DOCSLIB.ORG

ARC 112 History of Architecture II

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
ARC 112 History of Architecture II ARC 110 History of Architecture I Module 8 Early Christian & Byzantine Architecture Module Outline •Lecture 27 – Historical Background • Location and period • Social characteristics and beliefs – Architecture of the Civilization • Early Christian Architecture •Lecture 28 • Early Christian Architecture • Byzantine Architecture •Lecture 29 • Byzantine Architecture – Architectural Characteristics • Buildings and other architectural elements • Building materials, construction and technologies • Architectural Organizing principles Learning Outcomes • We should expect to learn the following about the civilization – The evolution of the Christian place of worship and the architecture of the Early Christian periods – Architectural response to religious requirements and worship modes – Byzantine structural and architectural developments and principles – Examples of Byzantine architecture Module 8 Lecture 27 Early Christian & Byzantine Architecture Outline of Lecture • Lecture 27 – Historical Background • Location and period • Social characteristics and beliefs – Architecture of the Civilization • Early Christian Architecture Historical Background Historical Background Location • The Early Christian and Byzantine architecture started in two prominent locations centered at Rome and Byzantium or Constantinople • Early Christian architecture occurred in Rome and in areas around Rome • Byzantine architecture was centered at Byzantium • From the two focal points Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture spread to other areas in the European and Asian region Historical Background Period • The following is a time line of events for the Early Christian and Byzantine period: – 29 A.D. Passing of Isa (AS) and beginning of Christian Religion – 286 A.D. Emperor Diocletian reorganizes the Roman Empire splitting it into two; the Eastern and the Western part – 313 A. D. Emperor Constantine recognizes the Christian religion and adopts it as a state religion Historical Background Period – 324 A.D. Emperor Constantine reunited the Roman Empire with a new capital at Byzantium – 364 A. D. Rome finally splits into two; the Western and Eastern Empire – 476 A. D. Rome is sacked by Visgoth and Vandals – 632 A. D. Muslim begin an advance on the Byzantine empire – 1453 A. D. Byzantium falls to Sultan Muhammad II ending the Byzantine Empire Historical Background Social Characteristics & Beliefs • The Roman Empire and the Christian Religion – The single most important social phenomenon of the early Christian and Byzantine period was the spread and acceptance of the Christian religion –Early – During the period from the first century to the third century after the death of Jesus, Christianity was a secret society – It was considered dangerous and subversive by the government Historical Background Social Characteristics & Beliefs • The Roman Empire and the Christian Religion – Christians met secretly in tombs and private houses – Gradually, however, it spread and became widely accepted in Asia minor and in Rome itself – By the third century, Rome had a population of 50,000 Christians – The religion was tolerated but it was still illegal Historical Background Social Characteristics & Beliefs • The Roman Empire and the Christian Religion – The third century was for the Roman Empire a period of political instability and decline – The Empire was split into a Western and Eastern Empires – In A.D. 313, the Emperor Constantine issued the Edict of Milan making Christianity legal – He also adopted it as a state religion and he became the first Christian emperor Historical Background Social Characteristics & Beliefs • The Roman Empire and the Christian Religion – The acceptance of the religion by the emperor fueled its expansion – It also led to the early development of places of worship for the new religion – Constantine was able to unite the Roman Empire during his reign – He established the capital of the new empire at Byzantium, renamed Constantinople or the city of Constantine – After his death, the Empire was again split Historical Background Social Characteristics & Beliefs • The Roman Empire and the Christian Religion – The Western Empire was sacked by Vandals and Visigoths in 476, leading to its disintegration – The Eastern Empire with Constantinople as its capital survived for a thousand years, – Although the Eastern Empire was not yet "Byzantine" under Constantine, Christianity would become one of its defining characteristics Historical Background Social Characteristics & Beliefs • The Roman Empire and the Christian Religion – The empire was a multinational state – Greek became the everyday language as well as the language of the church and everyday commerce in this empire – The general identity of the Eastern Roman Empire was a combination of Roman statehood, Hellenistic culture and Christian religion Historical Background Social Characteristics & Beliefs • Architecture of the Period – With Christianity widely accepted as a state religion in Rome it was necessary for architecture to respond to the demands of the religion for worship space – Mode of worship was the most important determinant of the form of the church – Requirement for church design was centered on worship and burial Historical Background Social Characteristics & Beliefs • Architecture of the Period – The requirements include: • A path for processional entry and exit of the clergy • An alter area, where the clergy celebrate mass • A space for the segregation of the clergy from the congregation during procession and communion • Burial space Historical Background Social Characteristics & Beliefs • Architecture of the Period – The focus of both Early Christian and Byzantine architecture is on the Christian church – Before the legal recognition of the new faith, Christian places of worship were of necessity inconspicuous with no fixed architectural form – Afterward, however, imposing cult edifices were erected in many parts of the Roman Empire, especially in its major cities – Early Christian builders adapted structures that had been used in the Roman world Historical Background Social Characteristics & Beliefs • Architecture of the Period – The basilica, consisting of a nave flanked by lower aisles and terminated by an apse, was adopted as the standard structure in Christian congregational worship – This was not however the only form adopted – More centralized plans which were of round, polygonal, or cruciform shapes were adopted occasionally – Martyria were erected on sites connected with certain events in the life of Jesus and other places held to be sanctified by the sacrifice of the martyrs Historical Background Social Characteristics & Beliefs • Architecture of the Period – In such buildings the martyrium structure and basilica were combined, creating a new formal synthesis of great significance for Christian religious architecture – Development of the Christian church continued during the Byzantine era – In the Byzantine period focus shifted from the rituals or practices of worship to the building as an embodiment or symbols of the majesty of the faith – Innovative structure was combined with light and decoration to create fascinating interiors Architecture of the Civilization Early Christian Architecture Introduction • The term early Christian architecture refers to the architecture of the early Christian churches of the roman era • This is further divided into two types; the basilica church and the alternative church plans • With Christianity accepted as a state religion in Rome and expanding in influence, it became necessary for architecture to respond to the space demands of the new religion • A building used for Christian worship had to provide a path for the processional entry and exit of the clergy, an alter area, where the clergy celebrated mass, a space for the segregation of the clergy from congregation during the procession and communion Early Christian Architecture Basilica Church Type • Apart from administering to the spiritual needs of the living, some churches also provided burial spaces for the dead • The early churches were generally simple and functional in their design • The emphasis was centered on the act of Christian worship • The architecture of the church that developed was not a completely new style, but the use of available Roman forms to satisfy a new program need • The form chosen for the early church was the Roman basilica Early Christian Architecture Basilica Church Type • It was suitable for use as a church with no serious modification and it could be easily and rapidly built at low cost • The Basilica was also preferred because of the emphasis on participation in mass. • The most common form of the early churches had a rectangular hall with a timber trussed roof • It also had one or two isles on each side of a central nave and an apse at one end facing the principal entrance located at the other end Early Christian Architecture Basilica Church Type • The apse of the basilica was used as a location for the alter • The nave was used as a sitting for the clergy • Common people sat in the isles • The early churches may have a courtyard or atrium in front of it • A fountain is usually located in the center of such an atrium; This was used for baptism Early Christian Architecture Basilica Church Type • Most of the early churches had clerestory lighting • Clerestory windows were developed to give light to the central part of the interior • Gradually, the clerestory windows became a symbol of the transcendence and grace of god • Variations in the character of the
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Neonian Baptistery in Ravenna 359
    Ritual and ReconstructedMeaning: The Neonian Baptisteryin Ravenna Annabel Jane Wharton The pre-modern work of art, which gained authority through its extension in ritual action, could function as a social integrator. This essay investigates the figural decoration of the Orthodox Baptistery in Ravenna, in an effort to explain certain features of the mosaic program. If the initiation ritual is reenacted and the civic centrality of the rite and its executant, the bishop, is restored, the apparent "icon- ographic mistakes" in the mosaics reveal themselves as signs of the mimetic re- sponsiveness of the icon. By acknowledging their unmediated character, it may be possible to re-empower both pre-modern images and our own interpretative strategy. The Neonian (or "Orthodox") Baptistery in Ravenna is the preciated, despite the sizable secondary literature generated most impressive baptistery to survive from the Early Chris- by the monument. Because the artistic achievement of the tian period (Figs. 1-5).1 It is a construction of the late fourth Neonian Baptistery lies in its eloquent embodiment of a or early fifth century, set to the north of the basilican ca- new participatory functioning of art, a deeper comprehen- thedral of Bishop Ursus (3897-96?) (Fig. 1).2 The whole of sion of the monument is possible only through a more thor- the ecclesiastical complex, including both the five-aisled ba- ough understanding of its liturgical and social context. The silica and the niched, octagonal baptistery, appears to have first section of this essay therefore attempts to reconstruct been modeled after a similar complex built in the late fourth the baptismal liturgy as it may have taken place in the century in Milan.3 Within two or three generations of its Neonian Baptistery.
    [Show full text]
  • The Cambridge Companion to Age of Constantine.Pdf
    The Cambridge Companion to THE AGE OF CONSTANTINE S The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine offers students a com- prehensive one-volume introduction to this pivotal emperor and his times. Richly illustrated and designed as a readable survey accessible to all audiences, it also achieves a level of scholarly sophistication and a freshness of interpretation that will be welcomed by the experts. The volume is divided into five sections that examine political history, reli- gion, social and economic history, art, and foreign relations during the reign of Constantine, a ruler who gains in importance because he steered the Roman Empire on a course parallel with his own personal develop- ment. Each chapter examines the intimate interplay between emperor and empire and between a powerful personality and his world. Collec- tively, the chapters show how both were mutually affected in ways that shaped the world of late antiquity and even affect our own world today. Noel Lenski is Associate Professor of Classics at the University of Colorado, Boulder. A specialist in the history of late antiquity, he is the author of numerous articles on military, political, cultural, and social history and the monograph Failure of Empire: Valens and the Roman State in the Fourth Century ad. Cambridge Collections Online © Cambridge University Press, 2007 Cambridge Collections Online © Cambridge University Press, 2007 The Cambridge Companion to THE AGE OF CONSTANTINE S Edited by Noel Lenski University of Colorado Cambridge Collections Online © Cambridge University Press, 2007 cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao˜ Paulo Cambridge University Press 40 West 20th Street, New York, ny 10011-4211, usa www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521818384 c Cambridge University Press 2006 This publication is in copyright.
    [Show full text]
  • Papal Annual Medals, 1605–1700
    religions Article Pressing Metal, Pressing Politics: Papal Annual Medals, 1605–1700 Matthew Knox Averett Department of Fine and Performing Arts, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA; [email protected]; Tel.: +1-402-280-1455; Fax: +1-402-280-2320 Academic Editor: Ted G. Jelen Received: 18 February 2016; Accepted: 11 May 2016; Published: 20 May 2016 Abstract: This article surveys images depicted on the reverses of papal annual medals in the seventeenth century, beginning in 1605 under Paul V (r. 1605–21) with the first confirmed annual medal, and ending in 1700 at the conclusion of the papacy of Innocent XII (r. 1691–1700), a reign that marked a distinct change in papal politics in advance of the eighteenth century. The article mines a wealth of numismatics images and places it within a narrative of seventeenth-century papal politics. In the ninety-six years under consideration, ten popes issued ninety-four annual medals (sede vacante produced generic annual medals in 1667 and 1691). Annual medals are a unique iteration of papal commemorative medals and they celebrate an important papal achievement from the preceding year. The production of annual medals was an exercise in identity creation, undertaken to advance the image of the pope as an aristocratic prince in three specific roles: as builder, warrior, and impresario. The timeliness of the medals makes them valuable sources to gauge the perceived success of the papacy on an annual basis and to chart the political course plotted by popes through the seventeenth century. Keywords: Rome; papacy; annual medals; numismatics 1.
    [Show full text]
  • A Virtual Reconstruction of the Baptistery of the Episcopal Basilica
    A Virtual Reconstruction of the Baptistery of the Episcopal Basilica at Stobi (Republic of Macedonia) By: Jade Stella Wells A Major Research Paper submitted to the Graduate Program in Classical Studies in conformity with the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Department of Classics Queen’s University Kingston, Ontario, Canada September 2018 Copyright © Jade Stella Wells, 2018 ABSTRACT In the last decade of the sixth century CE, the baptistery of the Episcopal Basilica at Stobi, presently located in the Republic of Macedonia, collapsed, which destroyed the roof and the interior support structure of the baptistery. When the building was excavated in 1971, the stratigraphy was difficult to interpret; scholars originally believed that the baptistery had been undisturbed, even though there was no evidence of the roof present in the stratigraphy. To date, two very different reconstructions have been made. The first (figs. 7-8), made by William Dinsmoor in 1975, was disproved by subsequent archeological discoveries. A second reconstruction (fig. 9) was published in 2006 by James Wiseman, but failed to include any supporting evidence from comparanda. Since no adequate reconstruction attempt has been made, this paper will put forth a new reconstruction for the baptistery, supported by a photogrammetry- derived 3D model and evidence of similar baptisteries from the same period. Additional research topics which have not been addressed in the existing scholarship of the baptistery will also be discussed, including the provenance of the kantharos and the function of the structure found underneath the baptistery. Acknowledgements The completion of this project has been made possible by the support of so many individuals.
    [Show full text]
  • Svetla Petrova (National Archaeological Institute with Museum, Sofia)
    Ni{ i Vizantija XV 133 Svetla Petrova (National Archaeological Institute with Museum, Sofia) THE BAPTISTERY OF THE EPISCOPAL BASILICA IN PARTHICOPOLIS History of Research In 1917 remains of a massive round building in opus mixtum have been found. Several years later, after the archaeological research prof. Vera Ivanova identified the partly opened structure as baptisterium1 and datedit to the4th-5th century (fig. 1 a). It had a round piscine with diameter 2.30 м and eight trape- zium-shaped niches. Three steps were leading to the piscine bottom, made of bricks and welded by mortar mixed with broken bricks. The niches were cov- ered with marble revetment. The floor has been equalized through four layers, the top one covered with opus sectile pavement with hexagon plates, arranged star-like. It is established that a corridor wide 1.35m has been formed between the piscine and the outer baptistery wall supplied with four semi-circle niches with an entrance among them, coinciding with that of the outer entrance. Many architectural elements from the decoration of the baptistery, fragments of poly- chrome wall mosaics have been found in the embankment. The plan and the decorative elements of the baptistery were the good reasons for Vera Ivanova to connect it to an unknown basilica from the same period2. After the research the remains were filled up and the baptistery forgotten. New excavations begun in 1989 during the new building activities on the place and there were found the remains of the basilica whose existence has been suggested 70 years earlier by V. Ivanova.
    [Show full text]
  • St. Ambrose and the Architecture of the Churches of Northern Italy : Ecclesiastical Architecture As a Function of Liturgy
    University of Louisville ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository Electronic Theses and Dissertations 12-2008 St. Ambrose and the architecture of the churches of northern Italy : ecclesiastical architecture as a function of liturgy. Sylvia Crenshaw Schneider 1948- University of Louisville Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.library.louisville.edu/etd Recommended Citation Schneider, Sylvia Crenshaw 1948-, "St. Ambrose and the architecture of the churches of northern Italy : ecclesiastical architecture as a function of liturgy." (2008). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 1275. https://doi.org/10.18297/etd/1275 This Master's Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository. This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has retained all other copyrights. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ST. AMBROSE AND THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE CHURCHES OF NORTHERN ITALY: ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE AS A FUNCTION OF LITURGY By Sylvia Crenshaw Schneider B.A., University of Missouri, 1970 A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Louisville in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Department of Art History University of Louisville Louisville, Kentucky December 2008 Copyright 2008 by Sylvia A. Schneider All rights reserved ST. AMBROSE AND THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE CHURCHES OF NORTHERN ITALY: ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE AS A FUNCTION OF LITURGY By Sylvia Crenshaw Schneider B. A., University of Missouri, 1970 A Thesis Approved on November 22, 2008 By the following Thesis Committee: ____________________________________________ Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • 2021 Hope Channel Study Tours in the Footsteps of the Reformers
    2021 Hope Channel Study Tours In the Footsteps of the Reformers June 10-24, 2021 | Itinerary Highlights Thu June 10 | US and Canadian attendees depart. Sat June 19 | Waldensian Valleys: Waldensians and the Remnant. Overnight flight on your own to Rome’s Leonardo Da Vinci airport (FCO). Enjoy Sabbath School and worship services in a Waldensian Church. Hike to Sibaud Monument and learn more about the Waldenses and the Sabbath. Fri June 11 | All participants arrive in Rome (FCO). Transfer on your own to the hotel and prepare for Sabbath. Welcome dinner Sun June 20 | Geneva and Switzerland: Calvin and the French at the hotel. Reformation. Enjoy a scenic drive through the Alps and through a tunnel under Mont Sat June 12 | Rome: The Early Christian Persecutions. Blanc, Europe’s highest mountain. Explore the charming town of Chamonix, Sabbath School and Worship Services. Enjoy an afternoon walking tour of France. Drive to Geneva—the city of Calvin and the center of the French sites along The Martyrs’ Trail. Reformation. Visit Calvin’s church and grave, and the great Reformation Wall. Sun June 13 | Rome: Pagan Rome vs. Christianity. Mon June 21 | Kappel and Zurich, Switzerland and Konstanz, Explore ancient sites in Rome, such as the Colosseum, the Arches of Germany: Zwingli, the Anabaptists, John Huss and Jerome of Prague. Constantine and Titus, the Roman Forum, Mamertine Prison, Capitoline Hill, Visit the battlefield where Zwingli died and other Zwingli and Anabaptist the Catacombs, and the chapel of St. John in Oil. sites in Zurich. In Konstanz (Constance), Germany, see sites connected with Huss and Jerome and the place where they were burned at the stake.
    [Show full text]
  • Analesiie80, UNAM, 2002. Conversion and Political-Expedience
    DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/iie.18703062e.2002.80.2105 NICHOLAS TEMPLE nottingham university Conversion and Political Expedience: Imperial Themes in the Early Christian Baptistery Imperium and Sacerdotium n this study I will argue that the changing political climate in Early Christian and Byzantine periods had an important impact on the sym- bolic understanding of the baptistery as a place of initiation into a state I 1 religion. Central to this argument is the way in which the relationship between imperium and sacerdotium found expression in the ritual and archi- tectural developments of the baptistery. I propose to explore this relationship in the cities of Rome, Constantinople and Milan through an examination of the architectural setting of the baptismal rite and other related or supporting rituals. The study will examine two themes that underlie the political dimension of baptism.2 The first concerns the shaping of the identity of the 1. The most important studies on the Early Christian baptistery are: Giovanni Giovenale, Il Battistero Lateranense, Studia di Antichita Cristiana, Rome, Pontificio Istituto di Archeologia Cristiana, 1929, vol. I; J.G. Davies, The Architectural Setting of Baptism, London, Barrie and Rockliff, 1962; A. Khatchaterian, Les baptistères paléochrétiens, Paris, 1962. For an in depth investigation of the archaeological, iconographic and cultural contexts of a baptistery see Spiro Kostof, The Orthodox Baptistery of Ravenna, New Haven Connecticut, Yale University Press, 1965. 2. On the symbolism and meaning of baptism see in particular D.G. Dunn, Baptism in the Holy Spirit, London, scm Publishers, 1970; G.R. Beasley-Murray, Baptism and the New Testa- 5 ANALES DEL INSTITUTO DE INVESTIGACIONES ESTÉTICAS, NÚM.
    [Show full text]
  • Exegesis and Dissimulation in Visual Treatises
    Political Art of the Papacy: Visual Representations of the Donation of Constantine in the Early Modern Period by Silvia Tita A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment on the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (History of Art) in the University of Michigan 2013 Doctoral Committee: Professor Megan L. Holmes, Co-Chair Lecturer Thomas C. Willette, Co-Chair Professor Celeste A. Brusati Professor Louise K. Stein Associate Professor Achim Timmermann © Silvia Tita 2013 Acknowledgments The research period of this project brought me great intellectual joy. This would not have happened without the assistance of many professionals to whom I am much indebted. My deep gratitude to the staffs of the Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana (with special thanks to Dott. Paolo Vian), the Archivio Segreto Vaticano, the Archivio di Stato Roma, the Biblioteca Angelica, the Biblioteca Casanatense, the Biblioteca Centrale di Roma, the Bibliotheca Hertziana, the Biblioteca di Storia dell'Arte et Archeologia, the Istituto Nazionale per la Grafica in Rome, the Biblioteca Marucelliana in Florence, Bibliothèque Nationale de France in Paris, the Departement des Arts Graphique and the Departement des Objets d'Art of the Louvre. I would also like to thank to the curators of the Kunstkammer Department of the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna, especially to Dr. Konrad Schlegel who generously informed me on the file of the Constantine Cabinet. The project was born and completed as it is in Michigan. I would like to thank all members of my committee. Tom Willette deeply believed in the project and my ideas from the very beginning and offered great advice during our long conversations.
    [Show full text]
  • Visual Strategies in the Rivalry Between San Giovanni in Laterano and San Pietro in Vaticano
    Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2020 Mater et caput omnium ecclesiarum: visual strategies in the rivalry between San Giovanni in Laterano and San Pietro in Vaticano Jäggi, Carola DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108885096.015 Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-192465 Book Section Published Version Originally published at: Jäggi, Carola (2020). Mater et caput omnium ecclesiarum: visual strategies in the rivalry between San Giovanni in Laterano and San Pietro in Vaticano. In: Bosman, Lex; Haynes, Ian P; Liverani, Paolo. The basilica of Saint John Lateran to 1600. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 294-317. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108885096.015 15 MATER ET CAPUT OMNIUM ECCLESIARUM: Visual Strategies in the Rivalry between San Giovanni in Laterano and San Pietro in Vaticano carola jÄGGI Dedicated to Sible de Blaauw, a bit too late for his sixty-fifth birthday In October 2014 a conference was held in Mannheim on ‘The Popes and the Unity of the Latin World’.Thepapersfromthisconferencehaverecentlybeen published under the title Die Päpste: Amt und Herrschaft in Antike, Mittelalter und Renaissance.1 The book cover shows the silhouette of Saint Peter’sbasilica combined with Arnolfo di Cambio’sstatueofPopeBonifaceVIIIasoneofthe most famous representatives of the medieval papacy. But why the dome of Saint Peter’s? Why not San Giovanni in Laterano, which is still the cathedral of the bishop of Rome and therefore stricto sensu the head and mother of all the other churches in Rome and the world?ThehonorarytitleOMNIVMVRBIS ET ORBIS ECCLESIARVM MATER ET CAPVTwasofficiallyassignedtothe Lateran basilica by papal bull in 1372 and can be read still today in an inscription on the eighteenth-century façade of Alessandro Galilei (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Free at ISBN 978‑1‑909646‑72‑8 (PDF Edition) DOI: 10.14296/917.9781909646728
    Ravenna its role in earlier medieval change and exchange Ravenna its role in earlier medieval change and exchange Edited by Judith Herrin and Jinty Nelson LONDON INSTITUTE OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH Published by UNIVERSITY OF LONDON SCHOOL OF ADVANCED STUDY INSTITUTE OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH Senate House, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HU First published in print in 2016 (ISBN 978‑1‑909646‑14‑8) This book is published under a Creative Commons Attribution‑ NonCommercial‑NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY‑ NCND 4.0) license. More information regarding CC licenses is available at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Available to download free at http://www.humanities‑digital‑library.org ISBN 978‑1‑909646‑72‑8 (PDF edition) DOI: 10.14296/917.9781909646728 iv Contents Acknowledgements vii List of contributors ix List of illustrations xiii Abbreviations xvii Introduction 1 Judith Herrin and Jinty Nelson 1. A tale of two cities: Rome and Ravenna under Gothic rule 15 Peter Heather 2. Episcopal commemoration in late fifth‑century Ravenna 39 Deborah M. Deliyannis 3. Production, promotion and reception: the visual culture of Ravenna between late antiquity and the middle ages 53 Maria Cristina Carile 4. Ravenna in the sixth century: the archaeology of change 87 Carola Jäggi 5. The circulation of marble in the Adriatic Sea at the time of Justinian 111 Yuri A. Marano 6. Social instability and economic decline of the Ostrogothic community in the aftermath of the imperial victory: the papyri evidence 133 Salvatore Cosentino 7. A striking evolution: the mint of Ravenna during the early middle ages 151 Vivien Prigent 8. Roman law in Ravenna 163 Simon Corcoran 9.
    [Show full text]
  • SAGU Italy Experience Itinerary
    SAGU Italy Experience Itinerary (Friday) - 8 March, 2019: Depart DFW for Rome (Saturday) - 9 March, 2019: Arrive Rome Today, we land in Rome, meet our Italian Tour Escort and bus driver and proceed to our Rome hotel for check-in and dinner (depending on arrival time, we may include a couple of tour sites before proceeding to hotel). (Sunday) - 10 March, 2019: Ancient Rome + Squares & Fountains This morning, we begin at the center of the Roman Empire. From the Trajan's Column, jewel of architecture and sculpture made by Apollodorus of Damascus, our guide will show us along the Via dei Fori Imperiali (street of the Imperial Fora), the ruins of the fori that the great emperors built as lasting memory of their power. We see the Forum of Trajan, the biggest and most splendid of all, whose markets, true forerunners of the modern commercial centers, offered to the Roman citizen any goods to be found at that time. On foot, we will reach the Capitoline Hill, the former political and religious center of the town, which today is the seat of the Municipality. The stairway will lead us to the Piazza del Campidoglio, the magnificent result of a single project by Michelangelo, with a copy of the most famous equestrian statue in the world, the statue of Marcus Aurelius, in the middle. Behind Piazza del Campidoglio, we will find a natural terrace providing the best panoramic point over the valley of the Roman Forum and the Palatine Hill! At the foot of Capitoline Hill, we will visit Mamertine Prison, to see the site traditionally believed to be where Paul and Peter were imprisoned in Rome.
    [Show full text]