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The Urbanization and Ottomanization of the Halvetiye Sufi Order by the City of Amasya in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries

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The City as a Historical Actor: The Urbanization and Ottomanization of the Halvetiye Sufi Order by the City of Amasya in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries By Hasan Karatas A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Near Eastern Studies in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Hamid Algar, Chair Professor Leslie Peirce Professor Beshara Doumani Professor Wali Ahmadi Spring 2011 The City as a Historical Actor: The Urbanization and Ottomanization of the Halvetiye Sufi Order by the City of Amasya in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries ©2011 by Hasan Karatas Abstract The City as a Historical Actor: The Urbanization and Ottomanization of the Halvetiye Sufi Order by the City of Amasya in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries by Hasan Karatas Doctor of Philosophy in Near Eastern Studies University of California, Berkeley Professor Hamid Algar, Chair This dissertation argues for the historical agency of the North Anatolian city of Amasya through an analysis of the social and political history of Islamic mysticism in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries Ottoman Empire. The story of the transmission of the Halvetiye Sufi order from geographical and political margins to the imperial center in both ideological and physical sense underlines Amasya’s contribution to the making of the socio-religious scene of the Ottoman capital at its formative stages. The city exerted its agency as it urbanized, “Ottomanized” and catapulted marginalized Halvetiye Sufi order to Istanbul where the Ottoman socio-religious fabric was in the making. This study constitutes one of the first broad-ranging histories of an Ottoman Sufi order, as a social group shaped by regional networks of politics and patronage in the formative fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. A prosopographical approach to the earliest Ottoman biographical works on Sufi orders brings the regionalist coloring in the rivalry between major Sufi orders to the fore. The ancient socio-political rivalry between two Anatolian regions surfaced in the strife between different Sufi orders in the socio-religious scene of the nascent imperial capital Istanbul. One of the contending Sufi orders, the Halvetiye was the product of the north central Anatolian city of Amasya. At the outset of the fifteenth century, the local landholding practices in Amasya in combination with contemporary political developments resulted in the proliferation of a particular type of Sufi architecture and the concurrent urbanization of Sufi activities. In the first half of the fifteenth century, the Halvetiye Sufi order, which originated in the rural areas of Azerbaijan, was appropriated by the city and assumed an urban identity. In Amasya, the Halvetiye, which was challenged by more established urban orders elsewhere in the Islamic world, found a safe haven and established its first contacts with the Ottoman elite. The final phase in the “Ottomanization” of the Halvetiye order took place in the second half of the fifteenth century. During the succession struggle of the late fifteenth century, the Halvetis joined a political faction led by Prince Bayezid (d.918/1512) who eventually succeeded to the Ottoman throne. Through association with one of the contending political parties via Halvetiye order, 1 Amasya made a bid for influence in the socio-religious domain in the Ottoman core lands, especially in the imperial capital at its formative period. This dissertation concludes by problematizing the modern perception of the early Ottoman Anatolia as unified and monolithic, and a backwater to the rising Ottoman world. In so doing it attempts to shift the formative process of the Ottoman polity from the “core lands” covering Western Asia Minor and Southern Balkans to the Anatolian provinces. 2 To Kevser i TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures and Tables v Abbreviations vi Note on Transliteration vii Acknowledgements viii Introduction 1 Chapter One: The Ottomanization of Amasya and the Urbanization of the Sufi Activities 16 Part One: Pre-Ottoman Background (468/1075-789/1387) 17 Urban Lodges 18 Rural Lodges 19 Concluding Remarks 20 Part Two: The Establishment of the Ottoman Rule (789/1387-825/1421) 21 The Arrival of the Ottomans 22 Lodge- Mosques 23 The Sufi lodges constructed in the first period 27 Concluding Remarks 38 Part Three: Autonomous Amasya (825/1421-870/1465) 39 Consolidation of Yörgüç Pasha’s Rule 39 The Sufi lodges constructed in the second period 40 Trouble in the East: Rise of Amasya as the Eastern Ottoman capital 42 Yörgüç Pasha Waqfiya: A Collective Endowment? 43 Ottoman-Amasyan Destruction of Karaman 46 After Yörgüç Pasha (845/1441-870/1465) 48 Concluding Remarks 49 Part Four: Marginalization of Amasya (870/1465-886/1481) 50 Dynastic Struggles and the Fragility of the Princes’ Treasure 52 Patronage of Sufis through Alternative Channels 53 Concluding Remarks 55 Chapter Two: The Urbanization of the Halvetiye: Amasyan Gümüşlüoğlus (807/1405-870/1465) 59 Part One: Pir İlyas and the Foundation of the Gümüşlüoğlu Community (804/1402- 60 815/1412) Pir İlyas in Shirvan 61 An Attempt at Reconstruction of the early History of the Halvetiye before 1400 62 Sadreddin-i Hıyavi (after 1400) 64 Back to Pir İlyas’s Story: The Foundation of a Community 67 ii Urban Context: Urbanization of Sufi Activities via Lodge-Mosques 68 Part Two: The Çilehane: A Dervish Factory? 69 Location and Plan of the Çilehane 70 Part Three: Gümüşlüoğlu Halvetis under the leadership of Abdurrahman-ı Hüsami 73 A Historical Riddle: Who was Abdurrahman-ı Hüsami? 74 First Zeyni Challenge: The Arrival of Abdürrahim-i Merzifoni 75 Coping with the Zeynis: Invention of Dreams 79 Coping with the Zeynis: Appropriation of Zeyni Methods of Training? 79 Part Four: Gümüşlüoğlu Halvetis in the court Prince Bayezid (870/1465-887/1482) 81 Conclusion 83 Chapter Three: The Ottomanization of the Halvetiye: Halvetis as members of Political Factions (870/1465- 85 886/1481) Part One: Istanbul: The Sultan Mehmed II and the Zeynis 86 The second Zeyni Challenge: Abdüllatif-i Kudsi and the aggressive turn 87 The Zeynis of Istanbul and Shaykh Vefa 89 Part Two: Amasya: Prince Bayezid and the Tale of Two Halveti Shaykhs 92 The Coming of Age of Prince Bayezid and the Sufis of Amasya 92 Çelebi Halife: The Initiator of the Rumi Branch of the Halvetiye 95 Konya and the Shaykh in Black 95 Tokat and the Illiterate Turcoman Shaykh 97 Erzincan and the Shaykh of the Mantle 98 Habib-i Karamani: The Initiator of the Karamani Branch of the Halvetiye 100 Part Three: The Dynastic Struggle of 886/1481 as the final phase in the Ottomanization of 103 the Halvetiye Amasya in the winter of 1481 104 Habib-i Karamani’s tough decision 105 Habib-i Karamani’s Dreams 106 Habib-i Karamani’s Mystical Experiences 108 Çelebi Halife, Shaykh Vefa and the Third Challenge of the Zeyniye 109 Taşköprüzade’s Twist 110 Conclusion 111 Chapter Four: The Ottoman Halvetiye: A Sibling Rivalry between Two Dynastic Struggles (886/1481- 114 969/1561) Introduction: Who are the Rumi and Karamani Shaykhs? 114 Bayezid II (886/1481-918/1512) and the Friendly Years 117 Selim I (918/1512-926/1520) and the Grim Years 118 Lami‘i’s Criticisms: Echoes of the Zeyniye? 119 iii The Arrival of the Old Foe: Karamani Halvetiye in Istanbul 122 Süleyman I (926/1520-974/1566) and the Magnificient Years 125 Conclusion 128 Conclusion: The Role of the Rival Anatolian Geographies in the Formation of the Ottoman Empire 130 Bibliography 133 Appendix: Halvet, Halvetiye, Practice and Doctrines 143 iv FIGURES AND TABLES The plan of the Yakub Pasha Lodge-Mosque (Çilehane) 32 The plan of the Bayezid Pasha Lodge-Mosque 36 The plan of the Yörgüç Pasha Lodge-Mosque 44 The plan of the Hızır Pasha Lodge-Mosque 49 Çilehane positions and distribution of the endowment income 69 Approaching Amasya from Samsun or a view from southeast in 1915 71 Approaching Amasya from Tokat or a view from Northwest in the nineteenth century 72 Seventeenth century depictions of Abdürrahim-i Merzifoni and Abdurrahman-ı Hüsami 78 Topographic map of the major buildings before 886/1481 84 Map of the Sufi orders in Anatolia before 886/1481 92 v ABBREVIATIONS Balābil Mustafa Vazih Efendi (d.1247/1831), “al-Balābil al- Rāsiyya fi Riyad al- Masā'il al Amāsiyya” (Istanbul Suleymaniyye Library, n.d.), 34b-35a, Yazma Bagislar 3267. ) BOA Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi (Prime Ministry Ottoman Archives), Istanbul Lemezāt Mahmud Hulvī (d.1654), Lemezāt-ı Hulviyye ez Leme‘āt-ı ‘Ulviyye, trans. Mehmed Serhan Tayşi (Istanbul: Marmara Üniversitesi, 1993) Menākıb Yusuf b. Yakub (d. ca.1577). Menākıb-ı şerīf ve tarīkatnāme-i pīrān ve meşāyih-i tarīkat-ı ‘aliyye-i Halvetiye. Istanbul, 1874 Shaqā’iq Taşköprüzade Ahmed İsamüddin (d.1561). al-Shaqā'iq al-nu'mānīya fī 'ulamā al-dawla al-'Uthmānīya. Istanbul: Jāmi'at Istānbūl, Kullīyat al- Ādāb, Markaz al-Dirāsāt al-Sharqīyah, 1985. TDİA Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi. İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı, 1999 Terceme-i Nefehāt Lami'i Çelebi (d.1532). Futūh al-Mucāhidīn li Tarwih al-Mushāhidīn. Edited by Süleyman Uludağ. Istanbul: Marifet Yayınları, 1980. Tevārih Aşıkpaşazade (d. ca. 1502), “Tevārih-i Āl-i ‘Osmān,” in Osmanlı Tarihleri: Osmanlı Tarihinin Anakaynakları Olan Eserlerin, Mütehassıslar Tarafından Hazırlanan Metin, Tercüme veya Sadeleştirilmiş Şekilleri Külliyatı, ed. Nihal Atsız, vol. 1 ([Istanbul]: Türkiye Yayınevi, 1949) TSA Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Arşivi (Topkapı Palace Museum Archives), Istanbul VGMA Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü Arşivi (The Archives of the General Directorate of Endowments), Ankara vi NOTE ON TRANSLITERATION Making the text more accessible in a consistent and scholarly manner is the main concern in the transliteration system of this study. Therefore, I chose the common Anglicized forms of terms, names of places and dynasties. For instance, I use shaykh, not şeyh or şeyh, Azerbaijan not Azerbaycan or Ādharbāydjān and Karamanid not Karamanlı.
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    TRANSPORTATION RAILWAY T.C. Amasya is located on Sivas-Smasun Railroad, 261 km to Sivas and 134 km to Samsun. THE GOVERNORSHIPAMASYA VALİLİĞİ Within the city there are two terminals (Amasya and Hacıbayram) and six railroad OF AMASYA - TÜRKİYE stations (Kızılca, Kayabaşı, Eryatağı, Boğazköy, Suluova, Hacıbayram). The train and local Express schedules are as follows.) (Turkish Railways Phn: 218 12 39) Departure from Amasya Arrival in Samsun Departure from Samsun Arrival in Amasya Daily 04.55 08.02 18.00 21.00 Departure from Sivas Arrival in Amasya Departure from Amasya Arrival in Samsun Daily 08.50 14.21 14.25 17.24 Departure from Samsun Arrival in Amasya Departure from Amasya Arrival in Sivas Daily 08.20 11.32 14.25 16.50 Local Express Amasya-Samsun: Amasya, Boğazköy, Suluova, Hacıbayram, Bekdiğin, Havza, Ladik, Kavak, Çukurbük, Meşelidüz, Samsun. Departure from Amasya Arrival in Samsun Departure from Samsun Arrival in Amasya Daily 08.40 14.04 14.09 17.08 RAILBUS Departure from Amasya Arrival in Havza Departure from Havza Arrival in Amasya Daily 08.00 09.13 09.30 10.42 15.00 16.12 17.00 18.12 Departure from Amasya Arrival in Hacıbayram Departure from Hacıbayram Arrival in Amasya Daily 12.00 12.50 13.00 13.51 AIRWAYS MARITIME LINES Closest airport and seaports to Amasya are in Samsun, 130 km to Amasya Airways Phn: 0.358.535 10 16 - 1015 Maritime Lines Phn: 0.362.435 16 05 İstanbul-Merzifon Flight Hours TOURISTIC GUIDE Monday Departure from İstanbul Arrival in Merzifon Departure from Merzifon Arrival in İstanbul Wednesday Friday 16.40 18.10 19.10 20.25 FOR AMASYA Amasya is connected to the neighboring cities Samsun, Çorum and Tokat via the state highways.
  • A Comparative Analysis of the Concepts of Holy War and the Idealized Topos of Holy Warrior in Medieval Anatolian and European Sources

    A Comparative Analysis of the Concepts of Holy War and the Idealized Topos of Holy Warrior in Medieval Anatolian and European Sources

    T.C. BAHÇEŞEHİR ÜNİVERSİTESİ A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE CONCEPTS OF HOLY WAR AND THE IDEALIZED TOPOS OF HOLY WARRIOR IN MEDIEVAL ANATOLIAN AND EUROPEAN SOURCES Master’s Thesis CEREN ÇIKIN SUNGUR İSTANBUL, 2014 T.C. BAHÇEŞEHİR UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY Supervisors: Prof. Dr. Heath W. LOWRY & Ass. Prof. Dr. Derya GÜRSES TARBUCK To my beloved Can, for all his kindness and support… ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I must thank my research supervisors, Professor Heath W. Lowry and Assistant Professor Derya Gürses Tarbuck for giving me the chance to work together and the opportunity to study at Bahçeşehir University. Without their support and assistance this thesis could not even exist as an idea. I would also like to thank Associate Professor Dr. Fikret Yılmaz for making me question certain matters on the military warfare of the early Ottomans I had not noticed before. I also have to thank Professor Paul Latimer from Bilkent University for his assistance and for lighting my path to an understanding of European history with his advice. ABSTRACT A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE CONCEPTS OF HOLY WAR AND THE IDEALIZED TOPOS OF THE HOLY WARRIOR IN MEDIEVAL ANATOLIAN AND EUROPEAN SOURCES Ceren Çıkın Sungur History Supervisors: Prof. Dr. Heath W. Lowry & Ass. Prof. Derya Gürses Tarbuck June, 2014, 199 pages Claims of holy war characterized the Middle Ages in both Muslim Anatolia and Christian Europe, where soldiers on both sides were portrayed as holy warriors. Named gazis, akıncıs, alps, chevaliers and knights, they came from the elite military classes. Literary depictions of these men as holy warriors were fundamentally idealized topoi created by writers who were patronized by or were close to those in power.
  • Opening Speech

    Opening Speech

    II. National Symposium On The Aegean Islands, 2-3 July 2004, Gökçeada - Çanakkale OPENING SPEECH Ali KURUMAHMUT Prime Ministry of Navigation Counsellorship Marine Transportation General Manager The Aegean Sea lies between the Turkish and the Greek main lands, as well as between the Morea peninsular and the southwestern edges of the Anatolian coasts, with the extension of the islands of Çuha, Küçük Çuha, Girit, Kaşot, Kerpe and Rodos that constitute its outer natural boundaries. In terms of the geographical structure, the Aegean, a semi-closed sea, has geological and geo-morphological characteristics peculiar to itself: it has about 1800 islands, islets and rocks of various sorts, as well as a number of geographical formations, scattered al over the Sea. There is little wonder that all these characteristics make the Aegean Sea a special one. The Aegean dispute between Greece and Turkey has been complicated for a number of reasons: for instance, there are many islands in the Aegean that Turkey ceded to Greece through international treaties. And these islands lying in the natural extension of the Turkish mainland surround Anatolia from north to the south. But Athens makes claims of sovereignty over many islands, islets, and rocks though Ankara never ceded any of them to Greece officially. The most obvious and famous case would be the Kardak rocks crisis that erupted between Turkey and Greece at the beginning of 1996. These complications make the Aegean a sea that is of special importance among the seas of the world. It is possible to divide the Aegean Islands into five categories in terms of their geographical locations, geological and geo-morphological characteristics, the historical perspectives of the sovereign powers to which they belonged, the manner in which the sovereignty over them was determined through international treaties, as well as their importance for geo-political and strategic purposes.
  • The Black Death in Early Ottoman Territories: 1347-1550 Gisele Marien

    The Black Death in Early Ottoman Territories: 1347-1550 Gisele Marien

    THE BLACK DEATH IN EARLY OTTOMAN TERRITORIES: 1347-1550 The Institute of Economics and Social Sciences of Bilkent University by GISELE MARIEN In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY BILKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA May 2009 ABSTRACT THE BLACK DEATH IN EARLY OTTOMAN TERRITORIES: 1347-1555 Marien. Gisèle M.A. Department of History Supervisor: Prof. Dr Halil İNALCIK May 2009 The aim of this thesis is to analyze the possible impact of the Black Death on the early Ottoman society. Firstly, a temporal and spatial analysis of the outbreaks was established using contemporary Ottoman, Byzantine and Latin sources. In view of the territorial expansion of the Ottoman state in the period studied, information on the adjacent territories was included. The response towards plague was then evaluated taking into account the information obtained on the frequency and geographical distribution of the disease and contrasted with certain previous theories on the impact of plague on Ottoman society. The study reveals that the high frequency of plague outbreaks identified by this study can be linked to a behavior of overall acceptance and to specific actions of an administrative and religious nature. Keywords: plague, epidemic, Black Death, social response, policy, chronology iii ÖZET KARA ÖLÜM VE ERKEN OSMANLILAR: 1347-1550 Marien, Gisèle Yuksek Lisans, Tarih Bölumu Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. Halil İNALCIK Nisan 2009 Bu tezin amacı Veba’nın erken dönem Osmanlı toplumu üzerindeki muhtelif etkilerini ortaya koymaktır. İlk olarak veba salgınlarının çağdaş Osmanlı, Bizans ve Latin kaynaklarını kullanarak kısa dönemli ve mekansal analizi yapılmıştır.