Les Réseaux D'acteurs Et Le Changement Des Politiques Publiques
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Les réseaux d’acteurs et le changement des politiques publiques : Enquête sur la politique québécoise d’intégration des immigrants et des minorités ethnoculturelles, 1976-1991 Junichiro Koji Thèse soumise à la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales dans le cadre des exigences du programme de doctorat en science politique avec la spécialisation en études canadiennes École d’études politiques Faculté des sciences sociales Université d’Ottawa © Junichiro Koji, Ottawa, Canada, 2011 Table des matières Sigles ······················································································· v Résumé ····················································································· x Remerciements ·········································································· xii Chapitre 1 Introduction ·································································· 1 1.1. Le Québec comme société d’accueil francophone ······································ 8 1.2. Changements de la politique québécoise d’intégration ································ 14 1.2.1. De la « convergence des cultures » au « contrat moral » ························ 14 1.2.1.1. Subventions aux organismes des minorités ethnoculturelles ··············· 16 1.2.1.2. Politiques linguistiques ·························································· 18 1.2.1.3. Rapports avec l’État québécois ················································· 19 1.2.2. Des représentants des minorités ethnoculturelles aux fonctionnaires ·········· 21 1.3. Motivations et contributions de recherche ·············································· 23 1.4. Structure de la thèse ········································································ 28 Chapitre 2 Idées, réseaux d’acteurs et changement de politiques ················ 37 2.1. Analyse des réseaux de politique ························································· 38 2.1.1. L’institutionnalisme de choix rationnel et l’approche dialectique ·············· 46 2.2. Les idées des acteurs au cœur de l’analyse des réseaux de politique ················ 52 2.2.1. Approche idéationnelle ······························································· 53 2.2.2. Approche stratégique relationnelle ·················································· 56 2.3. Croyances et stratégies dans l’analyse des réseaux de politique ·················· 60 2.3. Hypothèses ··················································································· 65 2.4. Considérations méthodologiques ························································· 68 2.5. Conclusion ··················································································· 72 Chapitre 3 Vers Autant de façons d’être Québécois ······························· 73 3.1. Réseau de politique d’intégration, 1976-1981 ·········································· 75 3.1.1. Composition du Réseau 1976 ························································ 75 3.1.2. Apparition du Réseau 1976··························································· 77 3.1.3. Dynamique du Réseau 1976 ························································· 88 3.2. Croyances programmatiques ······························································ 98 3.2.1. Idées d’intégration ··································································· 100 3.2.2. Idées sur la modalité de mise en œuvre de la politique ························ 112 3.3. Vers Autant de façons d’être Québécois ·············································· 114 3.4. Conclusion ················································································· 117 Chapitre 4 Politique d’intégration 1981-1985 ····································· 121 4.1. Le nouveau réseau québécois de politique d’intégration ···························· 122 4.1.1. Composition du Réseau 1981 ······················································ 122 4.1.2. Apparition du Réseau 1981························································· 124 4.1.3. Dynamique du Réseau 1981 ······················································· 128 4.2. Croyances programmatiques ···························································· 137 4.2.1. Idées d’intégration ··································································· 137 4.2.2. Idées sur la modalité de mise en œuvre des politiques ························· 144 4.3. Politiques d’intégration 1981-1985 ···················································· 149 4.3.1. Programmes de subventions ························································ 149 ii 4.3.2. Du CIPACC au CCCI ······························································· 152 4.4. Conclusion ················································································· 155 Chapitre 5 Politique d'intégration 1985-1989 ····································· 158 5.1. Élargissement du réseau québécois de politiques d’intégration ···················· 159 5.1.1. Composition du Réseau 1985 ······················································ 159 5.1.2. Apparition du Réseau 1985························································· 164 5.1.3. Dynamique du Réseau 1985 ······················································· 173 5.2. Croyances programmatiques ···························································· 181 5.2.1. Idées d’intégration ··································································· 182 5.2.2. Idées sur la modalité de mise en œuvre ··········································· 186 5.3. Politiques d’intégration 1985-1989 ···················································· 187 5.3.1. Réforme des programmes de subventions ········································ 188 5.3.2. Élargissement des programmes de francisation ································· 194 5.3.3. Renforcement de l’éducation interculturelle ····································· 196 5.3.4. Égalité d’accès à l’emploi dans la fonction publique et dans les entreprises privées et égalité d'accès aux renseignements et services gouvernementaux ················ 202 5.4. Conclusion ················································································· 208 Chapitre 6 Vers Au Québec pour bâtir ensemble ································· 211 6.1. Nouvelle dynamique du Réseau 1985 ················································· 212 6.1.1. Renforcement de la dominance du MCCI ········································ 212 6.1.2. Rapports entre les acteurs gouvernementaux et sociétaux ····················· 215 6.2. Croyances programmatiques ···························································· 218 6.2.1. Une approche distincte pour une société distincte ······························ 219 6.2.2. Immigrants et minorités comme citoyens à part entière························ 224 6.2.3. Contestations marginales ··························································· 229 6.3. Conclusion ················································································· 233 Chapitre 7 Conclusion ································································ 236 7.1. Trois réseaux et changement des politiques d’intégration au Québec············· 238 7.2. Contributions empiriques et théoriques ················································ 244 7.3. Limites de notre recherche et pistes possibles pour de futures recherches ······· 246 7.4. Mots de la fin ·············································································· 247 Annexe ·················································································· 249 Bibliographie ··········································································· 250 N.B. : Tous les termes qui désignent des personnes dans la présente thèse sont pris au sens générique. Ils ont à la fois la valeur d’un masculin et d’un féminin. La traduction des citations extraites de documents en anglais a été faite par l’auteur de la présente thèse. iii Liste des tableaux et des figures Tableaux Tableau 1 : Montants versés aux programmes de subventions (1981/82-1985/86) (en dollars) ........................................................................................................................................ 151 Tableau 2 : Organismes sociétaux présents à la consultation particulière sur les niveaux d'immigration pour les années 1988 et 1989 (août 1987) ............................................... 161 Tableau 3 : Organismes présents à la consultation sur l'énoncé de politique en matière d'immigration et d'intégration (février et mars 1991) ..................................................... 162 Tableau 4 : L'évolution de l'indice de fécondité au Québec 1951-1981 ......................... 168 Tableau 5 : Les estimations de la migration internationale et interprovinciale au Québec, 1961-1981 ....................................................................................................................... 168 Tableau 6 : Nouvelle structure des programmes de subventions du MCCI pour l'année 1987- 1988 ................................................................................................................................ 189 Tableau 7 : Répartition des fonds de certains programmes de subventions du MCCI entre les organismes monoethniques et multiethniques ................................................................ 192 Figures Figure 1 : Réseau 1976 ..................................................................................................... 99 Figure 2 : Réseau 1981 ..................................................................................................