellence in Fellow, Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Undergraduate Teaching, 1999 Rossi Prize, American Astronomical Society, 1989 Fellow, American Physical Society, 1999 Associate, U of I Center for Advanced Study, 1991 University Scholar, U of I, 1991 Paul Goldbart Arnold O. Beckman Award, U of I Center for Advanced Colin P. Flynn Study, 1988 Fellow, American Physical Society Presidential Young Investigator Award, National Science Fellow, American Society of Metals Foundation, 1991 Xerox Award for Faculty Research, U of I College of Eduardo Fradkin Engineering, 1992 Associate, U of I Center for Advanced Study, 1990 Beckman Associate, U of I Center for Advanced Study, Fellow, J. S. Guggenheim Foundation, 1998 1995-1996 University Scholar, U of I, 1996
45 Nigel Goldenfeld Dale J. Van Harlingen Fellow, American Physical Society Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences A. P. Sloan Foundation Fellow, 1987 Fellow, American Physical Society Xerox Award for Faculty Research, U of I College of IBM Research Award, 1982 Engineering, 1991 Xerox Award for Faculty Research, U of I College of University Scholar, U of I, 1994 Engineering, 1995 Oliver E. Buckley Prize in condensed matter physics, 1998 Edwin L. Goldwasser, Emeritus University Scholar, 1998 Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science David Hertzog Fellow, American Physical Society Amoco Award for Innovation in Undergraduate Teaching Fellow, J. S. Guggenheim Foundation Fellow, American Physical Society Fellow, U of I Center for Advanced Study, 1989 George Gollin Everitt Award for Teaching Excellence, U of I College of Beckman Associate, U of I Center for Advanced Study, Engineering, 1994 1997 W. M. Keck Award for Teaching Excellence, U of I, 1994 University Scholar, 2000 Andrew V. Granato, Emeritus Fellow, American Physical Society Lillian Hoddeson Fellow, Acoustical Society of America Fellow, John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellow, J. S. Guggenheim Foundation, 1959 Sally Hacker Prize Associate, U of I Center for Advanced Study, 1971-1972 Associate, U of I Center for Advanced Study, 1998 Senior U.S. Scientist Award, Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, Germany 1976 Leland E. Holloway, Emeritus Bernd T. Matthias Visiting Scholar, Los Alamos National Fellow, American Physical Society Laboratory, 1987-1988 Associate, U of I Center for Advanced Study, 1977-1978 Zener Medal, 11th International Conference on Internal Friction and Ultrasonic Attenuation in Solids, 1996 Roy J. Holt Fellow, American Physical Society Enrico Gratton Arnold O. Beckman Research Award, U of I, 1994 Fellow, American Physical Society Xerox Award for Faculty Research, U of I College of Alfred Hübler Engineering, 1989 Associate, U of I Center for Advanced Study, 1991 Associate, U of I Center for Advanced Study, 1991 Amoco Foundation Award for Innovation in Undergraduate Instruction, 1996 Laura H. Greene Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences Icko Iben, Jr. Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Member, National Academy of Sciences Science Fellow, J. S. Guggenheim Foundation Fellow, American Physical Society George Darwin Prize Swanlund Chair University Scholar, U of I, 1985 Arnold O. Beckman Award, U of I, 1993 Associate, U of I Center for Advanced Study, 1988 Maria Goeppert-Mayer Award, American Physical Society, Russell Lecturer, American Astronomical Society, 1989 1994 Beckman Associate, U of I Center for Advanced Study, E. A. Jackson 1995-1996 Fellow, American Physical Society E. O. Lawrence Award, 1998 Denny Kane Taekjip Ha Arnold Nordsieck Physics Award for Teaching Excellence Searle Scholar, 2001 Miles V. Klein Alfred O. Hanson, Emeritus Member, National Academy of Sciences Fellow, American Physical Society Member, U of I Center for Advanced Study
46 Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences Robert G. Leigh Fellow, American Physical Society Outstanding Junior Investigator, U.S. Department of Fellow, A. P. Sloan Foundation, 1963 Energy, 1997 Associate, U of I Center for Advanced Study, 1979-1980 University Scholar, U of I, 1989 Tony M. Liss Frank Isakson Award, 1990 Fellow, American Physical Society Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of University Scholar, U of I Science, 1991 Arnold O. Beckman Award, U of I Center for Advanced Study, 1988 James S. Koehler, Emeritus Fellow, Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, 1991 Fellow, American Physical Society Beckman Associate, U of I Center for Advanced Study, Fellow, J. S. Guggenheim Foundation, 1957 1995-1996 Xerox Award for Faculty Research, U of I College of John Kogut Engineering, 1997 Fellow, American Physical Society Fellow, A. P. Sloan Foundation, 1976-1978 Naomi C. R. Makins Fellow, J. S. Guggenheim Foundation, 1987 A. P. Sloan Foundation Award, 1999 Beckman Associate, U of I Center for Advanced Study, Junior Xerox Award for Faculty Research, 2001 1983 William W. Mantulin Ulrich E. Kruse, Emeritus A. Paul Naney Research Award, 1987 Fellow, American Physical Society Dillon E. Mapother, Emeritus Frederick K. Lamb Fellow, American Physical Society Fellow, American Physical Society Fellow, A. P. Sloan Foundation, 1957-1959 Fellow, J. S. Guggenheim Foundation Fellow, J. S. Guggenheim Foundation, 1960 Fellow, Royal Astronomical Society, U.K. Fellow, A. P. Sloan Foundation, 1974-1976 Richard M. Martin Brand and Monica Fortner Endowed Chair in Theoretical Fellow, American Physical Society Astrophysics, U of I College of Engineering, 1998 Jack M. Mochel, Emeritus David Lazarus, Emeritus Fellow, American Physical Society Fellow, American Physical Society Fellow, A. P. Sloan Foundation, 1968-1970 Fellow, J. S. Guggenheim Foundation, 1968 Telemachos Mouschovias Anthony J. Leggett Trumpler Award, 1977 Member, American Academy of Arts and Sciences Fellow, A. P. Sloan Foundation, 1980-1982 Member, American Philosophical Society Fellow, U of I Center for Advanced Study, 1980 Member, U of I Center for Advanced Study Fellow, J. S. Guggenheim Foundation, 1993-1994 Foreign Member, Russian Academy of Sciences Alexander von Humboldt Re-invitation Award, 1994 Fellow, American Institute of Physics Fellow, American Physical Society Alan M. Nathan Fellow, Royal Society, U.K. Fellow, American Physical Society Honorary Fellow, Institute of Physics, U.K. Associate, U of I Center for Advanced Study, 1998-1999 Maxwell Medal and Prize, Institute of Physics, U.K., 1975 Ninth Simon Memorial Prize, Institute of Physics, U.K., Thomas A. O’Halloran, Emeritus 1981 Fellow, American Physical Society John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Chair, U of I, 1983- Fellow, J. S. Guggenheim Foundation, 1979 Eleventh Fritz London Memorial Award, 1981 Associate, U of I Center for Advanced Study, 1987-1988 Paul Dirac Medal, Institute of Physics, U.K., 1991 Elected Foreign Associate, National Academy of Sciences, Vijay R. Pandharipande 1997 Fellow, American Physical Society Eugene Feenberg Memorial Medal, 1999 Life Member, Indian Physics Association
47 Philip W. Phillips Mats Selen General Councilor, American Physical Society Fellow, A. P. Sloan Research, 1995 Beckman Associate, U of I, 1998-1999 Presidential Faculty Fellow Award, 1995 Xerox Award for Faculty Research, U of I College of Xerox Award for Faculty Research, U of I College of Engineering, 1998 Engineering, 1995 Cottrell Award, 1996 David Pines Everitt Award for Teaching Excellence, U of I College of Member, American Philosophical Society Engineering, 1997 Member, National Academy of Sciences College of Engineering Teaching Excellence Award, 1998 Member, U of I Center for Advanced Study Collins Award for Innovative Teaching, U of I College of Honorary Member, Hungarian Academy of Science Engineering, 2001 Foreign Member, Russian Academy of Sciences Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences Paul Selvin Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Research Innovation Award, Research Corp, 1999 Science Young Fluorescence Investigator Award, Biophysical Fellow, American Astronomical Society Society, 1999 Fellow, American Physical Society Beckman Fellow, U of I Center for Advanced Studies, Fellow, J. S. Guggenheim Foundation, 1962, 1969 2000 Friemann Prize in Condensed Matter Physics, University Cottrell Scholar, Research Corp, 2000 of Notre Dame, 1983 National Science Foundation CAREER Award for Robert Maxwell Professor, Santa Fe Institute, 1991 Outstanding Research/Teaching, 2000 Tau Beta Pi Daniel C. Drucker Eminent Faculty Award, Xerox Award for Faculty Research, 2000 U of I College of Engineering, 1993 Paul Selvin Manfred Raether, Emeritus Cottrell Scholar and Junior Xerox Award for Faculty Fellow, American Physical Society Research CAREER and Biophysical Society Young Fluorescence D. Geoffrey Ravenhall, Emeritus Investigator, National Science Foundation Fellow, American Physical Society Stuart L. Shapiro Ian K. Robinson Fellow, American Physical Society Bertram E. Warren Diffraction Physics Award of the American Crystallographic Society Ralph O. Simmons Fellow, American Physical Society Fellow, American Physical Society Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Myron B. Salamon Science Fellow, American Physical Society Rhodes Scholar, 1950-1952 Fellow, A. P. Sloan Foundation, 1970-1973 University Scholar, U of I, 1987 Senior U.S. Scientist Award, Alexander von Humboldt Senior U.S. Scientist Award, Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, Germany, 1975 Foundation, Germany, 1991 Bernd Matthias Fellow, Center for Materials Science, Los Alamos National Laboratory, 1995-1996 Charles P. Slichter Distinguished Foreign Visiting Professor, University of Member, American Academy of Arts and Sciences Tsukuba, Institute of Applied Physics, 1995-1996 Member, American Philosophical Society Member, National Academy of Sciences Klaus Schulten Member, U of I Center for Advanced Study Arnold O. Beckman Award, U of I Center for Advanced Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Study, 1989 Science Du Pont Young Faculty Award, 1989 Fellow, American Physical Society University Scholar, U of I, 1996 Fellow, International Society of Electron Spin Resonance Swanlund Endowed Chair, U of I, 1996 Honorary Doctor of Science, University of Waterloo Fellow, A. P. Sloan Foundation, 1955-1961 Irving Langmuir Prize, American Physical Society, 1969
48 Wakefield Recognition Award, U of I, 1975 James E. Wiss U.S. Department of Energy Sustained Outstanding Fellow, A. P. Sloan Foundation, 1982-1984 Research Award, 1984, 1992 Fellow, American Physical Society, 2000 International Society of Magnetic Resonance Prize, 1986 Tau Beta Pi Daniel C. Drucker Eminent Faculty Award, James P. Wolfe U of I College of Engineering, 1989 Fellow, American Physical Society Comstock Award, National Academy of Sciences, 1993 Fellow, U of I Center for Advanced Study, 1979 Prize for Outstanding Accomplishments in Solid State Beckman Fellow, U of I Center for Advanced Study, 1982 Physics, U.S. Department of Energy, 1993 Senior U.S. Scientist Award, Alexander von Humboldt Oliver E. Buckley Prize in Condensed Matter Physics, Foundation, Germany, 1988-1989 1995 Honorary Doctor of Law, L.L.D., Harvard University, Henry W. Wyld, Emeritus 1996 Fellow, American Physical Society Fellow, J. S. Guggenheim Foundation, 1970 James H. Smith, Emeritus Fellow, American Physical Society Ali Yazdani Fellow, J. S. Guggenheim Foundation, 1965 Research Fellowship, A. P. Sloan, 2000 CAREER Award of the Center for Advanced Study, Harvey J. Stapleton, Emeritus National Science Foundation, 2000 Fellow, American Physical Society Fellow, A. P. Sloan Foundation, 1962
Jeremiah D. Sullivan Member, American Academy of Arts and Sciences Fellow, American Association of the Advancement of Science Fellow, American Physical Society Fellow, A. P. Sloan Foundation, 1968 Leo Szilard Lectureship Award, American Physical Society, 2000
William D. Watson Fellow, American Physical Society Fellow, A. P. Sloan Foundation, 1974-1976 Associate, U of I Center for Advanced Study, 1977-1978
Albert Wattenberg, Emeritus Fellow, American Physical Society Nuclear Pioneer Citation, Society for Nuclear Medicine Associate, U of I Center for Advanced Study
Michael Weissman Fellow, American Physical Society
Scott Willenbrock SSC Fellowship, Texas National Research Laboratory Commission, 1992-1993 Fellow, U of I Center for Advanced Study, 1996-1997 Outstanding Teacher of Freshmen Award, Alpha Lambda Delta National Honor Society, 1998 Rose Award for Teaching Excellence, U of I College of Engineering, 2001
49 Theoretical and Applied Mechanics
H. Aref, Head The department is an active participant in the college- J. W. Phillips, Associate Head wide Computational Science and Engineering Program. 212 Talbot Laboratory Several laboratories, both for research and instruction, 104 S. Wright St., MC-262 are maintained in TAM and service a large number of Urbana, IL 61801-2983 students each year. TAM is building up a considerable 217-333-2322 • http://www.tam.uiuc.edu presence on the World Wide Web for on-campus instruction, distance learning, and general information The Department of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics is about activities in mechanics. the academic and intellectual home of the science of An active program of visitors, seminars, and short mechanics. The mission of the department is both to courses hosted by the department helps further the science nurture mechanics as a scientific discipline in its own right of mechanics within the college and across the university. and to serve as an interface between basic work and applications in the many engineering disciplines that use mechanics. Because of the interdisciplinary nature of Applied Mathematics work in mechanics, the department strives to strengthen ties with programs in related fields, such as physics, applied mathematics, geology, materials science, and Ultrasonic Inspection of Thin scientific computing. Coatings Using Surface Waves Founded in 1890 to provide instruction in mechanics J. G. Harris* for all College of Engineering students—a duty that the National Science Foundation, CMS 98-12820 department still fulfills—Theoretical and Applied Mechanics (TAM) has evolved into a broad, Thin films and coatings are used as thermal barriers and interdisciplinary group of faculty and students tackling to increase the hardness of surfaces, especially engine problems in applied and computational mathematics, parts. The goal of this work is to develop analytical dynamics, solid mechanics, fluid mechanics, and expressions that describe the time delay and transmission mechanics of materials. loss or attenuation of ultrasonic surface waves, propagating in the coatings, caused by their thinning, • Work in applied and computational mathematics focuses flaking, or cracking. The coatings used as thermal barriers on asymptotic analysis, mathematical modeling, are such that their wavespeed steadily increases with depth stochastic estimation, and advanced algorithms for until it matches that of the substrate. The coatings used large-scale computing. for wear resistance are very thin and very fast. The defects • In dynamics, there are projects on elastic waves, the role found in both types of coating are slivers of defective of heterogeneity on acoustic signatures, and aspects of material at many length scales oriented parallel to modern dynamical systems theory including chaos. the surface. • The emphasis in solid mechanics is on characterizing, understanding, and modeling the behavior of modern Control of Turbulence as a Chaotic System materials, such as composites and shape-memory alloys, R. D. Moser,* P. L. Boyland (Univ. of Florida), and on basic mechanisms, such as localization, M. Heath, V. Lopez embrittlement, and phase transformations. National Science Foundation, CTS 97-29189 • The main activity in fluid mechanics is the problem of [email protected] turbulent flow, and approaches range from advanced experimental techniques, such as holographic particle One of the difficulties with attempting active control of image velocimetry, to very large-scale numerical turbulent flows is that the required control inputs are simulations that also address problems in convection often large, so large that the cost of the control can exceed and combustion. the gains. A new strategy for controlling turbulence using very small control inputs is being pursued. It is based on Graduate research is an integral part of the educational the observation that as a chaotic system, turbulence is very program in TAM. Most of the research projects involve sensitive to perturbations; thus carefully chosen very small master’s and doctoral students engaged in thesis research.
* Denotes principal investigator. 2 control inputs can produce order-one effects. The strategy being pursued is to determine unstable periodic solutions Behavior of Engineering to the turbulent flow problem that have desirable features Materials (in this case low drag) and apply control to stabilize these solutions. Mechanics of Cohesive Powder Compaction Weakly Nonlinear Evolution Equations for G. Gioia* Galloping and Cellular Detonations University of Illinois Research Board M. Short,* D. S. Stewart [email protected] U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, F49620-96-1-0260 This project is focused on the particle rearrangement [email protected], [email protected] process that dominates the first 30 to 45% of the compaction stroke during the densification of cohesive Gaseous detonation waves propagating in a tube are powders. The research is relevant to such applications as highly unstable because of nonlinear coupling between forming of ceramic components and pharmaceutical exothermic heat release from the reaction and the tablets. We have shown both experimentally and hydrodynamic motion of the gas. Such detonations either computationally that, contrary to currently prevalent pulsate in a periodic fashion or form a sequence of notions, particle rearrangement is a highly inhomogeneous fish-scale-like patterns on the walls of the tube. process. In fact, the evidence indicates that particle Using a multiscale asymptotic approach, we are rearrangement occurs in the form of a phase deriving weakly nonlinear evolution equations for the transformation. We are studying the energetics associated one-dimensional pulsating and two-dimensional cellular with this phenomenon. Computational work will be forms of detonation instability. The aim of this project based on a novel, mixed finite-element/discrete approach. is to understand the physical dynamics of the chemical–hydrodynamic interactions that cause Durability of Adhesive Bonds: the instability. Accelerated Testing and Modeling K. J. Hsia;* J. K. Shang,* J. Economy* Theory of Detonation Instability (Mater. Sci. & Engr.); M. Liu D. S. Stewart,* M. Short National Science Foundation, CMS-9872306 U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research [email protected] [email protected] This project is supported by the NSF initiative “Long Continuation of the project exploits relevant asymptotic Term Durability of Materials and Structures: Modeling limits for the standard detonation model to construct a and Accelerated Techniques.” The project aims at wholly analytic theory of detonation stability. New investigating long-term durability of adhesive bonds by theories for weak heat-release detonation are being performing accelerated testing combined with mechanistic considered. Recently, new results have been obtained modeling. The accelerated testing will be conducted using for spinning detonation. a novel ultrasonic loading device. As the loading frequency increases, local heating and viscous response of the adhesive may change the failure mechanisms and stress distributions. The study will focus on providing mechanistic understanding of failure mechanisms to develop models for predicting long-term durability.
3 * Denotes principal investigator. Durability of Thermal Barrier Coatings including temperature, strain rate, and critical dislocation K. J. Hsia;* T. C. Chiang* (Phys.); J. E. Greene* structure at the crack tip. An atomically sharp crack is (Mater. Sci. & Engr.); Y. Huang,* D. F. Socie* propagated with various crack velocities against a (Mech. & Indus. Engr.); R. Panat, B. Chen temperature gradient, from the low-temperature Critical Research Initiative Program brittle side toward the high-temperature ductile end. [email protected] Crack-arrest temperature is determined as a function of crack velocity. Dislocation structure at the arrested crack Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) have recently been front is studied with microanalysis techniques. developed to protect components in high-performance engines in order to increase operating temperature and, Interfacial Fracture due to Cavitation hence, energy efficiency. Preliminary results have shown in a Ductile Adhesive Layer that, with TBCs, the temperature in engine combustion K. J. Hsia,* S. Zhang chambers can be up to 100°C higher than the melting U.S. Department of Energy, DE-FG02-96ER45607 temperature of the base metal, leading to a tremendous (In cooperation with the Materials Research Laboratory) increase in operating efficiency. This program aims at [email protected] investigating the fundamental issues governing the durability of TBCs. The emphasis of the research will As part of the program to understand the relationship be on the linkage among coating and interface between microstructure of pretreated surfaces and microstructures, micromechanisms of failure, and interfacial strength of an adhesively bonded component, macroscopic behavior of TBCs. this project studies one particular failure mechanism— cavitation within a ductile adhesive layer. A new method Effects of Surface Microstructure on utilizing fluid mechanics solutions is developed. The Strength and Durability of Adhesive Bonding plastic deformation field surrounding a growing cavity is K. J. Hsia,* A. Pearlstein* (Mech. & Indus. Engr.), approximated by a fluid flow field. Using the principle of A. Scheeline* (Chemistry), J. K. Shang* (Mater. Sci. & virtual work, researchers obtain the fracture toughness due Engr.) to failure by cavity growth in the ductile layer. The results U.S. Department of Energy, DE-FG02-96ER45607 of this study can provide guidelines for generating (In cooperation with the Materials Research Laboratory) optimized surface microstructures to achieve excellent [email protected] strength and durability of adhesive bonding.
The program is supported by a U.S. Department of Modeling Material Failure Energy initiative to develop scientific understanding of under Impact Loading surface-preparation processes to enhance adhesive bond K. J. Hsia,* H. H. Hilton* (Aero. & Astro. Engr.), strength and durability for lightweight vehicles. Metal W. Walter (Army Research Lab), G. Thiagarajan (NCSA) (such as aluminum) surfaces are usually chemically treated Army Raytheon IC TAM before being adhesively bonded together to form a (In cooperation with the National Center for structural component. The chemical treatment produces Supercomputing Applications) an oxide film with complicated microstructures. This [email protected] project aims at providing a mechanistic understanding of the relationship between the microstructure of the oxide The project aims at introducing high-performance film and the interfacial failure strength of adhesive joints. computing technologies into research related to the U.S. Army’s mission. Failure behavior of metal plates of Experimental Study of Brittle-to-Ductile armored vehicles under explosive loading is studied as an Transition in Cleavage Fracture example. Numerical simulations based on mechanics K. J. Hsia,* B. D. Ferney constitutive laws are performed to predict the National Science Foundation, CMS 95-22661 failure modes. [email protected]
Brittle-to-ductile transition is the result of the competition between two atomistic processes at sharp crack tips, namely, separation of atoms and generation of dislocations. An experimental technique is developed to reveal the key parameters of brittle-to-ductile transition,
* Denotes principal investigator. 4 Oscillatory Crack Propagation level, crack length, geometry, mean stress, and in Brittle Materials microstructure. The primary tool for the determination K. J. Hsia,* B. D. Ferney, M. Liu, A. Needleman of opening stress is an elastic–plastic, finite-element (Brown Univ.) simulation of fatigue-crack growth. Stress–strain behavior National Science Foundation, CMS 95-22661 in the model accounts for slip at the microlevel as well as [email protected] elastic anisotropy. Fatigue-crack growth data obtained under conditions of intermediate- and large-scale yielding, It has been observed that, by slowly lowering a glass plate including low-cycle fatigue and biaxial loading, are through a heater and into cold water, a crack may grow successfully correlated only when closure-modified along a straight path, or take an oscillatory path, or parameters are employed. branch into multiple cracks. The crack-growth patterns depend on the temperature difference between the Fatigue of Welds and Adhesive Joints heater and the cold bath and also on the dipping speed. H. Sehitoglu* (Mech. & Indus. Engr.), The mechanisms controlling the change of crack-growth F. V. Lawrence, Jr.* (Civil & Environ. Engr.), patterns are not well understood. This project combines D. F. Socie* (Mech. & Indus. Engr.), J. E. Stubbins* an experimental study and numerical simulations to (Nucl., Plasma & Radiol. Engr.), K. J. Hsia,* identify the critical processes at the crack tip that give N. Chen, H. Hsieh, S. Andrews, T. McGreevy rise to different crack-growth patterns. Fracture Control Program [email protected] Durability of Advanced Materials H. Sehitoglu* (Mech. & Indus. Engr.), Factors that control the fatigue behavior of welded F. V. Lawrence, Jr.* (Civil & Environ. Engr.), components are currently being studied. Analytical D. F. Socie* (Mech. & Indus. Engr.), J. E. Stubbins* methods for estimating the total fatigue life of butt and (Nucl., Plasma & Radiol. Engr.), K. J. Hsia,* fillet welds subjected to variable-amplitude loading N. Chen, H. Hsieh, S. Andrews, T. McGreevy histories are evaluated. Surface treatments, such as shot Fracture Control Program peening and laser dressing of the weld toe, are investigated [email protected] as possible methods for improving the fatigue strength. A new model for estimating the fatigue life of weldments Recent developments in processing technology have has been proposed for butt, T-joint, and cruciform resulted in advanced materials with lower fabrication costs weldments using the concepts of “crack closure” for cracks and improvements in microstructural uniformity. emanating from a notch. Results compare favorably To utilize the full potential of these materials, new design with experimental data in the University of Illinois at tools have to be developed in collaboration with industry. Urbana-Champaign fatigue data bank and with Examples of such materials include metal-matrix experimental work in the literature. composites and short reinforcement fibers in epoxy matrices. The metal-matrix composites with higher elastic Life-Prediction Methods for Notched modulus, higher temperature capabilities, and lower Members under Nonproportional weight compared with their counterparts represent Multiaxial Fatigue excellent opportunities for engine, brake, and rotating H. Sehitoglu* (Mech. & Indus. Engr.), components in the ground-vehicle industry. F. V. Lawrence, Jr.* (Civil & Environ. Engr.), D. F. Socie* (Mech. & Indus. Engr.), J. E. Stubbins* Fatigue Crack Growth and Crack Closure (Nucl., Plasma & Radiol. Engr.), K. J. Hsia,* H. Sehitoglu* (Mech. & Indus. Engr.), N. Chen, H. Hsieh, S. Andrews, T. McGreevy F. V. Lawrence, Jr.* (Civil & Environ. Engr.), Fracture Control Program D. F. Socie* (Mech. & Indus. Engr.), J. E. Stubbins* [email protected] (Nucl., Plasma & Radiol. Engr.), K. J. Hsia,* N. Chen, H. Hsieh, S. Andrews, T. McGreevy To develop fatigue life-prediction methods for notched Fracture Control Program components subjected to nonproportional multiaxial [email protected] fatigue, we must relate the local stresses and strains to the global stresses and strains by some approximation The aim of this study is to develop a life-prediction procedure, such as Neuber’s rule. Experimental tests methodology for fatigue-crack growth based on the on notched shafts subjected to proportional and changes in crack-opening levels with maximum stress nonproportional loading in tension and torsion are being
5 * Denotes principal investigator. performed. The results are being used to develop and Micromechanics of Damage verify the approximation procedure. Fatigue-life estimates in Solid Propellants will then be made using an appropriate damage model P. Sofronis,* N. Aravas (Univ. of Thessaly) that is based upon observations made during the tests. DOE Center for Simulation of Advanced Rockets A life-prediction scheme will be developed from the approximation procedure and the appropriate damage A numerical simulation approach is used to understand model, and will be verified from the results of the tests. the major issues of deformation and fracture in solid propellants. The methodology of Hill for polycrystalline Probabilistic Methods aggregates is used to assess the constitutive interactions of H. Sehitoglu* (Mech. & Indus. Engr.), the propellant constituents (binder, fuel, oxidizer) by the F. V. Lawrence, Jr.* (Civil & Environ. Engr.), finite-element method. The adverse effect of tiny voids D. F. Socie* (Mech. & Indus. Engr.), J. E. Stubbins* around the crystalline oxidizer, which form during (Nucl., Plasma & Radiol. Engr.), K. J. Hsia,* fabrication or by long-term chemical reactions, is N. Chen, H. Hsieh, S. Andrews, T. McGreevy investigated. In this context, the effect of the propellant Fracture Control Program hardening rates on the localization of the material [email protected] deformation into bands of intense shear is analyzed. A central goal of this research is to devise a criterion for A comprehensive fatigue-damage model is being the onset of unstable crack advance on the basis of developed to address the following: What governs the local material damage. nucleation of a microcrack within a single grain or other suitable microstructural unit cell? What governs the Numerical Modeling of Plastic Deformation growth of this microcrack into adjacent microstructural and Fracture at a Blunt Notch in the unit cells? When does the microcrack develop enough Presence of Hydrogen plasticity to sustain its growth? These elements will be P. Sofronis,* Y. Liang combined into a model for the entire fatigue-damage Bechtel Corp. process. [email protected]
Mechanics of Powder Densification The purpose of this work is to determine fracture P. Sofronis,* R. S. Averback (Mater. Sci. & Engr.), criteria for hydrogen-enhanced cracking in nickel-base S. Subramanian superalloys. Experimental observations suggest that U.S. Department of Energy, DE-FG02-96ER45439 embrittlement in these systems results from the (In cooperation with the Materials Research Laboratory) combined action of hydrogen-enhanced decohesion at [email protected] particle–matrix interfaces and shear flow localization in the uncracked ligaments in between. The finite-element Powder densification is used to manufacture advanced method is used to calculate the stress, strain, and structural materials and the promising class of hydrogen distributions ahead of notched and cracked nanocrystalline materials. The finite-element method is geometries and around grain-boundary precipitates. used to predict the deformation of a powder under general The effects of temperature and strain-rate sensitivities are loading conditions. Scaling laws are detected for the accounted for in this project. An important aspect of this macroscopic strain rate as a function of the macroscopic research is the study of the synergy between decohesion stress in the numerical results. The mechanisms and plastic-flow localization in promoting material considered include linear and nonlinear deformation degradation in the presence of hydrogen. effects, grain-boundary and surface diffusion, and grain-boundary slip. The coupling of these mechanisms is accounted for in the models, which are tested against experimental measurements from the densification of nanophase TiO2, porous alumina, and Ti-48Al powder compacts.
* Denotes principal investigator. 6 Temperature and Hydrogen Effects and patterning. We seek to develop a fundamental on Ductile Crack Growth understanding of the residual stresses generated in the P. Sofronis,* R. H. Dodds, Jr.* (Civil & Environ. Engr.) films during patterning and the effects of these stresses on NASA NAG 8-1751 the novel oxide lift-off process, the patterned film [email protected] structure, the electromechanical properties of the films, and the overall reliability of the device. Crack-propagation processes are investigated in high-performance metallic components in engines that Characterization of Active Materials operate in highly demanding environments (such as for Microactuators and Sensors hydrogen steam). Crack growth is modeled by using N. R. Sottos,* L. Lian finite-element techniques that account for the temperature National Science Foundation, CMS 95-32038 and hydrogen effects on void growth and interactions in [email protected] the neighborhood of a notch. An essential part of this research involves the development of a thermodynamic As active materials are developed on smaller and smaller model to describe the contribution of the plastic scales for the next generation of smart materials deformation to the fracture energy as a function of the systems, and as the applications of these materials in impurity content. The main goal is to devise a criterion micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) require finer that allows a crack-growth numerical model having fully resolutions, the need to understand and predict material predictive capabilities to be developed. response becomes critical. An extensive experimental investigation is carried out to characterize the response of The Mechanics of Hydrogen Embrittlement active materials in the form of thin films, fibers, and P. Sofronis,* H. K. Birnbaum (Mater. Sci. & Engr.), particulates embedded in a passive matrix or deposited on Y. Liang, N. Aravas (Univ. of Thessaly) a substrate. Experimental data will be used to evaluate U.S. Department of Energy, DE-FG02-96ER45439 models reported in the literature for their ability to predict (In cooperation with the Materials Research Laboratory) the response of active materials and provide guidelines for [email protected] the development of improved models when necessary.
Hydrogen embrittlement is a severe environmental type Determination of Thin-Film Interfacial of failure and the mechanisms involved are not well Properties of Laser-Generated Stress Waves understood. Recent numerical results on the effect of N. R. Sottos,* R. L. Weaver,* J. Wang hydrogen on dislocation–defect interactions are used to University of Illinois study the hydrogen-induced localization of plastic [email protected] deformation into bands of intense shear and the hydrogen effect on crack tip blunting. In hydride-forming systems, Thin films are crucial components in a wide range of the finite-element method is used to predict the size of the multilayer microelectronic and optical devices. The size hydrides accommodated by plastic deformation in the scales and dissimilar nature of the constituents present neighborhood of a crack tip. The results are used to challenges in regard to thermomechanical integrity and establish criteria for the onset of crack propagation in reliability. We are investigating the feasibility of using engineering materials in the presence of hydrogen. laser-generated shear waves to probe the interfacial strength of several types of thin film (polyimide, copper, Additive Patterning of Integrated aluminum, and silicon). A shear wave is generated by an Functional Materials on a Chip Nd:YAG laser with amplitude large enough to induce N. R. Sottos,* D. A. Payne* (Mater. Sci. & Engr.) failure of the film interface from a silicon substrate. National Science Foundation CMS 00-88206 The magnitude of the resulting shear stress is calculated [email protected] from high-speed interferometric displacement measurements. A novel, additive method of patterning is investigated that enables integration of thin-film electroceramics on a chip, rather than as a discrete component added into the circuit and system. In this soft lithographic method, substrate surfaces are selectively functionalized by self-assembled monolayers through micro-contact printing, and manipulation of surface forces leads to subsequent lift-off
7 * Denotes principal investigator. Dimensional Stability of Woven Glass/Epoxy matrix. A crack approaches the microcapsule and ruptures Laminates for Circuit-Board Applications it, releasing the encapsulated repair agent. After a N. R. Sottos,* P. Shrotriya sufficient period of time, the crack faces are bonded Motorola Labs, Motorola Advanced Technology Center together and the repair process is complete. Two levels of [email protected] experiment are carried out to assess the self-repair process: micromechanical controlled-crack-propagation Micromechanical structure–property relationships experiments to observe rupture of the microspheres, are developed for woven glass/epoxy laminates for and macroscale impact and fatigue tests. circuit-board applications. Residual stresses and warpage of the laminates caused by processing and thermal cycling Mechanical Ignition of Condensed-Phase are investigated as a function of the microstructure of the Energetic Materials woven material. In particular, the effects of the number D. S. Stewart* of threads, crimp, and the amount of twist are studied. USAF Research Laboratory Armament Directorate, The influence of the two-dimensional nature of the weave Eglin AFB, F08630-95-1-0004; U.S. Air Force Office on the deformation behavior is also investigated. of Scientific Research Overall optimization of the microstructure for [email protected] dimensionally stable structures is desired. An effort continues to model the mechanical ignition of a Interfacial Design of Composites condensed-phase energetic material that is subjected to for Improved Damage Tolerance mild impact. The explosive crystal HMX has been the N. R. Sottos,* T. J. Mackin (Mech. & Indus. Engr.) initial focus. A complete continuum, thermomechanical U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, model of HMX has been formulated that models the F4962-98-1-0084 phase changes from solid to liquid to vapor to reacted [email protected] products. The new model is being applied to hot-spot initiation of HMX. The relationship between interfacial properties and damage tolerance in high-temperature composites is Laser-Generated Stress Waves for investigated. A range of micro- and macro-level Determination of Thin-Film Interfacial experimental techniques are utilized to characterize local Properties damage and stress concentrations in a composite and to R. L. Weaver,* N. R. Sottos,* J. Wang correlate the damage with interfacial properties. National Science Foundation CMS 99-88127 Model composite systems with controlled changes in the [email protected] interfacial properties are used to elucidate the relationships between micromechanical properties and damage We investigate, both theoretically and experimentally, the tolerance. The research should result in a detailed generation of high-amplitude compression waves due to picture of damage evolution based upon micromechanical the sudden deposition of heat from a YAG laser pulse in a models that rationalize the evolution of damage in terms thin metallic film between two solids. The resulting of interfacial properties and relate the evolution of pulse, with a duration of 10 nsec, and a strain amplitude damage to the macroscopic stress redistribution. of the order of 1%, is measured using laser interferometry. Particular issues of concern include the effects of Self-Repair in Polymer Matrix nonlinearity in the wave propagation and the Composite Materials corresponding development of shocks, and mode N. R. Sottos,* S. R. White,* P. H. Geubelle conversion at oblique interfaces with consequent (Aero. & Astro. Engr.), J. S. Moore (Chem.), E. N. Brown generation of high-amplitude shear waves. University of Illinois; U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific It is anticipated that each of these effects will be Research important in ultimate application to the testing, by [email protected], [email protected] high-speed stress loading, of thin-film coatings.
We are investigating the feasibility of developing a smart polymer-matrix composite that has the ability to self- repair internal cracks. The main concept being pursued is a crack-filling technique in which a crosslinking agent is stored in tiny microcapsules embedded in a polyester
* Denotes principal investigator. 8 Health Maintenance of Composite Materials conventional Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes S. R. White,* M. R. Kessler, N. R. Sottos, P. H. Geubelle simulations has been observed by the industry to be less (Aero. & Astro. Engr.), J. S. Moore (Chem.) than adequate in accurately accounting for the large-scale Campus Critical Research Initiative Program; U.S. Air Force dynamics and their effect on stirring and mixing. Office of Scientific Research This project seeks to develop a novel predictive [email protected] methodology that combines the power of large-eddy simulation and particle-image velocimetry. Health maintenance refers to the development of active materials that possess self-assessment capability Phase-Field Elasticity as Applied to (determining their state of health) and are able to Phase Transitions and Fracture self-repair. Just as radioactive tracers are used in medical E. Fried,* M. E. Gurtin (Carnegie Mellon Univ.) diagnostics, magnetostrictive tags are used to locate U.S. Department of Energy, 96-DOE-F-1682 damage in a composite material. Should damage occur, [email protected] self-repair is accomplished in an autonomic fashion by release and/or transformation of other phases that are This project focuses on the development of phase-field incorporated into the composite material in the form models that regularize conventional theories for solid-state of microcapsules. phase transitions and dynamical fracture along with associated numerical methods. The goal is to apply these models to study nucleation and the development of fine Computational Mechanics structure during phase transitions and also to the initiation, branching, splitting, crossing, and coalescence of cracks during dynamical fracture processes. Simulation of Mantle Convection S. Balachandar,* D. A. Yuen* (Minnesota Adaptive Meshing for Discontinuous Supercomputer Institute) Galerkin Finite Elements National Science Foundation, DMS 96-22889; Minnesota R. B. Haber,* H. Edelsbrunner* (Duke Univ.), Supercomputer Institute; U.S. Army High-Performance D. R. Grayson* (Mathematics), S. Teng* (Comput. Sci.), Computing and Research Center J. M. Sullivan* (Mathematics), C. Heeren, A. Sheffer, [email protected] A. Ungor NSF/DARPA Center for Process Simulation and Design; The strongly chaotic convective flow in the Earth’s mantle DOE Center for Simulation of Advanced Rockets is evident through its surface manifestations of mountain [email protected] formation, continental break-up, and volcanic activity. Here we model mantle convection with an anelastic-liquid This project supports numerical research in both the approximation, which accounts for depth-dependent Center for Process Simulation and Design and the Center thermodynamic and transport properties. Internal heat for Simulation of Advanced Rockets. The objective is to generation and multiple phase transitions are included in develop algorithms for mesh generation and adaptive this formalism. The resulting complex variable-coefficient refinement that are responsive to the special requirements PDEs are solved efficiently using spectral-method of discontinuous Galerkin (DG) finite-element methods techniques. Massively parallel computing and large-scale as applied to problems with moving boundaries and graphics are an integral part of this ongoing program. evolving topologies. Specific topics include mesh- generation algorithms for four-dimensional space–time Simulation of Turbulent Mixing grids, an object-oriented geometry library for adaptive in Stirred-Tank Reactors DG methods, a new theorem for edge-wise subdivision of S. Balachandar,* R. J. Adrian,* K. Kar, H. S. Yoon n-simplices, and new algorithms for adapting hexahedral Dow Chemical Co. grids to evolving geometry. [email protected]
Stirred-tank reactors are commonly used in the chemical industry for mixing and chemical reaction. Their design and scale-up processes typically rely heavily on a series of expensive laboratory-scale experiments and pilot plants. On the other hand, the predictive capability of
9 * Denotes principal investigator. Center for Process Simulation and Design Parallel Implementations of Discontinuous R. B. Haber,* D. A. Padua* (Comput. Sci.), Galerkin Finite-Element Methods J. M. Sullivan* (Mathematics), J. A. Dantzig R. B. Haber,* M. T. Heath* (Comput. Sci.), (Mech. & Indus. Engr.), H. Edelsbrunner (Duke Univ.), L. Kale* (Comput. Sci.), D. A. Padua* (Comput. Sci.), D. R. Grayson (Mathematics), M. T. Heath (Comput. D. A. Tortorelli* (Mech. & Indus. Engr.), N. Sobh Sci.), R. L. Jerrard (Mathematics), L. Kale (Comput. Sci.), NSF/DARPA Center for Process Simulation and Design; S. Teng (Comput. Sci.), D. A. Tortorelli (Mech. & DOE Center for Simulation of Advanced Rockets Indus. Engr.) [email protected] National Science Foundation, DMS 98-73945; Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency This project supports numerical research in both the [email protected] Center for Process Simulation and Design and the Center for Simulation of Advanced Rockets. The objective is to This research initiative establishes new collaborations develop parallel algorithms for discontinuous Galerkin among mathematicians, engineers, and computer scientists (DG) finite-element methods for hyperbolic, parabolic, to enable multiscale simulations of the complex nonlinear and elliptic boundary-value problems. Both a shared- behavior that underlies process and product design. memory technique and an adaptive distributed-memory Specifically, the investigators model the microstructural algorithm using data-driven objects are under development associated with dentritic growth in casting investigation. Excellent speed-ups have been obtained for processes and with the evolution of texture and element-by-element solutions of DG approximations to grain-boundary precipitates in extrusion and quench hyperbolic problems. Researchers are also investigating processes. Methods include anisotropic error estimates new preconditioners for iterative solvers that exploit the that drive “smart” mesh generators and adaptive finite- special structure of DG methods. element procedures, gridless level-set methods, space–time finite-element models, parallel solution techniques, Space–Time Finite Elements for and nonlinear programming strategies. JAVA-based Solid–Combustion–Fluid Interaction programming environments as well as compile-time and in Solid-Fuel Rocket Engines run-time code optimizers are used to produce portable, R. B. Haber,* R. D. Moser,* D. A. Tortorelli* high-performance parallel codes. (Mech. & Indus. Engr.), N. Sobh, A. Acharaya, J. Palaniappan, L. Yin Combustion-driven Fracture and Debonding DOE Center for Simulation of Advanced Rockets R. B. Haber,* D. A. Tortorelli* (Mech. & Indus. Engr.), [email protected] L. Yin DOE Center for Simulation of Advanced Rockets This project addresses the problem of interfacing [email protected] solid-mechanics simulations of propellant and casing structures with simulations of combustion and turbulent The focus of this project is on mesoscale (pertaining to flow. Space–time discontinuous Galerkin (DG) finite- length scales associated with the propellant grain element models are under development to represent structure) simulations of fracture and debonding in time-varying material domains (due to combustion) and solid-fuel engines. Simulations will be based on cohesive to support time-dependent mesh adaptation. A new fracture models implemented in a space–time element-by-element DG method for elastodynamics, with discontinuous Galerkin finite-element code. Large-scale, breakthrough efficiency and local conservation properties, parallel computing methods will be developed to enable has been demonstrated. Proper treatment of the jump three-dimensional fracture simulations. Existing cohesive conditions that arise at moving material interfaces is failure models will be extended to model viscoelastic intrinsic to the method. Extensions of the method to fracture and debonding processes observed in solid-fuel compressible flow, as well as adaptive and parallel engines. The long-term objective is to simulate crack implementations, are under investigation. growth and debonding driven by an active combustion process.
* Denotes principal investigator. 10 Process Modeling and Optimization for the detonation (all at a rate of 100 Hz). Currently we are Crashworthiness of Extruded Aluminum simulating this complex process numerically in order to Components develop simplified models of the PDE operation. R. B. Haber;* D. A. Tortorelli* (Mech. & Indus. Engr.), N. Sobh, J. Huang, C. Wang, L. Yin; R. W. Hyland, Computational Tools for Detonation Jr., L. Lalli, P. Wang (Alcoa) Shock Dynamics National Science Foundation, DMI-9700460; Alcoa Corp. D. S. Stewart,* S. Yoo [email protected] USAF Research Laboratory, Armament Directorate, Eglin AFB The objective of this project is to improve the [email protected] crashworthiness of extruded-aluminum automotive components by simultaneously optimizing process and A new effort has been started to develop engineering tools product designs. Researchers at the University of Illinois for design of high-energy-density systems. A user-friendly at Urbana-Champaign are developing macroscopic tool has been constructed that generates normal simulations of extrusion and quench processes with detonation, velocity, and curvature relations for a embedded-microstructure-evolution models. These prescribed equation of state and rate law. A new code predict precipitate evolution, crystallographic texture, and has been built that uses “fast tube” level-set methods to residual stress. Discontinuous Galerkin finite-element advance a detonation shock in an arbitrary geometry. models accommodate large-scale microstructure models with thousands of degrees of freedom per material point. Motion of the Propellant Nonlinear programming methods optimize process Combustion Interface parameters and tool geometry to achieve D. S. Stewart* improved performance. DOE Center for Simulation of Advanced Rockets [email protected] Direct Numerical Simulation of 2-D Cellular Detonation Waves A model for the motion of the propellant combustion M. Short* interface inside a solid-rocket motor is being developed. U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, The initial model will be based on the propagation of a F49620-96-1-0260 normal surface; hence the combustion layer will be [email protected] modeled as a surface of discontinuity. A systematic study is being carried out to determine the dependence of Using modern finite-volume techniques and adaptive temperature-dependent state properties on the structure mesh-refinement methods, we seek to simulate the of the solid-propellant flame. formation of cellular detonations in very wide rectangular channels. Several different finite-volume methods are Program-Burn and Level-Set Technology being investigated to determine those that best overcome D. S. Stewart,* J. Bdzil (LANL) the many numerical irregularities associated with the Los Alamos National Laboratory, DOE/LANL I2933-0019 computation of high-speed flow. We are also seeking [email protected] efficient methods for including complex chemical reactions in the detonation flow. We approximate detonation flows with finite-length reaction zones behind a shock with a single discontinuous Pulsed-Detonation Engines front. A numerical algorithm called program burn (PB) M. Short* captures end states that are consistent with those found U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, from the theory of detonation shock dynamics AF MS 1313 Antic (the asymptotic theory for weak detonation shock [email protected] curvature). A new study of detonation diffraction and extinction near explosive confinement is being carried The pulsed-detonation engine (PDE) is a novel type of out to extend the PB methodology. propulsion mechanism for hypersonic flight. The operating principle relies on igniting a detonation at one end of a tube (engine), generating thrust; allowing the detonation to pass out of the tube; evacuating the exhaust material; and refilling the engine with fuel and reigniting
11 * Denotes principal investigator. density fluctuations and energy transport as one Dynamics, Vibrations, approaches the Anderson localization transition. and Waves Thermal, Magnetic, and Mechanical Modulations of Ultrasonic Diffuse Fields Acoustic-Emission Wave Propagation R. L. Weaver,* O. I. Lobkis in Plates: The Inverse Source Problem National Science Foundation,DSC-9988645 R. L. Weaver,* N. L. Wolff [email protected] Petroleum Environmental Research Forum [email protected] We explore methods for ultrasonic materials characterization by investigating the dependence of diffuse We are developing algorithms for extracting source ultrasonic signals on variations of temperature, magnetic distance and type from acoustic-emission waveforms in field, and stress. The coefficients of ultrasonic dependence plates. This study focuses on transient point sources on temperature and magnetic field also depend on stress. (step forces and double forces corresponding to sources Thus measurements of ultrasonic dependence on that are smaller than a wavelength in spatial extent) in temperature and magnetic fields should allow inference of plates at distances large compared with the plate thickness stress. Ultrasonic dependence of stress is greatest when and at frequencies up through several of the thickness caused by opening and closing of microcracks. In this resonances. We determine how best to analyze the project, the variations of diffuse fields as a specimen is resulting waveforms to reveal the character, orientation, subjected to quasi-static strains, thermal fields, and and position of the source. magnetic fields are measured. The presence of fatigue cracks and contained stress should be inferable. Diffuse Ultrasonics and Materials Characterization Vibration Measurements of Rail Stress R. L. Weaver,* O. I. Lobkis, I. Rozhkov R. L. Weaver,* V. Damljanovic National Science Foundation, CMS 97-01142 Association of American Railroads [email protected] [email protected]
The diffuse ultrasonics of polycrystalline materials is We are developing and designing methods for measuring studied with a view toward ultimate applications in robust longitudinal stress in rails. Rail stress leads to broken and ultrasonic characterization of microstructures and flaw buckled rails, and consequent service delays and detection in the midst of grain noise. The main focus is derailments. The effect of longitudinal stress on the free on the validation of ultrasonic radiative transfer vibrations of beams is well understood: compressive forces formulations of multiple diffuse scattering in polycrystals. decrease the flexural frequencies and tensile stresses Of particular interest is the transition from the simple increase the frequencies. Past efforts attempting to use single-scattering limit model used by many, through the this dependence for measurements of stress in railroad complicated regime in which typical rays have scattered a rails have failed due to an inability to control, or measure few times, to the once again simple diffusion limit in adequately, other influences. Here we investigate two new which typical rays have scattered many times. Theoretical methods that should have minimal sensitivity to these and numerical work is complemented by experimental other influences. work done elsewhere.
Diffuse Ultrasonics in Strongly Scattering Media R. L. Weaver,* O. I. Lobkis National Science Foundation, CMS 97-01142 [email protected]
Ultrasound in materials with extremely strong scattering microstructures, with mean free paths of the order of wavelengths, is studied. Examples include solid foams, slurries, and polycrystalline aggregates of crystallites of strong anisotropy. The particular focus is on energy-
* Denotes principal investigator. 12 fuel and ash particles is an important input to the global Mechanics of Fluids simulation codes being constructed within the Center for Simulation of Advanced Rockets (CSAR). This research is Microscale Fluidic Transport and Mixing one element of a broader thrust within R. J. Adrian,* A. Agarwal the particle group of CSAR. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, FRL F33615-98-1-2853 Fluid Mixing in Microfluidic Channels for MEMS Biomolecular Systems Flow of particle suspensions in microcapillaries having H. Aref,* M. A. Stremler (Vanderbilt Univ.) diameters that approach the size of the particles is being Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, characterized. Mechanisms by which microcapillaries are AFRL F33615-98-1-2853 clogged by assembly of the particles are being explained and studied parametrically. Mixing in microchannels for use in MEMS-based biodetector systems is being studied analytically and Structure of Large-Scale computationally. The computations utilize a commercial Turbulence in Wall Layers code package CFD-ACE+ developed by CFD Research R. J. Adrian,* S. E. Hommema, K. T. Christensen Corporation in Huntsville, Ala. The main idea being National Science Foundation, ATM 95-22662 explored is to achieve mixing by using chaotic advection [email protected] in a channel of sufficiently complex geometry. The investigations are coupled with several others being The structured turbulent eddies in boundary layers and performed by a team at the University of Illinois, Stanford pipe flow are being studied experimentally. Hairpins are University, and University of Wisconsin. We are also found to occur in packets that create low-momentum exploring electroosmotic flow in microchannels and how regions of great streamwise extent. Visualization to produce secondary flows that can enhance mixing. experiments in the very high Reynolds-number condition of the atmospheric boundary layer demonstrate the Fluid Physics of Foam Evolution and Flow occurrence of the same mechanism. H. Aref,* S. T. Thoroddsen, J. M. Sullivan (Mathematics) National Aeronautics and Space Administration Vortex Packets in Turbulent Boundary Microgravity Research Division, NAG3-2122 Layers with Roughness [email protected] R. J. Adrian,* S. Balachandar U.S. Office of Naval Research, N00014-99-1-0188 Foam evolution and foam flow are being studied through [email protected] a series of numerical and laboratory experiments. On the numerical side, the main thrust of the research is Vortex packets formed by roughness elements bear to extend current algorithms to more complex foam similarity to those that form on smooth surfaces. evolution and to establish the numerical technology to They constitute an important mechanism for transport of explore three-dimensional foams at the same level of detail momentum in either case. The formation, evolution, and as is possible today for two-dimensional foams. interaction of packets are being studied by numerical Foam experiments use new, developing optical techniques simulation and experimental measurements of the velocity to study the three-dimensional structure of the foam. fields using particle-image velocimetry. As the techniques are refined, the experiments will be extended to include studies of dynamically evolving foam. Coagulation and Fragmentation of Aluminum Particles and Ash in Rocket-Fuel Combustion Integrated Multizonal Approach H. Aref,* S. Balachandar, D. O. Pushkin to Multiscale Problems DOE Center for Simulation of Advanced Rockets S. Balachandar,* R. J. Adrian,* R. Raju [email protected] NSF CTS 99-10593 [email protected], [email protected] We are studying equations describing coagulation and fragmentation phenomena with a view to applying the Complex turbulent flows often contain zones results to the aluminum particles used in solid-rocket fuels characterized by length scales that are too small to be and the ash particles produced once these particles have resolved computationally. A new generation of predictive burned. Modeling of the size and mass distribution of methods is being developed in which different techniques,
13 * Denotes principal investigator. both experimental and computational, can be used to concentration, and local flow gradient, will be describe behavior in the different zones. Generalized investigated. A low-Reynolds-number assumption will be data-facing allows seamless matching of the flow physics made to evaluate flow within the droplet; surface-tension across the various zones. effects of temperature and concentration gradient within the droplet can also be accounted for in this study. Large-Eddy Simulation of Wake Flows The effect of radiative heat transfer on droplet S. Balachandar,* J. W. Wu temperature distribution and hence on combustion rate U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research; National will also be included in the analysis. The present Science Foundation, CTS 96-16219 investigation will begin with simple semiempirical [email protected] chemistry.
One concept that looks particularly promising in the Vortex Shedding and Heat-Transfer simulation of turbulent flows is large-eddy simulation Enhancement (LES). However, LES is not yet a reliable predictive tool, S. Balachandar,* S. J. Parker because there are several limiting factors that still remain NASA Langley Research Center, NAG 1-1583 to be addressed. There is a concentrated effort within the [email protected] Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Department directed toward the development of optimal formulations of LES Recent research has shown that vortex shedding off fins using stochastic and dynamical-systems concepts that can play an important role in heat-transfer enhancement. address these issues. Within this larger effort, we will We plan to pursue this idea and address three areas: why perform a very large-scale direct numerical simulation compact vortices form at the leading edges of the fin and (DNS) of flow over a circular cylinder at a Reynolds travel down the fin surface, while such a mechanism is number on the order of 3000. The DNS results will be apparently absent in the case of louvers; how to promote used to guide the development of LES filters and models. vortex shedding in louvered fins; and how fin length, width, pitch, and angle influence vortex shedding. Particle Dispersion in Large-Eddy Simulation S. Balachandar,* J. Ferry Segregation during Flows of Granular Media DOE Center for Advanced Rocket Simulation E. Fried* [email protected] University of Illinois [email protected] A next-generation large-eddy simulation (LES) formulation will be used to evaluate the deterministic Applications in which granular media are encountered predictability of advection and dispersion of droplets and occur in many industries, including those that involve the particles. Existing subgrid-scale advection and dispersion processing of minerals, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and models will be tested for their performance. foodstuffs. Quite often the media encountered in such Corresponding direct numerical simulations will be settings are heterogeneous mixtures composed of particles performed to guide development of improved subgrid that differ in size, shape, and other characteristics. models. Particular attention will be paid to the Segregation by particle type commonly occurs during development of accurate methodologies for tracking flows of such mixtures, with the influence of particle size particle-size and number-density spectra within the believed to be the most significant. Whereas segregation context of LES. Efficient Eulerian techniques for is essential and desirable in mineral processing, it is highly two-phase flows in the limit of small particle sizes will be undesirable in chemical and pharmaceutical processing, developed and compared with accurate Lagrangian results. where the goal is to achieve uniform mixing. The aim of this research is to increase our understanding of the Simulation of Aluminum Droplet Combustion coupled influences exerted by diffusion and convection S. Balachandar,* P. Bagchi during segregation by particle size. DOE Center for Simulation of Advanced Rockets [email protected]
Detailed 3-D microsimulations of aluminum droplet combustion will be performed. Effects of droplet Reynolds number and critical parameters describing the surrounding medium, such as temperature, species
* Denotes principal investigator. 14 A New Approach to the Large-Eddy interesting challenges to turbulence simulation, including Simulation of Turbulence large transpiration, combustion, large temperature and R. D. Moser,* S. Balachandar, R. J. Adrian, A. Das, density variations, and burning particles. These J. W. Wu, K. T. Christensen complications will be treated using the optimum LES National Science Foundation, CTS 00-01435; U.S. Air modeling technique based on stochastic estimation. Force Office of Scientific Research, F49620-01-1-0181 [email protected] Convection during Alloy Solidification D. N. Riahi,* B. S. Okhuysen Large-eddy simulation (LES) is a promising technique for University of Illinois; Los Alamos National Laboratory turbulence prediction in which the largest, most energetic turbulent eddies are simulated while the effects of Nonlinear convection during alloy solidification in a smaller-scale turbulence is modeled. New techniques for normal or high-gravity binary-alloy melt is investigated. performing such simulations are being developed based on Emphasis is given to examination of the mushy layer near the formalism of stochastic estimation and on concepts the solidification front. Finite-amplitude effects are from chaotic dynamical systems. In this new approach, it studied under certain controlling processes by analytical is possible to optimize both the subgrid model and the and computational techniques. The models include the filtering operation by which the large scales are defined. basic physical conditions that are of interest in the field of Further, one can determine how accurate an LES can be. materials processing. This new approach should allow LES to fulfill its great promise as an accurate and reliable engineering Mathematical Theories and prediction tool. Modeling for Turbulence D. N. Riahi* Modeling Compressibility University of Illinois Effects in Turbulence [email protected] R. D. Moser,* S. G. Borodai, W. Y. Kwok University of Illinois Mathematical theories and modeling techniques are being [email protected] developed for nonhomogeneous turbulence. The goal is to develop reliable and rational turbulence models that Most fundamental work in the modeling of turbulence can be used for large-eddy simulations of complex has been done for incompressible turbulence. In this nonhomogeneous turbulence problems. research, we extend these incompressible models to the compressible case using low-Mach-number asymptotics. Microgravity Thermocapillary Effects Such approximations can be valid even in quite large D. N. Riahi* Mach-number flows because the turbulence in these flows University of Illinois is generally at much lower Mach numbers. Thus, an [email protected] approximation valid to very large Mach numbers can be obtained. The validity of the analysis is being confirmed Here we investigate thermocapillary effects in a by appeal to direct numerical simulations of compressible microgravity environment, by considering first turbulent flows. This asymptotic analysis will be used to thermocapillary convection during alloy solidification develop a rational technique for applying ideas from under an external constraint due to rotation about an incompressible turbulence modeling to inclined axis and in a microgravity space environment. compressible flows. Both theoretical and numerical methods are used to determine optimum rotational conditions under which Turbulence Simulation for undesirable effects of thermocapillarity are minimized. Solid-Rocket Applications R. D. Moser,* R. J. Adrian, S. Balachandar, Nonlinear Thermal Convection with P. Venugopal, F. Najjar, Z. Deng Variable Gravity and Properties DOE Center for Simulation of Advanced Rockets D. N. Riahi,* A. Hsui* (Geology), F. Dong [email protected] University of Illinois, San Diego Center for Supercomputing [email protected] New large-eddy simulation (LES) model and simulation techniques are being developed for use in the simulation Computational and theoretical investigations of nonlinear of solid-rocket motors. Solid-rocket flows present thermal convection with variable gravity and properties
15 * Denotes principal investigator. are carried out to determine the effects of variable gravity Ignition of Solid Propellant in Rocket Motors and/or variable fluid properties on various flow features, M. Short* such as flow structure, heat flux, and nonlinear properties. DOE Center for Simulation of Advanced Rockets These studies are important for engineering and [email protected] geophysical applications. Presently investigations are restricted to planar layers but will be extended later to This project is concerned with describing the complex spherical geometries. multidimensional ignition dynamics of the solid propellant found in a rocket motor, such as the solid Surface-Corrugation Effects on rocket booster on the Space Shuttle. We are deriving a Shear-Flow Instabilities fluid model that contains all the essential physical D. N. Riahi,* S. Yoo dynamics of the ignition process, including University of Illinois; National Center for solid-to-gas phase transitions, nonuniform surface Supercomputing Applications pyrolysis, and chemical reaction. The effectiveness of [email protected] various ignition mechanisms is also being calculated.
The effects of a moving surface corrugation of arbitrary Color Visualization in a Taylor–Couette shape on shear flow structures and instabilities are studied Device Using Reflective Flakes by analytical and computational methods. Certain S. T. Thoroddsen* conditions are determined under which the preferred flow University of Illinois structure is controlled and the flow stability is enhanced by the surface-corrugation effects. We present a novel flow-visualization technique utilizing reflective flakes in combination with color illumination. Thermochemical Convection Three differently colored collimated light beams are used with Crystallization to illuminate the flow, each color being directed from a D. N. Riahi,* A. Hsui* (Geology) separate direction. In this way, the color of the light University of Illinois reflected from the flakes gives an indication of the local [email protected] orientation of the stream surfaces, along which the flakes tend to align. In complex flow fields, the distribution of This project involves thermochemical convection in a flakes is invariably rearranged by the motion, thus making melt during crystallization, which is of interest in both the local intensity of reflection depend on both engineering and geological applications. Engineering orientation and flake concentration. The color, however, applications include casting and crystal growth, while is immune to the local number-density of flakes inside the geological applications include magma chamber formation flow, making quantitative information possible. and partial freezing of the Earth’s inner core boundary. This technique is demonstrated by visualizing the finer Presently a stability analysis of particular crystallization details of the modulated wavy Taylor vortices in a models is found to be valuable for understanding certain Taylor–Couette device. features in some applications. Drop Impacts Direct Initiation of Detonation in a S. T. Thoroddsen* Nonuniform Reactive Atmosphere University of Illinois M. Short* University of Illinois The impact of liquid drops onto fluid layers is of [email protected] importance in a number of diverse topics, such as erosion due to rain, mixing of nutrients in the surface layers of This project is concerned with obtaining a complete lakes, generation of secondary droplets during combustion description for the initiation of a detonation in a in enclosed chambers, spray-coating, and cooling. Here multidimensional nonuniformly perturbed reactive fluid. we use high-speed video imaging to investigate the details Various forms of initial hydrodynamic perturbations in of the impact process. We are focusing on the speed and temperature, pressure, and velocity are being considered. direction of ejected droplets, as well as the dynamics By a combination of asymptotic and numerical methods, associated with the initial contact. we aim to describe the role that each nonuniformity, which typically acts to induce nonuniform compression and expansion flow rates in the fluid, has on influencing the dynamics of detonation initiation.
* Denotes principal investigator. 16 Two-Phase Flow in a Hele-Shaw Cell response of nematic optical elastomers under biaxial S. T. Thoroddsen,* E. N. Tan loading conditions. University of Illinois Compressed Thin-Film Diaphragms The gravity-driven flow of a bubbly liquid between two G. Gioia,* A. M. Cuitiño (Rutgers University) closely spaced glass plates is studied. Multiple video National Science Foundation CMS-9820823 cameras are used to follow the motion of thousands of [email protected] bubbles and their interactions. The effective forces of buoyancy, viscosity, surface tension, and inertia depend This project involves experimental, theoretical, and strongly on bubble size. This dependence leads to the computational research into the mechanics of segregation of the different bubble sizes. anisotropically compressed thin-film diaphragms. We have carried out experiments showing that in lieu of the well-behaved folding patterns that are obtained in the Mechanics of Solids isotropic case, the anisotropic case leads to microstructures, that is, fine folding patterns that lack a length scale associated with the boundary conditions. On the Domain of Validity of We have clarified this behavior by means of theoretical Linearized Elasticity work, proving that the observed microstructures are D. E. Carlson* traceable to the spinodal structure of the underlying University of Illinois energy function. We have also estimated the regularizing [email protected] effect of bending and verified conclusions both computationally and experimentally. It is widely recognized that the validity of the linearized theory of elasticity rests on the assumption that the Shear-Pin Load Cell Analysis deformation be “small” in some appropriate sense. J. W. Phillips,* B. E. Soltz Careful elasticians know that the basic equations of the Caterpillar; National Center for Supercomputing linearized theory are implied by the nonlinear theory Applications under the assumption that the displacement gradient be [email protected] small. Here, we note that justification of the substitution of the linearized constitutive equation into the stress Shear pins are often used as load cells in cranes, tractors, equations of motion or equilibrium requires that the and other heavy equipment to monitor payloads and other nondimensionalized second gradient of the displacement structural loading. Shear pins require calibration in order also be small. We show by example that the resulting to be useful, but some recent results indicate that there is limitation on the domain of validity of the linearized some discrepancy between lab calibrations and field test theory can be severe. results. We are attempting to identify the sources of disagreement and provide guidelines for proper Nematic Optical Elastomers calibration. E. Fried,* D. E. Carlson, R. D. James (Univ. of Minnesota) A Generalized Formulation of National Science Foundation, CMS 96-10286 Linearized Elastodynamics [email protected], [email protected] D. A. Tortorelli,* D. E. Carlson University of Illinois Optical elastomers are a novel class of materials formed by [email protected], [email protected] the cross-linking of polymeric liquid crystals. These materials possess properties of both scientific and The conventional theory of linearized elastodynamics technological importance, with observed phenomena addresses the case of motions that have small displacement including stress-induced optical switching, stress-induced gradients with respect to a reference configuration of the shifts in phase-transition temperatures, piezoelectricity, elastic body that is unstressed and at rest. Here, we spontaneous macroscopic shape changes accompanying develop a theory of much wider applicability in which the phase transitions, and nonmonotonic (or discontinuous) linearization is with respect to a reference configuration stress–strain relations. This research combines that is loaded and in rigid motion. experiment, theory, and computation with the aim of developing an understanding of the optomechanical
17 * Denotes principal investigator. On the Theory of Thermoelasticity in the Presence of Internal Constraints Dynamics, Vibrations, D. A. Tortorelli,* D. E. Carlson and Waves University of Illinois [email protected] Holland, S., T. Kosel, R. L. Weaver, and W. Sachse. Generally, in internally constrained nonlinear Determination of plate source–detector separation from thermoelasticity, it is hypothesized that the dependent one signal. Ultrasonics, 38, 620-623 (2000). fields are given by constitutive functions of appropriate independent fields to within indeterminate reaction fields. Lobkis, O. I. and R. L. Weaver. The statistics of complex The assumption that the reactions do not contribute to modes of a reverberant dissipative elastic body. J. Acoust. the rate of entropy production in processes that satisfy the Soc. Am., 108:44, 1480-1485 (2000). internal constraints leads to the form of the reactions. Here, we show that by a slight reorganization of the Lobkis, O. I., R. L. Weaver, and I. Rozhkov. Power conventional development, it is possible to infer the variances and decay curvature in a reverberant system. existence of the reaction fields (except for the one J. Sound Vibr., 237, 281-302 (2000). corresponding to the heat flux). Furthermore, the forms of the reactions are obtained, as are the usual results for Weaver, R. L. Surface wave generation by buried forces the constitutive functions. in a half space. Chin. J. Mech., 16:2, 73-79 (2000).
Weaver, R. L. and J. Burkhardt. Transport in multi- coupled Anderson localizing systems. Chaos, Soliton Journals and Books and Fractals, 231, 491-494 (2000). Weaver, R. L. and O. I. Lobkis. Anderson localization in coupled reverberation rooms. J. Sound Vibr., 231:4, Behavior of Materials 111-1134 (2000).
Weaver, R. L. and O. I. Lobkis. Enhanced backscattering da Silviera, R., S. Chaïeb, and L. Mahadevan. Rippling and modal echo of reverberant elastic waves. Phys. Rev. instability of a collapsing bubble. Science, 287, Lett., 84, 4942-4945 (2000). 1468-1471 (2000). Weaver, R. L. and O. I. Lobkis. Temperature dependence Jonnalagadda, K. D., N. R. Sottos, M. A. Qidwai, and of diffuse field phase. Ultrasonics, 38, 491-494 (2000). D. C. Lagoudas. In-situ displacement measurements and predictions of embedded SMA actuation. Smart Struct. Mater., 9, 701-710 (2000). Mechanics of Fluids Lian, L. and N. R. Sottos. Effects of thickness on the piezoelectric and dielectric properties of lead zirconate Adrian, R. J. Vortex packets and the structure of wall titanate thin films. J. Appl. Phys., 87, 3941-3949 (2000). turbulence, pp. 77-78. In Science and Art (Gyr, ed.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands (2000). Lufrano, J. and P. Sofronis. Micromechanics of hydride formation and cracking in zirconium alloys. Comput. Adrian, R. J. and S. Balachandar. Vortex packets and the Model. Eng. Sci., 1:2, 119-131 (2000). structure of wall turbulence. Rev. Mex. Fis., 48, 1-7 (2000). Stout, E. A., N. R. Sottos, and A. F. Skipor. Mechanical characterization of plastic ball grid array package flexure Adrian, R. J., C. D. Meinhart, and C. Tomkins. Vortex using moiré interferometry. IEEE Trans. Adv. Packag., 23, organization in the outer region of the turbulent 637-645 (2000). boundary layer. J. Fluid Mech., 442, 1-53 (2000). Wang, Y., G. Gioia, and A. M. Cuitino. The deformation habits of compressed open-cell solid foams. J. Eng. Mater. Technol., 122, 376 (2000).
* Denotes principal investigator. 18 Adrian, R. J., K. T. Christensen, and Z. C. Liu. On the Riahi, D. N. Boundary mode-vortex generation in analysis and interpretation of turbulent velocity fields. turbulent channel flow over a non-wavy rough wall. Exp. Fluids, 29, 275-290 (2000). Proc. Royal Soc. London, Ser. A, 457, 2643-2666 (2000).
Aref, H., T. A. Dunaeva, and V. V. Meleshko. Chaotic Riahi, D. N. Buoyancy driven flow in a rotating low advection by a blinking rotlet in a circle. Appl. Prandtl number melt during alloy solidification. Hydromech., 2:1, 3-8 (in Russian) (2000). Curr. Top. Cryst. Growth Res., 5, 151-161 (2000).
Aref, H. and D. L. Vainchtein. The equation of state Riahi, D. N. Effects of a vertical magnetic field on of a foam. Phys. Fluids, 12, 23-28 (2000). chimney convection in a mushy layer. J. Cryst. Growth, 216, 501-511 (2000). Boyland, P. L., H. Aref, and M. A. Stremler. Topological fluid mechanics of stirring. J. Fluid Mech., 403, 277-304 Riahi, D. N., ed. Flow Instability. WIT Press, United (2000). Kingdom, 256 pp. (2000).
Debnath, L. and D. N. Riahi, eds. Nonlinear Instability, Riahi, D. N. High Rayleigh number convection in a Chaos and Turbulence, Volume 2. WIT Press, rotating melt during alloy solidification. Recent Dev. Computational Mechanics Publications, Southampton, Cryst. Growth Res., 2, 211-222 (2000). United Kingdom, 45 pp. (2000). Riahi, D. N. Nonlinear thermal instability in spherical Fetterman, M. R., E. Tan, L. Ying, R. A. Stack, D. Marks, shells, pp. 377-402. In Nonlinear Instability, Chaos and S. Feller, E. Cull, J. M. Sullivan, D. Munson, Turbulence, Volume 2 (Debnath and Riahi, eds.), WIT S. T. Thoroddsen, and D. J. Brady. Tomographic Press, Computational Mechanics Publications, Southampton, imaging of foam. Opt. Express, 7, 186-197 (2000). United Kingdom (2000).
Fried, E. and S. Sellers. Microforces and the theory of Riahi, D. N. On the effects of boundary corrugations on solute transport. Z. angew. Math. Phys., 51, 732-751 convective flow. J. Theor. Appl. Mech., 29, 22-36 (2000). (2000). Sharp, K. V., K. C. Kim, and R. J. Adrian. Dissipation Guarini, S. C., R. D. Moser, K. Shariff, and A. Wray. estimation around a Rushton turbine using particle Direct numerical simulation of a supersonic turbulent image velocimetry, pp. 337-354. In Laser Techniques boundary layer at Mach 2.5. J. Fluid Mech., 414, 1-33 Applied to Fluid Mechanics (Adrian et al., eds.), Springer, (2000). Berlin, Germany (2000).
Hill, D. F., K. V. Sharp, and R. J. Adrian. Stereoscopic Thoroddsen, S. T. and K. Takehara. The coalescence- particle image velocimetry measurements of the flow cascade of a drop. Phys. Fluids, 12, 1257-1265 (2000). around a Rushton turbine. Exp. Fluids, 29, 478-485 (2000). Mechanics of Solids Keane, R. D., N. Fujisawa, and R. J. Adrian. Unsteady non-penetrative thermal convection from non-uniform surfaces. In Geophysical and Astrophysical Anderson, D. R., D. E. Carlson, and E. Fried. Convection (Fox and Kerr, eds.), Gordon and Breach, A continuum-mechanical theory for nematic elastomers. Amsterdam, Netherlands, pp. 59-84 (2000). J. Elastic., 56, 33-58 (1999, printed 2000).
Langford, J. A., S. Volker, P. Venugopal, and R. D. Moser. Chaïeb, S. and F. Melo. From creases in buckled Application of optimal LES. In Advances in Turbulence cylindrical panels to conical deflections in a buckled VII (Dopazo, ed.), CIMNE, Barcelona, Italy, 551 pp. circular plate: stress focusing versus singularities in (2000). strong deformations of a thin elastic sheet. J. Mech. Phys. Solids, 48:3, 565-579 (2000). Liu, R. H., K. V. Sharp, M. G. Olsen, M. A. Stremler, J. G. Santiago, R. J. Adrian, H. Aref, and D. J. Beebe. A passive three-dimensional C-shape helical micromixer. J. Microelectromech. Syst., 9, 190-197 (2000).
19 Papers Presented at Awards and Honors
Conferences and Ronald J. Adrian Member, National Academy of Engineering Fellow, American Physical Society Symposia Associate Fellow, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Honorary Doctorate, Technical University, Libson Mechanics of Fluids Tau Beta Pi Daniel C. Drucker Eminent Faculty Award, U of I College of Engineering, 1988 Hsui, A. T. and D. N. Riahi. Gravity in the mantle and Colwell Merit Award, Society of Automotive Engineers, its effects on mantle convection. American Geophysical 1989, 1991 Union Conf. (San Francisco, Calif., Dec. 2000) (2000). Arnold O. Beckman Research Award, U of I, 1990 Editor, Experiments in Fluids Journal, 1990- Stremler, M. A., M. G. Olsen, B. Y. Jo, R. J. Adrian, Institute of Physics Best Paper, 1995 H. Aref, and D. J. Beebe. Chaotic mixing in microfluidic Leonard C. and Mary Lou Hoeft Endowed Chair in systems. Technical Digest of the Solid-State Sensor and Engineering, U of I, 1997 Actuator Workshop, Symp. on MEMS (Hilton Head, Fellow, American Academy of Mechanics, 2000 N. C., Jun. 2000) 187-190 (2000). Nusselt-Reynolds Prize, World Congress of Heat Transfer Societies, 2000 Tomkins, C. T. and R. J. Adrian. Comparison of energetic spanwise modes in a boundary layer and Hassan Aref channel. Proc. Symp. Applications of Laser Techniques to Fellow, American Physical Society Fluid Mechanics (Lisbon, Portugal, Jul. 2000) (2000). Foreign Member, Danish Centre for Applied Mathematics and Mechanics National Science Foundation Presidential Young Investigator Award, 1985 Stanley Corrsin Lectureship, Johns Hopkins University, 1988 Theses Westinghouse Distinguished Lectureship, University of Michigan, 1991 Fellow, American Academy of Mechanics, 2000 Behavior of Materials Otto Laporte Award, 2000
S. Balachandar Nimmagadda, P. B. Study of interface slip and diffusion François N. Frenkiel Award, American Physical Society, mechanisms in the creep of metal and intermetallic 1996 matrix composites. Ph.D. thesis, P. Sofronis, adviser University Scholar, U of I, 1998 (2000). Donald E. Carlson Fellow, American Academy of Mechanics Mechanics of Fluids Editor-in-Chief, Journal of Elasticity, 1982-1998
George A. Costello, Emeritus Langford, J. A. Toward ideal large-eddy simulation. Fellow, American Society of Mechanical Engineers Ph.D. thesis, R. D. Moser, adviser (2000).
Shen, Q. A. Granular wave patterns in a horizontal rotating cylinder. Ph.D. thesis, S. T. Thoroddsen, adviser (2000).
20 Eliot Fried D. Scott Stewart National Science Foundation Mathematical Sciences Fellow, American Physical Society Postdoctoral Research Fellowship, 1992-95 Fellow, Institute of Physics National Science Foundation Research Initiation Award, Editor, SIAM Journal of Applied Mathematics, 1995- 1993 Editor, Combustion Theory and Modeling, 1999- Fellow, U of I Center for Advanced Study, 1999-2000 Richard L. Weaver Gustavo Gioia Fellow, Acoustical Society of America Career Award, National Science Foundation, 2000
Robert B. Haber Beckman Associate, U of I Center for Advanced Study, 1982 Cray University Research Affiliate, 1985-93
K. Jimmy Hsia National Science Foundation Research Initiation Award, 1992 Max-Planck Society Scholarship, 1998 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Scholarship, 1999
Robert E. Miller, Emeritus Honorary Knight of St. Pat, U of I College of Engineering, 1988 Distinguished Educator Award, American Society for Engineering Education, Mechanics Division, 1991
Robert D. Moser, Jr. Fellow, American Physical Society NASA Medal for Exceptional Scientific Achievement, 1995
James W. Phillips Experimental Techniques Award, Society for Experimental Mechanics, 1987
Petros Sofronis National Science Foundation Research Initiation Award, 1992
Nancy R. Sottos Office of Naval Research Young Investigator Award, 1992 Robert E. Miller Award for Excellence in Teaching, U of I Department of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, 1999
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