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A Research on the Representation of Turkish National Identity: Buildings Abroad

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A Research on the Representation of Turkish National Identity: Buildings Abroad A RESEARCH ON THE REPRESENTATION OF TURKISH NATIONAL IDENTITY: BUILDINGS ABROAD A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES OF THE MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY M. HALUK ZELEF IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE SEPTEMBER 2003 Approval of the Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences __________________________ Prof. Dr. Canan Özgen Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy __________________________ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Selahattin Önür Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. __________________________ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Selahattin Önür Supervisor Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. Bozkurt Güvenç ___________________________ Prof. Dr. Haluk Pamir ___________________________ Prof. Dr. Yıldırım Yavuz ___________________________ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Aydan Balamir ___________________________ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Selahattin Önür ___________________________ ABSTRACT A RESEARCH ON THE REPRESENTATION OF TURKISH IDENTITY BUILDINGS ABROAD Zelef, M. Haluk Ph.D., Department of Architecture Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Selahattin Önür September 2003, 264 pages This thesis is the result of an attempt to record, classify and develop an understanding of the motivations and dynamics in the design and realization of the buildings that explicitly or implicitly represent the Turkish identity abroad. In the meantime it is aimed to reflect on and identify the function of architecture and buildings in the formulation and representation of national identity. Besides the analysis of the meanings assigned to the architectural forms, one underlying intention was to clarify how different aspects of architecture and building processes could play roles in the construction and representation of national identity within the context of the embassies, monuments, exhibition pavilions and centers for cultural and religious purposes. During the analysis of these architectural works, basic mechanisms of the concept of “identity” and its repercussions in relation to physical milieus -i.e. its comparative nature, its reception by the others- are tried to be elaborated. Cases other than the Turkish case are referred to when necessary. Viewpoints of variety of actors in the realization of these works -i.e. architects, diplomats, statesmen and contractors- are analyzed to elucidate the similarities and differences of approaches. iii Besides the role of international relations, the dominant social, political and economic characteristics in different historical periods of Turkey and their implications on the buildings abroad are exposed by this study. Reactions of the architectural discourse in Turkey to those characteristics concerning the national identity, i.e. foreign architects, globalization, and promotion of architects by the state, are elaborated. While some themes are perennial at the discursive and formal level, variations of attitudes regarding the host context are observed in the study. Keywords: identity, image, difference, “others”, national identity, world fair pavilions, embassy, “cultural center”. iv ÖZ TÜRK MİLLİ KİMLİĞİNİN TEMSİLİYETİ ÜZERİNE BİR ÇALIŞMA: YURTDIŞINDAKİ YAPILAR Zelef, Mustafa Haluk Doktora, Mimarlık Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Doçent Doktor Selahattin Önür. Eylül 2003, 264 sayfa Bu tez yurtdışında Türk kimliğini doğrudan ya da dolaylı olarak temsil etmek için tasarlanan yapıların belgelenmesi, sınıflandırılması ve bu yapıların gerçekleştirilme süreçlerindeki motivasyon ve dinamiklerin anlaşılması hedefiyle başlanmış bir çalışmadır. Aynı zamanda genelde mimarlık, özelde ise çalışma kapsamında incelenen yapıların ulusal kimliğin temsiliyetinde oynadıkları rolün çözümlenmesini amaçlar. Bu bağlamda mimari biçimlenmenin anlam boyutunun irdelenmesi yanı sıra, mimarlığın bina üretimini de içeren farklı boyutlarının ulusal kimliğin kurgulanması ve temsiliyetindeki rolü, elçilikler, anıtlar, uluslararası sergi yapıları, kültürel ve dinsel işlevli yapılar çerçevesinde ele alınmıştır. Bu araştırmada farklı disiplinlerde “kimlik” kavramı incelenirken ortaya konan temel mekanizmalar –kimliğin karşılaştırılmalı niteliği, farklı kimlik düzlemlerinin ilişkileri, ulusal kimliğin oluşturulması yanında algılanması ve anlaşılmasındaki farklılaşmalar- fiziksel çevredeki yansımalarına odaklanılmıştır. Örneklem grubunu Türkiye’yi temsil etmekte olan yapılar oluşturmakla birlikte gerektiğinde diğer ulusların yapılarına referanslar verilerek çalışma geliştirilmiştir. Bu yapıların oluşturulmasında rol oynayan farklı birey ve kurumların yanında, farklı mesleki ve v sosyal grupların –mimarlar, diplomatlar, devlet adamları, inşaatçılar vb.- bakış açıları da aralarındaki benzerlik ve ayrılıkların sergilenmesi amacıyla göz önünde tutulmuştur. Araştırmada Türkiye’nin farklı tarihsel dönemlerdeki uluslararası ilişkilerinin değişimi yanısıra, baskın sosyal, politik ve ekonomik faktörlerin bu yapıların oluşturulmasına etkileri gözlenmiştir. Türkiye’deki mimarlık söyleminde ulusal kimlik sorunsalı ile ilgili bu dinamiklere –mimarlık hizmeti ithali ve ihracı, inşaat sektöründeki küreselleşme, devletin ve inşaat şirketlerinin mimarlıkla ilişkilerindeki sorunlara- bağlı bakış açıları irdelenmiş ve tepkilerin yurtdışındaki temsil yapıları özelinde belirginleştiğine dikkat çekilmiştir. Söylemsel ve biçimsel boyutlarda birbirine yakın tutumların yıllar içinde sürekliliğini koruduğu gözlense de, farklı dönemlerde ve farklı yapı grupları içindeki tutarlılıkların daha belirgin olduğuna işaret edilmiş, bazı durumlarda ise yapının gerçekleştirileceği kültürel ve çevresel bağlamlar ile ilişki kurma gayesinin ağırlık kazandığı görülmüştür. Anahtar sözcükler: kimlik, imge, farklılık, “diğer”, ulusal kimlik, temsiliyet, sergi pavyonları, diplomatik temsil yapıları, kültürel merkezler ve dinsel yapılar. vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor Assoc. Prof. Dr. Selahattin Önür for his encouragement and the care he gave in commenting on the thesis. I would like thank to all the academicians who participated in the committees examining the thesis and made invaluable remarks on the study during its development: Prof. Dr. İnci Aslanoğlu, Prof. Dr. Bozkurt Güvenç, Prof. Dr. Haluk Pamir, Prof. Dr. Yıldırım Yavuz, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Aydan Balamir, and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gülsüm Baydar Nalbantoğlu. Critical readings and insightful comments of fellow academicians Assist. Prof. Dr. Elvan Ergut and Dr. Sevil Enginsoy Ekinci were also indispensable. I want to express gratitude to all the people who contributed to this study by sharing their memories, ideas and convictions. My friends around the world, who provided me archival material and valuable information, played an important role in the evolution of the text. Particularly, Nesrin Türkan and Can Korman deserve mention in this regard. I also would like to thank my other friends in Ankara especially Tuğyan Aytaç, Nihal Bursa, Yasemin Oğuz and Tülin Çetin with whom I investigated other dimensions of architecture during this academic study. Hasan Gürkan Tekman supported me throughout the thesis and helped a lot in translations. I would like to extend my deepest thanks to Bilgi Küflü whose technical assistance, especially for the processing of the images, was invaluable. Above all, I thank my family members and parents, Güler and Ahmet Zelef, for their unshakable faith in me and their willingness to endure with me the vicissitudes of my endeavors. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................ iii ÖZ ..............................................................................................................................v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..................................................................................... vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................. x CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................1 1.1 Themes.............................................................................................................1 1.1.1 National Identity ......................................................................................2 1.1.2 Formal Representation of National Identity by Buildings Abroad..........6 1.1.3 “Identity” and “Otherness” in Foreign Affairs ......................................11 1.1.4 Identity and Architecture .......................................................................13 1.1.5 Identity and Architects...........................................................................17 1.2 Objectives and the Method of the Thesis.......................................................21 1.3 Organization of the Thesis.............................................................................23 2- FORMATION OF THE IDENTITY OF MODERN TURKEY ABROAD IN THE 1930s......................................................................................................27 2.1 Encounters with “others” at Home – Embassies in Ankara...........................27 2.2 “West” in the “East” - Embassy in Tehran ....................................................36
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