Chapter Six: Neoclassicism and the Contents Picturesque—82 Abstract—4 6.1. Archaeological Interests in the Age of Acknowledgements—4 Enlightenment—82 Introduction—6 6.2 Archaeological Discoveries in Italy—83 6.3. J.J. Winckelmann—85 PART ONE: EARLY APPROACH TO 6.4. Publications about Antiquities—91 CONSERVATION—10 D. Le Roy, R. Wood, G. Vasi—93 6.5. English Aesthetic Theories—94 Chapter One: Beginnings in the 6.6 Restoration of Paintings—98 Renaissance —11 6.7. Restoration of Classical Monuments in Italy—100 1.1 Early Approach—11 Notes to Chapter Six: —103 1.2 Filippo Brunelleschi—11 1.3 Humanists—12 Chapter Seven: The French Revolution— 1.4 Poets—12 115 1.5 Painters—13 7.1 Destruction—115 Notes to Chapter One—13 7.2 Orders for Protection—115 Notes to Chapter Seven: —119 Chapter Two: Fifteenth-Century Architectural Treatises—15 PART TWO: FIVE CASE STUDIES —122 2.1 Vitruvius Rediscovered—15 2.2 L.B. Alberti—16 Chapter Eight: Case Study Italy, 2.3 Filarete—18 Restoration in Rome—123 2.4 Francesco di Giorgio Martini—19 8.1 Conservation in the Papal States, 1800-1809—123 2.5 Leonardo da Vinci—20 8.2 The French Period in Rome, 1809-1814—130 Notes to Chapter Two—21 8.3 Conservation in the Papal States after 1814—134 Notes to Chapter Eight:—141 Chapter Three: Early Practice and Protection—24 Chapter Nine: Case Study Greece, 3.1. Protective Measures before the Renaissance—24 Restoration in Athens—149 3.2. Condition of Buildings in Rome at the End of the 9.1 Restoration in the Nineteenth Century—149 Middle Ages—25 9.2 Protection of Ancient Monuments—151 3.3. Treatment of Buildings in the Fifteenth Century— Notes to Chapter Nine—163 26 3.4. Collections and Restoration of Objects—34 Chapter Ten: Case Study England, 3.5. Architectural Treatises in the 16th Century—37 Restoration of Durham Cathedral—168 3.6. Treatment of Buildings in the 16th Century—38 10.1 First Period of Restoration—169 Notes to Chapter Three—47 10.2 Wyatt – Morpeth—173 10.3 John Carter—176 Chapter Four: Seventeenth Century—55 10.4 Restoration after Wyatt—180 4.1. Archaeological interest and collections—62 10.5 G. Waddington and A. Salvin—182 4.2. Giovan Pietro Bellori—63 10.6 Sir George Gilbert Scott—185 4.3. Restoration of Classical Monuments—66 Notes to Chapter Ten—186 Notes to Chapter Four: —69 Chapter Eleven: Case Study Germanic Chapter Five: Treatment of Mediaeval Countries, Restoration of Magdeburg Buildings after the Reformation—75 Cathedral—192 5.1 The Reformation—75 11.1 The Cathedral; Historical Background—193 Notes to Chapter Five—80 11.2 Restoration of the Cathedral—194 Notes to Chapter Eleven—203 Page 2 J. Jokilehto Chapter Twelve: Case Study France, Chapter Eighteen: Restoration Influences Restoration of la Madeleine, Vézelay—210 in Italy—329 12.1 French administration—211 18.1 Stylistic Restoration in Italy—329 12.2 The Restoration of La Madeleine, Vézelay—211 18.2 The Conservation Movement in Italy—332 12.3 Eugène Viollet-le-Duc—213 18.3 ‘Restauro filologico’ in Italy—335 Notes to Chapter Twelve—221 18.4 ‘Restauro Storico’ in Italy—343 18.5 G. Giovannoni,‘Restauro Scientifico’—351 PART THREE: DEVELOPMENT OF Notes to Chapter Eighteen—356 CONSERVATION THEORIES—230 Chapter Nineteen: Germanic Countries, Chapter Thirteen: Restoration of Classical ‘Denkmalkultus—372 Monuments—231 19.1 Early Protection in Austrian Empire—372 13.1 Principles during the French Revolution—231 19.2 Conservation in Germanic Countries—372 13.2 Restoration of Classical Mon. in Papal State—231 19.3 Die Denkmaltage—376 13.3 Restoration of Classical Mon. in France—233 19.4 Alois Riegl—378 13.4 Restoration of Classical Mon. in Greece—234 Notes to Chapter Nineteen—383 Notes to Chapter Thirteen—234 Chapter Twenty: International Concern in Chapter Fourteen: English Cultural Heritage—389 Antiquarianism—235 20.1 Protection in Other Countries—389 14.1 English Connections with the Classicism—235 20.2 Conservation Movement in France—394 14.2 James Essex and the Gothic—235 20.3 International Developments—397 14.3 Restorations by James Wyatt—236 20.4 International Meeting at Athens, 1931—399 14.4 John Carter—237 Notes to Chapter Twenty—401 Notes to Chapter Fourteen—239 Chapter Twenty One: Towards Chapter Fifteen: Early Restoration in International Guidelines—409 Germanic Countries—242 21.1 The Second World War—409 15.1. German Nationalism & Hist. Monuments—242 21.2 ‘Restauro Critico’ in Italy—412 15.2 K.F. Schinkel and State Care—248 21.3 International Recommendations—419 15.3 F. v. Quast, State Conservator—255 Notes to Chapter Twenty One—423 Notes to Chapter Fifteen—258 Appendices Chapter Sixteen: France, Stylistic Libraries, Archives, Sources—430 Restoration—266 Bibliography—431 16.1 Early Efforts in Conservation—266 List of Illustrations—453 16.2 Organization and Administration—267 Resolution of Congress in Rome, 1883—464 16.3 Discussion on Principles in France—272 Italian Norms for Restoration, 1932—474 16.4 Viollet-le-Duc, ‘Stylistic Restoration’—277 Notes to Chapter Sixteen—284 Chapter Seventeen: England, Morality and Restoration—291 17.1. The Gothic Revival and Restoration—291 17.2 Sir George Gilbert Scott—298 17.3 John Ruskin—304 17.4 The Anti-Restoration Movement—314 Notes to Chapter Seventeen—321 A History of Architectural Conservation Page 3 Jukka Ilmari JOKILEHTO A HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION D.Phil. Thesis, I.A.A.S., YORK 1986 ABSTRACT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The aim of the study has been to investigate the This study was made possible due to the history and development of major national European encouragement and generous support, in all phases of philosophies, i.e. those in Italy, England, France and the work, by my tutors Dr Derek Linstrum, who helped Germanic countries, in respect to historic buildings, to define and develop the subject and the structure of monuments and sites, the cross fertilization of these the thesis instructing in the methods of research and ideas and principles, and their contribution towards in typographical and linguistic problems, and Sir an international approach in the treatment of historic Bernard Feilden, Director Emeritus of ICCROM, structures. Five case studies have been examined who had the study accepted as an official project at in depth for examples in the treatment of historic ICCROM including a sabatical period of archival buildings; these are the Colosseum (Rome), the study, and who continuously gave his warm support temple of Athena Nike (Athens), Durham Cathedral and practical assistance to the work. (England), Magdeburg Cathedral (Prussia) and the Madeleine in Vézelay (France). The study extends My work at ICCROM as the coordinator of training from the Italian Renaissance over to the period in architectural conservation and the personal contacts following the Second World War, and distinguishes with the work of restoration and conservation in many between the traditional approach to the treatment countries has been the main reason for my undertaking of historic monuments, the ‘romantic restoration’ the study. I am particularly grateful to Professor Paul established in the Italian Renaissance and developed Philippot, Director Emeritus of ICCROM, for his particularly in the nineteenth century (Schinkel, inspiring lectures and many interesting discussions Scott, Mérimée, Viollet-le-Duc), the ‘conservation through which I was introduced to a critical movement’ emphasizing the material authenticity and appreciation of conservation theory and practice, as documentary value of the monument (Ruskin, Morris, well as for his comments and advice on this study. Boito), and the modern conservation theory which is I am thankful to the present Director of ICCROM based on a critical historical evaluation of the work Professor Cevat Erder for his critical archaeological of art in its aesthetic, historical and use values (Riegl, insight, his insistence on the correct interpretation of Argan, Brandi), and is reflected in the Venice Charter conservation theory, as well as for his support to the (1964) and in the policy of ICCROM and ICOMOS. work. The close collaboration with the Scuola di Perfezionamento per lo Studio ed il Restauro dei Monumenti of the University of Rome and its founding Director Professor Guglielmo De Angelis d’Ossat, under whose direction the programmes of the International Architectural Conservation Course were developed, has helped me to form a basis and a broad historical critical understanding of the subject. During the several years of study, there have been many who directly or indirectly have contributed toward the completion of the study. I want to take Page 4 J. Jokilehto the opportunity to thank them all, and particularly (Ministry of Culture and Sciences, Athens) ITALY: the following friends and colleagues: AUSTRIA: Dr Mr Alejandro Alva (ICCROM), Professor Renato Hans Foramitti (+)(Former Chief, Photogrammetry Bonelli (University of Rome), Professor Cesare Dpt, Bundesdenkmalamt, Vienna), Dr Manfred Brandi (Former Director, Istituto Centrale del Koller (Chief Conservator, Bundesdenkmalamt, Restauro, Rome), Professor Andrea Bruno (Turin), Vienna) Dr Gertrude Tripp (Former Director, Professor Giovanni Carbonara (University of Rome), Bundesdenkmalamt, Vienna), BELGIUM: Professor Professor Maria-Grazia Cerri (Former Soprintendente André De Naeyer (Nationaal Hoger Instituut voor of Piedmont), Mr Carlo Cesari (City Planner, Bouwkunst en Stedebouw, Antverp), Mr Jef Malliet Ferrara), Professor Carlo Ceschi (+)(University of (Research Fellow, ICCROM), DDR: Professor Hans Rome), Professor Piero Gazzola (+)(Former Chief Berger