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Archbasilica of St. John Lateran

The Papal Archbasilica of St. John Lateran (Italian: Arcibasilica Papale di San Giovanni in Laterano), com- monly known as St. John Lateran’s Archbasilica, St. John Lateran’s , and just The Lateran Basil- ica, is the cathedral church of the Diocese of and the official ecclesiastical seat of the of Rome, who is the . It is the oldest and ranks first among the four Papal Basil- icas or major of Rome (having the cathedra of the Bishop of Rome), and the oldest church in the Next to the formal entrance is the Archbasilica’s claim to be the West.[2][3] It claims the title of ecumenical mother church head Mother Church in the entire world. Note the Laurel wreath and the . among Roman Catholics. The current archpriest is Agostino Vallini, Cardinal Vicar General for the .[4] The President of the French Republic, cur- rently François Hollande, is ex officio the “first and only 2 honorary " of the basilica, a title held by the heads of the French state since King Henry IV of . Main article: Lateran Palace The large inscription on the façade reads, Clemens XII Pont Max Anno V Christo Salvatori In Hon SS Ioan Bapt et Evang, a highly abbreviated inscription meaning The archbasilica stands over the remains of the Castra "Pope Clement XII, in the fifth year of his reign, dedi- Nova equitum singularium, the 'new fort' of the imperial cated this building to Christ the Savior, in honor of cavalry bodyguard. The fort was established by Septimius and Evangelist";[5] this is because the Severus in AD 193. Following the victory of Constantine cathedrals of all are dedicated to Christ him- I over Maxentius (for whom the Equites singulares augusti self. As the cathedral of the Bishop of Rome, it ranks had fought) at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge, the guard above all other churches in the Church, includ- were abolished and the fort demolished. Substantial re- ing St. Peter’s Basilica. For that reason, unlike all other mains of the fort lie directly beneath the nave. Roman Basilicas, it holds the title of Archbasilica. The rest of the site was occupied during the early Roman The archbasilica is located outside of the boundaries of Empire by the palace of the gens Laterani. Sextius Later- proper, although within the city of Rome. anus was the first plebeian to attain the rank of consul, However, it enjoys extraterritorial status as one of the and the Laterani served as administrators for several properties of the . This is also the case with emperors. One of the Laterani, Consul-designate Plau- several other buildings, following the resolution of the tius Lateranus, became famous for being accused by Nero with the signing of the . of conspiracy against the emperor. The accusation re- sulted in the confiscation and redistribution of his prop- erties. The Lateran Palace fell into the hands of the emperor when Constantine I married his second wife Fausta, sis- ter of Maxentius. Known by that time as the “Domus 1 Etymology Faustae” or “House of Fausta,” the Lateran Palace was eventually given to the Bishop of Rome by Constantine. The actual date of the gift is unknown but scholars be- The archbasilica’s name in Latin is Archibasilica Sanctis- lieve it had to have been during the pontificate of Pope simi Salvatoris et Sanctorum Iohannes Baptista et Evange- Miltiades, in time to host a of in 313 that lista in Laterano, which translates in English as Archbasil- was convened to challenge the Donatist schism, declaring ica of the Most Holy Saviour and John the Baptist Donatism as heresy. The palace basilica was converted and the Evangelist at the Lateran. In Italian, the basilica’s and extended, becoming the residence of Pope St. Sil- name translates as Arcibasilica del Santissimo Salvatore e vester I, eventually becoming the cathedral of Rome, the Santi Giovanni Battista ed Evangelista in Laterano.[4] seat of the as bishops of Rome.[6]

1 2 3 THE MIDDLE AGES

3 The Middle Ages church”, the words Sacrosancta Lateranensis ecclesia om- nium urbis et orbis ecclesiarum mater et caput (meaning “Most Holy Lateran Church, of all the churches in the city and the world, the mother and head”) are incised in the front wall between the main entrance doors. The Lateran Palace and basilica have been rededicated twice. Pope Sergius III dedicated them to Saint John the Baptist in the 10th century in honor of the newly conse- crated baptistry of the Basilica. Pope Lucius II dedicated the Lateran Palace and basilica to Saint John the Evan- gelist in the 12th century. However, St. John Baptist and St. are regarded as co-patrons of the Cathedral, the chief patron being Christ the Saviour him- self, as the inscription in the entrance of the Basilica in- dicates, and as is tradition in the patriarchal cathedrals. Thus, the Basilica remains dedicated to the Saviour, and its titular feast is the Transfiguration. That is why some- times the Basilica will be referred to by the full title The Papal cathedra, which makes this basilica the cathedral of of Archbasilica of the Most Holy Saviour and of Sts. Rome, is located in the apse. The decorations are in cosmatesque John Baptist and John Evangelist in the Lateran. The . church became the most important shrine in honor of the two saints, not often jointly venerated. In later years, a Benedictine was established at the Lateran Palace, devoted to serving the basilica as a devotional to the two saints. Every pope from Miltiades occupied the Lateran Palace until the reign of the French , who in 1309 decided to transfer the official seat of the to Avignon, a papal fief that was an enclave within France. The Lateran Palace has also been the site of five Ecumenical councils. See Lateran councils.

3.1 Lateran fires

During the Avignon papacy, the Lateran Palace and the basilica began to decline. Two destructive fires ravaged the Lateran Palace and the basilica, in 1307 and 1361. In both cases, the Avignon papacy sent money to their bishops in Rome to cover the costs of reconstruction and maintenance. Despite those actions the Lateran Palace and the basilica lost their former splendor. When the Avignon papacy formally ended and the Pope again resided in Rome, the Lateran Palace and the basil- 14th-century Gothic baldacchino ica were deemed inadequate considering the accumulated damage. The popes took up residency at the Basilica The official dedication of the Basilica and the adjacent di Santa Maria in and later at the Basilica di Lateran Palace was presided over by in . Eventually, the Palace of the Vat- 324, declaring both to be Domus Dei or “House of God.” ican was built (adjacent to the Basilica of St. Peter, that In its interior, the Papal Throne was placed, making it already existed at the Vatican since the time of Constan- the Cathedral of the Bishop of Rome. In reflection of tine), and the papacy moved in; the papacy remains there the basilica’s claim to primacy in the world as “mother today. 3

4 Reconstruction 5 Architectural history

There were several attempts at reconstruction of the basil- An apse lined with mosaics and open to the air still pre- ica before ’s definitive project. Sixtus hired serves the memory of one of the most famous halls of the his favorite architect to oversee much ancient palace, the "Triclinium" of Pope Leo III, which of the project. The original Lateran Palace was torn down was the state banqueting hall. The existing structure is not and replaced with a new building. On the square in front ancient, but some portions of the original mosaics may of the Lateran Palace is the largest standing in the have been preserved in the three-part mosaic of its niche. world, known as the Lateran Obelisk (weight estimated In the centre Christ gives their mission to the Apostles, on at 455 tons). It was commissioned by pharaoh Thutmose the left he gives the keys to St. Sylvester and the Labarum III and erected by Thutmose IV before the great Karnak to Constantine, while on the right St. Peter gives the papal temple of Thebes, Egypt. stole to Leo III and the standard to . Intended by Constantine I to be shipped to Constantinople, the very preoccupied Constantius II had it shipped instead to Rome, where it was re- erected in the in 357. At some time it broke and was buried under the Circus. In the 16th century it was located and dug up, and Sixtus V had it re-erected on a new pedestal on August 3, 1588 on its present site.[7][8][9] Further renovation on the interior of the basilica ensued under the direction of Francesco Borromini, commis- sioned by . The twelve niches created by his architecture came to be filled by 1718 with statues of the apostles, using the most prominent Roman Rococo sculptors. The vision of Pope Clement XII for reconstruction was an ambitious one: he launched a competition to design a new façade. More than 23 architects competed, mostly working in the current idiom. The putatively im- partial jury was chaired by , president of the Roman Academy of Saint Luke. The winner of the competition was . The façade as it appears today was completed in 1735, which reads, Clemens XII Pont Max Anno V Christo Sal- vatori In Hon SS Ioan Bapt et Evang, and is a highly abbreviated Latin inscription; when expanded, it reads, Holy Door at the Lateran Papal Basilica Clemens XII, Pont[ifex] Max[imus], [in] Anno V, [ded- icavit hoc aedificium] Christo Salvatori, in hon[orem] Some few remains of the original buildings may still be [sanctorum] Ioan[is] Bapt[tistae] et Evang[elistae]. This traced in the city walls outside the Gate of St. John, and a means, "Pope Clement XII, in the fifth year of his reign, large wall decorated with paintings was uncovered in the dedicated this building to Christ the Savior, in honor of 18th century within the basilica itself, behind the Lancel- Saint John the Baptist and Evangelist”.[5] Galilei’s façade lotti Chapel. A few traces of older buildings also came removed all vestiges of traditional ancient basilica archi- to light during the excavations made in 1880, when the tecture, and imparted a neo-classical facade. work of extending the apse was in progress, but nothing was published of real value or importance. A great many donations from the popes and other bene- • The nave of San Giovanni in Laterano. factors to the basilica are recorded in the Liber Pon- tificalis, and its splendour at an early period was such • The ceiling of San Giovanni in Laterano. that it became known as the “Basilica Aurea”, or Golden Basilica. This splendour drew upon it the attack of the • The Lateran Obelisk in its third location, in front of Vandals, who stripped it of all its treasures. the Lateran Palace. restored it around 460, and it was again restored by Pope Hadrian. • The Loggia delle Benedizioni, on the back left side. In 897, it was almost totally destroyed by an earthquake— Annexed, on the left, is the Lateran Palace. ab altari usque ad portas cecidit (“it collapsed from the 4 6 LATERAN APOSTLES

to the doors”). The damage was so extensive that it balustrade, Galilei provides an entrance doorway on a was difficult to trace the lines of the old building, but these more-than-colossal scale, framed in the paired colos- were in the main respected and the new building was of sal Corinthian pilasters that tie together the façade in the same dimensions as the old. This second church lasted the manner introduced at Michelangelo's palace on the for four hundred years, and then burned in 1308. It was Campidoglio. rebuilt by Pope Clement V and Pope John XXII. It was burned down once more in 1360, and was rebuilt by Pope Urban V. 6 Lateran Apostles Through vicissitudes the basilica retained its ancient form, being divided by rows of columns into aisles, and The twelve niches created by Borromini’s architecture having in front a peristyle surrounded by colonnades with were left empty for decades. When late in 1702 Pope a in the middle, the conventional Late Antique Clement XI and Benedetto Cardinal Pamphili, arch- format that was also followed by the old St Peter’s. The priests of the Lateran Basilica, announced their grand façade had three windows, and was embellished with a scheme for twelve over life-size sculptures of the Apostles mosaic representing Christ, the Saviour of the World. to fill the niches, the project was open to all the premier [10] The porticoes were frescoed, probably not earlier than sculptors of late baroque Rome. Each statue was to be the 12th century, commemorating the Roman fleet un- sponsored by an illustrious prince with the pope himself der Vespasian, the taking of Jerusalem, the of taking on and Pamphili John the Evangelist. the Emperor Constantine and his “Donation” of the Pa- Most sculptors were provided with a sketch by Clement’s pal States to the Church. Inside the basilica the columns favourite painter, , which they were to fol- no doubt ran, as in all other basilicas of the same date, low, the notable exception being Pierre Le Gros who suc- the whole length of the church from east to west. cessfully refused to work to Maratta’s design and wasn't given a sketch.[11] In one of the rebuildings, probably that which was carried out by Clement V, the feature of a transverse nave was in- The sculptors and their sculptures (dates according to troduced, imitated no doubt from the one which had been Conforti): added, long before this, at Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls. Probably at this time the church was enlarged. • Pierre-Étienne Monnot Some portions of the older buildings survive. Among them the pavement of medieval Cosmatesque work, and Paul (1704-08) the statues of St. Peter and Saint Paul, now in the Peter (1704-11) cloisters. The graceful baldacchino over the high altar, which looks out of place in its present surroundings, dates • Francesco Moratti from 1369. The stercoraria, or throne of red marble on which the popes sat, is now in the . It owes its unsavoury name to the anthem sung at the papal (1704-09) enthronement, “De stercore erigens pauperem” (“lifting up the poor out of the dunghill”, from Psalm 112). • Lorenzo Ottoni From the 5th century, there were seven oratories sur- rounding the basilica. These before long were incorpo- Judas Thaddeus (1704-09) rated in the church. The devotion of visiting these ora- tories, which held its ground all through the medieval pe- • Giuseppe Mazzuoli riod, gave rise to the similar devotion of the seven altars, still common in many and elsewhere. Philip (1705-11) Of the façade by Alessandro Galilei (1735), the cliché as- sessment has ever been that it is the façade of a palace, not • of a church. Galilei’s front, which is a screen across the Pierre Le Gros older front creating a narthex or vestibule, does express the nave and double aisles of the basilica, which required Thomas (1705-11) a central bay wider than the rest of the sequence; Galilei Bartholomew (c. 1705-12) provided it, without abandoning the range of identical arch-headed openings, by extending the central window • Angelo de' Rossi by flanking columns that support the arch, in the familiar Serlian motif. James the Less (1705-11) By bringing the central bay forward very slightly, and capping it with a pediment that breaks into the roof • Camillo Rusconi 5

Andrew (1705-09) Main article: List of extant papal tombs John the Evangelist (1705-11) Matthew the Evangelist (1711-15) There are six extant papal tombs inside the basilica: James the Greater (1715-18) Alexander III (right aisles), Sergius IV (right aisles), Clement XII Corsini (left aisle), Martin V (in front of • Bartholomew by Le Gros the confessio); Innocent III (right transept); and Leo XIII (left transept), by G. Tadolini (1907). The last of these • James the Greater by Rusconi was the last pope not to be entombed in St. Peter’s Basil- ica. • Paul by Monnot A dozen additional papal tombs were constructed in the basilica starting in the 10th century, but were destroyed • Peter by Monnot during two fires that ravaged the basilica in 1308 and 1361. The remains of these charred tombs were gath- • Simon by Moratti ered and reburied in a polyandrum. The popes of the • Jude by Ottoni destroyed tombs were: Pope John X (914 - 928), Pope Agapetus II (946 - 955), Pope John XII (955- 964), Pope • Philip by Mazzuoli Paschal II (1099–1118), Pope Callixtus II (1119–1124), Pope Honorius II (1124–1130), Pope Celestine II (1143– • Thomas by Le Gros 1144), Pope Lucius II (1144–1145), Pope Anastasius IV (1153–1154), Pope Clement III (1187–1191), Pope Ce- • James the Less by de' Rossi lestine III (1191–1198), (1276). • Andrew by Rusconi Popes during this period whose tombs are unknown and who may have been buried in the Lateran basilica include: • John the Evangelist by Rusconi Pope John XVII (1003), Pope John XVIII (1003–1009), and Pope Alexander II (1061–1073). • Matthew by Rusconi John X was the first pope buried within the walls of Rome, granted such a prominent burial due to rumors that he was murdered by Theodora, during a historical period 7 Papal tombs known as the Pornocracy. Cardinals Vincenzo Santucci and Carlo Colonna are also buried in this church.

8 Lateran cloister

Between the basilica and the city wall there was in former times the great monastery, in which dwelt the commu- nity of whose duty it was to provide the services in the basilica. The only part of it which still survives is the 13th-century cloister, surrounded by graceful twisted columns of inlaid marble. They are of a style intermedi- ate between the Romanesque proper and the Gothic, and are the work of Vassellectus and the Cosmati.

9 Lateran baptistry

Main article: Lateran

The octagonal Lateran Baptistry stands somewhat apart from the basilica. It was founded by Pope Sixtus III, per- haps on an earlier structure, for a legend grew up that Constantine I had been baptized there and enriched the structure. This baptistry was for many generations the The Helena sarcophagus, reused by Anastasius IV, the only tomb only baptistry in Rome, and its octagonal structure, cen- to survive the Lateran fires (currently in the Vatican Museums) tered upon the large basin for full immersions provided a 6 15 NOTES AND REFERENCES model for others throughout , and even an iconic mo- Catholic Church. tif of illuminated manuscripts, “The ". 12 Archpriests of the Archbasilica 10 Holy Steps of St. John Lateran

Main article: Scala Sancta The post of archpriest was created by Pope Boniface VIII The Scala Sancta (Holy Stairs), wooden steps that encase ca. 1299.[12] List of archpriests of the Lateran Basilica:[13]

13 Gallery

• The late Baroque façade of the Archbasilica of St. John Lateran was completed by Alessandro Galilei in 1735 after winning a competition for the design.

• Next to the formal entrance is the archbasilica’s claim to being the head mother church in the world.

• Statue of Saint John the Baptist

• The decorated ceiling of the Archbasilica

• Apse depicting mosaics from the Triclinium of Pope Leo III in the ancient Lateran Palace.

• The cloister of the monastery, with a cosmatesque decoration.

• The cloister of the monastery.

The Scala Sancta. • Our Lady of Częstochowa in the basilica. white marble steps, are, according to Roman Catholic tradition, the staircase leading once to the praetorium of 14 See also Pilate at Jerusalem, hence sanctified by the footsteps of Jesus Christ during his Passion. The marble stairs are vis- • ible through openings in the wooden risers. Their trans- Colegio de San Juan de Letran, a Philippine school lation from Jerusalem to the complex of palaces that be- named after the church came the ancient seat of popes in the 4th century is cred- • Early Christian art and architecture ited to Saint Helena, mother of the Emperor Constantine I. • Index of Vatican City-related articles In 1589, Pope Sixtus V relocated the steps to their present location in front of the ancient palatine chapel (the Sancta Sanctorum). Ferraù Fenzoni completed some of the fres- 15 Notes and references coes on the walls. [1] The archbasilica, which is owned by the Holy See (article 13 of the Lateran Treaty), “form(s) part of the territory 11 Roman Catholic liturgy of the Italian State (but) enjoy(s) the immunities granted by International Law to the headquarters of the diplomatic agents of foreign States” (article 15 of the Lateran Treaty). In the liturgical calendar of the Catholic Church, Novem- ber 9 is the feast of the Dedication of the Basilica of St. [2] http://www.vatican.va/jubilee_2000/pilgrim/documents/ John Lateran (Dedicatio Basilicae Lateranensis), often re- ju_gp_15012000_p-04b_it.html ferred to in older missals as the Dedication of the Basil- [3] Benedict XVI's theological act of renouncing the title of ica of the Holy Saviour. In view of its role as the mother " of the West" had as consequence that Roman church of the whole inhabited world, this feast day is cel- Catholic patriarchal basilicas are today officially known as ebrated as a Feast in the present universal calendar of the papal basilicas. 7

[4] “Basilica papale” (in Italian). Vicariatus Urbis — Portal • Lenski, Noel (2006). The Cambridge Companion of the Diocese of Rome. Retrieved 2013-11-07. to the Age of Constantine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 282. ISBN 0-521-52157-2. [5] Landsford, Tyler (2009). The Latin Inscriptions of Rome: A Walking Guide. JHU Press. Retrieved October 21, • Stato della Città del Vaticano (2009). “Arcibasilica 2014. Papale Di San Giovanni In Laterano” (in Italian). Holy See. Retrieved 24 October 2010. [6] “Arcibasilica papale San Giovanni in Laterano - Cenni storici” (in Italian). The Holy See Website. Retrieved 2013-11-07. 16 External links [7] Fanny Davenport, Rogers MacVeagh, of papal Rome. C. Scribner’s sons, 1915, p.156ff. • Media related to Basilica di San Giovanni in Lat- [8] Lunde, Paul (March–April 1979). “A Forest of ”. erano and Category:San Giovanni in Laterano at Saudi Aramco World (Houston, Texas: Aramco Services Wikimedia Commons Company). pp. 28–32. Retrieved 2013-11-07. • High-resolution virtual tour of St. John Lateran, [9] PBS:NOVA:A World of Obelisks-Rome from the Vatican. [10] “The largest sculptural task in Rome during the early eigh- • Satellite Photo of St. John Lateran teenth century,” according to Rudolph Wittkower (Art and Architecture in Italy, 1600–1750, rev. ed. 1965:290); • Constantine’s obelisk “the distribution for commissions is, at the same time, a good yardstick for measuring the reputation of contempo- • San Giovanni in Laterano rary sculptors.” • The Vatican: spirit and art of Christian Rome, a [11] cf. Conforti, The Lateran Apostles, unpublished book from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Li- Ph.D. thesis, Harvard University, 1977; Conforti pub- braries (fully available online as PDF), which con- lished a short resume of his dissertation: Planning the Lat- tains material on the Archbasilica eran Apostles, in: Henry A. Millon (Ed.), Studies in Italian Art and Architecture 15th through 18th Centuries, Rome 1980 (Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome 35), pp. 243-260.

[12] Moroni, Gaetano (1840–61). Dizionario di erudizione storico–ecclesiastica da S. Pietro sino ai nostri giorni (in Italian) XII. Venezia: Tipografia Emiliana. p. 31.

[13] Respective biographic entries in “Essay of a General List of Cardinals”. The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church..

Bibliography

• Barnes, Arthur S. (1913). "Saint John Lateran". . New : Robert Appleton Company.

• Claussen, Peter C.; Senekovic, Darko (2008). S. Giovanni in Laterano. Mit einem Beitrag von Darko Senekovic über S. Giovanni in Fonte (Corpus cosma- torum II, 2). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 3-515-09073-8.

• Krautheimer, Richard; Frazer, Alfred; Corbett, Spencer (1977). Corpus Basilicarum Christianarum Romae: The early Christian Basilicas of Rome (IV– IX Centuries) 1937–1977. Vatican City: Pontificio istituto di archeologia cristiana. OCLC 163156460.

• Webb, Matilda (2001). The Churches and Cata- combs of Early Christian Rome. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press. p. 41. ISBN 1-902210-57-3. 8 17 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

17 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

17.1 Text • Archbasilica of St. John Lateran Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbasilica_of_St._John_Lateran?oldid=630523410 Contrib- utors: Kpjas, SimonP, Panairjdde, Montrealais, Olivier, Michael Hardy, Jtdirl, Gabbe, JASpencer, Bishop, DonPaolo, Zoicon5, Topbanana, Nickshanks, AnonMoos, Jfruh, Wetman, Finlay McWalter, The lorax, Twang, Gentgeen, Robbot, Mirv, Radomil, Mintleaf, Jastrow, Gugganij, Andycjp, Jasper Chua, Nova77, JoJan, Gauss, Gerald Farinas, D6, Pmadrid, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Ffirehorse, Goochelaar, Jnestorius, Lima, Bill Thayer, Cohesion, Caeruleancentaur, Chino, Duffman, Sherurcij, Ghirlandajo, Woohookitty, Rocastelo, Rchamberlain, Juicycat, BD2412, Woutervv, Dpr, Ketiltrout, Rjwilmsi, Angusmclellan, Coemgenus, Gryffindor, Ghepeu, Pruneau, Jcmur- phy, President Rhapsody, Chobot, Gdrbot, Borgx, RussBot, Gaius Cornelius, Grafen, SpeDIt, Winwiz88, Amitn, Tony1, Robyvecchio, Nlu, Wknight94, Ms2ger, Zello, Nikkimaria, Fastifex, Mhardcastle, Attilios, Portillo, Hmains, Carl.bunderson, Chris the speller, Cush, OrangeDog, Coojah, CARAVAGGISTI, MDCollins, Leoboudv, Savidan, Howard the Duck, Stroika, Matthew hk, Esrever, Thanatosimii, Rigadoun, Jeffreynye, A. Parrot, Neddyseagoon, PaulGS, ThomasK107, Alessandro57, PaddyM, LonelyPilgrim, Angeldeb82, InfernoXV, CmdrObot, GeorgeLouis, Erik Kennedy, Rwflammang, WeggeBot, Namayan, Jane023, Cydebot, Michael C Price, Thijs!bot, Kablammo, Barnej, Marek69, RobDe68, Mentifisto, JAnDbot, Leuko, Dr mindbender, Magioladitis, BlaiseMuhaddib, Dick107, The Anomebot2, Johnbrillantes, Alekjds, RedMC, CommonsDelinker, Johnbod, Biglovinb, Funandtrvl, VolkovBot, TreasuryTag, Carterdriggs, Crazysnail- boy, Afluent Rider, Gen. Quon, Broadbot, Howardhudson, Drex15, Richardprins, Bernard buttle, Mcarroll63, Gerbis, SieBot, StAnselm, Ori, Loveless2, CarlosPn, Wmpearl, Bede735, Afernand74, Mnoll, Vojvodaen, Iamwisesun, Randy Kryn, WikiBotas, ClueBot, TIY, Sun Creator, Terminus Est 920, Mattissa, EstherLois, Ambrosius007, Genealogymom, MystBot, Marklar2007, Addbot, Bennó, Thomas Guibal, Jim10701, MrOllie, Peti610botH, Anas1712, Lightbot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Ptbotgourou, Andypeg123, Autocephaly, AnomieBOT, Tango7174, Glenfarclas, Ulric1313, Citation bot, ArthurBot, Xqbot, TechBot, D2earth, Tamarat, Rome Motion, Wagrid, Woofygoodbird, Tktru, Opsala, Antanana, FrescoBot, Arsliberalis, T@Di, Trappist the , Lotje, Stalwart111, the Monk, Grenouille vert, Esoglou, EmausBot, Carlotm, Dominus Vobisdu, Unimpeder, Laurel Lodged, AvicBot, Joe Divine, Zfish118, Zavatter, ChuispastonBot, ClueBot NG, -sche, Bob Collowân, Fraytel, Helpful Pixie Bot, Adriano.93, The Almightey Drill, HardBoiledEggs, BattyBot, Haymouse, Peytonlow, Ecambrose, Hmainsbot1, HeartyBowl1989, WilliamDigiCol, Lillyallenrocks, LimosaCorel, Wiki ktulu, Dnalor 01, CatholicCrusade2013, Tátótát, Monkbot and Anonymous: 111

17.2 Images • File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg License: CC-BY-SA- 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: MarkusMark • File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Holy_See.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Coat_of_arms_Holy_See.svg License: Public domain Contributors: • Bernhard Heim, Heraldry in the Catholic Church: Its Origin, Customs and Laws (Van Duren 1978 ISBN 9780391008731), p. 54; Original artist: F l a n k e r • File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Vatican_City.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Coat_of_arms_of_the_ Vatican_City.svg License: Public domain Contributors: • File:Emblem of the Papacy SE.svg Original artist: Cronholm144 created this image using a file by User:Hautala - File:Emblem of Vatican City State.svg, who had created his file using PD art from Open Clip Art Library and uploaded on 13 July 2006. User talk:F l a n k e r uploaded this version on 12 December, 2007. The original design is attributed to the Vatican City in Rome and an unknown artist. • File:Emblem_of_the_Holy_See_usual.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Emblem_of_the_Holy_See_ usual.svg License: CC0 Contributors: • Keys: File:Sede_vacante.svg Original artist: Gambo7 • File:Facade_San_Giovanni_in_Laterano_2006-09-07.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Facade_ San_Giovanni_in_Laterano_2006-09-07.jpg License: CC-BY-2.5 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Jastrow • File:Helena_tomb.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Helena_tomb.jpg License: Attribution Contribu- tors: Transferred from en.wikipedia Original artist: Original uploader was Sherurcij at en.wikipedia • File:Holy_Door_at_the_Lateran_Basilica_Rome.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/34/Holy_Door_at_the_ Lateran_Basilica_Rome.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Taken personally by me. Original artist: Peytonlow • File:Inscription_Ecclesiarum_Mater_San_Giovanni_in_Laterano_2006-09-07.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/8/84/Inscription_Ecclesiarum_Mater_San_Giovanni_in_Laterano_2006-09-07.jpg License: CC-BY-2.5 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Marie-Lan Nguyen • File:Kruis_san_damiano.gif Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Kruis_san_damiano.gif License: Public do- main Contributors: http://www.hyvinkaanseurakunta.fi/filebank/376-Risti_6_B.jpg Original artist: Unknown • File:Lazio_Roma_SGiovanni2_tango7174.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Lazio_Roma_ SGiovanni2_tango7174.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0-2.5-2.0-1.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Tango7174 • File:San_Giovanni_in_Laterano_-_Baldacchino.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/San_Giovanni_ in_Laterano_-_Baldacchino.jpg License: CC-BY-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Wiki ktulu • File:Scala_Santa_1.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Scala_Santa_1.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Con- tributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Wikisource-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: Original artist: Nicholas Moreau 17.3 Content license 9

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