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ON Monday, July 24, the Cables Apprised Us of the Death of Sir William Ramsay, the Most Distinguished Briti~Sh Chemist O.F Our Time

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ON Monday, July 24, the Cables Apprised Us of the Death of Sir William Ramsay, the Most Distinguished Briti~Sh Chemist O.F Our Time SIR WILLIAM RAMSAY. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE. ON Monday, July 24, the cables apprised us of the death of Sir William Ramsay, the most distinguished Briti~sh chemist o.f our time. This sad news did not come as a surprise to his many friends in this country, for they knew that for several months past he had been bravely fighting against a serio.us malady. With the passing of Sir William science loses one of its most resourceful experimenters, as well as a most daring prognosticator: one of those investigators who, to use his own phrase, " angle for salmon, but do not fish for sprats." Rather than being satisfied with a sure catch of small fry, he always preferred to take his chances in fish- ing for a great prize. In some cases he may have mistaken the place where to fish, while in others, perhaps, he used the wrong fly; but, on the whole, the catches he made were of the kind that the most expert angler might well be proud of. His experimental researches in inorganic and physical chemistry extend over a wide range of subjects, although, for the most part, they proceeded from the train of reasoning that led him to the discovery of argon. He was born in Glasgow, October 2, 1852 , and received his early education in the GIasgow Academy. His training as a chemist he acquired in the Universities of Glasgow and Tfibingen, at the ,latter place under Lothar Meyer, who exerted a profound influence upon the young Scotsman's scientific reasoning and imagination. In 1872 he became assistant in technical chemistry in Anderson's College, and two years later tutorial assistant in the University of Glasgow. While occupying this position his novel and effective methods of laboratory teaching attracted the interest of British educators, and in 188o he accepted an appointment as Professor o.f Chemistry in the. University College at Bristol. Seven years later he removed to London, where he' occupied the chair of chemistry in the University College until his retirement, in 1913 , as Professor Emeritus. It was during the first twenty years of his incumbency of this chair that he made his great discoveries and published his most important books and essays. The only exception is a little labora- tory manual for beginners, entitled " Experimental Proofs of 267 268 Sill \Vtl.T~.\ar I¢.A~x~SaV. [J. F. r. Chemical Theory." which was published about 188o. The simple quantitative methods described in it were promptly and wideIy adopted both iu England and in this country, and may be said to have wrough,t a revolution in our elementary instruction in chemistry. In 1891 he lmhlished an " Elementary Systematic Chemistry," at that time a very novel and valuable treatise on the subject. But his fame as a discoverer dates from 1894 , when he joined forces with Lord Rayleigh, the distinguished physicist, in unravelling a mystery disclosed by the latter's researches on the. density of nitrogen, and demonstrating that atmospheric air con- tains the previous,ly unknown gaseous elemen,t argon. For the masterly monograph on this subject, describing the discovery and the properties of that most remarkable inert element, the two British investigators were awarded by the Smithsonian Institution the Hodgkins Prize of $~o,ooo, as the most valuable contribu- tion at that time to our knowledge of the atmosphere. The search for argon in terrestrial sources, other than atmospheric air, then led Professor Ramsay to another, and no less important, discov- ery-that of the gaseous element helium, so called because its spec- , trum had previously been observed in the photosphere of the Sun (helios). In pondering over the similarity of the characters of the two new elements and their relative atomic weights, Ramsay concluded that there must he other members of the same family in the Periodic System, and that most prohably they should also exist in the atmosphere, ha the meantime machines had been invented by Professor Linde and by Doctor Hampson for lique- fying air and other gases on a large scale hy the method of self- intensive refrigeration. Taking advantage of these inventions, Ramsay ~Iiquefied large quantities of argon and enormous masses of air, and then sttbjecting the liquids to careful fractional dis- tillation succeeded in separating from them three new gaseous elements, which he named neon, krypton, and xenon, as well as helium. A careful study of these gases by Ramsay and his co-laborers, especially Doctor Travers, established the fact that they, together with argon, constitute a family in the Periodic System of the chemical elements. Owing to the absolute chemical inertness of these gases, they have thus far found no practical uses, except in a small way, argon being employed in filling certain electric-light htflhs, and helium instead of air or hydrogen in gas thermometers. For this reason, no doubt, these most remarkable Aug.,~916.] SIR \VII,L[AM RAMSAY. 2(~) discoveries of Sir \\:illiam Ranlsay have not gained such wide- spread popularity as some of his later announcements which are less firmly established by experiment, and despite the fact that he has written a most entertaining popular account of this work in " The Gases of the Atmosphere." About the beginning of the present century the scientific world was startled by the discovery of an entirely new and most remark- able class of substances which have since come to be known as radio-active elements. They differ from the inert gases discov- ered by Ramsay by their wonderful and continuous activity in sending out rays and " emanations." But t.he fact that they, too, were obtained from pitchblende--the mineral in which Ramsay had discovered helium--and, further, that the gaseous emanations of radium were chemically inert, suggested to Sir William that these gases might belong to the argon family. So fortllwith he proceeded to procure radium compounds, and to prepare and study their gaseous emanation. The circumstance that this radium gas is obtainable only in minute amounts and constantly disintegrating made this work extremely difficult; nevertheless, Sir William and his co-workers (F. Soddy, Cameron, and others) overcame all experimental difficulties, and showed that the emanation obeys the gas laws, that it can be liquefied and solidified, and that it undergoes and causes the most remarkable chemical changes. It was conclusively ascertained by Ramsay and Soddy that the gas in disintegrating produces helium, the first recorded instance of the transformation of one chemical element into another. Although this observation was doubted in many quarters, it has since been verified by independent observers in different countries. The later researches of Sir William Ramsay proved that radium gas or niton (as he called it) belongs to the argon group. His very numerous researches on the products resulting from its radio-active effects on compounds of various metals and on other/gases are highly suggestive, but by no means conclusive. His announcement that .he had succeeded in converting copper, for instance, into lithium and other alkali metals, and that he had cbtained gases like helium and neon by the aid of electric dis- charges on hydrogen, etc., have not been confirmed, and, in one instance at least, his assertion has been disproved. We may hope, however, that this line of work (i.e., the efforts to solve the problem of the transformation of chemical elements VOL, I82, No. IO88--I9 270 SIR \\'ILLIA3,{ RAMSAY. [J. F. I. into others, and perhaps even of transnmting the baser metals into tLe premous) may some day be carried out successfully, and along the lines indicated "by the great British chemist. So far as actual achievements are concerned, his fame is secured by the great experimental researches on the inert gases of the atmosphere and of the radium emanation. In addition to the books already mentioned, Sir William Ramsay had published a charming volume, entitled " Essays, Biographical and Chemical." I need hardly mention that his great achievements were recog- nized in every land where science is cultivated. He was a corre- sponding member of the great academies, and an honorary member of numerous learned societies. He was Nobel Laureate in Chem- istry, and received numerous medals and decorations, among them the Elliott Cresson Medal of The Franklin Institute. HARRY F. KELLER. Dissolved Acetylene for Welding. K. DUNI-IAM. (Acetylene lournal, vol. xviii, No. I, July, 1916.)--Dissolved acetylene, or, as it is more commonly called, tank acetylene, is in wide use by all classes of users. Here gas is bought in ready-made form, ready for use, by the opening of a valve. Care is exercised by the manufacturer of dissolved acetylene to purify it before it is compressed into the cylinder. These cylinders vary in size, according to the needs of the user, from IOO to 5oo cubic feet capacity. Since acetylene is dangerous under pressure in a free state, the method of eliminating this hazard is interesting. The cylinder is filled with a porous material, and then acetone, a very volatile liquid, is poured into the cylinder. This acetone absorbs the acetylene, and, as there is no free space in the tank, no danger is encountered in handling or using acetylene furnished in this way. Acetylene should not be withdrawn from the tank at a rate fast enough to bring out with it the solvent liquid, which is harmful in its effects on molten metal. The flame used should not require an acetylene consumption at a greater rate per hour than one-seventh the capacity of the tank; that is, a loo-foot cylinder should last seven hours. It is for this reason that steel welds made with acetylene from an automobile lighting cylinder are so often unsatis- factory.
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