sign in sign up
<<
Home , Adolf Butenandt, Albert Claude, Elizabeth Blackburn, Harald zur Hausen

The Foundation

Executive Editor

Office of the Paul Ehrlich Foundation Petra Rösener c/o Deutsche Bank AG Taunusanlage 17 60325 Frankfurt am Main,

Phone: +49 (0) 69 910-47801 Fax: +49 (0) 69 910-48700 Office of the Paul Ehrlich Foundation Contents Paul Ehrlich-Stiftung c/o Vereinigung von Freunden und Förderern der Goethe-Universität Postfach 11 19 32 Preface 5 60054 Frankfurt am Main Phone: +49 (0) 69 910-47801 Fax: +49 (0) 69 910-48700 Paul Ehrlich: His Life E-Mail: [email protected] and Achievements 6 www.paul-ehrlich-stiftung.de Ludwig Darmstaedter: Scientist and Friend 12 Donation account: Deutsche Bank AG IBAN: DE38 5007 0010 0700 0839 00 The Foundation, the Prize and the Role of Hedwig Ehrlich 14 BIC: DEUTDEFFXXX

The Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize for Young Researchers 17

3 Preface

In honour of the great German doctor and Paul Ehrlich, like all great researchers, was serologist who turned Frankfurt into a way ahead of his time. His research work medical eldorado at the beginning of the laid the cornerstone for the medical stand- 20th century, the Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig ards still valid today. Darmstaedter Prize is awarded to scientists from all over the world who have achieved In awarding the Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig outstanding results in Paul Ehrlich’s fields Darmstaedter Prize, the Foundation wishes of work. to encourage young scientists to do what Paul Ehrlich did throughout his entire life: The prize given by the Paul Ehrlich extend medical know-how and make a con- Foundation is one of Germany’s most emi- tribution to the constant struggle against ill- nent accolades in recognition of bio-medical ness and disease-induced mortality. research work in Germany. The President of the Federal Republic of Germany is Honorary President of the Paul Ehrlich Foundation. The prize-giving ceremony is traditionally held every year on March 14, Paul Ehrlich’s birthday, in Frankfurt’s Prof. Dr. Dr. h. c. mult. St. Paul’s Church, a symbol of German for or 2008 democracy and liberty. Chairman of the Scientific Council of the Paul Ehrlich Foundation The Foundation’s Scientific Council, whose members include internationally renowned scientists, has the formidable task of selecting the best of the excellent world-wide. The list of prize winners shows that the Council has lived up to this challenge. Many of the Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize winners have also received the Nobel Prize. In addition, the Paul Ehrlich Foundation created with the Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize for Young Researchers, awarded for the first time in 2006, an impor- tant device to encourage young gifted scientists.

5 Paul Ehrlich: His life von Frerichs’ Second Medical Clinic at oxygen, and thereby obtained evidence the Charité hospital in . of oxygen consumption in cells. and Achievements Ehrlich summarized the results of his research in 1885 in the monograph: Paul Ehrlich was born on March 14, the cells absorbed the dye in different “The organism’s need for oxygen: a 1854, in Strehlen/Silesia (now Strzelin, ways: some parts were coloured deep study based on analysis with dyes”, Poland) into a prosperous family. His blue, some had only absorbed small with which he qualified for appoint- father owned a thriving liqueur factory. amounts of dye and others none at all. ment to a professorial chair in 1887. From now on, he concentrated entirely This study not only had practical value, Paul Ehrlich had watched liqueurs on the staining of thin slices of tissue, but also raised intriguing questions for being coloured in his father’s distillery one of the most important techniques which there were no answers or expla- and was so fascinated by the process in histology. nations at that time. that he wanted to try it out for himself. Legend has it that, as a seven-year-old Paul Ehrlich finished grammar school Paul Ehrlich in his office at the Royal Institute for During his nine years at the Charité boy, he was caught by his mother trying in 1872 and then went on to study Experimental Therapy in Frankfurt. in Berlin, Ehrlich adopted two habits to colour two pigeons by dipping them medicine, first in Breslau, then in which stayed with him throughout his into a pot of paint. Whether the story is Strasbourg. Here, two academic tutors life: his private spelling system and a true or not, colouring agents and dyes gave all-important impulses to his During his years at the Charité, Ehrlich passion for heavy black cigars, of which occupied him throughout his life and career. The anatomist Wilhelm von made important contributions to he smoked up to 50 a day. a child’s experiments developed into a Waldeyer introduced him to the tech- hæmatology, the study of the compo- lifelong passion. niques of histological staining. The nents of blood. Working on the foun- In 1882, Paul Ehrlich attended Robert encouraged dations of medical bacteriology devel- Koch’s presentation of his sensational Ehrlich attended grammar school in his enthusiasm for chemistry. From his oped by Louis Pasteur and Robert discovery of the tubercle bacillus at the Breslau (now Wrocłav, Poland). During first term onwards, Ehrlich’s goal was Koch, Paul Ehrlich established a new German Physiological Society in Berlin. this time, he was a frequent visitor to understand the basic mechanisms by diagnostic technique of staining blood He was inspired by the lecture and to the house of one of his mother’s which toxic compounds and chemical cells. With this method, he succeeded referred to it in retrospect as “my great- cousins, Carl Weigert (1845–1904), a compounds act on the living . He in differentiating lymphocytes and leu- est scientific experience”, but he no- pathologist at the University of Breslau believed that staining takes place in a cocytes and sub-classifying leucocytes ticed at the same time that the staining and later professor in Frankfurt. Weigert chemical reaction and not in a purely according to their stainability. The technique used by Koch was laborious was an expert in colouring pathologi- physical way (“Corpora non agunt nisi principles of modern hæmatology are and unreliable. Within a day, he devel- cal and anatomical specimens. In this fixata”). This fundamental notion guid- based on Paul Ehrlich’s staining meth- oped an improved and simple staining field, he introduced what, at that time, ed his work throughout his life. After ods. He emphasized the significance of technique, which Koch acknowledged were new synthetic colouring agents: another semester in Freiburg, he passed vital staining with methylene blue, i.e. “without any reservations”. aniline dyes. Ehrlich once watched his State Examination and received his staining while upholding cell activity. him producing wafer-thin slices of tis- doctorate in 1878 at the University of Another important finding by Ehrlich A year later, Paul Ehrlich married sue and carefully staining them. Young Leipzig. His doctoral thesis was enti- was the selectivity of dyes in stain- Hedwig Pinkus, daughter of one of the Ehrlich saw for the first time a fascinat- tled “Contributions to the Theory and ing cells and tissues. He observed, for most important manufacturers of linen ing microcosm under the microscope: Practice of Histological Staining”. In example, that methylene blue stained and damask in Silesia. bright blue and glowing particles of the same year, he moved as Assistant neural tissue only. He also discovered stained tissue. He also observed that Medical Director to Friedrich Theodor the relative ability of tissue to absorb

6 7 In 1884, Ehrlich was appointed titular could it not be equally effective in tant contributions to the development Paul Ehrlich cooperated with Farbwerke professor. A year later, Friedrich medication? His test persons were of the diphtheria antitoxin, though Hoechst, which supplied him with Theodor von Frerichs died and Karl inmates of Moabit Prison suffering from excluded him from dyes, with Arthur von Weinberg, co- Gerhard, a man with a conservative serious neuralgic conditions. Not only its commercial exploitation. proprietor of Cassella, and with Ludwig scientific outlook, became head of the did the dye actually reduce their pain, Darmstaedter. With Darmstaedter’s clinic at the Charité. When Ehrlich dis- two men with malaria were also suc- Thanks to the evaluation process he support the Chemo­ ­therapeutic covered that he himself was suffering cessfully treated. developed for the diphtheria antitoxin, Research Institute Georg-Speyer-Haus from tuberculosis, and the working Ehrlich always retained his strong was established in 1906, immediately conditions at the Charité deteriorated Paul Ehrlich formulated the theory of interest in the subject of curative sera. adjoining the Royal Institute for permanently, he stepped down from side chains – the first broad concept of At this time, a testing department was Experimental Therapy. Paul Ehrlich his position. Paul Ehrlich and his wife the immunosystem. According to this set up under Ehrlich’s leadership at the was also appointed Director of his new moved for two years to Egypt where he the specific immune defense develops Institute for Infectious Diseases because institution. as a result of impurities, pathogens and it had quickly become clear that serum their toxins binding at the side chains standardization had to be improved. In Paul Ehrlich developed the idea of (receptors) of certain cells. These side 1896, the Berlin Institute for Serum combatting pathogens in the human chains are then released as “antibodies” Research and Testing was set up with body and the toxins produced by them into the bloodstream and generate an the support of Friedrich Althoff, using a chemical substance that binds immune response. This theory was the Director-General at the Prussian with the pathogens and toxins. The foundation of the steadily growing field Ministry of Culture, and Paul Ehrlich concentration of this chemical sub- of biomedical science. was appointed its first director. Here stance was to be effective, but not are the roots of the systematic evalua- harmful to the body. Ehrlich, who had In 1891, the Institute for Infectious tion and official testing of numerous a gift for formulating complex matters Diseases was set up near the Charité, curative sera that was to become one in simple language, coined the phrases and Paul Ehrlich moved there with his of the most important tasks of the “dosis tolerata” and “dosis curativa” for laboratory, though without drawing a Frankfurt Institute for Experimental these two concepts. Against the back- The central laboratory in the Georg-Speyer-Haus in the 1920s. salary from the Institute. His research Therapy (today’s Paul Ehrlich Institute). ground of his idea of resistance to showed that by feeding small doses of medication, he searched for a sub- recovered from his illness and, follow- poison to laboratory animals and then In 1899, the Berlin Institute moved to stance that could destroy all pathogens ing his return in 1891, was subsequent- steadily increasing the dose, they grad- Frankfurt am Main. At that time, the at one blow, the “therapia sterilisans ly cured by Koch’s tuberculin. After ually became immune to what would city’s Lord Mayor, Franz Adickes, was magna”. He called this selectively return­ing to Berlin, Ehrlich set up a otherwise have been lethal doses and trying to attract eminent scientists to applied medication the “magic bullet”. small private laboratory. eventually developed a 100 to 1,000 Frankfurt. He planned to establish teach- times higher toxin tolerance than ing institutions for the training of sci- Ehrlich’s years of research in Frankfurt In this therapeutic experiments which untreated animals. Against the back- entists. On November 8, 1899, and mark the beginning of experimental he performed in 1891 with Paul ground of these findings, Ehrlich devel- again with Friedrich Althoff’s support, chemotherapy. He discovered the effec- Guttmann after leaving the Charité, he oped the basic concept of active and Ehrlich became the first director of the tivity of trypan red, a dye, in the treat- sought answers to two questions: first- passive immunization. Together with Royal Institute for Experimental ment of trypanosome infections in ly, is it possible to use dyes not only to Ludwig Brieger, he successfully pro- Therapy (today’s Paul Ehrlich Institute). mice related to human sleeping sick- stain cells, but also for therapeutic pur- duced anti-toxic sera from the blood of The well-equipped chemicals firms ness. In cooperation with , poses; and secondly, if methylene blue immunized laboratory animals. In this located in and around Frankfurt were he researched into the use of atoxyl, is so effective in staining neural tissue, connection, Ehrlich also made impor- keenly interested in serum research. an arseno-benzene derivative, and in

8 9 1907 described the development of by Farbwerke Hoechst. Soon after that, trypanosome resistance to continued Ehrlich discovered an even more effec- exposure to atoxyl. tive modification, Neo-salvarsan. As the first ever antimicrobial chemothera- For Ehrlich, the discovery of atoxyl was peutic agent, Salvarsan not only a breakthrough for his future research allowed an effective therapy of syphilis, work. Based on his research findings but also opened up a new direction in until then, he recognized the great research which led, a generation later, Paul Ehrlich with his co-workers in the garden of the Royal Institute for Experimental Therapy in potential in atoxyl. He synthesized to the sulfonamides and the antibiotics. Frankfurt. hundreds of derivatives by substitution of the amino groups attached to ben- In 1908, Paul Ehrlich and Ilya Ilyich place of chemotherapy, went forward August 20, 1915. He was buried at the zene. He was firmly convinced that Mechnikov together received the Nobel with serum therapy and made valuable Old Jewish Cemetery in Rat-Beil- some homologues would have the Prize for Medicine “for invaluable ser- contributions to immunology and can- Straße. Emil von Behring wrote in his desired specificity with less toxicity, vices to medical and biological research, cer research. obituary: “With you, Paul Ehrlich, a which could be important for selective namely the evaluation and control of man from the heroic age of experimen- chemotherapy. On this basis, Ehrlich sera”. Ehrlich emphasized in his Nobel His experimental observations, his abil- tal therapeutic research has left us, a and his assistant Sahachiro Hata devel- Prize lecture that “we are approaching ity to draw scientific conclusions, his man who was a king in the realm of the limits of what the microscope could talents in the theoretical and, last but the science which you yourself estab- do and has done for us and the use of not least, rhetorical field, Ehrlich lished and a teacher to countless optical … instruments cannot master proved his exceptional far-sightedness researchers throughout the world.” the challenge of penetrating further and his gift for effectively analyzing sci- into the all-important problem of cell entific data. His revolutionary approach Paul Ehrlich and his Japanese co- life. But the time has now come to consisted in the idea that biological worker, Sahachiro venture into the finest chemism of cell processes are based on chemical reac- Hata, with whom life and to break down the concept of tions and thus open to quantitative he discovered the preparation 606 cell into a large number of separate analysis. In the whole history of medi- (Salvarsan). partial functions. But since what hap- cine, few achievements can match pens in the cell is largely of a chemical those of Paul Ehrlich. oped the famous compound 606 and since the composition of (Salvarsan). His co-worker, the chemist chemical structures is largely beyond In 1911, Paul Ehrlich was honoured Dr. Alfred Bertheim, was closely the boundaries of visibility, we shall with the highest award the Prussian involved in this work. It was he who have to look for different research state could make: he was appointed conducted the synthesis and his name methods. This direction is not only Wirklicher Geheimrat or Real Privy is on the patent together with that of important for a real understanding of Councillor with the title “Excellency”. Ehrlich, while Hata demonstrated the the mechanisms of life itself, but is also In 1912 the city of Frankfurt made him effectiveness of Salvarsan. This proved the basis for a truly rational use of an honorary citizen. Frankfurt to be the first drug effective in destroy- active ingredients.” Today, a century Universi­ty was founded in 1914 and ing Spirochaeta pallida, the cause of later, we recognize how right he was. Paul Ehrlich was to become its first rec- syphilis. In November 1910, the pro- His pioneering research laid the foun- tor. Owing to his failing health, how- duction of diaminodioxy-arseno-benzole, dations for hæmotology and clinical ever, he turned down this office. Paul known as Salvarsan, was started cytology. He made Frankfurt the birth- Ehrlich died in Bad Homburg on

10 11 Ludwig Darmstaedter: before his death, he began to buy October 17, 1927, Ludwig Darmstaedter stamps and had soon built up a large died of angina pectoris in Berlin. Scientist and Friend and valuable collection.

The radical change in medicine at patent for the production of lanoline, the beginning of the 20th century in which was used in the manufacture of Germany can be credited not only skin care products, cosmetics and phar- to Paul Ehrlich, but also to Ludwig maceuticals. In 1900, the company was Darmstaedter. He was a man with converted into a joint stock corpora- The Royal Institute for a wide range of interests and a pro- tion and Ludwig Darmstaedter became Experimental Therapy nounced sense of social responsibility. a member of the advisory board. In in Frankfurt around 1904, Darmstaedter, who had always 1900. He was born on August 9, 1846 in had a great interest in the history of The Georg-Speyer-Haus soon after Mannheim as the tenth and youngest chemistry, published jointly with René In 1872, Darmstaedter married Marie its construction. child of a wealthy merchant. After los- Du Bois-Reymond “4000 Years of Gumbert, the sister of Franziska Speyer, ing both parents at an early age, he was Pioneering Work in the Exact Sciences”, wife of Frankfurt banker Georg Speyer. raised by a stepbrother many years his which he expanded in the following Darmstaedter encouraged his sister-in- elder. years. In 1908, he reissued it under his law to support Paul Ehrlich’s research name as “Handbook on the History of work. In 1904, Franziska Speyer set up In his early youth, he had already the Natural Sciences and Technology”. a foundation and donated one million shown an interest in geology and min­ marks for the establishment of an insti-­ eralogy. At the age of 18, he studied Throughout his life, Darmstaedter was a tute. In memory of her deceased hus- mineralogy and chemistry at the passionate collector. At the age of 60, band, it was named the Chemo­ University of , where he he retired from the board of directors in therapeutic Research Institute Georg- In the 1920s, the Royal Institute for received his doctorate four years later. order to devote himself entirely to his Speyer-Haus. After her death in 1909, Experimental Therapy and the Georg-Speyer- During his studies, he was influenced by scientific studies and collections. The further funds out of her estate were Haus were joined by a common entrance. Robert Bunsen, Emil Erlenmeyer and outcome was an unparalleled collection donated to the Institute, which was Gustav Kirchhoff. In the following years of autographs by important natural sci- directly adjacent to the Royal Institute he lived in Leipzig, Berlin and . He entists and medical researchers as well for Experimental Therapy and of which researched intensively on questions that as politicians, artists and intellectuals. Paul Ehrlich was Director. were of interest to the burgeoning It is known today as the “Darmstaedter chemicals industry at that time and pub- Collection of the State Library of the On the occasion of Darmstaedter’s 80th lished studies on naphthol, dinitronaph- Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation birthday in 1926 and in his honour, the thalin and lanoline. Having spent sever- in Berlin”. In 1907, he donated the col- Chemotherapeutic Research Institute al years in England, and Spain, lection to the state and enlarged it until Georg-Speyer-Haus Foundation created he returned to Germany and became a his death in 1927. At that time it con- the Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize in recog­ partner in Benno Jaffé’s ammonia and sisted of 190,000 manuscripts. Starting nition of his support for Paul Ehrlich. The prize was to be awarded once every Both buildings are now situated in Paul- glycerol business in Berlin. The firm, with minerals and crystals as a young Ehrlich-Strasse 42–44 in Frankfurt. Jaffé & Darmstaedter, became very man, he also began to collect porcelain three years for outstanding work in the important as a result of acquiring the in 1879. At the age of 78, three years fields of chemotherapy­ and biology. On

12 13 The Foundation, the Westchester in the State of New York. The Scientific Council of the Paul the Foundation, in particular to pre- Ehrlich Foundation has 14 members serve and increase the assets of the Prize and the Role of Thanks to the efforts of Günter K. from six countries. The Chairman is Foundation. Schwerin, grandson of Hedwig and Paul Prof. Dr. Harald zur Hausen. Chairman Hedwig Ehrlich Ehrlich and long-time honorary mem- of the Association of Friends and The objective of the Paul Ehrlich ber of the Paul Ehrlich Foundation, the Patrons of the Johann Wolfgang Goethe Foundation is to preserve Paul Paul Ehrlich’s widow, Hedwig Ehrlich, former Royal Institute for Experimental University Frankfurt am Main e.V. is Ehrlich’s scientific heritage and his donated the sum of 90,000 marks to the Therapy was renamed after its founder, Prof. Dr. Wilhelm Bender. Choosing the memory and to protect the will of its Association of Friends and Patrons of Paul Ehrlich, in 1947. Günter K. winners of the Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig settlor, Hedwig Ehrlich. In that spirit Frankfurt University for a Paul Ehrlich Schwerin died on May 19, 1997 at the Darmstaedter Prize is the most impor- and irrespective of nationality, race, Fund. On July 13, 1929, fourteen years age of 87 in and is buried in tant task of the Scientific Council. confession, origin or after Paul Ehrlich’s death, the fund was Mount Pleasant Cemetery in Hawthorne, transferred to the Paul Ehrlich Founda- New York. tion. Since then, the foundation’s assets have been administered on a trust basis The Paul Ehrlich Foundation resumed by the Association of Friends and its work in 1952. The Scientific Council Patrons of the Johann Wolfgang Goethe of the Paul Ehrlich Foundation and the University Frankfurt am Main e.V. The Board of Directors of the Foundation Paul Ehrlich Prize was first awarded in Georg-Speyer-Haus Institute for Bio­ 1930 to scientists from Germany and medical Research as it was now called abroad for their valuable contributions resolved in 1952 to unite the Paul Ehr­ in Paul Ehrlich’s fields of work. lich Prize and the Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize. According to the agreement, the When National Socialism came to power new prize is awarded in accordance in 1933, the Paul Ehrlich Foundation with the Articles of Association of the could not continue to function, and in Paul Ehrlich Foundation. Holiday in the mountains: 1934 the Paul Ehrlich Prize also ceased the young couple Hedwig to be awarded – temporarily. All of the Since 1960, the Federal Ministery of and Paul Ehrlich. Jewish employees of the Georg-Speyer- Health has made an annual contribu- Haus were dismissed in 1935, and all tion of currently €50,000 (March 2014) papers and studies that bore the name of in recognition of Paul Ehrlich’s work The Board of Trustees has 18 members. gender, scientists are honoured for Paul Ehrlich were removed from the and his great services to mankind. The Chairman of the Board of Trustees their valuable research results in Paul Institute. Paul-Ehrlich-Straße was re­ is presently Dr. Rolf-E. Breuer, Ehrlich’s fields of work, especially in named Ludwig-Rehn-Straße in 1938 The Honorary President, the Scientific Chairman of the Board of Directors of experimental and chemotherapeutic and was only changed back to Paul- Council and the Board of Trustees com- the Foundation Georg-Speyer-Haus hæmatology, clinical bacteriology, Ehrlich-Straße in 1945. Hedwig Ehrlich prise the Paul Ehrlich Foundation. Institute for Biomedical Research, immunology, and cancer research. first emigrated to Switzerland and sub- Frankfurt am Main (March 2014). Moreover, the Foundation also grants sequently to the of America. The President of the Federal Republic of According to the Articles of Association scholarships to support the work of She died in a hospital in Germany is by tradition the Honorary of the Foundation, the Board of Trustees young researchers in the disciplines on December 20, 1948 and is buried in President of the Foundation. is obliged to initiate all measures appro- mentioned above. priate to achieving the objectives of

14 15 Today, the Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize is one of the most important and distinguished awards in The Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darm­ biomedical research in Germany. Each staedter Prize for Young Researchers year on March 14, the date of Paul Ehrlich’s birthday, the prize-giving cer- The Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darm­ emony takes place in Frankfurt’s historic staedter Prize for Young Researchers St. Paul’s Church. The prize is presently has been awarded by the Paul Ehrlich endowed with € 100,000. The prize Foundation since 2006. It is awarded winner receives a certificate and a gold annually to a young scientist working copy of the original medal of the Ludwig at a research institute in Germany for Darmstaedter Prize carrying the portrait outstanding accomplishments in the of Paul Ehrlich. Since 1952, the prize has field of biomedical research.The prize been awarded to more than 100 scien- is worth up to € 60,000 and must be tists who have made important contribu- used completely for research purpo- tions to Paul Ehrlich’s pioneering work. ses. Nominees can be suggested by university lecturers as well as seni- Many winners of the Paul Ehrlich and or scientists of research institutes in St. Paul‘s Church in Frankfurt, a national Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize have also symbol of freedom and democracy in Germany. Germany. received the Nobel Prize:

Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Adolf Butenandt The junior scientists must be younger Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Sir E. Boris Chain than 40 years. Prize winners are Prof. Dr. selected by the Scientific Council of the Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Paul Ehrlich Foundation following the Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Otto Warburg suggestions by a selection commission Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. F. Peyton Rous comprising eight German scientists. Prof. Dr. Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Ernst Ruska Prof. Dr. Niels Jerne Prof. Dr. Peter C. Doherty Prof. Dr. Rolf M. Zinkernagel Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Prof. Dr. Stanley B. Prusiner Prof. Dr. Robert Horvitz Prof. Dr. Barry J. Marshall Dr. J. Prof. Dr. Andrew Z. Fire Prof. Dr. Craig C. Mello Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Harald zur Hausen The interior of St. Paul‘s Church at the Prof. Dr. Every winner of the Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig award ceremony in 2005. In the fore- Prof. Dr. Carol Greider Darmstaedter Prize receives a golden medallion ground is the bust of Paul Ehrlich. Prof. Dr. Elizabeth H. Blackburn with a portrait of Paul Ehrlich.

16 17 The Paul Ehrlich Foundation

Prize Winners 1952–2015 Scientific Council and Board of Trustees of the Paul Ehrlich Foundation Members of the Scientific Council

Prof. Dr. Dr. h. c. mult. Chairman of the Scientific Council The Weizmann Institute of Science Harald zur Hausen of the Paul Ehrlich Foundation Prof. Dr. Ruth Arnon Department of Immunology German Cancer Research Center The Paul Ehrlich Chair in Immunology Heidelberg, Germany President of the Israel Academy Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine 2008 of Science & Humanities Rehovot, Israel

Deputy Chairman Max-Planck-Institute Prof. Dr. Josef Pfeilschifter of the Scientific Council Prof. Dr. Thomas Boehm of Immunobiology and Epigenetics Dean of the Faculty of Medicine of the Freiburg, Germany Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Germany

Chairman of the Association Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. President Prof. Dr. Wilhelm Bender of Friends and Sponsors of the Jörg Hacker German National Academy Johann Wolfgang Goethe University of Sciences Leopoldina Frankfurt am Main, Germany Halle, Germany

Federal Ministry of Health Former President Susanne Wald Permanent Representative Prof. Dr. Johannes Löwer Paul Ehrlich Institute of the Federal Minister of Health Langen, Germany on the Scientific Council Bonn, Germany

2 3 Prof. Dr. Investigator Prof. emeritus Dr. University Hospital Zurich/Dept. Path. Philippa Marrack, Ph.D. Howard Hughes Medical Institute Rolf M. Zinkernagel Zurich, Switzerland National Jewish Health Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine Denver, USA 1996

Department of Biomedical Sciences Prof. Dr. Cesare Montecucco University of Padova National Research Council Institute of Neuroscience Padova, Italy

Prof. Dr. Institute of Hans-Georg Rammensee Head of the Immunology Department Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany

Former President Prof. Dr. Hans Wigzell Karolinska Institute Stockholm, Sweden

4 5 Members of the Board Members Andreas Krebs Chairman of the Supervisory Board of Trustees Prof. Dr. Dr. Andreas Barner and Chairman of the Shareholders’ Chairman of the Board of Committee Managing Directors Merz GmbH & Co. KGaA Honorary Chairman Corporate Board Divisions Human Frankfurt am Main, Germany Resources, Research & Development Volker Bouffier and Medicine Prof. Dr. Jochen Maas Prime Minister of the State of Hesse C.H. Boehringer Sohn AG & Co. KG Head of Research and Development Wiesbaden, Germany Ingelheim, Germany Member of the Management Board Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH Frankfurt am Main, Germany Chairman Dr. Ulrich Bollert Great Grandson of Ludwig Darmstaedter Dr. Kemal Malik Dr. Rolf-E. Breuer Bexbach, Germany Member of the Board of Management Frankfurt am Main, Germany Bayer AG Dr. Matthias Essenpreis Leverkusen, Germany Deputy Chairman Chief Technology Officer Roche Diagnostics Prof. Dr. Eric-Paul Pâques Prof. Dr. Florian R. Greten F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. Chief Executive Officer Director Basel, Switzerland Grünenthal Group Georg-Speyer-Haus Aachen, Germany Institute for Tumor Biology Prof. Dr. Jürgen Götz and Experimental Therapy Member of the Management Board Dr. Cathrin Schleussner Vice Chairman of the Frankfurt am Main, Germany Fresenius SE & Co. KGaA Bad Homburg, Germany Supervisory Board Biotest AG Prof. Dr. Christof Hettich Dreieich, Germany Co-Founder and Managing Director dievini Hopp BioTech Dr. Susanne Schultz-Hector holding GmbH & Co. KG Member of the Board of Directors Walldorf, Germany Else Kröner-Fresenius-Foundation Bad Homburg, Germany Dr. Jochen Hückmann Former Group Chairman Prof. Dr. Birgitta Wolff and Chairman of the President Shareholders’ Committee Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main Merz GmbH & Co. KGaA Frankfurt am Main, Germany Frankfurt am Main, Germany

6 7 Harald zur Hausen Tim R. Mosmann Manfred Eigen Cesare Montecucco Dr. Stephan Grill Barry J. Marshall J. Robin Warren Richard A. Lerner Peter G. Schultz Laureate 1994 Laureate 2008 Laureate 1992 Laureate 2011 Young Laureate 1997 Laureate 1997 laureate 2003 Laureate 2003 Nobel Prize 2008 Nobel Prize 1967 Researchers 2011 Nobel Prize 2005 Nobel Prize 2005

Ana Martin-Villalba, Laureate of the Prize for Harry Noller, Laureate 2007 Young Researchers 2006 Ada Yonath, Laureate 2007, Nobel Prize 2009 Andrew Z. Fire, Laureate 2006, Nobel Prize 2006 Craig C. Mello, Laureate 2006, Nobel Prize 2006

Michael Reth, Laureate 2014 Andrea Ablasser, Laureate of the Prize for Young Resea rchers 2014

Charles Dinarello, Laureate 2010 , Laureate 2009, Amparo Acker-Palmer, Laureate of the Prize for Nobel Prize 2009 Young Researchers 2010 Falk Nimmerjahn, Laureate of the Prize for Eckhard Lammert Michael Schindler Young Researchers 2009 John F.R. Kerr, Laureate 2000 Laureate of the Prize for Laureate of the Prize for Carol Greider, Laureate 2009, Nobel Prize 2009 H. Robert Horvitz, Laureate 2000, Nobel Prize 2002 Young Researchers 2008 Young Researchers 2007 Prize Winners of the Paul Ehrlich 1970 Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Ernst Ruska, Berlin Prof. Dr. Helmut Ruska, Düsseldorf and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize 1971 Prof. Dr. , Prof. Dr. Keith R. Porter, Boulder Prof. Dr. Fritiof Sjöstrand, Los Angeles 1972 Dr. Dr. h.c. Denis P. Burkitt, London/Uganda 1952 Prof. Dr. Gerhard Eißner, Tübingen Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Jan Waldenström, Malmö Prof. Dr. Wolf-H. Wagner, Nonnenhorn 1973 Prof. Dr. Sir Anthony Epstein, Bristol 1953 Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Adolf Butenandt, Munich Prof. Dr. K. Ishizaka, Baltimore 1954 Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Sir E. Boris Chain, London Prof. Dr. D. H. Wright, Southampton 1956 Prof. Dr. Gerhard Domagk, Elberfeld 1974 Prof. Dr. J. L. Gowans, Oxford 1958 Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Richard Kuhn, Heidelberg Prof. Dr. J. F. A. P. Miller, 1960 Prof. Dr. Felix Haurowitz, Bloomington 1975 Prof. Dr. George B. Mackaness, Saranac Lake 1961 Prof. Dr. Albert H. Coons, Boston Prof. Dr. Nicholas A. Mitchison, London Prof. Dr. Günther Heymann, Langen Prof. Dr. Morten Simonsen, Copenhagen Prof. Dr. Örjan E. Ouchterlony, Göteborg 1976 Prof. Dr. Georges Barski, Villejuif Prof. Dr. Jacques Oudin, Paris Prof. Dr. Boris Ephrussi, Gif-sur-Yvette 1962 Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Otto Warburg, Berlin 1977 Prof. Dr. T. Caspersson, Stockholm 1963 Prof. Dr. Helmut Holzer, Freiburg Prof. Dr. J. B. Gurdon, Cambridge Dr. Lothar Jaenicke, Cologne 1978 Prof. Dr. Ludwik Gross, New York Dr. Detlev Kayser, Berlin Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Werner Schäfer, Tübingen Prof. Dr. Tullio Terranova, Rome 1979 Prof. Dr. Arnold Graffi, Berlin 1964 Prof. Dr. Fritz Kauffmann, Copenhagen Prof. Dr. Otto Mühlbock, Amsterdam 1965 Prof. Dr. Otto Lüderitz, Freiburg Prof. Dr. Wallace P. Rowe, Bethesda Prof. Dr. Léon Le Minor, Paris 1980 Prof. Dr. Tomoichiro Akiba, Saitama Dr. Ida Ørskov, Copenhagen Prof. Dr. Hamao Umezawa, Tokyo Dr. Fritz Ørskov, Copenhagen 1981 Prof. Dr. Stanley Falkow, Seattle Prof. Dr. B. A. D. Stocker, Stanford Prof. Dr. Susumu Mitsuhashi, Gunma-Ken 1966 Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. F. Peyton Rous, New York 1982 Prof. Dr. Niels Jerne, Castillon du Gard 1967 Prof. Dr. Wilhelm Bernhard, Villejuif 1983 Prof. Dr. Peter C. Doherty, Canberra Prof. Dr. Renato Dulbecco, San Diego Dr. Michael Potter, Bethesda 1968 Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Walter T. J. Morgan, London Prof. Dr. Rolf M. Zinkernagel, Zurich Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Otto Westphal, Montreux 1984 Prof. Dr. , Amsterdam 1969 Prof. Dr. Hiroshi Nikaido, Boston Prof. Dr. George A. M. Cross, New York Prof. Dr. Anne-Marie Staub, Paris 1985 Prof. Dr. Ernest Bueding, Baltimore Prof. Dr. Winifred M. Watkins, London Dr. Louis H. Miller, Bethesda Prof. Dr. Ruth Sonntag Nussenzweig, New York

10 11 1986 Dr. Abner L. Notkins, Bethesda 2006 Prof. Dr. Andrew Z. Fire, Stanford 1987 Prof. Dr. Jean F. Borel, Basel Prof. Dr. Craig C. Mello, Worcester Prof. Dr. Hugh O. McDevitt, Stanford 2007 Prof. Dr. Ada Yonath, Rehovot Prof. Dr. Felix Milgrom, Buffalo Prof. Dr. Harry Noller, Santa Cruz 1988 Prof. Dr. Peter K. Vogt, Los Angeles 2008 Prof. Dr. Tim Mosmann, Ph.D., Rochester 1989 Dr. Stuart A. Aaronson, Bethesda 2009 Prof. Dr. Elizabeth H. Blackburn, Prof. Dr. Russell F. Doolittle, La Jolla Prof. Dr. Carol Greider, Baltimore Prof. Dr. Thomas Graf, Heidelberg 2010 Prof. Dr. Charles Dinarello, Denver 1990 Prof. Dr. R. John Collier, Boston 2011 Prof. Dr. Cesare Montecucco, Padua Prof. Dr. A. M. Pappenheimer, Jr., Cambridge 2012 Prof. Dr. Peter Walter, San Francisco 1991 Dr. Rino Rappuoli, Siena 2013 Prof. Dr. Mary-Claire King, Seattle Prof. Dr. Michio Ui, Tokyo 2014 Prof. Dr. Michael Reth, Freiburg 1992 Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Manfred Eigen, Göttingen 2015 Prof. Dr. James P. Allison, Houston 1993 Prof. Philippa Marrack, Ph.D., Denver Prof. Dr. Carl H. June, Prof. John W. Kappler, Ph.D., Denver Prof. Dr. Harald von Boehmer, Basel 1994 Prof. Dr. Peter Howly, Boston Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Harald zur Hausen, Heidelberg Prize Winners of the Paul Ehrlich 1995 Prof. Dr. Stanley B. Prusiner, San Francisco 1996 Prof. Pamela J. Bjorkman, Ph.D., Pasadena and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize Prof. Dr. Hans-Georg Rammensee, Heidelberg for Young Researchers Prof. Jack L. Strominger, Ph.D., Cambridge 1997 Prof. Dr. Barry J. Marshall, Charlottesville 2006 Dr. Ana Martin-Villalba, Heidelberg Dr. J. Robin Warren, Perth 2007 Dr. Michael Schindler, Ulm 1998 Prof. Dr. David P. Lane, Dundee 2008 PD Dr. Eckhard Lammert, Dresden Prof. Dr. Arnold J. Levine, Princeton 2009 Prof. Dr. Falk Nimmerjahn, Erlangen-Nürnberg Prof. Dr. Bert Vogelstein, Baltimore 2010 Prof. Dr. Amparo Acker-Palmer, Frankfurt 1999 Prof. Dr. Robert C. Gallo, Baltimore 2011 Dr. Stephan Grill, Dresden 2000 Prof. H. Robert Horvitz, Ph.D., Cambridge 2012 Prof. Dr. Kathrin Maedler, Bremen Prof. John F. R. Kerr, Ph.D., Hamilton 2013 Dr. James Poulet, Berlin 2001 Prof. Stephen C. Harrison, Ph.D., Cambridge, USA 2014 Dr. Andrea Ablasser, Bonn Prof. Michael G. Rossmann, Ph.D., West Lafayette 2015 Prof. Dr. Raja Atreya, Erlangen 2002 J. Craig Venter, Ph.D., Rockville 2003 Prof. Dr. Richard A. Lerner, M.D., La Jolla Prof. Dr. Peter G. Schultz, Ph.D., La Jolla 2004 Prof. Mark M. Davis, Ph.D., Stanford Prof. Tak W. Mak, Ph.D., Toronto 2005 Prof. Ian Wilmut, O.B.E., F.R.S., F.R.S.E., Roslin

12 13 Published by

Press office of the Paul Ehrlich Foundation Dr. Hildegard Kaulen c/o Karlsruher Str. 8 65205 Wiesbaden Phone: +49 (0)6122 52718 E-Mail: [email protected] www.paul-ehrlich-stiftung.de

© March 2015

Designed by

Designwerk27 www.designwerk27.de

Photos Part 1

Cover, pp. 6–10, 11, 13 and 15: Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen p. 12: Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt am Main p. 16 top: City of Frankfurt am Main pp. 16 and 17: Uwe Dettmar, Frankfurt am Main

Photos Part 2

Members of the Scientific Council: private Prize Winners: Uwe Dettmar, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main