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A History of Architectural Conservation Jukka A History of Architectural Conservation Butterworth-Heinemann Series in Conservation and Museology Series Editors: Arts and Archaeology Andrew Oddy British Museum, London Architecture Derek Linstrum Formerly Institute of Advanced Architectural Studies, University of York US Executive Editor: Norbert S. Baer New York University, Conservation Center of the Institute of Fine Arts Consultants: Sir Bernard Feilden David Bomford National Gallery, London C.V. Horie Manchester Museum, University of Manchester Colin Pearson Canberra College of Advanced Education Sarah Staniforth National Trust, London Published titles: Artists’ Pigments c.1600–1835, 2nd Edition (Harley) Care and Conservation of Geological Material (Howie) Care and Conservation of Palaeontological Material (Collins) Chemical Principles of Textile Conservation (Tímár-Balázsy, Eastop) Conservation and Exhibitions (Stolow) Conservation and Restoration of Ceramics (Buys, Oakley) Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities (Kühn) Conservation of Building and Decorative Stone, combined paperback edition (Ashurst, Dimes) Conservation of Glass (Newton, Davison) Conservation of Historic Buildings (Feilden) Conservation of Library and Archive Materials and the Graphic Arts (Petherbridge) Conservation of Manuscripts and Painting of South-east Asia (Agrawal) Conservation of Marine Archaeological Objects (Pearson) Conservation of Wall Paintings (Mora, Mora, Philippot) Historic Floors: Their History and Conservation (Fawcett) The Museum Environment, 2nd Edition (Thomson) The Organic Chemistry of Museum Objects, 2nd Edition (Mills, White) Radiography of Cultural Material (Lang, Middleton) The Textile Conservator’s Manual, 2nd Edition (Landi) Related titles: Digital Collections (Keene) Laser Cleaning in Conservation (Cooper) Lighting Historic Buildings (Phillips) Manual of Curatorship, 2nd edition (Thompson) Manual of Heritage Management (Harrison) Materials for Conservation (Horie) Metal Plating and Patination (Niece, Craddock) Museum Documentation Systems (Light) Touring Exhibitions (Sixsmith) A History of Architectural Conservation Jukka Jokilehto OXFORD AUCKLAND BOSTON JOHANNESBURG MELBOURNE NEW DELHI Butterworth-Heinemann Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP 225 Wildwood Avenue, Woburn, MA 01801-2041 A division of Reed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd A member of the Reed Elsevier plc group First published 1999 Reprinted 2001, 2002 © Jukka Jokilehto 1999 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying or storing in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright holder except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, England W1P 9HE. Applications for the copyright holder’s written permission to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed to the publishers British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 07506 5511 9 Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress Composition by Scribe Design, Gillingham, Kent Printed and bound in Great Britain by LIBERfabrica Contents Foreword by Paul Philippot viii 4 Classical monuments 69 Series Editors’ Preface xi 4.1 The French Revolution 69 4.2 Restoration of classical Acknowledgements xii antiquities in Rome 75 4.3 Influence on the restoration of 1 From traditional to modern society 1 antiquities in France 87 1.1 Past approaches to historic 4.4 Anastylosis of classical structures 1 monuments in Greece 89 1.2 Traditional society 6 1.3 Early concepts on history and 5 The age of Romanticism 101 heritage 8 5.1 Gothic revival and remodelling 1.4 Rediscovery of antiquity 13 of cathedrals in England 101 1.5 Modern historical consciousness 16 5.2 Antiquarian debate about restoration principles 106 2 Rediscovery of antiquities 21 5.3 Gothic Revival restorations in 2.1 Collections and restoration of England 109 antiquities 22 5.4 Romanticism and mediaeval 2.2 Renaissance architectural treatises 26 revival in Germanic countries 112 2.3 Early practice and protection 5.5 State care of monuments in in Rome 29 Prussia 114 2.4 Raphael and the protection of 5.6 Beginning of state administration monuments 32 of historic monuments in France 127 2.5 Treatment of monuments after the Sack of Rome 34 6 Stylistic restoration 137 2.6 Reformation and 6.1 Restoration principles and Counter-Reformation 40 practice in France 137 2.7 Influences in Europe 41 6.2 The conception of ‘stylistic restoration’ 149 3 The Age of Enlightenment 47 6.3 Conservation vs. restoration in 3.1 Impact of the Grand Tours 48 England 156 3.2 Early concepts in painting 6.4 Austrian protection and restoration 53 restoration 163 3.3 Archaeological discoveries 6.5 Stylistic restoration in Italy 165 and restorations 56 3.4 Winckelmann and the restoration of antiquities 59 vi Contents 7 Conservation 174 8.5 Cesare Brandi’s theory of restoration 228 7.1 John Ruskin’s conservation 8.6 The impact of Brandi’s thinking 237 principles 174 7.2 Development of conservation 9 International influences and policies in England 181 collaboration 245 7.3 William Morris and SPAB 184 7.4 Archaeological sites 187 9.1 Influences in other countries 245 7.5 The conservation movement in 9.2 International collaboration 281 Central Europe 191 7.6 The conservation movement 10 Definitions and trends 295 in Italy 198 10.1 Modern aspects of heritage and conservation 295 8 Theories and concepts 213 10.2 Influences on treatments 301 8.1 Alois Riegl and the 10.3 Trends in practice 304 Denkmalkultus 215 10.4 Closing comments 315 8.2 Development of Austrian policies 218 Selected bibliography 318 8.3 ‘Restauro scientifico’ 219 8.4 Italian post-war developments 223 Index 341 Foreword by Paul Philippot Director Emeritus of ICCROM, Professor Emeritus of Université Libre of Brussels For anyone who might still doubt the ex- perceived as nature, correlative object to the istence of an overall European culture and its humanistic subject.1 coexistence in permanent dialogue with As this dialogue with history and nature national cultures, the history of restoration, as makes its way into culture and is articulated presented by architect Jukka Jokilehto, should in critical terms, it also progressively extends be a convincing demonstration. to the north. Here it soon constitutes a dimen- The modern concept of restoration, fruit of sion of national cultures which progressively a long historical process, was shaped in the develop and gradually differentiate them- eighteenth century with the development of selves. This occurs notably in relation to the Western historical thought and as a result of conditions established by the situation of tension between the rationalism of the different regional entities vis-à-vis the antique Enlightenment and pre-Romantic and Roman- world since its largest extension in the fourth tic sentiment. Later it was further defined in century. In this context and with this the debates of the nineteenth and twentieth background, Christianity – another component centuries. It is from the initial dualism, where at the level of the European scene – naturally classical antiquity and the barbarian world of appears as a form of the antique world. Its invasions confronted each other, that this reception in different epochs, the conditions concept slowly emerged. This means, in fact, of its implantation in different regions, as well that its genesis accompanies the evolution of as their total or partial inclusion, whether the bonds between the two worlds which lasting or temporary, within the boundary were destined to constitute the living tissue of (limes) of the Roman Empire, turn out to be European reality in fieri, in making. decisive for the establishment of national The first decisive step towards a specifically cultures. The issue here is similar to the vital European form of relation to the past occurred role of the early years of infancy, but it is in Italy, when Renaissance humanism recog- completely hidden and defies objectification: nized in antiquity both a historic epoch of the it will always be difficult to clarify, for past and an ideal model that could inspire example, how much the specific cultural contemporary culture and open it to future natures of the Germans, the British or the creative developments in all fields. A new Scandinavians have been affected by having form of relation to the world was then born their regions inside or outside the imperial uniting the objectifying distance and the boundaries. It is evident that such circum- creative present. It found its spatial corres- stances have had a profound impact on some pondence in the elaboration by architects, fundamental attitudes. Indeed, are not the painters and sculptors of the unified perspec- forms of connection to or the distance from tive construction of the visible world, now Rome reflected in the different kinds of viii Foreword relation to the past and to nature characteris- of culture, open itself progressively to diverse tic of different national sensitivities, as is the sectors originally neglected by classical tradi- thinking that results? tion: first to the Romanesque and Gothic In this perspective, both
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