Urban Reborn for Kemayoran, Central Jakarta

Home , Central Jakarta, Jakarta Tower, Kemayoran, Kemayoran Airport, North Jakarta

Proceedings

JABODETABEK 2013

RESILIENT MEGACITIES: IDEA, REALITY, AND MOVEMENT

IPB INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTER Bogor, 8 - 9 October 2013

Cataloging in Publication Data

Center for Regional System Analysis, Planning and Development (Crestpent)

Cataloging in Publication Data

Proceeding of Jabodetabek Study Forum, Crestpent IPB/ ErnanRustiadi, Tommy Firman, Ruchyat D. Djakapermana, Christophe Girot, Hadi S. Arifin, R. B. Singh, Shin Muramatsu, Setia Hadi, Alinda F. Zain (Eds.)

ISBN : 978-602-72009-0-6

First Publish 2014

Copyeditor : Galuh S. Indraprahasta

Candraningratri E. Widodo Rezky Khrismansyah

Cindy Aliffia F. S. Putri Cantika

Layouter : Muhammad Nurdin Cover Designer : Januar Sena

Preface

The 4th Jabodetabek (Greater Jakarta) Forum Seminar with the theme “Resilient Megacity: Idea, Reality and Movement” was held in Bogor, Indonesia, during 8-9 October 2013. This event was attended by Indonesian as well as foreign participants, particularly from RIHN network and ETH Zurich-NUS colleagues.

The plenary lectures were very insightful and delivered by distinguished keynote speakers, which include the Deputy Minister from the Ministry of Public Works, Deputy Minister from the Coordinating Ministry of Economic Affairs, and Dean of Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University. The government spectrum has broaden our understanding about the policy challenges that we are facing today. The academic explanation, on the other side, has opened up another perspective of viewing those challenges.

The parallel session was attended by 33 participants and was productive in term of sharing knowledge and experiences. Moreover, the special session for community activists has brought uniqueness in this event organization. In general, the expectation to provide a network for multi-stakeholders (government, community, academics, and practitioners) was quite successfully managed in this event. The last day of field excursion was a memorable moment for those who went for the first time to Puncak area of Bogor. I do hope this proceeding will represent the general passion of a collaborative event, so that everyone who attended or did not attend will benefit of the result.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude for the support of Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) and Research Institute for Humanity and Nature (RIHN) hosting this event successfully. I look forward to working on other collaborative activities and events and producing mutual networks.

Galuh Syahbana Indraprahasta

Contents

Preface ...... v Opening Remark ...... vii Chairperson Summary ...... xi Keynote Speech I - Spatial Planning and Anthropogenic Disaster in Jabodetabek ...... xv Keynote Speech II - The Impact of MP3EI to Jabodetabek’s Carrying Capacity ...... xvii Keynote Speech III - Evaluation of Land Use Control in Jabodetabekpunjur Metropolitan Area ...... xxi Contents ...... xxiii

1 Planning, Design, and Development

ICZM For Coastal Megacity: An Overview...... 1 Landscape Planning For Conservation Village ...... 13 Feasibility Analyses Of The Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP) - PPP Project in DKI Jakarta...... 27 The Preservation Of Old-Fashioned Kemasan Village in Gresik Regency ...... 37 The Concept Of Living City: Urban Reborn For Kemayoran, Central Jakarta ...... 49 The Process Of Becoming Toward The Green City Jakarta: By Expansion Artifacts Surround The City Plan ...... 59 Deconcentration of Small-Scale Industry In Greater Jakarta Metropolitan ...... 63 Identification of Urban Sprawl Phenomenon in Urban Fringe Settlement areas of JABODETABEK ...... 85

2 Environmental and Disaster

Water Quality and Quantity Issues of Urban Lakes in Megacity Jakarta ...... 95 Designing of System Dynamic Model for Simulation of Sustainable South Tangerang City Development: A Preliminary Model ...... 109 Water Related Disasters and Environmental Issues of Greater Jakarta Areas ...... 117

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Coping Floods With Zooning Regulations In Kampung Kamal Muara, North Jakarta...... 125 Collaboration Design Between Rural and Urban Through Application of Payment Environmental Services (PES) in Jatiluhur Irrigation Areas ...... 143 Tradeoffs In Rehabilitating The Ciliwung River Corridor: Insights Into Downstream Demand .... 157 The Status of Birds at Green Open Spaces in Jakarta ...... 167

3 Land-Use and Infrastructure

Exploring The Driving Forces Of Land-Cover Change Behind Urban Expansion in Jabodetabek, Indonesia ...... 179 Implementation of System on Supporting The Land Use Policy Model at Ciliwung Riparian Area In Bogor City, Indonesia ...... 191 Spatial Detection of Vegetation Biomass/Cover Changes using NDVI TimeSeries in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia ...... 203 Public Transportation Transit Facilities as a Media to Create a Good Mobility and a Healthy Jakarta ...... 213 Distribution and Availability of Infrastructure in South Tangerang City ...... 221 Analysis on the Relationship of Green Open Space and Microclimate at Botanical Garden in Bogor and Cibodas, Indonesia ...... 235

Agenda of the Conference ...... 245 Committee of the Conference ...... 247 Photos ...... 248

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1 Planning, Design, and Development

The Concept Of Living City: Urban Reborn For Kemayoran, Central Jakarta

Evawani Ellisa* and Damar Adhika Sari** Department of Architecture Faculty of Engineering Universitas Indonesia e-mail: [email protected]* and [email protected]**

ABSTRACT

In April 1985, when the government decided the present Airport of Sukarno Hatta as the main gate of Jakarta, the history of Kemayoran as an airport ended. This also ended up the era when there were less development in Kemayoran surrounding due to the restriction to build tall buildings at the airport surrounding. In 1988 -1994, Nation Secretary formed a board to manage the redevelopment process of the ex airport. As a result, Kemayoran has been transformed into multi-family housing, walk-up flats and urban kampung which now coexist among high-end apartments, enclosed malls and sidewalks five foot (PKL) festival markets. However, owing to the strategic location in the heart of central Jakarta, Kemayoran now enters into the era where some parts have undergone the process of rebuild. They can easily be identified through the emergence of collection of expensive places proposed by developers. This tendency endangered the existence of complex, multi-dimensional urban fabric generated through conventional plans with modest public investment and catalyst effort of ordinary people. This paper raised the issue on how to enhance the existing potentials of Kemayoran that consist the economic diversification and growth, the expansion of local economy, informal gathering, and diverse communities. Through recognition and celebration of the complexity and diversity, which Jane Jacobs wrote, we propose the concept of “living city” for Kemayoran. In this concept, the assets are already in places would be reinvigorated and reborn in order to stimulate a place-based rejuvenation that add the long evolving and existing strengths instead of replacing them.

Keywords: Kemayoran, living city, diversities, rejuvenation, reborn

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INTRODUCTION

Kemayoran, a sub-district of Central Jakarta is roughly bounded by Landas Pacu Barat and Landas Pacu Timur road at the North, Letjend Suprapto Road at the South, and a canal along the Sunter Raya road at the Northeast. Based on the old map in 1918, Kemayoran was dominantly covered by rice field and agriculture land. The land was owned by Mayor Isaac de Saint Martin, a France born ex army. Some resources mentioned that Kemayoran referred to the way the local people called him as Mister Mayor, although according to Plakaatboek (Van der Chijs XVI, 536) and Java Government Gazette 24 February 1816, the name of the area was Mayoran. Others mentioned that the name of Kemayoran derived from the military rank “Mayor” of local leader. But this is doubtful, since local leader during those days was called as Bek and not Mayor. An elderly who live in Kemayoran mentioned that when Kemayoran became the Dutch airport, the air-flight attendants who lived nearby the airport was called by local people as Mayor, and this was where the name of Kemayoran came from.

Since the beginning, various ethnic groups from archipelago as well as foreigners had lived at Kemayoran. In 18th century, under Raffles leadership, a group of rich people, among others were Rusendal, Husein Madani, Abdullah and de Groof bought large parts of the land from the Dutch government whom needed abundant of money for funding the Anyer-Panarukan Road project.

In July 8th 1940, colonial government opened Kemayoran as commercial airport under KNILM (Koninklijke Nederlands Indische Luchtvaart Maatschappy). During World War II, Kemayoran become the Dutch military base and in March 1942 under Japanese occupation, Kemayoran turned into Japanese military base. After Indonesian independent in 1945, Central government took over Kemayoran as an International Airport.

Figure 1. Kemayoran as an Airport Source: http://s1070.photobucket.com/user/El_Gifary/media/KEMAYORAN/jalangaruda_zps0f93597b.jpg.html

In 1970s, Kemayoran airport covered 454 hectares and became a very busy airport. There were 100.000 flights per year and 4 million passengers per year. Since then, Kemayoran became more and more over capacity, that th eventually the government decided to build Halim Perdana Kusuma Airport, which opened in January 10 1974 as Jakarta’s second airport. Concerning that Kemayoran is located in the middle of the city, finally the government built the present Airport of Sukarno Hatta (Sutta) and at the time Sutta was decided as the main gate of Jakarta in April 1985, the history of Kemayoran as an airport was ended. Kemayoran is a Kecamatan (district)

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of 7.25 km2, including 8 Kelurahan (sub-districts), 77 RW and 1031 RT. The area now being observed is part of Kelurahan Kebon Kosong.

Figure 2. Map of South East Kemayoran 1904-2005 Source: Jakarta Maps collection of DKI Dinas Pemetaan

METHODOLOGY

To define the initial parameter from which master plan proposal will be developed, we conducted an in depth observation survey using the appraisal methods of Punter and Carmona (1997) including: 1) townscape analyses and notations to highlight the visual and perceptual character of the place; 2) pedestrian behaviour, accessibility and traffic movement; 3) historical and morphological analyses of Kemayoran, including figure-ground studies; and 4) environmental and ecological inventories combine with quantitative and qualitative social dimension of Kemayoran and surrounding. Figure 3 illustrated the result of the site analyses.

Figure 3. Site Analyses Source: Survey by Authors

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RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The term “project” according to historian Richard Rabinowitz was derived from the Latin word for “throw forward” or “to throw forward into the future”, “to thrust into a void” (Gratz, 1998). For many centuries, the word in English, when used as a noun, meant a plan or design, not the activity by which the design was carried out. In the 1860s, the term project took on new meaning, with the introduction of calculus into the engineering, of which construction become more and more the province of professional architects and engineers. After World War II, project triumphed as the choice word to describe virtually every task activity, enterprise, endeavour, or piece of work in the social world. Business, government, and non-profit organizations have since adopted “project budgeting” by which each discrete activity is the subject of an independent forecast and assessment.

th Jacobs, probably the 20 century’s most influential critic of project planning, wrote in clear and enduring terms about the complex organism of cities in her book the Death and Life of Great American Cities and Economy of the Cities (Jacobs, 1986). Accordingly, we are now captives by the words of “Project Planning” without recognizing the way it narrows our understanding of the world. Accountability is reduced to complete implementation of pre-existing plan. No matter how hard we try to do master planning taking account of more and more variables and contingencies and using more and more complex software planning programs, we harden ourselves against an awareness of what place are really like- where people work, live, own property and business. Planning is a scientific approach to change based on data calculation and projections. Planning has become a science like, a practise based on theory, statistical data, demographics, and projections. A project gets planned, measured, calculated, and projected. It gets implemented in well-planned stages, and finally it is done, finished, completed, occupied, or used.

The process of transformation from ex airport into new development represented an example of Kemayoran as Project Planning. Efforts to redevelop the ex airport began almost as soon as it was closed in 1985, although it took a decade for most plans to move beyond the drawing board and another decade for redevelopment to take full effect. In 1988-1994, Nation Secretary formed a board called Direksi Pelaksanaan Pengendalian Pembangunan Komplek Kemayoran (DP3KK) to manage the redevelopment process of the ex airport. This was a statutory body appointed and funded by central government with wide powers to acquire and dispose the land in Kemayoran. He board also served as the development planning authority for the area. The role of DP3KK was to undertake negotiation with private investor for transferring the former airport land into other usages. Finally DP3KK granted the land right to Perum Perumnas (30 hectare), Perum PKK (3,500 m²), KODIM (4,324 m²), PT Erses Sejahtera (30,742 m²), PT JITC/Jakarta Fair (44 hectare), and Yayasan Graha Trias (2,000 m²). Perum Perumnas initiated redevelopment through the construction of Rusun Dakota, which located in ex airport Apron in 1992.

Figure 4. Ex Apron and Rusun Dakota Source: http://s1070.photobucket.com/user/El_Gifary/media/KEMAYORAN/jalangaruda_zps0f93597b.jpg.html

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DP3KK was controversial: it was accused of favouring elitist luxury developments rather than affordable housing, although some parcel of land dedicated for rusun. It was unpopular with the local communities, who felt that their needs were not being addressed. Nonetheless, the DP3KK was central to a remarkable transformation in the area, although how far it was in control of events is debatable. When monetary crises hit Jakarta in 1998, the Indonesian property fell and plenty of construction projects at Kemayoran were either postponed or cancelled. Many projects in Kemayoran suddenly stopped, that Kemayoran showed derelict and abandoned area for some years.

In 1997 BPKK (Badan Pengelola Kompleks Kemayoran) in collaboration with DP3KK enacted RBWK (Rencana Bagian Wilayah Kota Khusus) as the benchmark for establishing Master Plan of Kota Baru Bandar Kemayoran, which was signed by Governor of DKI in 2005. BPKK and DP3KK were holding the role as commission to develop the 356.68 Ha of Kemayoran with the aims to: 1) create New Town in Town; 2) established Indonesia International Trade Centre with the concept of one stop service; 3) develop Kemayoran as the “city of garden”; 4) develop model of green city; and 5) provide cheap housing through the program of Rumah Susun. Presidential Decision No. 7/1999 finally enacted Kemayoran as International Trade District. According to the Master Plan, Bandar Kota Baru Kemayoran is divided into four segments, each segment called as “quadrant” as follow; 1) A quadrant in South East consist of 51.3 Hectare or 14.4%; 2) B quadrant in South West consist of 73.75 Hectares or 20.7%; 3) C quadrant in North West consist of 101.95 hectares or 28.6%; and 4) D quadrant in North East consist of 129.67 Ha or 36.4%.

Figure 5. Master Plan of Kota Baru Bandar Kemayoran 2005 Source: BPKK, 2005

Now along with the economic recovery, Kemayoran regains energy. Big scale development are returning back, infilling the void in each quadrant. Among others are Blossom Group, Agung Podomoro Group, PT Jakarta Kemayoran Propertindo (JKP), and Palazzo Group. Some under constructions projects are Blossom Residence, Apartment Mediterania Lagoon Residences, Mega Glodok Kemayoran, Palazzo Residence, Palazzo Office Park with Palazzo Boutique Residence, and Spring Hill Golf Residence. This massive development program in recent years saw a huge area of Kemayoran converted into a mixture of residential, commercial and cultural center. The clearest symbol of the whole effort was the ambition of Jakarta Tower project to construct Indonesia’s tallest building.

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Over the past 30 years, the population of Kemayoran has more than doubled and the area has become both a major business center and an increasingly desirable area to live. The revival of the Kemayoran has had major effects in development process of surrounding areas. However, the redevelopment had some less beneficial aspects. The massive property boom and consequent rise in house prices has led to friction between the new- comers and the old Kemayoran community, who have squeezed out. It has also created some of the most striking disparities to be seen anywhere in Jakarta; luxury executive flats constructed alongside less managed public housing estates.

Automobile-oriented planning accrued destructive guidelines. The typical sights one see driving into Kemayoran are more of the strip combination of business and parking lots along the region approach. The three-lane streets express the all too familiar interruption sight of the main thoroughfares into a model of transportation efficiency. Residential areas that are developed along the three lanes exhibit the streetscape recognizable today in every part of Jakarta. Too many empty spaces are scattered around. The multi-stories rebuild minimize pedestrian appeal with blank wall guaranteed to perpetuate the street life.

Figure 6. Kemayoran today Source: http://www.setneg-ppkk.co.id

Big development proposed for Bandar Kemayoran comprises stadiums, cultural centre, enclosed mall, which are about politics and development profitable for a few, not about developing local economies, enlivening existing area, or stimulating revitalization. These are budget-straining projects but overlooked the actual, complex cities in which they sit. All of these project plans will add up to No Place with no expansion of the local economy. Big development provides no meaningful opportunity, no excitement, no sidewalk bustle, no intermingling and no people watching. There will be life as well, except during scheduled events or at a limited site.

Bandar Kemayoran process of planning was typical of Project Planning approach that assumed the void exists can be filled with a project. The project mainly aimed to achieve the project, market it, and sell it without involvement of the public in selecting a predetermined solution. Under the project based planning, the

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development required big developers, big contractors, big government agencies, big public financial support, and lots of investment banking and legal fees. Under this Project-based Planning, new developments are added at a large enough scale to overwhelm and alter what exists. What exist may be wiped out entirely, as with urban renewal. Something radically replaced it. Few clues are left as to what has been lost and what alternative strategy has been missed.

Figure 7. Existing Condition Quadrant A Kemayoran Source: Survey by Authors

However in reality, cities, downtown, and active places, all resist scientific assessments. They cannot be reduced to scientific formulas. Urbanism is an art not a science. When the city problems are approached scientifically, the complexity that is the essence of urbanism is unrecognized, ignored or lost. This situation stimulated the idea to redeveloped part of Quadrant A of Kota Baru Bandar Kemayoran based on the concept of Living City.

Figure 8. Present Condition of Kemayoran Quadrant A Source: Survey by Authors

We assume that assets are already in place in the area need to be reinvigorated and built onto in order to stimulate a place-based rejuvenation that adds to the long-evolving existing strengths, instead of replacing them. Redevelopment is meant to be about problem solving, relying heavily on the expertise of citizen users, the accumulate wisdom of the community.

There is a difference between rebuilt and reborn. Rebuilt means to have done so according to expansive plans, bankers plan, planners plan, politician’s plans, developers plans – all project plans. The result is collections of

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expensive, big activity places – tourist attractions – connected each other by massive auto based network. The complex, multi-dimensional urban fabric has been effectively replaced. Meanwhile in the concept of reborn, the enduring positive changes evolve slowly. No big new government programs will be proposed. Much time, money, energy and attention are focused in directions and on projects that are big, visible simplistic and wrong that few noticed or heed the breakthrough. Reborn area is synergy of its parts. The pieces cannot be isolated. The whole is enhanced by each of its parts, but those parts must relate and connect to make a complex whole.

To implement the concept of Living City we proposed Urban Design concept of Pollination. It is transfer of pollen from the anthers of a flower to the stigma of the same flower or of another flower. Pollination is a prerequisite for fertilization or the fusion of nuclei from the pollen grain with nuclei in the ovule. Fertilization allows the flower to develop seeds. In the case of Kemayoran, urban pollination is the process of unification of the site that emphasized the ideal city as the benchmark. The existing condition of the site represents stigma while the ideal city represents the pollen. Both stigma and pollen will be united by the need and desire of the citizens to live in better and sustainable city. Citizens of Kemayoran remained as the main actors for pollination, who will be distinguished into anther and stigma. The well to do living in apartment defines as anther, as they exclusively lived and never interact with other community members. The citizens living at rusun and kampung represent stigma. Both stigma and anther should meet at public space to create the process of pollination.

Figure 9. Concept of Urban Pollination Source: adapted by authors

The key aspect of urban design of Kemayoran takes account the priorities for: 1) strengthening local communities, especially undiminishing the co-existence of various background of inhabitants, whether they are coming from low, middle and upper class; 2) creating place of distinction inspired from the neighbourhood’s local character that strengthen local identity; 3) harshening intrinsic site assets and resources of development form, drainage, and landscape to create more sustainable development; 4) integrating with surrounding through achieving careful integration with the landscape or surrounding built environment; 5) using the right forms and landscape element for the locality; and 6) enhance footpaths and street linkages in relation to existing urban structure.

For supporting the main idea of urban pollination, some main natural elements of urban design hold the important roles as pollinators. For that reason, existing natural elements need to be assessable and used as the basic for deciding open space hierarchy. Through identification of ecological importance to be preserved and taking account of topography and watercourses, we proposed hedgerows, woodland, planting framework and recreational areas. We proposed a landscape structure that stitch together all elements and create a route to local pride and open for all. For example, the network of bicycle lines and jogging tracts will always attract the well to

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do to explore the site and entering the public places. Following urban design principle defined by Shane (2005): … the activities feed off each other, each inviting more users by proximity to others, and seemingly incompatible uses invite diverse public to the same place… all potential public spaces should be located close each others.

Figure 10. Proposed Master Plan of Quadrant A Bandar Baru Kemayoran Source: Authors

CONCLUSION

We need to strengthen what exists at Kemayoran before adding anything new. The urban design theme of urban pollination proposed to add a layer of organic urban growth rather than to replace what has taken decades to grow. This layer fundamentally ensures the connection between before and after is not broken. They view any place as a garden. Maybe the garden contains deep plants to weed out. Without doubt, other plants need attention, need to be nurtured, cut back, fertilized. Introducing a new and alien plant under the remaining garden in the process is not considered. The garden is rebuilt with some or most of the existing plants in place. We change the proportion of the plant mix. We add new varieties and remove some old ones. But the essence of garden remains and in the end, only requires continued, modest attention from local gardener with occasional small outside help.

Figure 11. Master Plan Source: Authors

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REFERENCES

Bell, S. et.al. (2000), Sustainability Indicators: Measuring the Immeasurabel?, Earthscan Publications Ltd, London and Sterling, VA. Bertaud, A.(2003) the Regulatory Environment of Urban Land in Indonesia: Constrains Imposed on the Poor and Impact of World Bank’s Urban Projects, Singapore: Asia Technical Department. Burdet, Ricky (eds.) (2001), Living in the Endless City: The Urban Age Project by the London School of Economics and Deutsche Bank's Alfred Herrhausen Society, London: Paidhon. Carmona, M., at.al, (2012) Urban Design Rreader, Routledge Carmona, Matthew, et.al (2003). Public Places Urban Spaces, Elsevier Science. Dewberry Companies (2005) Land Development Handbook. New York: McGraw Hill Companies, Ch 12: Development Pattern and Principles Gottiener, et.al, (2005) Key Conceps in Urban Studies, Sage Publication. Gratz, R. Brandes (1998), Cities: back from the edge, new life for downtown, John Willey and Son, New York. Jacobs, Jane (1961, 1984 edition), the Death and Life of Great American Cities: the failure of modern town planning, Peregrine Books, London. Lang, J (2012), Urban Design, Roultledge. Larice, M., and Mcdonald, E. (eds) (2006), Urban Design Reader, Routledge (New edition edition). Mostavi, M. at all (eds.) (2001), Ecological Urbanism, London: Lars Muller Publisher. Newman, Oscar (1996), Creating Defensible Space. Rutgers University, Ch.1: Defensible Space Principles Rutz, W. (1987) Cities and Towns in Indonesia: Their Development, Current Positions and Functions with Regard to Administration and Regional Economy, Berlin: Gebrunger Borttraeger. Shane, D. G. (2005) Recombinant Urbanism: Conceptual Modeling in Architecture, Urban Design and City Theory, Academy Press. ‘

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