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The Black Death in Early Ottoman Territories: 1347-1550 Gisele Marien

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The Black Death in Early Ottoman Territories: 1347-1550 Gisele Marien THE BLACK DEATH IN EARLY OTTOMAN TERRITORIES: 1347-1550 The Institute of Economics and Social Sciences of Bilkent University by GISELE MARIEN In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY BILKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA May 2009 ABSTRACT THE BLACK DEATH IN EARLY OTTOMAN TERRITORIES: 1347-1555 Marien. Gisèle M.A. Department of History Supervisor: Prof. Dr Halil İNALCIK May 2009 The aim of this thesis is to analyze the possible impact of the Black Death on the early Ottoman society. Firstly, a temporal and spatial analysis of the outbreaks was established using contemporary Ottoman, Byzantine and Latin sources. In view of the territorial expansion of the Ottoman state in the period studied, information on the adjacent territories was included. The response towards plague was then evaluated taking into account the information obtained on the frequency and geographical distribution of the disease and contrasted with certain previous theories on the impact of plague on Ottoman society. The study reveals that the high frequency of plague outbreaks identified by this study can be linked to a behavior of overall acceptance and to specific actions of an administrative and religious nature. Keywords: plague, epidemic, Black Death, social response, policy, chronology iii ÖZET KARA ÖLÜM VE ERKEN OSMANLILAR: 1347-1550 Marien, Gisèle Yuksek Lisans, Tarih Bölumu Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. Halil İNALCIK Nisan 2009 Bu tezin amacı Veba’nın erken dönem Osmanlı toplumu üzerindeki muhtelif etkilerini ortaya koymaktır. İlk olarak veba salgınlarının çağdaş Osmanlı, Bizans ve Latin kaynaklarını kullanarak kısa dönemli ve mekansal analizi yapılmıştır. Çalışılan dönemdeki Osmanlı bölgesel genişlemesi göz önünde bulundurularak yeni fethedilen topraklara komşu bölgeler bu çalışmaya dahil edilmiştir. Veba’nın Osmanlı toplumu üzerindeki etkileriyle ilgili bazı eski teorilerin tutarsızlığı hastalığın görülme sıklığı ve bölgelere göre coğrafi dağılımıyla ilgili eldeki bilgiler dikkate alınarak değerlendirildi. Bu çalışmanın sonuçları göstermektedir ki Veba salgınlarının görülme sıklığı toplumdaki genel bir kabulleniş kadar idari ve dînî yapı ile de doğrudan bağlantılı bir sonuçtur. Anahtar Kelimeler: Veba, Salgın, Kara Ölüm, Sosyal Tepki, Politika, Kronoloji iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Above all, I would like to sincerely thank my supervisor, Prof. Dr. Halil İNALCIK, who not only encouraged me to engage in this research, but also guided me to the most relevant source material and provided me with fresh insights into the historical context of early Ottoman society. Without this support, the scope of this study would undoubtedly remained more modest. Furthermore, I would like to use this opportunity to thank the academic staff of the Bilkent History department for their enthusiasm in transferring indispensable research skills. In particular, I wish to thank Prof. Dr. Özer ERGENC and Asst. Prof. Evgenia KERMELI for their help with certain sources. I also wish to thank Nebahat and Eser for their cheerful assistance with bureaucratic matters. I am also grateful for the fresh ideas and suggestions from my friends and fellow students. Especially, I would like to thank Nergiz Nazlar for her help: many a valuable source came into my possession thanks to her efforts. Finally, I would like to thank my friends and family for their patience and for accepting that my visits turned into reading sessions. Special thanks I wish to reserve for my cat Boncuk, who encouraged me reading the source material and writing my thesis by sitting in my lap. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................. iii ÖZET .........................................................................................................................iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................... v TABLE OF CONTENTS ..........................................................................................vi CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ............................................................................…1 CHAPTER II A BIOLOGICAL AND HISTORIC VIEW OF PLAGUE ............... .5 2.1. Modern Concepts of Plague ........................................................................... 5 2.2. A Historical Overview of the Plague Pandemics ........................................…5 CHAPTER III SOURCES OF THE BLACK DEATH IN BYZANTINE AND OTTOMAN TERRITORIES.......................................................................... 14 3.1. Historiography ..............................................................................................14 3.2. Primary Sources ............................................................................................17 3.3. Aspects of Terminology ................................................................................36 CHAPTER IV THE OUTBREAK AND DIFFUSION OF THE BLACK DEATH 40 4.1. The Arrival of the Black Death in Byzantine and Ottoman Territories ....... 40 4.2. Subsequent Outbreaks - Spatial and Temporal Patterns............................….49 CHAPTER V THE RESPONSE TO PLAGUE ...................................................….60 5.1. Individual and Collective Patterns of Behavior .............................................60 5.2. Religious Response ........................................................................................73 5.3. Policies and Politics with Regard to Plague ..................................................81 CHAPTER VI CONCLUSIONS .......................................................................….110 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................…115 APPENDIX I : TRANSLATION ENTRIES OF SANUDO'S DIARY................…124 vi CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Recent years have seen a marked increase of interest in the Black Death, the medieval bubonic plague pandemic that arrived in Europe in 1347. Some explanation of this revival can be traced to the 9/11 attacks, which were followed by an anthrax scare and the subsequent avian influenza pandemic, both of which intensified academic interest in lethal epidemics. Both historians and scientists have produced a number of monographs and articles ranging from the academic to the spectacularly popular 1. In the wake of this activity, some Ottoman scholars have signalled2 the lack of studies dealing with the Black Death in the early Ottoman period. Indeed, apart from the efforts of Lowry and Schamiloğlu3 no recent publication was exclusively devoted to plague in early Ottoman history. Both authors claim the paucity of sources to be an obstacle to the study of the disease in that period 4. Though the absence of any systematic approach of the 1 See Susan Scott and Christopher Duncan in the Return of the Black Death - The World's Greatest Serial Killer West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2004, passim. 2 For example, see Heath Lowry, " Pushing the Stone Uphill: The Impact of Bubonic Plague on Ottoman Urban Society in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries," Osmanlı Araştırmaları XXIII (2003): 93-132. 3 Schamiloğlu, Uli "The Rise of the Ottoman Empire: The Black Death in Medieval Anatolia and its Impact on Turkish Civilization." In Neguin Yavari, Lawrence G. Potter and Jean-Marc Van Oppenheim, eds., Views from the Edge: Essays in Honor of Richard W. Bulliet. New York: Columbia University Press, 2004. 4 Indeed, Schamiloğlu goes as far as to claim that "The Black Death is not mentioned in the Ottoman sources." This remark stands in odd contrast to the complaint of Babinger in Die Aufzeichnungen des Genuesen Iacopo de Promontorio - de Campis über den Osmanenstaat um 1475. Sitzungsberichte no. 8. München: Verlag der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1957, 5, that except for praise of the ruling dynasty and the brief mentioning of natural disasters such as plague and earthquakes, the early Ottoman chronicles offer no information on Ottoman society. 1 subject is evident, plague has been mentioned in a number of publications as a causative agent in the historical process. However, any assertions concerning the impact of plague epidemics on Ottoman history are hampered by the fact that no studies are available that try to elucidate the patterns of frequency of outbreaks and their exact localisation. In view of this apparent void, it is the aim of this thesis to bring together a number of data that illustrate the impact of the disease on the early Ottoman society from the first Black Death outbreak to the first half of the 16th century. The relative abundance of sources for the latter half of the 16th and for the 17th century and the territorial expansion of the Ottoman Empire in that period would have widened the scope of this inquiry too much, and made the amount of material too unwieldy to process within the framework of a master's thesis. The Black Death was not the first pandemic to reach the region under investigation. The Justinian plague pandemic had preceded it, shaping attitudes towards it and providing local populations with some knowledge of the disease. In order to appraise this influence and to understand the interplay of human behavior and the promulgation of the disease, the first chapter and introductory section of this thesis deals with the biological fundamentals of the disease as well as with its place in general human history. The next section then focuses on the Black Death and the Ottomans specifically. Chapter
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