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MBL 7 MBL Street Woods Hole, MA 02543 A nnual R eport 2008

A Nobel Tradition

annual report 2008

Founded in 1888 as the Marine Biological Laboratory About the cover: MBL Distinguished Scientist (left) receives the 2008 in medal from Swedish King Carl XVI Gustaf in Stockholm, on December 10, 2008. Shimomura was awarded the Prize for his discovery of green fluorescent , GFP. (Photographer: Erhan Guner. Credit: Fredrik Sandberg/Scanpix/SIPA Press)

The Marine Biological Laboratory does not discriminate in employment or in access to any of its The MBL Annual Report is published by the activities or programs or take any retaliatory action on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, sexual Marine Biological Laboratory. Although the orientation, national origin, ancestry, age, participation in a discrimination-related complaint, greatest possible care has been taken in the physical or mental disability, military status or genetic predisposition. In addition, the MBL is preparation of this record, the MBL recognizes committed to the prevention and elimination of sexual harassment, as well as other forms of the possibility of omissions or inaccuracies. If unlawful harassment, in the workplace. Through training programs and disseminated information, any are noted, please accept our apology and MBL strives to educate its employees, students, faculty, and visitors on these important issues. advise us of any corrections to be made.

Office of Communications MBL 7 MBL Street Woods Hole, MA 02543 www.mbl.edu (P. Wilmot) (P.

contents

2 letter from the chairman

3 report of the director & ceo

5 a nobel tradition

6 the birth of experimental 8 if these walls could talk 10 toward a peaceful environment 12 in a flash

14 research

39 education

64 mblwhoi library

67 financials

70 gifts

90 governance & administration 2 letter from the chairman of the board

letter from the chairman of the board

Dear Friends,

I am pleased to share with you the 2008 Annual Report of the Marine Biological Laboratory. You’ll find that this was another exciting and productive year for the MBL, in spite of the economic decline that began having an impact on all of us over the past year.

The most thrilling event of 2008 had to be the announcement in October that MBL Distinguished Scientist Osamu Shimomura had been awarded the for his discovery of green fluorescent protein. It was a stunning day in Woods Hole, complete with a press conference and an international media frenzy, which the staff handled beautifully. Gary Borisy and I were honored to be able to join Dr. and Mrs. Shimomura at the award ceremony in Stockholm later in the year.

The momentum continued in November when Governor Deval Patrick came to the MBL to join our announcement that the Howard Hughes Medical Institute had awarded the MBL an unprecedented $15 million to help renovate Loeb Laboratory. The Governor himself came bearing good news: that the Board of the Massachusetts Sciences Center would be voting the next day to release $10 million in support of that project, the result of a funding authorization in the recently signed Massachusetts Life Sciences legislation. I know the Board joins me in expressing our deep gratitude to the Governor, Senate President Therese Murray, the Cape delegation, and many others for their visionary leadership and efforts on behalf of the MBL.

Thanks to the efforts of staff and volunteers and the far-sighted generosity of our donors, fundraising was at a record high in 2008. More than $30.8 million was raised to support a variety of important initiatives at the MBL. This is a remarkable achievement and speaks to the confidence that individual donors, foundations, corporations, and the community at large have in the mission of the laboratory.

While the MBL has not been immune to the economic decline, the institution is weathering the storm reasonably well, thanks to strong leadership, successful fundraising, and careful budget management and oversight. With your continued support, I am confident the MBL will come through the economic crisis stronger than ever before, and even better able to fulfill its mission as a leader in biological research and education.

In closing, I wish to express my thanks to Richard DeWolfe, Mark Fishman, George Logan, and Robert Prendergast, whose terms on the Board of Trustees ended in 2008. And I welcome new members Robert Ament, Patrick Gage, Matthew Mallow, and Patricia Robertson to the Board. As always, I am grateful for the commitment that all Board members make to the MBL. We are a stronger institution thanks to your wisdom and guidance.

Best wishes,

John W. Rowe, M.D. report of the director and ceo 3

report of the director and ceo

My second year at the MBL has been dedicated to achieving excellence, demonstrating uniqueness, and strengthening stewardship, and I am pleased to report significant momentum in each of these areas in 2008.

Excellence

This year’s crowning moment was undeniably the award of the 2008 Nobel Prize in Chemistry to MBL Distinguished Scientist Osamu Shimomura, adding an exciting chapter to the MBL’s longstanding Nobel tradition. Dr. Shimomura is the 53rd Nobel laureate to have an MBL affiliation, either as a resident researcher, visiting researcher, faculty member, course director, or course alumnus. You can read more about Dr. Shimomura and other notable MBL Nobelists in the pages that follow.

In addition to Dr. Shimomura’s historic accomplishment, a number of other MBL scientists and faculty were recognized for excellence in 2008. Ecosystems Center scientists John Hobbie and Bruce Peterson received achievement awards from the American Society for Limnology and Oceanography, the leading professional organization for aquatic researchers. John was also named a 2008 Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He shared this distinction with four MBL alumni and ten MBL course faculty, including , former co-director of the course, and Mike Dickinson, present instructor and former co-director of the Neural Systems & Behavior course. Molecular of Aging course co-director received a Gairdner International Award, which recognizes the world’s leading medical research scientists. He also was elected to The National Academy of Sciences in 2008.

These numerous awards—and the many others not mentioned here—underscore the MBL’s leadership role in discovery research MBL’s Chairman of the Board of Trustees Jack Rowe (left) and Director and CEO and education programs. Gary Borisy (right), with Dr. Shimomura and his wife, Akemi, at the December 10 Nobel Prize awards ceremony. (courtesy of G. Borisy) Uniqueness

The MBL’s unique ability to move biology forward helped make 2008 our most successful fundraising year in MBL history. With the support of the MBL board and community, we attracted new and returning donors to raise a record $30.8 million. Significant support came from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Massachusetts Life Sciences Center, which awarded us $15 million and $10 million respectively toward transforming Loeb Laboratory, the centerpiece of our educational program, into a singular training ground for tomorrow’s scientists. The design phase of the Loeb renovation project began last fall, with preliminary construction beginning in March 2009. The expected completion date is June 2010. 4 report of the director and ceo (B. Liles)

In other highlights, our intensive discovery courses continued to chart new territory, energized by gifted faculty and students who come to the MBL to do original, cutting-edge research and learn from each other in a setting unlike any other. To expand this reach, the MBL introduced two new courses in 2008: Regulatory Networks for Development and Frontiers in Stem Cells and .

With donor support, we also began building capacity where needed by attracting talented new scientific staff and establishing innovative programs. Two areas that progressed well are the MBL’s newly established Cellular Dynamics Program and the new Micro-Eco initiative, which explores the important interface between microbes and the environment. Two new Micro-Eco scientists were appointed, who are actively soliciting grants, publishing papers, and initiating collaborations that link the Ecosystems Center with the Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative and . The Cellular Dynamics Program has launched a comprehensive search for two new scientists that has identified several promising candidates.

Stewardship

While the MBL works to grow its programs, we are also mindful of our financial status. Like everyone, the MBL was affected by the economic decline and I want to assure our stakeholders that the MBL’s leadership is committed to making good use of the resources entrusted to us and to assuring the MBL’s long-term financial health. Under the guidance of the MBL’s Board of Trustees and the Finance Investment Committee, we have instituted additional checks and balances, including regular budget reviews and refinements, the careful oversight of all expenditures, and the prudent management of programs that rely on endowments. These measures are helping keep the MBL strong in the face of economic uncertainty. In fact, as we enter into Summer 2009, MBL courses are filled, conference revenues are strong, and visiting research is thriving.

In this report, you will see many examples of excellence, uniqueness, and stewardship at the MBL during 2008. It has been a privilege leading the laboratory during such a remarkable year and I thank the MBL’s board, donors, and staff for the crucial role they play in our continued success.

—Gary G. Borisy a nobel tradition 5

A Nobel Tradition

Nobel Laureates Affilated with the MBL

1920 he MBL and the were created the chemical transmission of the impulse . . . T Physiology or in the same era, and their shared histories weave a to James D. Watson, who co-discovered the “double- distinguished portrait of life-sciences research from helix” structure of DNA . . . to Eric Wieschaus and 1922 Otto Meyerhof the 1880s to today. Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, who found genetic Physiology or Medicine the inventor of dynamite, specified in his will that mechanisms that control early embryological his fortune be used for “prizes to those who . . . have development . . . this is an extraordinary record of 1931 Otto Warburg conferred the greatest benefit on mankind.” In 1901, discovery. Physiology or Medicine the first Nobel Prizes were awarded for achievements in , Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, 1933 Physiology or Medicine and the promotion of Peace. The MBL was but 13 The Nobel laureates affiliated with the years old, but already it had a future Nobel laureate— MBL largely defined what we know about 1936 Thomas Hunt Morgan—among its investigators Physiology or Medicine and trustees. the biology and chemistry of life today. 1937 Albert Szent-Györgyi Since that first prize ceremony, 53 Nobel laureates In the next few pages, we profile just four of the Physiology or Medicine have performed research, taught, or been a student at Nobel laureates who have been, or still are, part of the MBL (see running list over the next eight pages). the MBL community. And we respectfully salute all 1943 (Carl Peter) It is hard to even imagine science and medicine today our affiliated Nobel laureates, past and present, for Physiology or Medicine without their contributions. From Otto Lowei, often sharing their knowledge with the MBL and for the 1946 Hermann Muller called the “Father of ,” who first described benefit of mankind. Physiology or Medicine

1946 John Northrop Chemistry 6 a nobel tradition

Thomas Hunt Morgan and members of his “Fly Room” converse with fellow MBL investigators in 1919. Clockwise from left: T.H. Morgan, , Franz Schrader, Ernest Everett Just, Alfred H. Sturtevant, and an unidentified person. (MBL Archives)

The Birth of Experimental Genetics

Early in the summer of 1910, Thomas Hunt Morgan made his customary trip to the MBL, where he settled into his laboratory in the Crane Building. Morgan, a professor at , and his family enjoyed their summers in Woods Hole, especially the company of their neighbors, the Edmund B. Wilson family. This year, though, Morgan had exciting new results that would keep him exceedingly busy over the ensuing months. This summer Thomas Hunt Morgan would turn out to be a watershed in his career. MBL investigator, 1890-1942 Two years earlier, Morgan had become one of the first researchers MBL trustee, 1897-1945 to start using the fruit fly, , as an experimental organism. Morgan began breeding fruit flies in order to test an alternative to 1933 Nobel Prize in Physiology ’s theory of , which he or Medicine, “for his discoveries was insufficient to explain the origin of new species. However, concerning the role played by in the spring of 1910, Morgan noticed something striking in his the in ” stocks of flies at Columbia University—something that set him off on a new path of inquiry. What Morgan noticed was a — eyes instead of the customary red—that showed up in male flies only. He wondered if the white-eye mutation were somehow linked to whatever determined “maleness” in the flies. a nobel tradition 7

(How sex was determined was then a topic of vigorous debate and research, at the MBL and elsewhere. Edmund B. Wilson and others had proposed that were responsible, but this was not yet experimentally proven.)

By June, Morgan had done enough experiments to be sure that maleness and white-eye were always inherited together. He wrote up his results in Woods Hole and submitted them to the journal Science; this paper, “Sex-Limited Inheritance in Drosophila,” is now a classic in the . Morgan soon demonstrated what was occuring: The “factor” or gene for white eyes was located on the chromosome that determined maleness.

By 1913, Morgan and his colleagues had invented a way to “map” the location of specific on chromosomes. 1946 Wendell Stanley Chemistry Over the next fifteen years, Morgan and his colleagues in the famous “Fly Room” at Columbia University moved their research program to the MBL every summer. “This did 1953 Fritz Lipmann not mean any interruption in the Drosophila experiments,” later wrote his close colleague Physiology or Medicine A.H. Sturtevant. “All the (fly) cultures were loaded into barrels—big sugar barrels—and what you started in , you’d finish (in Woods Hole) and vice versa . . . This was 1954 Thomas H. Weller the beginning of the detailed proof that genes were localized in the chromosomes.” Physiology or Medicine

When Morgan received the Nobel Prize in 1933, it was the first time the prize was 1958 awarded for discoveries in genetics. However, throughout his MBL career, Morgan actively Physiology or Medicine investigated and regeneration in marine organisms, even while his Drosophila 1958 genetics research was going on. “That was the way Morgan worked: he wasn’t happy Physiology or Medicine unless he had a lot of different irons in the fire at the same time,” Sturtevant observed. Part of Morgan’s broad scientific legacy is his book,Regeneration (1901), which today 1960 Donald Glaser provides a useful and insightful perspective on regenerative biology and medicine. Physics

Morgan was deeply involved with organizational matters at the MBL, serving as trustee 1962 from 1897 to 1936, at which point he became trustee emeritus. The early years of Physiology or Medicine Morgan’s trusteeship were a time of great struggle for the laboratory. Partly because it had grown so quickly, the MBL faced serious financial challenges and even “takeover bids” by 1963 John Eccles the University of in 1901 and the Carnegie Institution in 1902. “In a halting and Physiology or Medicine confused situation, no one could be more helpful than (Morgan), for with lightening-like 1963 rapidity he would isolate the main issue from the minor ones and go straight to a logical Physiology or Medicine conclusion,” wrote embryologist E. G. Conklin of Morgan’s assistance during these years of “growing pains.” 1963 Physiology or Medicine Morgan and his wife, biologist Lilian V. (Sampson) Morgan, had four children, and their home on Buzzards Bay Avenue in Woods Hole was usually full of friends and visiting 1964 Konrad Bloch relatives. In 1913, Lilian Morgan co-founded what is now the Children’s School of Science Physiology or Medicine in Woods Hole. The Morgan family certainly left their imprint on the MBL, not least in T.H. Morgan’s place as the earliest MBL investigator to be awarded the Nobel Prize. 1967 Keffer Hartline Physiology or Medicine

1967 Physiology or Medicine

1969 Max Delbrück Physiology or Medicine 8 a nobel tradition

If These Walls Could Talk

Jacques Loeb, , and the Discovery of Cyclin

The news coming out of the MBL in late 1899 was a headline writer’s dream at The Herald: “Creation of Life. Startling Discovery of Prof. Loeb. Immaculate Conception Explained. Wonderful Experiments Conducted at Woods Hole.”

The occasion for the excitement was ’s 1969 demonstration, at the MBL, that sea-urchin eggs will Physiology or Medicine divide and form early larvae when immersed in a certain salt solution. Here was apparent fertilization 1974 and development—with no sperm required! The Physiology or Medicine press had a field day with Loeb’s experiment, which he called “artificial parthenogenesis,” and Loeb 1975 Physiology or Medicine was compared to “creators” of life from Faust to Frankenstein. The event put the MBL on the map 1975 Howard Temin for the general population. It was, in the words of Physiology or Medicine historian Philip Pauly, “the first major manipulation of the reproductive process to reach the public.” 1976 D. Carlton Gajdusek Physiology or Medicine Tim Hunt Scientists were more circumspect than the press, of course, but after artificial parthenogenesis was repeated 1980 Faculty member, MBL using other , its usefulness for studying Chemistry Embryology course, 1979-1980, development—and its implications for manipulating 1987 and Physiology course, 1980 George D. Snell human reproduction—were widely acknowledged. In 1980-1983, 2004 1901, Loeb was a finalist for the very first Nobel Prize Physiology or Medicine MBL investigator, 1985-1986 in Physiology or Medicine. MBL corporation member, 1981 David Hubel 1991-2006 Physiology or Medicine Loeb, who died in 1924, left a big footprint at the 2001 Nobel Prize in MBL and everywhere else. His belief that life could be 1981 Physiology or Medicine, reduced to physics and chemistry—without invoking Physiology or Medicine “for the discovery of cyclins, vital forces—largely set the tone for 20th century key regulators of the biological research worldwide. On the very spot where Jacques Loeb 1983 Barbara McClintock cycle” Loeb’s small, wooden laboratory once stood is now Physiology or Medicine the three-story Loeb Laboratory, the main teaching 1986 Stanley Cohen facility on the MBL campus. The students and faculty Physiology or Medicine who have passed through the doors of Loeb Laboratory comprise a who’s who of international biology. If 1989 only those walls could talk, we would hear countless Chemistry stories of and discovery at the cutting edge of biological research. 1991 Physiology or Medicine And perhaps those walls did talk, in the summer of 1982. That year, Tim Hunt of University 1995 Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard Physiology or Medicine made a profound discovery in Loeb Laboratory, one that would later bring him the Nobel Prize. It is most fitting that Hunt was on the faculty of the MBL Physiology course, which Loeb had founded in 1899. It was late July. The formal portion of the Physiology course was over and a post-course research period had begun. Hunt was trying to make inroads on The Story Unfolds a stubborn research problem, with the help of a few students, but he wasn’t having much luck. Three years earlier, in the MBL Embryology course, Joan Tim Hunt’s 1982 discovery Ruderman and Eric Rosenthal of had noticed that, just after surf clam eggs were fertilized, unknown were synthesized wasn’t the end of the in the eggs. Hunt, Ruderman, and Rosenthal began to study those proteins. cyclin story at the MBL. What were they for? What activated their synthesis? Hunt was still mulling In subsequent years, Joan over these questions in the 1982 Physiology course. By then, he was trying Ruderman of Harvard Medical out various hypotheses using eggs. School (above) cloned the cyclin genes and showed how “We had almost run out of ideas. It was thus a good moment to perform a they worked at the molecular simple experiment,” Hunt later wrote. He decided to parthenogenetically level. Ruderman, who is activate sea urchin eggs—as Loeb had first done—and compare their patterns currently President of the MBL of protein synthesis with fertilized sea urchin eggs. The result was startling— Corporation, also discovered in the fertilized eggs only, one protein abruptly declined in intensity just that cyclins are overexpressed before the eggs divided, and then came back afterwards. These oscillations persisted for several hours after fertilization. “From the start, I felt in my in human breast cells. bones that we had made an important discovery about control of the cell cycle,” Hunt wrote, and indeed he had. In the early , of the Technion- Israel Institute of Technology Hunt had discovered a class of proteins, the cyclins, whose began coming to the MBL to synthesis is absolutely required for cell division to be collaborate with Ruderman, who had developed a test- sustained over time. tube system for studying cyclin degradation in clam egg He and his collaborators first announced their results at the MBL General Scientific Meetings that summer, and published them in the MBL’s journal, extracts. Hershko wondered The Biological Bulletin. In 2001, Hunt was awarded the Nobel Prize in whether a certain protein, Physiology or Medicine for his discovery. , mediated the periodic destruction of cyclin And as for Jacques Loeb’s legacy to the MBL? It just continues to grow. In during the cell cycle. Hershko 2009, a $25 million renovation and modernization of Loeb Laboratory will found that this was the case, begin. The biological discoveries to happen on that spot of earth, in all working in collaboration likelihood, have only begun. with Ruderman and Robert Palazzo, then of University of Kansas. In 2004, Hershko was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his earlier work in the to establish the basic mechanism of ubiquitin- mediated protein degredation. 10 a nobel tradition

Toward A Peaceful Environment (NOAA)

The Intergovernmental “I would like to pay tribute to the scientific community, who are the winners Panel on Climate of this award,” said R.K. Pachauri, chairman of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), on the day the panel was named a laureate of the 2007 Change (IPCC), . With these words, Pachauri warmly saluted the hundreds and Al Gore Jr. of scientists who had contributed to the panel’s work, including Jerry Melillo, then co-director of the MBL Ecosystems Center. 2007 Nobel Peace Prize, “for their efforts to build Melillo served as a lead author for the panel’s first two assessment reports on up and disseminate greater global climate change, published in 1990 and 1995. The IPCC, which is part of knowledge about man-made the United Nations, publishes scientific reports every five to six years that assess climate change, and to lay the climate change with regard to degree, causes, consequences, and potential foundations for the measures counter-measures. that are needed to counteract such change” The panel created a firm scientific foundation for a very complex and controversial global issue, the Nobel Foundation acknowledged. “There was for a long time great doubt about whether global warming was man-made. Thanks to the IPCC, there is very little such doubt today,” noted Nobel Committee chairman Ole Danbolt Mjøs at the award presentation ceremony in Stockholm. (T. Kleindinst) (T.

“The evidence continues to get stronger and stronger that humans are Jerry M. Melillo

responsible for much of the recent climate change,” says Melillo. Senior Scientist, MBL “The IPCC reports have had a tremendous effect on policymakers.” Ecosystems Center a nobel tradition 11

In the IPCC’s first assessment report, Melillo was a convening lead author of a chapter on the effects of climate change on ecosystems. That report became one of the basic documents at the U.N. Conference on Environment and Climate in 1992. In the panel’s second assessment report, Melillo co-authored a chapter on terrestrial responses to environmental change and resulting feedbacks to the climate system. That report provided key input to the negotiations that led to the adoption of the Kyoto 1995 Eric Wieschaus Protocol in 1997. Physiology or Medicine

In choosing a panel of ecosystems scientists and Al Gore as Peace Prize laureates, the Nobel 1997 Paul. D. Boyer Foundation highlighted the fraught connections between climate stability and world peace. Chemistry

1997 Jens C. Skou “One of the great fears is that the various aspects of climate change—sea level Chemistry rise, changes in precipitation patterns, drought, and so on—will create large 2000 numbers of ‘environmental refugees,’” says Melillo. “That has the potential to Physiology or Medicine be tremendously disruptive to global peace.” 2000 Physiology or Medicine

Climate change has many adverse impacts that threaten the security of populations that are forced to 2001 Leland Hartwell migrate, Pachauri said in his Nobel lecture. These include water and food shortages, unstable health Physiology or Medicine conditions, and loss of environmental resources such as arable land. The recent “climate wars” in Darfur and across the Sahel belt of Africa, brought on by tribal dislocations due to the continuing 2001 Tim Hunt advance of the Sahara desert, are an early warning of the link between climate change and conflict. Physiology or Medicine

For decades, Melillo has focused his research on how land systems and changes in land use feedback 2002 Brenner to the climate ecosystem. “For example, if one clears large swaths of forests by burning, this releases Physiology or Medicine carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, which basically promotes climate change by adding to the 2002 H. Robert Horvitz greenhouse gas load,” he says. Today, Melillo evaluates various scenarios for mitigating and adapting Physiology or Medicine to climate change—such as the commitment of large parcels of land to biofuels crops—and how these scenarios may lead to unintended consequences. “I think one of the jobs that scientists have to take 2003 Roderick MacKinnon on is to consider these consequences for policymakers,” says Melillo, who recently completed a report Chemistry on human activities and climate change for the U.S. government.

The IPCC is a scientific body, and it is not policy prescriptive. However, it provides key scientific input to the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC), whose goal is to stabilize greenhouse gases at a level that has not yet been quantified. Melillo, and many others, hope this level will finally be set at the UNFCC convention in Copenhagen in December 2009. Once again, the work of the IPCC—which issued its fourth assessment report in 2007—will be critical.

“The Nobel Peace Prize to the IPCC was recognition of the long-term value of the scientific assessment process and a very high-level and credible dialogue between scientists and policymakers,” says Melillo. “The next step is Copenhagen.”

Burning the rainforest to clear land for oil palm plantations near the Bukit Tigapuluh Reserve, Sumatra, Indonesia. (©WWF-Canon/M. Edwards) 12 a nobel tradition

In a Flash

Hours after becoming a 2008 Nobel Laureate in Chemistry, Osamu Shimomura meets the media at the MBL. (B. Liles)

Flashes of have accompanied many milestones in Osamu Osamu Shimomura Shimomura’s life. On the morning of October 8, 2008, the camera flashes from an international crowd of journalists greeted him MBL distinguished scientist, upon his arrival at the MBL. A few hours earlier, Shimomura had 2008 to present received the exciting call from Stockholm: He had been awarded MBL senior scientist, 1982-2001 the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his discovery of green fluorescent MBL corporation member, 1988 to present, protein (GFP), a naturally green-glowing molecule in the MBL library researcher, 2002 to present Aequorea. Not only does GFP help the jellyfish glow, it is now used by scientists worldwide to light up living cells and their minute 2008 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, parts for microscopic study. “for the discovery and development 2004 Avram Hershko of the Green Fluorescent Protein.” Chemistry “(GFP) has become one of the most important tools used in 2004 Irwin contemporary bioscience,” stated the Nobel Foundation in the Chemistry prize announcement. “With the aid of GFP, researchers have developed ways to watch processes that were previously invisible, 2006 Roger D. Kornberg such as the development of nerve cells in the or how cancer Chemistry cells spread.”

2008 Shimomura shared the Nobel Prize with Martin Chalfie of Chemistry Columbia University, who first demonstrated the value of GFP as a 2008 Osamu Shimomura luminous tagging tool in biomedical research, and Roger Tsien of Chemistry University of , San Diego. Tsien engineered GFP to glow in many colors, which allows scientists to tag and follow several 2008 Roger Y. Tsien biological processes at once. Both Chalfie and Tsien have served as MBL Distinguished Scientist Osamu Shimomura and his wife, Akemi, who Chemistry faculty members for MBL training programs. worked for many years as his research assistant. (T. Kleindinst) When Shimomura discovered GFP in 1961, he was trying to isolate a light-emitting substance from Aequorea that allows it to bioluminesce. Thanks to an unexpected flash of blue light, he finally succeeded. a nobel tradition 13 For several weeks, Shimomura and his Shimomura hurried back into the lab and Shortly before 11 AM, an enemy plane mentor, Frank Johnson of Princeton performed the test, which did indeed show flew over Nagasaki, and he and a friend University, along with Shimomura’s wife, that luminescence stopped when a protein ran outside and climbed a hill to watch Akemi, had been collecting thousands of was inhibited. “But a big surprise came at it. Minutes later, thinking the danger had jellyfish in the waters off Friday Harbor the next moment,” Shimomura wrote. passed, Shimomura returned to the factory Laboratories, University of Washington. and sat down on his work stool. They cut off the “ring” from each jellyfish where the light organs are located, and “When I threw the extract “At that moment, a big flash came,” tried various chemicals and methods to into a sink, it lit up with a bright he recalls. “It blinded me for about 30 isolate the light-emitting substance. Yet all seconds.” their efforts failed. Johnson was convinced blue flash.” that the must be caused by the interaction of an enyzme, luciferase, “I couldn’t see anything because The sink contained seawater from an with a substrate, luciferin, but Shimomura overflowing aquarium, and Shimomura of the brightness. Then about disagreed. The two were at an awkward soon discovered that , a component impasse. 40 seconds later was a very of seawater, activated the luminescence. The knowledge enabled him to devise “I spent several days soul-searching, trying strong, not a sound, but a an extraction method for Aequorea’s to find out something missing in my bioluminescence protein, which he called pressure wave.” experiments and thought,” Shimomura , and for its companion protein, later wrote. GFP. “I had pain in my ears, I couldn’t hear for a couple of minutes. We wondered, what had Soon Shimomura was shipping out happened? We knew it was an explosion. aequorin samples to researchers all over the We didn’t know it was an atomic bomb.” world, who used it as a means to measure calcium in living systems. Nobody paid too At 5 PM, Shimomura left the factory to much to GFP, on the other hand. walk home, three miles away. “On the It did interest J. Woodland Hastings and way home, then started the black rain,” he James Morin of , who says of the nuclear fallout. “I was soaked. studied GFP at the MBL in the early . I was wearing a white shirt, and I became Shimomura characterized GFP in 1974, and completely gray. When I got home, my in 1979 he elucidated the structure of its grandmother saw me and quickly made chromophore (the part responsible for its a bath and washed everything off.” green fluorescence), which exists within its Shimomura thinks this reduced the amount peptide chain. Yet it wasn’t until Chalfie of radiation damage he received. demonstrated GFP’s utility as a fluorescent tag in 1994 that the molecule found its Shimomura feels extremely fortunate to fame. have survived the Nagasaki atomic bomb, Aequorea (O. Shimomura) and to have been given an opportunity, Shimomura, meanwhile, always remained in post-war Japan, to begin research on Often, he took a rowboat out into interested in the chemistry of how the bioluminescence at Nagoya University. aequorin molecule emits light. He finally His success there at purifying the the middle of the harbor, where solved this puzzle in 1978 after enormous bioluminescent substance from the sea effort. (His work on Aequorea involved firefly,Cypridina , changed his life and led to he drifted and meditated on the collecting 850,000 jellyfish over 18 a research post at Princeton. summers.) “GFP was just a by-product in problem. my work on aequorin,” he says. “Even so, I’m very glad GFP has made huge “Before that time, my life was One afternoon, Shimomura had a thought: contributions to science!” very dark. Since the atomic bomb, the luminescence system must include a protein, even if it isn’t luciferase. To test the The accomplishment is remarkable in nothing was good. That success idea, he could turn the protein’s action off its own right, but is even more so given by simply changing the pH level inside the another flash in Shimomura’s life, a with Cypridina gave me some jellyfish rings. horrible one—the Nagasaki atomic bomb. light, somewhere,” he says. On August 16, 1945, the 16-year-old Shimomura was working in a military plane factory 10 miles outside of Nagasaki. Like Fortunately for science and for mankind, many of Japan’s youth, he had been taken it lit Shimomura’s path toward the out of school to work for the war effort. discovery of GFP. 14 research

research

MBL Ecosystems Center scientists are visited by a humpback whale while collecting samples in For 120 years, great minds in the life sciences have come to the MBL looking for Antarctica. (A. Lowe) an environment of discovery unlike any other. MBL research has helped reveal the mechanisms of cells and their roles in disease, the processes that sustain life, and the genes and ancestry of life itself. It has also promoted a cross-fertilization of ideas, nurturing numerous scientific fields that continue to advance our understanding of human and environmental systems.

In the Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, scientists explore the evolution and interaction of of diverse organisms with significant roles in environmental biology and human health. Bay Paul Center scientists integrate the powerful tools of science, molecular , and molecular ecology to advance our understanding of how living organisms are related to each other, to provide the tools to quantify and assess biodiversity, and to identify genes and metabolic processes of ecological and biomedical importance.

The Ecosystems Center is a world leader in research on the effects of climate change on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Center scientists collaborate on projects, combining expertise from a wide range of disciplines. Together, they conduct research to answer a variety of questions at polar, temperate, and tropical field sites around the world. The center’s long-term ecological observations, experiments, and prediction models help to develop a sound foundation for environmental policy and management.

In the Whitman Center for Visiting Research, scientists are making fundamental discoveries about how organisms, including humans, reproduce and develop, how bodies fight disease, how sensory organs gather information, and how process it. Along with visiting library researchers and the large number of faculty associated with the summer courses, they make the MBL the largest and most exciting biological laboratory in the world.

The MBL’s Cellular Dynamics Program aims to accelerate the knowledge of basic biology and disease through the development and utilization of tools customized to shed light on life’s most essential processes. Established in 2008, the program merges the extraordinary imaging talents of the Architectural Dynamics in Living Cells Program with the unique expertise of the Molecular Physiology Program and the BioCurrents Research Center. research 15

Chlamydodon (micro*scope)

DIRECTOR josephine bay paul center for comparative Mitchell L. Sogin molecular biology and evolution SENIOR SCIENTISTS Gary G. Borisy Joshua W. Hamilton The Josephine Bay Paul Center (BPC), established in 1997, traces it origins to the program David Patterson in Molecular Evolution that Harlyn Halvorson established during his tenure as director of Anton F. Post the Marine Biological Laboratory. Over its short history, the Bay Paul Center has become William S. Reznikoff a focal point for collaborative research between molecular biologists, cell biologists, Mitchell L. Sogin biochemists, parasitologists, ecologists, oceanographers, and other colleagues from the MBL’s summer and resident communities, and from around the world. Investigators in ASSOCIATE SCIENTIST the BPC explore processes that govern the evolution of genomes in diverse organisms Jennifer J. Wernegreen and patterns of diversity for the 1030 microbes that make the earth habitable for all multi- ASSISTANT SCIENTISTS cellular and animals. Seth R. Bordenstein Julie A. Huber Our field study sites range from the deepest ocean realms to the surprisingly complex David B. Mark Welch microbiomes of mammalian organisms, including humans. The Bay Paul Center engages in multi-disciplinary research with the MBL’s Ecosystems Center, the Woods Hole SENIOR RESEARCH SCIENTIST Center for Oceans and Human Health, colleagues at Brown University, and microbial Mark C. Alliegro oceanographers from more than 40 institutions from around the world. ASSOCIATE RESEARCH SCIENTISTS Important discoveries in 2008 included the extreme resistance of rotifer invertebrates Hilary Gonzalez Morrison to high levels of ionizing radiation and the massive horizontal transfer of genes into its Linda Amaral-Zettler genome from bacterial sources; the surprising diversity of microbial life in ocean crusts, ASSISTANT RESEARCH SCIENTISTS suggesting new sources of energy for supporting life in the deep sea; the demonstration Irina R. Arkipova that marine animals harbor Giardia intestinalis haplotypes and their potential for Margrethe H. Serres spreading disease—possibly to or from human populations; and the description of very different complex gut microbiomes in lean and obese twins and their mothers. All of ADJUNCT SCIENTISTS these investigations take advantage of the next-generation genome technology and the Marlene Belfort, New York State Department of Health large-scale computational facilities within the Bay Paul Center. Robert K. Campbell, EMD Serono Research Institute Matthew S. Meselson, Harvard University In addition to funding from agencies such as the National Institutes of Health, National Robert Prendergast, Science Foundation, and NASA, we continued to receive important foundation support Andreas P. Teske, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 2008 from the W.M. Keck and the G. Unger Vetlesen Foundations. Other foundation VISITING SCIENTISTS support included a $1,215,100 grant from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation to center Christina Bienhold, Institute director, Mitchell Sogin and Assistant Scientist David Mark Welch, for research entitled, Stacy Burns-Guydish, Cobalt Biofuels “The Rare Biosphere and the Human Habitat.” This project is part of the International Michael Chandler Census of Marine Microbes. In addition, the Bay and Paul Foundations awarded a Sonya Clayton, Cobalt Biofuels $1,000,000 challenge grant to create the Faculty Support Endowment Fund. Pam Contag, Cobalt Biofuels Caitlin Contag, Cobalt Biofuels As always, educational activities are integral to the Josephine Bay Paul Center. In addition Whitney Eng, Cobalt Biofuels to hosting graduate students and participating in the Brown-MBL Graduate Program, Robert M. Gould, University of Illinois at Chicago center scientists are involved in the MBL’s Microbial Diversity course, as well as the Carlos Parades, Cobalt Biofuels Alex Porter, Cobalt Biofuels renowned Workshop on Molecular Evolution. With support from the Howard Hughes Monica Riley Medical Institute, center scientists also reach out to K-12 and undergraduate educators, Mary Beth Saffo, Harvard University offering -based workshops for teachers annually. Richard Thomas, University of Illinois at Carbondale Harold Zakon, University of Texas at Austin Continued 16 research Publications

Bay Paul Center staff, continued RESEARCH ASSISTANT I Aguero, F; Al-Lazikani, B; Davey, JC; Nomikos, Gradman, RJ; Ptacin, Aslett, M; Berriman, M; AP; Wungjiranirun, M; JL; Bhasin, A; Reznikoff, Erika Del Castillo Buckner, FS; Campbell, Sherman, JR; Ingram, WS; Goryshin, IY. BROWN UNIVERSITY-MBL FACULTY Bette Hecox-Lea RK; Carmona, S; L; Batki, C; Lariviere, 2008. A bifunctional David Rand Christina Holmes Carruthers, IM; Chan, JP; Hamilton, JW. DNA binding region in AW; Chen, F; Crowther, 2008. Arsenic as an Tn5 . Mol Gary Wessel Seth Kauppinen Christopher Rieken GJ; Doyle, MA; Hertz- endocrine disruptor: Microbiol 67(3): 528-40. Fowler, C; Hopkins, AL; Arsenic disrupts Jennifer Rocca POSTDOCTORAL SCIENTISTS McAllister, G; Nwaka, retinoic acid - Gradman, RJ; Reznikoff, Heather M.H. Goldstone James S; Overington, JP; and thyroid hormone WS. 2008. Tn5 synaptic Kristin E. Gribble Courtney Zecher Pain, A; Paolini, GV; receptor-mediated complex formation: Role Pieper, U; Ralph, SA; gene regulation and Jessica Mark Welch of transposase residue PUBLIC OUTREACH COORDINATORS Riechers, A; Roos, DS; thyroid hormone- w450. J Bacteriol 190(4): Elizabeth McCliment Sali, A; Shanmugam, D; mediated amphibian tail 1484-7. Michele Bahr, Astrobiology Anne Thessen Suzuki, T; Van Voorhis, metamorphosis. Environ Fokko Zandbergen Sarah Bordenstein, BPC Microbiology WCL; Verlinde, CL. Health Perspect 116(2): Hays, AM; Lantz, RC; 2008. Genomic-scale 165-72. Rodgers, LS; Sollome, VISITING POSTDOCTORAL SCIENTIST ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF prioritization of drug JJ; Vaillancourt, RR; Kathleen Beriau, Center Administrator targets: The TDR Targets Dethlefsen, L; Huse, S; Andrew, AS; Hamilton, Irene Newton Sogin, ML; Relman, DA. Richard Fox, Systems Analyst database. Nat Rev Drug JW; Camenisch, T. 2008. Discov 7(11): 900-7. 2008. The pervasive Arsenic down-regulates Evie Gomes, Staff Coordinator RESEARCH ASSOCIATEs effects of an vascular matrix. Toxicol Sarah Bordenstein Katherine Newhall, Center Administrator Alliegro, MC; Alliegro on the human gut Pathol 36(6): 805-817. Michael Chapman Kara Ryan, Staff Assistant MA. 2008. Centrosomal microbiota, as revealed RNA correlates with by deep 16S rRNA Huber, JA; Holden, Brown-MBL GRADUATE STUDENTS intron-poor nuclear sequencing. PLoS Biology JF. 2008. Modeling SCIENTIFIC INFORMATICS genes in Spisula oocytes. 6(11): e280. the impact of diffuse Anupriya Dutta Richard Fox, Systems Administrator PNAS 105(19): 6993-97. vent microorganisms Susan Huse, Scientific Informatics Analyst II Yuko Hasegawa Fredrickson, JK; along mid-ocean ridges Hege Lizzeralde, Informatics Developer II Erica Lasek-Nesselquist Amaral-Zettler, L; Peplies, Romine, MF; Beliaev, and flanks Magma to J; Ramette, A; Fuchs, B; AS; Auchtung, JM; Microbe: Modeling Phillip Neal, Scientific Informatics Analyst I Susanna Theroux Alex Valm Ludwig, W; Glockner, Driscoll, ME; Gardner, hydrothermal processes Andy Voohris, Scientific Informatics Developer I FO. 2008. Proceedings TS; Nealson, KH; at oceanic spreading of the international Osterman, AL; Pinchuk, ridges. RP Lowell, JS RESEARCH ASSISTANT III VISITING GRADUATE STUDENT workshop on Ribosomal G; Reed, JL; Rodionov, Seewald, A Metaxas Mary Anne Alliegro Kihwan Nam RNA technology, April DA; Rodrigues, JL; and MR Perfit, eds. 7-9, 2008, Bremen, Saffarini, DA; Serres, MH; Ekaterina Andreischcheva Washington, D.C., REU STUDENT . Syst Appl Spormann, AM; Zhulin, American Geophysical Andrew Grim Microbiol 31(4): 258-68. IB; Tiedje, JM. 2008. Union Press: 215-231. Christopher Graves Kasia Hammar Towards environmental Venkata Ramana Vepachedu Souza-Egipsy, V; of Huse, SM; Dethlefsen, HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS González-Toril, E; Shewanella. Nat Rev L; Huber, JA; Welch, Microbiol 6(8): 592-603. RESEARCH ASSISTANT II Hunt Batter Zettler, E; Amaral-Zettler, DM; Relman, DA; Sogin, Kevin Lin L; Aguilera, A; Amils, ML. 2008. Exploring Adam Lazarus Gil, IS; Sheldon, W; Abigail Morrison R. 2008. Prokaryotic microbial diversity and Leslie Graham Murphy community structure Schmidt, T; Servilla, using SSU Ouafae Rafie in algal photosynthetic M; Aguilar, R; Gries, C; rRNA hypervariable SUMMER ENVISIONSHIP PROGRAM biofilms from extreme Gray, T; Field, D; Cole, J; tag sequencing. PLoS Christine Brothers, Teacher acidic streams in Río Pan, JY; Palanisamy, G; Genetics 4(11): e1000255. Rachel Martin, Student Tinto (Huelva, Spain). Henshaw, D; O’Brien, M; Camille Weinberg, Student International Microbiology Kinkel, L; McMahon, K; Jost, MC; Hillis, DM; Lu, 11(4): 251-60. Kottmann, R; Amaral- Y; Kyle, JW; Fozzard, Zettler, L; Hobbie, J; HA; Zakon, HH. 2008. Amaral-Zettler, LA; Goldstein, P; Guralnick, Toxin-resistant Rocca, JD; Lamontagne, RP; Brunt, J; Michener, channels: parallel MG; Dennett, MR; Gast, WK. 2008. Defining adaptive evolution RJ. 2008. Changes in linkages between the across a complete gene microbial community GSC and NSF’s LTER family. Mol Biol Evol structure in the wake program: How the 25(6): 1016-24. of Hurricanes Katrina Ecological Metadata and Rita. Environmental Language (EML) relates Keijser, BJ; Zaura, E; Science & Technology to GCDML and other Huse, SM; van der 42(24): 9072-9078. outcomes. OMICS 12(2): Vossen, JM; Schuren, FH; 151-6. Montijn, RC; ten Cate, Aurrecoechea, C; JM; Crielaard, W. 2008. Brestelli, J; Brunk, BP; Gladyshev, E; Meselson, Pyrosequencing analysis Carlton, JM; Dommer, M. 2008. Extreme of the oral microflora of J; Fischer, S; Gajria, B; resistance of bdelloid healthy adults. J Dent Res Gao, X; Gingle, A; Grant, rotifers to ionizing 87(11): 1016-20. G; Harb, OS; Heiges, M; radiation. PNAS 105(13): Innamorato, F; Iodice, J; 5139-5144. Kozul, CD, Nomikos, AP; Kissinger, JC; Kraemer, Hampton, TH; Warnke, E; Li, W; Miller, JA; Gladyshev, EA; LA; Gosse, JA; Davey, JD; Morrison, HG; Nayak, V; Meselson, M; Arkhipova, Thorpe, JE; Jackson, BP; Pennington, C; Pinney, IR. 2008. Massive Ihnat, MA; Hamilton, Wolbachia reproductive tissue (micro*scope) DF; Roos, DS; Ross, C; horizontal gene transfer JW. 2008. Laboratory Stoeckert, CJ, Jr; Sullivan, in bdelloid rotifers. diet profoundly alters S; Treatman, C; Wang, Science 320(5880): 1210- gene expression and H. 2008. GiardiaDB and 1213. confounds genomic TrichDB: integrated analysis in mouse liver genomic resources for and lung. Chem Biol the eukaryotic protist Interact 173(2): 129-40. pathogens Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis. Nucl. Acids Res.: gkn631. research 17

Lasek-Nesselquist, EA; Stewart, JR; Gast, RJ; Bogomolni, L; Gast, Fujioka, RS; Solo- RJ; Welch, DM; Ellis, Gabriele, HM; Meschke, JC; Sogin, ML; Moore, JS; Amaral-Zettler, LA; MJ. 2008. Molecular Del Castillo, E; Polz, characterization of MF; Collier, TK; Strom, Giardia intestinalis MS; Sinigalliano, CD; haplotypes in marine Moeller, PD; Holland, After , animals: variation and AF. 2008. The coastal Your Gut Just Isn’t zoonotic potential. Dis environment and Aquat Organ 81(1): 39-51. human health: microbial The Same indicators, pathogens, Mark Welch, DB; Mark sentinels and reservoirs. Welch, JL; Meselson, Environ Health 7 Suppl This comprehensive survey of bacterial diversity M. 2008. Evidence for 2: S3. in the human gut shows extensive but temporary degenerate tetraploidy in changes in the microbial community following bdelloid rotifers. PNAS Souza-Egipsy, V; ciprofloxacin treatment. (PLoS Biology) 105(13): 5145-5149. González-Toril, E; Zettler, E; Amaral-Zettler, L; Aguilera, A; Amils, Nahum, LA; Pereira, SL. Using a novel technique developed by MBL Bay Paul Center director Mitchell Sogin 2008. Phylogenomics, R. 2008. Prokaryotic protein family community structure to identify different types of , scientists completed the most precise survey to evolution, and the in algal photosynthetic date of how microbial communities in the human gut respond to antibiotic treatment. of life: An integrated biofilms from extreme approach between acidic streams in Río molecular evolution Tinto (Huelva, Spain). Sogin and Susan Huse of the MBL, along with David Relman and Les Dethlefsen of and computational International Microbiology , identified pervasive changes in the gut microbial communities intelligence. Studies 11: 251-260 of three healthy humans after a five-day course of the antibiotic Ciprofloxacin. Their in Computational Intelligence (SCI). T Suga, K; Mark Welch, results were reported in the November 18, 2008, issue of PLoS Biology. Smolinski, M Milanova DB; Tanaka, Y; and AE Hassanien eds. Sakakura, Y; Hagiwara, Using very conservative criteria, the scientists identified at least 3,300 to 5,700 , A. 2008. Two circular Springer-Verlag. 122: chromosomes of unequal different taxa (genetically distinct types) of bacteria in the human distal gut, and 259-79. copy number make antibiotic treatment influenced the abundance of about a third of those taxa. up the mitochondrial genome of the rotifer Palacios, C; Zettler, E; “You clearly get shifts in the structure of the microbial community with antibiotic Amils, R; Amaral-Zettler, Brachionus plicatilis. L. 2008. Contrasting Molecular Biology and treatment,” says Sogin. “Some bacteria that were in low abundance prior to treatment microbial community Evolution 25(4): 1129-37. may become more abundant, and bacteria that were dominant may decrease in assembly hypotheses: abundance. When you get these shifts, they may be persistent. Some individuals may a reconciling tale from Tamas, I; Wernegreen, JJ; the Río Tinto. PLoS ONE Nystedt, B; Kauppinen, recover quickly, and others won’t recover for many months.” 3(12): e3853. SN; Darby, AC; Gomez- Valero, L; Lundin, D; In all of the individuals tested, the bacterial community recovered and closely Riley, M; Staley, JT; Poole, AM; Andersson, Danhin, A; Wang, T; SG. 2008. Endosymbiont resembled its pre-treatment state within four weeks after antibiotic treatment, but Brettin, TS; Hauser, LJ; gene functions impaired several bacterial taxa failed to recover within six months. This raises questions about Land, ML; Thompson, and rescued by the health effects of changes to the human-microbial symbiosis in the gut. LS. 2008. Genomics of polymerase infidelity an extreme psychrophile, at poly(A) tracts. PNAS Psychromonas ingrahamii. 105(39): 14934-9. “When you change the microbial population structure in the gut, you may affect how BMC Genomics 9(1): 210. that population is keeping indigenous pathogens at manageable levels,” says Sogin. Turnbaugh, PJ; Hamady, Rull, K; Hallast, P; M; Yatsunenko, T; Bacteria that do not normally cause problems, for example, may begin to grow more Uuskula, L; Jackson, J; Cantarel, BL; Duncan, rapidly, and cause or accelerate disease. Punab, M; Salumets, A; Ley, RE; Sogin, ML; Jones, WJ; Roe, BA; A; Campbell, RK; Laan, The study is part of a large, international effort to fully characterize the microbiota in M. 2008. Fine-scale Affourtit, JP; Egholm, quantification of HCG M; Henrissat, B; Heath, the human gut, which is the highest-density natural bacterial ecosystem known. Up beta gene transcription AC; Knight, R; Gordon, to 100 trillion microbial cells reside in the gut, and this community plays essential in human trophoblastic JL. 2008. A core gut roles in nutrition, development, metabolism, pathogen resistance, and regulation of and non-malignant non- microbiome in obese trophoblastic tissues. Mol and lean twins. Nature immune responses. Hum Reprod 14(1): 23-31. 457(7228): 480-4. Until recently, descriptions of human-associated microbiota were constrained by Santelli, CM; Orcutt, BN; Ye, S; MacEachran, DP; Banning, E; Bach, W; Hamilton, JW; O’Toole, techniques of cultivating (and thus identifying) bacteria. Less than 20-40% of the Moyer, CL; Sogin, ML; GA; Stanton, BA. 2008. microbes in the human distal gut, for example, have been cultured in the laboratory. Staudigel, H; Edwards, Surface expression Since the late 1980s, however, cultivation-independent microbial surveys have KJ. 2008. Abundance and of P-glycoprotein diversity of microbial life is regulated by the been developed that identify community members by genetic sequencing. Sogin’s in ocean crust. Nature Pseudomonas aeruginosa technique, for example, which was used in this study, characterizes microbial 453(7195): 653-656. toxin Cif. Am J Physiol: populations by sequencing short, hypervariable regions of one gene common to Cell Physiol 295: all microbes, the 16S rRNA gene. This pyrosequencing technique reveals greater Schostak, N; Pyatkov, C807-C818. KI; Zelentsova, E; taxonomic richness in microbial samples at a fraction of the cost of traditional Arkhipova, IR; Shagin, sequencing technologies. D; Shagina, I; Mudrik, E; Blintsov, A ; Clark, I; Finnegan, DJ; Evgen’ev, Support for this research was provided to the Bay Paul Center from the Woods Hole Center for MB. 2008. Molecular Oceans and Human Health with grants from the National Institutes of Health and National dissection of Penelope Science Foundation. regulatory machinery. Nucleic Acids Res. 36(8): 2522-2529. 18 research Kate Morkeski samples Fish Brook in Boxford, Massachusetts, as part of a nitrogen cycling study of the Ipswich River watershed. (M. Briggs)

Co-Directors Hugh W. Ducklow Jerry M. Melillo

Senior Scientists Zoe Cardon Linda A. Deegan Hugh W. Ducklow Anne E. Giblin Jerry M. Melillo Bruce J. Peterson Edward B. Rastetter Gaius R. Shaver

Associate Scientists Christopher Neill Joseph J. Vallino

Assistant Scientist the ecosystems center Jianwu Tang Senior Scholar John E. Hobbie The Ecosystems Center was founded in Two new scientists joined the Ecosystems Senior Research Scholar 1975 as a year-round research program of Center in 2008. Zoe Cardon, a terrestrial Paul A. Steudler the MBL. Its mission is to investigate the ecologist and senior scientist, is a structure and functioning of ecological nationally recognized ecologist, with Senior Research Scientists systems, predict their response to changing expertise in physiological ecology Paul Colinvaux environmental conditions, apply the and plant-rhizosphere (the interface Ivan Valiela resulting knowledge to the preservation between roots and soil) interactions. and management of natural resources, Cardon is collaborating with the MBL’s Director, SES and educate both future scientists and Bay Paul Center in the Micro-Eco Program, Kenneth H. Foreman concerned citizens. an initiative that coordinates microbial research throughout the MBL. Jim Tang Research Associates Benjamin Felzer The center operates as a collegial is a soil ecologist and assistant scientist, David W. Kicklighter association of scientists. Because the studying the impact of climate change on complex nature of modern ecosystems ecosystem processes and functions and the Postdoctoral Scientists research requires a interdisciplinary and feedback of terrestrial ecosystems to climate Sophia Fox collaborative approach, center scientists change. He has developed an approach Ylva Olsen work together on projects, as well as with to measure carbon and water exchange Adrian Rocha investigators from other centers at the MBL between terrestrial ecosystems and the Gabrielle Tomasky and from other institutions, combining atmosphere over a range of time and space Yuriko Yano expertise from a wide range of disciplines. scales. Together, they conduct research to answer Technical Staff Jennifer S. Barkman, Research Assistant a variety of questions at field sites ranging In addition to mentoring graduate students Donald W. Burnette, Research Assistant from Arctic Alaska, , and Russia to and participating in the Brown-MBL Sarah M. Butler, Research Assistant Antarctica and from Brazil to the temperate Graduate Program, Ecosystems Center Timothy Cronin, Research Assistant forests and estuaries of New . education and outreach activities in 2008 Matthew J. Erickson, Senior Research Assistant included interactions between Ecosystems Clara Funk, Research Assistant In 2008, Ecosystems Center senior scientist Center scientists and urban high school Robert H. Garritt, Senior Research Assistant Jerry Melillo co-edited an important update students in Cambridge, Massachusetts, to Melanie Hayn, Research Assistant on global warming, Global Climate Change: create radio “Science Minutes;” journalists Troy Hill, Research Assistant Its Impacts in the . The report, from the MBL’s Logan Science Journalism Jennifer E. Johnson, Research Assistant commissioned by the U.S. Government’s Program at the Toolik Lake research station Samuel Kelsey, Research Assistant Bonnie L. Kwiatkowski, Research Assistant Climate Change Science Program, seeks on the North Slope of Alaska; children’s James A. Laundre, Senior Research Assistant to summarize what is known about the book authors in Antarctica; and K-12 Christina Maki, Research Assistant science of climate change and its impacts teachers on Cape Cod. for various societal and environmental sectors and regions across the U.S. It was Continued published in late spring 2009. research 19

Increasing Nitrogen Pollution Overwhelms Filtering Capability of Streams

Co-Directors Hugh W. Ducklow Jerry M. Melillo Increasing nitrogen runoff from urban and agriculture land-use is interfering with our streams’ and rivers’ natural processes for reducing this pollutant Senior Scientists before it endangers delicate downstream ecosystems, reports a nationwide Zoe Cardon team of 31 ecologists, including Ecosystems Center senior scientist Bruce Linda A. Deegan Peterson and research assistant Suzanne Thomas. Hugh W. Ducklow Anne E. Giblin Jerry M. Melillo The findings, published in the March 13, 2008, issue ofNature , are based on Bruce J. Peterson a major study of 72 streams in 8 regions across the U.S. and Puerto Rico. “It Edward B. Rastetter was a collaborative effort by many leading aquatic ecologists working to solve Gaius R. Shaver a complex problem regarding the role of streams in reducing pollution,” says lead author Patrick Mulholland of the Ridge National Laboratory and Associate Scientists University of Tennessee. Christopher Neill Joseph J. Vallino Just how important are streams? “They are effective filters that can help prevent nitrate pollution from reaching lakes and coastal oceans, where it Senior Scientist Bruce Peterson sampling at Ivishak Spring on the Assistant Scientist North Slope of Brooks Range in Alaska. (L. Broughton) Jianwu Tang can cause noxious algal blooms and lead to oxygen depletion and death of fish and shellfish, as has been recently reported in the Gulf of Mexico,” says Senior Scholar Mulholland. John E. Hobbie Building on a 2001 study that demonstrated that even the smallest streams Ecosystems Center Scientists Senior Research Scholar can filter up to half of the inorganic nitrogen that enters them, the Paul A. Steudler scientists launched the new study to learn how increased nitrogen pollution Receive Top Awards in 2008 is affecting this process. They analyzed data collected from a variety of Scientists in the Ecosystems Center received several major Senior Research Scientists waterways, including streams in urban and agricultural settings, where land- Paul Colinvaux honors and awards in 2008. use dominates the landscape and degrades water quality. Ivan Valiela Visiting scientist James Galloway of the University Director, SES “Our findings demonstrate that streams containing excess nitrogen of Virginia received the Tyler Prize for Environmental Kenneth H. Foreman are less able to provide the natural nitrogen removal service known as Achievement, the premier award for environmental denitrification,” says Peterson. In denitrification, bacteria help convert nitrate science, energy, and environmental health, and widely Research Associates in the water to nitrogen gases that then escape to the atmosphere. considered as the equivalent of a Nobel Prize in those Benjamin Felzer fields. Galloway is an expert on the impact of human- David W. Kicklighter “The new research demonstrates that although denitrification rates increase generated nitrogen and its effects on the environment as nitrate concentrations increase, the efficiency of denitrification and nitrate and works each summer at the Ecosystems Center. Postdoctoral Scientists assimilation decline as nitrogen loading increases,” adds Peterson. “This He spent the fall of 2008 on sabbatical at the MBL. Sophia Fox means humans can easily overload stream and river networks to the point Ylva Olsen John Hobbie, distinguished scientist and senior research that nitrate removal is not sufficient to prevent eutrophication downstream, Adrian Rocha scholar, was inducted into the American Academy of Gabrielle Tomasky the scenario where algae grow out of the control and oxygen may fall to Arts and Sciences, one of the nation’s most prestigious Yuriko Yano unhealthy levels.” honorary societies. Hobbie’s research centers on discovering the activities of microbes in nature, and Technical Staff To gauge the effects of high levels of nitrogen runoff on waterways, methods that he helped to develop are widely used in Jennifer S. Barkman, Research Assistant the scientists used the stable isotope 15N (nitrogen 15) to track nitrogen lakes, estuaries, and oceans to count the numbers of Donald W. Burnette, Research Assistant movement through each study stream. They also developed ecological bacteria and measure their roles in recycling organic Sarah M. Butler, Research Assistant models to study nitrate removal from water within river networks, which matter and nutrients. Timothy Cronin, Research Assistant develop as small streams flow into larger streams and rivers. The models Matthew J. Erickson, Senior Research Assistant showed that the entire stream network is important in removing nitrogen In 2008, Hobbie also received the Alfred C. Redfield Clara Funk, Research Assistant from stream water. Award for Distinguished Lifetime Achievement from Robert H. Garritt, Senior Research Assistant the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography Melanie Hayn, Research Assistant (ASLO), the leading professional organization for The ecologists say these and other findings in theNature study underscore Troy Hill, Research Assistant researchers and educators in the field of aquatic science. Jennifer E. Johnson, Research Assistant the importance of controlling human-generated nitrogen runoff, and provide Samuel Kelsey, Research Assistant critical information to land-use managers contemplating large-scale land In addition, senior scientist Bruce Peterson was Bonnie L. Kwiatkowski, Research Assistant conversions for projects including corn farming for biofuels production. awarded ASLO’s John Martin Award, which recognizes James A. Laundre, Senior Research Assistant a paper in aquatic sciences that is judged to have had a Christina Maki, Research Assistant Funding for the study was provided by a grant from the National Science high impact on subsequent research in the field. Peterson Foundation. and co-winner Richard Eppley were acknowledged for their seminal 1979 Nature paper, “Particulate organic matter flux and planktonic new production in the deep ocean.” 20 research

Publications Ecosystems Center staff, continued

Bowden, WB; Gooseff, Carmichael, RH; Hat- Davidson, EA; Asner, Ewers, BE; Mackay, Richard P. McHorney, Senior Research Assistant MN; Balser, A; Green, A; tenrath, T; Valiela, I; GP; Stone, TA; Neill, C; DS; Tang, J; Bolstad, Kate Morkeski, Research Assistant Peterson, BJ; Bradford, Michener, RH. 2008. Figueiredo, RO. 2008. P; Samanta, S. 2008. Taylor H. Muric, Research Assistant J. 2008. Sediment and Nitrogen stable isotopes Objective indicators of Intercomparison of Stephanie Oleksyk, Research Assistant nutrient delivery from in the shell of Merce- pasture degradation from sugar maple stand Marshall L. Otter, Senior Research Assistant thermokarst features naria mercenaria trace spectral mixture analysis transpiration responses in the foothills of the wastewater inputs from of Landsat imagery. to environmental Jennifer Peters, Research Assistant North Slope, Alaska: watershed to estuarine Journal of Geophysical conditions from the Rebecca Prosser, Research Assistant Potential impacts on ecosystems. Aquatic Biol- Research G: Biogeosciences western Great Lakes Elissa B. Schuett, Research Assistant headwater stream ogy 4:99-111. 113: Art. No. G00B03. Region of the United Aaron L. Strong, Research Assistant ecosystems. Journal of 10.1029/2007JG000622. States. Agricultural Suzanne M. Thomas, Research Assistant Geophysical Research 113 Chaves, J; Neill, C; and Forest Meteorology G02026. DOI:10.1029/ Elsenbeer, H; Krusche, Desai, AR; Noormets, 148:231-246. Jane Tucker, Senior Research Assistant 2007JG000470. A; Germer, S; Gouveia AN; Bolstad, PV; Chen, Chelsea Vario, Research Assistant Neto, S. 2008. Land J; Cook, BD; Curtis, PV; Fleeger, JW; Johnson, J.C. Weber, Senior Research Assistant Bowen, JL; Valiela, I. management impacts on Davis, KJ; Euskirchen, ES; DS; Galvan, KA; Deegan, Daniel White, Research Assistant 2008. Using d15N to runoff sources in small Gough, C; Martin, JM; LA. 2008. Top-down and assess coupling between Amazon watersheds. Ricciuto, DM; Schmid, bottom-up control of watersheds and estuaries Hydrological Processes HP; Su, H; Tang, J; Vogel, infauna varies across the Adjunct Scientists in temperate and 22:1766-1775. C; Wang, W. 2008. salt marsh landscape. Maureen H. Conte, Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences tropical regions. Journal Influence of vegetation Journal of Experimental Robert Howarth, of Coastal Research 24(3): Colinvaux, P. 2008. type, stand age and Marine Biology and 804-813. Amazon Expeditions: climate on carbon Ecology 357:20-34. Brown-MBL Graduate Students My Quest for the Ice-Age dioxide fluxes across the Bradford, MA; Davies, Equator. Upper Midwest, USA: Fox, SE; Stieve, E; Angela Allen CA; Frey, SD; Maddox, Press, New Haven and Implications for regional Valiela, I; Hauxwell, J; Lindsay D. Brin TR; Melillo, JM; Mohan, London. 328 pp. scaling of carbon flux. McClelland, J. 2008. Gillian L. Galford JE; Reynolds, JF; Tresed- Agricultural and Forest Macrophyte abundance Shelby Hayhoe er, KK; Wallenstein, MD. Cooper, LW; McClelland, Meteorology 148:288-308. in Waquoit Bay: Effects Yawei Luo 2008. Thermal adapta- JW; Holmes, RM; of land-derived nitrogen tion of soil microbial Raymond, PA; Gibson, Drake, DC; Peterson, loads on seasonal and Kristen M. S. Myers respiration to elevated JJ; Guay, CK; Peterson, BJ; Deegan, LA; Harris, multi-year biomass temperature. Ecology Let- BJ. 2008. Flow-weighted LA; Miller, EE; Warren, patterns. Estuaries and Visiting Investigators and Students ters 11(12):1316-1327. values of runoff RS. 2008. Plant nitrogen Coasts 31(3): 532-541. Peter Berg, University of Virginia tracers (18O, DOC, Ba, dynamics in fertilized 10.1007/s12237-008- Neil Bettez, Cornell University Bret-Harte, MS; Mack, alkalinity) from the six and natural New 9039-6. Thomas Duncan, Nichols College MC; Goldsmith, GR; largest Arctic rivers. England saltmarshes: A Sloan, DB; DeMarco, Geophysical Research paried 15N tracer study. Frey, SD; Drijber, R; James Galloway, University of Virginia J; Shaver, G; Ray, PM; Letters 35 L18606, Marine Ecology Progress Smith, H; Melillo, J. Erin L. Kinney, Boston University Marine Program Biesinger, Z; Chapin DOI:10.1029/ Series 354:35-46. 2008. Microbial biomass, Ketil Koop-Jakobsen, Boston University Marine Program FS III. 2008. Plant 2008GL035007. functional capacity, and Roxanne Marino, Cornell University functional types do Ducklow, H. 2008. community structure Karen McGlathery, University of Virginia not predict biomass Corell, RW; Hassol Microbial services: after 12 years of soil responses to removal SJ; Melillo, JM. 2008. Challenges for microbial warming. Soil Biology and Xelu Morán, Instituto Español de Oceanografía and fertilization in Emerging challenges: ecologists in a changing 40(11):2904- Rita Oliveira Monteiro, State University of New York, ESF Alaskan tussock tundra. Methane from the world. Aquatic Microbial 2907. DOI: 10.1016/j. Barbara Ondiviela, Universidad de Contrabria Journal of Ecology Arctic: Global warming Ecology 53:13-19. soilbio.2008.07.020. Yumei Zhou, Chinese Academy of Sciences DOI: 10.1111/j.1365- wildcard. UNEP Yearbook 2745.2008.01378. 2008. An Overview of Our Ducklow, HW; Frumhoff, PC; McCarthy, Changing Environment. Erickson, M; Kelly, JJ; Melillo, JM; Moser, Consultants Buchsbaum, RN; P Harrison, ed. Division J; Montes-Hugo, M; SC; Wuebbles, DJ; Wake, Francis P. Bowles, Research Systems Consultant Deegan, LA; Horowitz, of Early Warning Ribic, CA; Smith, C; Spanger-Siegfried, Carlos E.P. Cerri J; Garritt, RH; Giblin, and Assessment RC; Stammerjohn, E. 2008. An integrated Alina Cushing AE; Ludlam, JP; Shull, D. (DEWA), United SE; Karl, DM. 2008. climate change Heidi Golden 2008. Effects of regular Nations Environment Particle export from the assessment for the salt marsh haying on Programme (UNEP), upper ocean over the Northeast United States. marsh plants, algae, Nairobi, Kenya. continental shelf of the Mitigation and Administrative Staff invertebrates and birds west Antarctic Peninsula: Strategies for Global Dorothy J. Berthel, Administrative Assistant at Plum Island Sound, Culbertson, JB; Valiela, A long-term record, Change 13:419-423. Kelly R. Holzworth, Center Administrator Massachusetts. Wetland I; Olsen, YS; Reddy, CM. 1992-2007. Deep-Sea Deborah G. Scanlon, Projects and Publications Coordinator Ecology and Management 2008. Effect of field Research II 55:2118-2131. Fry, B; Cieri, M; Hughes, Mary Ann Seifert, Administrative Assistant DOI:10.1007/s11273- exposure to 38-year- J; Tobias, C; Deegan, L; 008-9125-3. old residual petroleum Ducklow, HW. 2008. Peterson, B. 2008. Stable hydrocarbons on Long-term studies of isotope monitoring Burton, AJ; Melillo, JM; growth, condition index, the marine ecosystem of benthic-planktonic Frey, SD. 2008. Adjust- and filtration rate of the along the west Antarctic coupling using salt ment of forest ecosystem ribbed mussel, Geukensia Peninsula. Deep-Sea marsh fish.Marine root respiration as tem- demissa. Environmental Research II 55:1945-1948. Ecology Progress Series perature warms. Journal Pollution 154:312-319. 369:193-204. of Integrative Plant Biol- Ducklow, HW; Doney, ogy 50(11):1467-1483. Culbertson, JB; Valiela, SC; Steinberg, DK. Gage, DJ; Herron, PH; I; Pickart, M; Peacock, 2008. Contributions of Pinedo, CA; Cardon, Cardon, ZG; Gray, DW; EE; Reddy, CM. 2008. long-term research and ZG. 2008. Live reports Lewis, LA. 2008. The Long-term consequences time-series observations from the soil grain – the green algal underground of residual petroleum to marine ecology and promise and challenge – evolutionary secrets on salt marsh grass. biogeochemistry. Annual of microbiosensors. of desert cells. BioScience Journal of Applied Ecology Review of Marine Science Functional Ecology 58(2): 114-122. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365- 1:279-302. 22:983-989. 2664.2008.01477. research 21

Galford, GL; Mustard, Hopkinson, CS; Giblin, Melillo, J; Sala, O. 2008. HK; Goldemberg, J; Teichberg, M; Fox, Wan, Z; Vallino, JJ; JF; Melillo, JM; Gendrin, AE. 2008. Salt marsh Ecosystem services. Mladenoff, DJ; Ojima, D; SE; Aguila, C; Olsen, Peterson, BJ. 2008. Study A; Cerri CC; Cerri, CEP. nitrogen cycling. 2008. Sustaining Life: How Palmer, MW; Sharpley, YS; Valiela, I. 2008. of the inter-annual food 2008. Wavelet analysis Nitrogen in the Marine Human Health Depends A; Wallace, L; Weathers, Macroalgal responses to web dynamics in the of MODIS time series Environment. R Capone, on Biodiversity. E Chivian, KC; Wiens, JA; Wilhelm, experimental nutrient Kuparuk River with a to detect expansion D Bronk, M Mulholland, A Bernstein, eds. Oxford WW. 2008. Sustainable enrichment in shallow first order approximation and intensification of E Carpenter, eds. Elsevier University Press, New biofuels redux. Science coastal waters: growth, inverse model. 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Great Sippewissett Marsh in Falmouth, Massachusetts (I. Valiela) 22 research

the whitman center The Whitman Center for Visiting Research fosters collaborations in which scientists are advancing fundamental discoveries such as how organisms, including humans, reproduce and develop, how bodies fight disease, how sensory organs gather information, and how brains process it.

Each year, distinguished scientists from around the world come to the MBL, bringing a diversity of approaches to advancing knowledge about basic life-science questions. The MBL provides a special environment— an infrastructure and an informal, interactive scientific community— that enables scientists to focus on science, and also encourages unique collaborations that often span researchers’ professional lifetimes.

In 2008, Whitman Center investigators continued to enjoy the benefits of working in the MBL’s newly renovated Rowe Laboratory, with occupation at or near full capacity throughout the summer months. The MBL welcomed 108 principal investigators and an additional 278 research associates, including graduate students, undergraduate students, and post-doctoral fellows. These 386 scientists came from 175 institutions and 23 countries.

Summer research from the past year included work by Whitman investigator William Jeffery, of the University of , who studied the molecular pathway responsible for the regenerative capabilities of the sea squirt (Ciona intestinalis). In other research, Gwyneth Card, a Grass Fellow from the California Institute of Technology, studied how polarized light sensing evolved in through modeling the neurobiology of fly take-off using high-speed video.

In an effort to uncover what cues tell a cell to divide, Fred Chang, of Columbia University, his postdoctoral student Nicolas Minc, and David Burgess, of Boston College, placed sea urchin eggs in microscopic chambers shaped like triangles, squares, rectangles, and stars to determine the plane of division when cells are placed in oddly shaped chambers. A cell’s shape, which is naturally circular, is known to play an important role in MBL Grass Fellow Gwyneth Card checks on her fruit flies, flown in where it divides. from CalTech and housed in test tubes according to their date of birth. The renovations to Rowe Laboratory enable the Two of the sea squirt’s eight photoreceptors, dyed (J. Caputo) red, which are found at the base of its siphons. MBL to provide a top-notch, year-round facility to (W. Jeffery) scientists. Two investigators taking advantage of the MBL’s laboratory space in the off-season in 2008 included recipients of the Grass Foundation Sabbatical Fellowship. Color- vision researcher Iñigo Novales Flamarique, of Simon Fraser University in British Columbia, , conducted sabbatical research throughout the spring. Novales Flamarique collected killifish at various life stages, from recently hatched through adult, to determine the role of thyroid hormone in triggering changes in the cone photoreceptors of this as it matures.

In the fall of 2008, Whitman investigator and former Grass fellow, Kristina Mead of Denison University, was in residence as an MBL sabbatical fellow. Mead is interested in how crustaceans use chemical, visual, and mechanical cues to track odor plumes. Her project focused on the chemosensory ecology of grass shrimp. research 23

A male midshipman, a close relative of the toadfish, doesn’t need good looks to attract a mate—just a nice voice. After building a nest for his potential partner, he calls to When Fish Talk, Scientists Listen nearby females by contracting his swim bladder, the air-filled sac fish use to maintain buoyancy. The sound he makes is not a song or a whistle, but a hum; more reminiscent of a long-winded foghorn than a ballad. Female midshipman find it very alluring, and MBL Visiting Investigators Explore the they only approach a male’s nest if he makes this call. Evolution of Social Communication In a paper published in the July 18, 2008, issue of Science, three MBL visiting investigators—Andrew Bass of Cornell University, Edwin Gilland of Howard University College of Medicine, and Robert Baker of Medical Center—show that the sophisticated neural circuitry that midshipman use to vocalize develops in a similar region of the central as the circuitry that allows a human to laugh or a frog to croak, evidence that the ability to make and respond to sound is an ancient part of the vertebrate success story.

“Fish have all the same parts of the brain that you do,” says Bass, the paper’s lead author. The way our brains work is also similar. Just as we have that coordinate when our larynx and tongue change shape to produce words, toadfish and midshipman orchestrate the movement of muscles attached to their swim bladder to produce grunts and hums.

Using larval toadfish and midshipman, the group traced the development of the connection from the animal’s vocal muscles to a cluster of neurons located in a compartment between the back of its brain and the front of its spinal cord. The same part of the brain in more complex vertebrates, such as humans, has a similar function, indicating that it was highly selected for during the course of evolution.

Scientists have known for decades that these fish make sounds, but they are not the only species whose hums, growls, and grunts have meaning. “There’s reason to suggest that the use of sound in social communication is widespread among fishes,” Bass says.

This research is an example of the growing field of evolutionary neurobiology, which aims to understand the evolution of behavior through neurobiology. According to Bass, fish are an incredibly successful group, making up nearly half of the living species of vertebrates, and vocal communication may be partly responsible. “The kind of Late stage midshipman larvae (about 30 days old work we’re doing contributes to answering questions as to why these animals are so and 20 mm length) attached to a rocky substrate. successful,” Bass says. “We’re only touching the tip of the iceberg here.” (M. Marchaterre) This research was supported by grants from the National Science Foundation and the National Institutes of Health.

WHITMAN CENTER DIRECTOR Goldman, Robert, Northwestern University, Chagnaud, Boris, Cornell University Gasparini, Sonia, Louisiana State University, Health Feinberg School of Medicine Chang, Fred, Columbia University Services Center Chappell, Richard, Hunter College, City University Gerhart, John, University of California, Berkeley WHITMAN INVESTIGATORS of New York Glanzman, David, University of California, Albertini, David, Kansas University Medical Center Clay, John, National Institutes of Health Grant, Philip, National Institutes of Health Armstrong, Peter, University of California Cohen, Lawrence, Yale University School of Medicine Green, Stephen, Augustine, George, Medical Center Colin, Sean, Roger Williams University Green, William, University of Chicago Costello, John, Providence College Baker, Robert, New York University School of Medicine Hardwick, Marie, Johns Hopkins University Bearer, Elaine, Brown University Danuser, Gaudenz, The Institute Heck, Diane, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria Beaugé, Luis, Instuto de Investigacion Medica m. y De Weer, Paul, University of Pennsylvania Henson, John, Dickinson College M. Ferreyra, Argentina DiPolo, Reinaldo, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Hershko, Avram, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Israel Bennett, Michael, College of Medicine Cientificas, Venezuela Highstein, Stephen, Washington University School of Medicine Bestman, Jennifer, The Scripps Research Institute Hill, Susan, Michigan State University Bloom, Kerry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Fay, Richard, Loyola University Chicago Hochner, Binyamin, Hebrew University of Jerusalem Bodznick, David, Wesleyan University Fischbach, Gerald, Columbia University Holmgren, Miguel, National Institutes of Health Boyer, Barbara, Union College Fleidervish, Ilya, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Brady, Scott, University of Illinois, Chicago Israel Jeffery, William, University of Maryland Burgess, David, Boston College Fortune, Eric, Johns Hopkins University Johnston, Daniel, University of Texas at Austin Buxbaum, Joseph, Mount Sinai School of Medicine Frost, William, University of Medicine Jonas, Elizabeth, Yale University and Science Jorgensen, Erik, University of Utah/Howard Hughes Medical Card, Gwyneth, California Institute of Technology Institute Carr, Catherine, University of Maryland Gadsby, David, Chacron, Maurice, McGill University, Canada Galbraith, Catherine, National Institutes of Health Continued 24 research fellowships

MBL Research Awards Twenty-three scientists received awards to conduct research at the MBL in 2008.

Kerry Bloom, University of North John Henson, Dickinson College Carolina, Chapel Hill “Cytoskeletal-based Mechanisms of Motility “The Organization of Pericentric and Division in Sea Urchin Cells” in ” Supported by the Laura and Arthur Colwin Supported by the Robert Day Allen Endowed Summer Research Fellowships Fellowship and the Laura and Arthur Colwin Endowed Summer Research Binyamin Hochner, Hebrew University Fellowships “The Neurophysiological Basis of Learning and in Nautilus” Gaudenz Danuser, Scripps Research Supported by the Gruss Lipper Family Institute Foundation “The Kinetochore Consortium” Supported by a Nikon Fellowship Wei-Lih Lee, University of Massachusetts, Amherst Ilya Fleidervish, Hebrew University “Using Protein-tracking and CALI Techniques “Sodium Fluxes and Excitability of Thin to Investigate Cortical Function” Neuronal Processes” Supported by the Laura and Arthur Colwin Supported by the Gruss Lipper Family Endowed Summer Research Fellowships Foundation Peter Lenart, European Molecular Biology Catherine Galbraith, NIDCR-NIH Laboratory-Heidelberg “The Role of Dynamics in Growth “Kinase Regulation of Chromosome 2008 MBL Research Fellows. Front row: Lorraine Olendzenski, Catherine Galbraith, Cone Turning” Dynamics During of Starfish Oocytes” Tin Tin Su, Jody Rosenblatt, Orly Reiner, Brad Shuster, Jason Swedlow. Back row: Supported by the Lucy B. Lemann Supported by the Laura and Arthur Colwin Peter Lenart, Anthony Moss, Paulina Martinetto, Betsy Von Holle, Gerado Morfini, Fellowship and the Ann E. Kammer Endowed Summer Research Fellowships William Spain, Patrick Meraldi, Robert Morris (D. Gray) Memorial Fellowship

Kaczmarek, Leonard, Yale University School of Medicine Novales Flamarique, Iñigo, Simon Fraser University Von Holle, Betsy, University of Central Florida Kaplan, Ilene, Union College Vonderschen, Katrin, Institut für Biologie II, Germany Kaupp, Ulrich, Center of Advanced European Studies Olendzenski, Lorraine, St. Lawrence University & Research, Germany Walters, Edgar, University of Texas Medical School, Kramer, Richard, University of California, Berkeley Pant, Harish, National Institutes of Health Waterman, Clare, National Institutes of Health Pfeiffer, Keram, Dalhousie University, Canada Laskin, Jeffrey, University of Medicine and Dentistry, Zhang, Qi, Stanford University New Jersey Quast, Bjoern, Free University of Berlin, Germany Zimmerberg, Joshua, National Institutes of Health Laufer, Hans, University of Lauzon, Robert, Union College Rabbitt, Richard, University of Utah Lee, Wei-Lih, University of Massachusetts, Amherst Racca, Claudia, Newcastle University, OTHER RESEARCH PERSONNEL Lenart, Peter, European Molecular Biology Laboratory Reese, Thomas, National Institutes of Health/NINDS Llinás, Rodolfo, New York University School of Medicine Reiner, Orly, Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Aebischer, Stephane, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lowe, Christopher, University of Chicago Reyes, Alex, New York University Switzerland Lugo, Joaquin, Baylor College of Medicine Rhodes, Paul, Evolved Machines Alford, Lea, Boston College Rieder, Conly, Wadsworth Center Altieri, Andrew, Brown University Magee, Jeffrey, Louisiana State University Health Rome, Lawrence, University of Pennsylvania Alvarez, Luis, Forschungszentrum Juelich, Germany Science Center Rosenblatt, Jody, Huntsman Cancer Institute Alvarez, Ricardo, New York University School of Medicine Malchow, R. Paul, University of Illinois, Chicago Ross, William, New York Medical College Amaro, Ana, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zurich, Martinetto, Paulina, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Switzerland Plata, Argentina Salmon, Edward, University of North Carolina Anastassov, Ivan, Hunter College and Graduate Center of CUNY McAinsh, Andrew, Research Institute, Savage, Rob, Williams College Andersen, Bruce, Idaho Neurologic Institute United Kindgdom Shepherd, Gordon, Northwestern University Anderson, Kate, Williams College Mead, Kristina, Denison University Shuster, Charles, New Mexico State University Angueyra, Juan Manuel, Universidad Nacional Mensinger, Allen, University of Minnesota, Duluth Silver, Robert, Wayne State University School of Medicine de Colombia Meraldi, Patrick, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, Sloboda, Roger, Dartmouth College Applegate, Kathryn, The Scripps Research Institute Zurich Sluder, Greenfield, University of Massachusetts Armstrong, Margaret, University of California Miller, Andrew, Hong Kong University of Science and Medical School Atagi, Yuka, University of Illinois at Chicago Technology, China Spain, William, University of Washington/VAPSHCS Mooney, T. Aran, University of Hawaii Su, Tin Tin, University of Colorado Bass, Andrew, Cornell University Morfini, Gerardo, University of Illinois, Chicago Swedlow, Jason, University of Dundee, United Kingdom Bathe, Mark, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Morris, Robert, Wheaton College Beaulieu, Wesley, Providence College Moss, Anthony, Auburn University Tiozzo, Stefano, Stanford University Berg, Peter, University of Virginia Berk, William, New York University School of Medicine research 25

MBL Research Awards Twenty-three scientists received awards to conduct research at the MBL in 2008. Paulina Martinetto, Universidad Robert Morris, Wheaton College Alex Reyes, New York University Tin Tin Su, University of Colorado, Nacional de Mar del Plata “Coordination of Ciliogenesis and “Characterization of Unitary Boulder “Land-coastal and Benthic-pelagic Cytoskeletal Dynamics in Sea Urchin Thalamocortical Synaptic Potentials” “Regulation of Prometaphase in Response Couplings Through Nutrient Flow in Desert Embryos” Supported by the H. Keffer Hartline and to DNA Damage in Drosophila” Coastal Ecosystems Tested by Stable Supported by the Evelyn and Melvin Spiegel Edward F. MacNichol, Jr. Fellowship and the Supported by the Laura and Arthur Colwin Isotopes in San Antonio Bay, Rio Negro, Fellowship Lucy B. Lemann Fellowship Endowed Summer Research Fellowships Argentina” Supported by the Baxter Postdoctoral Anthony Moss, Auburn University Jody Rosenblatt, University of Utah Jason Swedlow, University of Dundee Fellowship “Wound Repair and Regeneration in “Regulation of and “The Kinetochore Consortium” Ctenophores” Differentiation in Embryonic Epithelia” Supported by the Laura and Arthur Colwin Andrew McAinsh, Marie Curie Research Supported by the Laura and Arthur Colwin Supported by the Laura and Arthur Colwin Endowed Summer Research Fellowships Institute Endowed Summer Research Fellowships Endowed Summer Research Fellowships “The Kinetochore Consortium” and the MBL Associates Betsy Von Holle, University of Central Supported by the Laura and Arthur Colwin Lorraine Olendzenski, St. Lawrence Florida Endowed Summer Research Fellowships University Brad Shuster, New Mexico State “Rebuilding Endangered Coastal U.S. “Distribution of Sulfite Reductase Genes University Sandplain Grasslands and Shrublands on Patrick Meraldi, ETH-Zurich (dsrAB) and Sulfate Reducing Bacteria in “Organization of II in the Former Agricultural Lands” “The Kinetochore Consortium” a Meromictic Lake” Contractile Ring” Supported by the Baxter Postdoctoral Supported by the Laura and Arthur Colwin Supported by the MBL Associates and the Supported by the Laura and Arthur Colwin Fellowship Endowed Summer Research Fellowships Baxter Postdoctoral Fellowship Endowed Summer Research Fellowships and the MBL Associates Gerardo Morfini, University of Illinois Orly Reiner, Weizmann Institute of at Chicago Science William Spain, University of Washington “Identification of Axonal Proteins “Studying Retrograde Transport Mediated “Resonance in Neocortical Pyramidal Abnormally Phosphorylated in by the LISI/Ndel1/Nde1 Complex in the Neurons and its Transmission Across Huntington’s Disease” Giant ” ” Supported by the Stephen W. Kuffler Supported by the Gruss Lipper Family Supported by the H. Burr and Susie Fellowship, the Lucy B. Lemann Fellowship, Foundation Steinbach Fellowship, the James A. and the Plum Foundation John E. Dowling Faith Miller Fellowship, the Lucy B. Lemann Fellowship, and the G.F. Fuortes Memorial Fellowship, and the Erik B. Fries Fellowship Fellowship

Berth, Sarah, University of Illinois, Chicago Cunningham, Doreen, Georgetown University Fishman, Harvey, University of Texas Medical School, Houston Bettez, Neil, Cornell University Cutler, Jennifer, Woods Hole Marine Science Consortium Forger, Daniel, University of Michigan Bienhold, Christina, Max Planck Institute for Marine Frederickson, Cathleen, Neurobiotex, Inc. Microbiology, Germany Dabiri, John, California Institute of Technology Frederickson, Christopher, Neurobiotex, Inc. Bonanni, Laura, G.d’Annunzio University, Italy D’Alessio, Giuseppe, University of Naples Federico II, Italy Freeman, Robert, Harvard Medical School Brothers, Christine, Falmouth High School Darras, Sébastien, Development Biology Institute of Freudzon, Marina, European Molecular Biology Laboratory Burbach, J. Peter, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience Marseilles Luminy Fritzenwanker, Holger, University of Chicago Burns, Matthew, University of Illinois, Chicago Davis, M. Wayne, University of Utah/Howard Hughes Frokjaer-Jensen, Christian, University of Utah Butler, Malcolm, North Dakota State University Medical Institute Fung, Danny, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China Denk, Winfried, Max-Plank institute for Medical Research Fussell, Karma, Rutgers University Casey, Elena, Georgetown University Diaz, Juan Felipe, Universidad Nacional Colombia, Chandler, Michael, Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Columbia Galbraith, James, National Institutes of Health Génétique Moléculaires, France Dirlikov, Benjamin, Johns Hopkins University Gallant, Leah, Maine Maritime Academy Chapman, Michael, University of Massachusetts Dodson, Matt, Auburn University Gardiner, Jayne, University of South Florida Chen, Ming, University of Connecticut Donovan, Erin, Auburn University Gardner, Jeffrey, University of Illinois Cheung, Chris, The Hong Kong University of Science and Drzyzga, Michael, Williams College Gatlin, Jesse, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Technology, China Dumont, Sophie, Harvard Medical School Gelperin, Alan, Monell Chemical Senses Center Chiao, Chuan-Chin, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan Gerlich, Daniel, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Chiecko, Jeffrey, University of Massachusetts Eddington, David, University of Illinois, Chicago Zurich, Switzerland Christensen-Dalsgaard, Jakob, University of Southern Edds-Walton, Peggy, Loyola University Gillis, Andrew, University of Chicago Ellenberg, Jan, European Molecular Biology Laboratory Giuffrida, Beth, University of Minnesota Clarkson, Melissa, Carnegie Mellon University Elliott, Hunter, The Scripps Research Institute Goda, Makoto, RIKEN Harima Institute, Japan Clayton, Sonia, Cobalt Biofuels Espinosa, Lady, Universidad Nacional Colombia, Goldman, Anne, Northwestern University Medical School Colbert, Costa, Evolved Machines Columbia Goldstein, Andrea, Yale University School of Medicine Cole, Andy, National Institute of Neurological Disorders Eugenin, Jaime, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Chile Gomez, Maria, Boston University School of Medicine and Stroke Evans, Teresa, Case Western Reserve University Gordon, Marion, Rutgers University Colina, Claudia, Institute of Neurobiology Gould, Robert, University of Illinois, Chicago Contag, Caitlin, Cobalt Biofuels Farzan, Shahla, Woods Hole Marine Science Consortium Gray, Jessica, Harvard University Contag, Pamela, Cobalt Biofuels Fazlollahi, Farbod, University of California, Los Angeles Gray, Joshua, Rutgers University Conti, Georgina, Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, Ferdie, Meredith, University of Virginia Green, Stephen, University of Chicago Argentina Field, Christine, Harvard Medical School Gregor, Ingo, Forschungzentrum Caesar, Germany Crawford, Karen, St. Mary’s College of Maryland Fine, Leah, Boston University Grin, Boris, Northwestern University Medical School Crook, Robyn, College/City University Fischer, Robert, National Heart Lung and Blood Groen, Aaron, Harvard Medical School of New York Institute, NIH Gutnick, Michael, The Hebrew University, Israel

Continued 26 research

Albert and Ellen Grass Faculty Dart Scholars Program in Learning 2008 Friday Evening Lecture Series Grant Program and Memory June 20, Jeffrey I. Gordon, Washington University of St. Louis Four teams of investigators were awarded Five scientists were named Dart Scholars in “Dining in with a Few Trillion Friends: Exploring Grass Faculty Awards at the MBL in 2008. The Learning and Memory in 2008. Sponsored by a goal of this program is to take advantage of generous grant from Dart Neuroscience, these the Human Gut Microbiome” the collaborative environment of the MBL and awards bring top scientists in the field of learning bring together at the Assistant or and memory together to conduct research at the June 27, Erich D. Jarvis, Duke University Associate Professor level from different institutions MBL for the summer. “Evolution of Brain Systems for Vocal Learning” to work together to conduct specific research in The Joe L. Martinez, Jr. & James G. Townsel neuroscience. Sonia Gasparini, LSU Health Center Endowed Lectureship in SPINES “Dendritic Integration in Layer V Neurons of the Maurice Chacron of McGill University and Eric Fortune Entorhinal Cortex: An Electrophysiological & High Speed July 3, Porter Lecture of Johns Hopkins University collaborated on a project Imaging Study” Clara Franzini-Armstrong, University of titled “Mechanisms for Non-linear Sparsification of Pennsylvania Neural Codes.” Claudia Racca, Newcastle University, UK “From Membranes to Molecules. A “Dendritic Integration in Layer V Neurons of the Morphologist View of How Muscle Controls Ilya Fleidervish of Hebrew University and William Ross Entorhinal Cortex: An Immunocytochemical Approach” Calcium Movements” of New York Medical College collaborated on a project titled “Sodium Fluxes and Excitability of Thin Neuronal David Ganzman, UCLA July 11, Distinguished Alumni Lecture Processes.” “Development of the Zebrafish into a Thomas M. Schmidt, Michigan State for the Cellular and Molecular Analyses of Non- University, co-director MBL Microbial Diversity William Frost of Rosalind Franklin University and associative Memory” course Gordon Shepherd of Northwestern University & “The Microbial Basis for Life on Earth” Janelia Farm Research Campus/HHMI collaborated on a Erik Jorgensen, University of Utah/HHMI project titled “Input-output Analysis of Motor Circuits by “Localizing Synaptic Proteins Using TEM and AFM” July 17-18, Forbes Lectures Combined Laser Stimulation.” Susan K. McConnell, Stanford University Edgar Walters, University of Texas, Houston “Assembling a Neural Circuit: Transcriptional Richard Kramer of the University of California, Berkeley “Memory-like Alterations of Excitability in the Squid Control of Brain Wiring During Development”; and Paul Malchow of the University of Illinois at Giant Axon” “Building a Brain During Development” Chicago collaborated on a project titled “Optical Studies of Synaptic Feedback from Horizontal Cells of the .”

Kitajima, Tomoya, European Molecular Biology McKay, Heather, Boston College Haidul, Stephanie, Massachusetts Maritime Academy Laboratory, Germany McLenaghan, Natalie, Rochester Institute of Technology Hansson, Lars, University of Gothenburg, Sweden Klaassen, Laurus, University of Texas Health Sciences Medinilla, Virginia, Louisiana State University Health Haspel, Gal, National Institutes of Health, NINDS Center, Houston Sciences Center Hayes, Daniel, University of Alaska, Fairbanks Koganti, Lahari, Williams College Mehta, Nabil, Yale University School of Medicine Henson, Lauren, Oberlin College Miller, William, Baker University Hess, Sam, University of Maine Lai, Nicole, Wesleyan University Milstein, Ana, Agricultural Research Organization, Israel Hill, Evan, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine Lam, Stephanie, The Hong Kong University of Science Minc, Nicolas, Columbia University and Science and Technology Miyake, Katsuya, Medical College of Georgia Hines, Michael, Yale University Lam, Wai, The Hong Kong University of Science and Molla, Linda, Hunter College Homma, Ryota, Yale University School of Medicine Technology Moore-Kochlacs, Caroline, Salk Institute Honda, Atsuko, Niigata University, Japan Leitman, Alena, Hunter College, CUNY Moran, Xelu, Instituto Espanol de Oceanografia, Spain Hubatsch, Hilke, University Oldenburg, Germany Leung, Raymond, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Moroz, Leonid,University of Florida China Muller, Kenneth, University of Miami School of Medicine Iyer, Amulya, Williams College Levoy, Marc, Stanford University Li, Diana, Hunter College, CUNY Nam, Kihwan, University of Illinois, Chicago Jackman, Skyler, University of California, Berkeley Lindsey, Bruce, University of South Florida Narayanan, Rishikesh, The University of Texas at Austin Jacobs, Molly, University of Connecticut Liu, Jun, Williams College Neu, Vania, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Jacobs, Russell, California Institute of Technology Lliguicota, Mari, Williams College Brazil Jallepalli, Prasad, Memorial Sloan Kettering Long, Matt, University of Virginia Newton, Irene, Harvard University Jaqaman, Khuloud, The Scripps Research Institute Lopez, Rodriguez Angelica, National Institutes of Health Nicholls, John, Scuola Internazionale Superiore de Studi Jorgensen, Nels, University of Utah Luecker, Sebastian, University of , Avanzati, Italy Nishimura, Yukako, National Institutes of Health Kamermans, Maarten, Netherlands Institute for Mabuchi, Issei, Gakushuin University, Japan Nobrega, Derek, Brown University Neuroscience, Netherlands Maffeo, Zion, The Scripps Research Institute Kaminska, Agnieszka, University of Illinois, Chicago Mahl, Ursula, Cornell University O’Connor, Clare, Boston College Kanaan, Nicholas, Northwestern University Manita, Satoshi, New York Medical College Olesin, Emily, Woods Hole Marine Science Consortium Kanchanawong, Pakorn, National Institutes of Health Mann, Mary Anne, Columbia University Ondiviela, Barbara, University of Cantabria, Spain Kashikar, Nachiket, Forschungszentrum Juelich, Germany Maresca, Thomas, The University of North Carolina, Kato, Chiharu, Free University of Berlin, Germany Chapel Hill Pagan de Paganis, Cecilia, Università Vita-Salute San Kauer, John, School of Medicine Mason, Dave, The Hospital For Sick Children, Canada Raffaele, Italy Kettunen, Petronella, University of California, Los Angeles Mcclelland, Sarah, Marie Curie Research Institute, Palma, Francisco, National Institutes of Health Khan, Shahid, Molecular Biology Consortium United Kingdom Pani, Ariel, University of Chicago King, Emma, University of Dundee, United Kingdom McGlathery, Karen, University of Virginia Paredes, Carlos, Cobalt Biofuels Kirschner, Marc, Harvard Medical School Mchedlishvili, Nunu, Eidgenössische Technische Parker, David, , United Kingdom Hochschule, Switzerland research 27

Grass Fellows July 25, Nipam H. Patel, University of Nine young scientists were awarded fellowships by the Grass Foundation to conduct California, Berkeley; co-director MBL research in neurobiology at the MBL during the summer of 2008. The program was Embryology course directed by Catherine Carr, University of Maryland. Gal Haspel, NIH/NINDS and Daphne “Butterfly Wings and Snail Shells: Evolution in Soares, University of Maryland were co-assistant directors. Action”

August 1, Glassman Lecture Jennifer E. Bestman, Ph.D. T. Aran Mooney, Ph.D. Sir Paul M. Nurse, The Rockefeller University; The Scripps Research Institute University of Hawaii 2001 Nobel Laureate “Visualizing Dendritic mRNA Translation “Examination of the Auditory Sensitivity “The Great Ideas of Biology” In Vivo: Links to Neuronal Structural of the Squid, Loligo pealeii” Plasticity” August 8, Distinguished Alumni Lecture Keram Pfeiffer, Ph.D. Bruce N. Ames, University of California, Gwyneth M. Card, Ph.D. Dalhousie University Berkeley; Children’s Hospital Oakland California Institute of Technology “Behavioral and Neuronal Mechanisms Research Institute “A Model for Decision-Making in the Underlying Sky Compass Navigation in “Delaying the Degenerative Diseases Flight Initiation System of Drosophila” the Honeybee, Apis mellifera” of Aging” Boris P. Chagnaud, Ph.D. Stefano Tiozzo, Ph. D. August 15, John P. Holdren, Woods Hole Cornell University Stanford University Research Center “Ontogeny of Vocal Motor Function in “Neurogenesis and Neural Regeneration “Meeting the Climate-Change Challenge: Toadfishes” in the Basal Chordate Botrylius What Do We Know? What Should We Do?” schlosseri” Joaquin N. Lugo Jr., Ph.D. August 22, 1st Annual Joshua Lederberg Baylor College of Medicine Katrin Vonderschen, M. S. Lecture, Gary Ruvkun, Harvard Medical “The Effect of Transient Early-life Seizures RWTH Aachen University School, co-director MBL Biology of Aging on the Behavior, Anatomy, and Function “Novelty Detection in Midbrain Neurons course of the Developing Zebrafish Brain” of Pulse Type ” “Universal Genetic Programs of Animal Longevity” Qi Zhang, Ph.D. Stanford University “Super-resolution Tracking of Single Synaptic Vesicles with Quantum Dots”

Pasapera, Ana, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute Sabass, Benedik, University of Heidelberg, Germany Tsang, Ming, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China Pascal, Pierre-Yves, Louisiana State University Salyers, Abigail, University of Illinois Tyler, Anna, Rochester Institute of Technology Paydarfar, David, University of Massachusetts Medical Sanchez, Shirley-Eva, Boston University School Sarkis, Jean-Pierre, Providence College Usher, Susan, University of Washington Pekkurnaz, Gulcin, National Institutes of Health Scheiner, Christopher, Rochester Institute of Technology Petukhova, Tatyana, National Institutes of Health Segal, Michal, Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Verardo, Andrew, Georgetown University Pigino, Gustavo, University of Illinois at Chicago Shann-Ching, Chen, The Scripps Research Institute Plotnikov, Sergey, National Heart, Lung and Blood Shimi, Takeshi, Northwestern University Medical School Wahab, Abdul, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Institute Shmueli, Anat, Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Bangladesh Porras, Alex, New York University School of Medicine Siarheyeva, Alena, Hunter College Walsh, Jessica, Columbia University Porter, Alexander, Cobalt Biofuels Sironi, Lucia, The European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Watanabe, Shigeki, University of Utah Porter, Iain, University of Dundee, United Kingdom Germany Watson, Anya, University of Connecticut Posch, Markus, University of Dundee, United Kingdom Smith, Kristin, University of Florida Webster, Kirby, University of Virginia Potapova, Tamara, University of Oklahoma Health Soares, Daphne, University of Maryland Weiler, Annalisa, University of Central Florida Sciences Center Song, YuYu, University of Illinois, Chicago Weyand, Ingo, Forschungszentrum Juelich, Germany Powers, Brendan, Massachusetts Maritime Academy Soto-Jiminez, Martin, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Winter, Jennifer, Marie Curie Research Institute, Priest, Amanda, Massachusetts Maritime Academy Mexico, Mexico United Kingdom Punjabi, Paawan, Wesleyan University Sprouse, Brett, Auburn University Witting, Jan, Sea Education Association Srikumar, Deepa, National Institutes of Health Wlizla, Marcin, University of Chicago Ram, Jeffrey, Wayne State University Steinacker, Antoinette, University of Puerto Rico Ramirez, Nelson Javier, Universidad Nacional de Stoy, Paul, University of Edinburgh, Scotland Yanai, Ruth, State University of New York Colombia Sugimori, Mutsuyuki, New York University School Yandell, Kate, Williams College Ratner, Nancy, Cincinnati Childrens Hospital of Medicine Yeh, Elaine, University of North Carolina Redd, Michael, Huntsman Cancer Institute Sullivan, William, University of California, Santa Cruz Young, Kakani, California Institute of Technology Regula, Charlotte, Roger Williams University Swartz, S. Zachary, Brown University Yu, Eunah, New York University School of Medicine Rendulic, Snjezana, Stanford University Rengifo, Aura Caterine, Universidad Nacional de Tang, Jack, The University of Hong Kong, China Zakevicius, Jane, University of Illinois, College of Medicine Colombia, Colombia Tang, Yezhong, University of Maryland Zakon, Harold, University of Texas, Austin Rich, Jeremy, Brown University Taylor, Sabrina, National Institutes of Health Zattara, Eduardo, University of Maryland Ripps, Harris, University of Illinois, College of Medicine Teperman, Jake, New York University School of Medicine Zeng, Xin (Tina), Williams College Rol-Mecak, Antonina, University of California, Terasaki, Mark, University of Connecticut Health Center Zhang, Jinghua, Columbia University San Francisco Thomas, Richard H., Southern Illinois University Zhao, Min, University of California, Davis Rosenblum, Jared, National Institutes of Health Titelman, Josefin, University of Gothenburg, Sweden Zhou, Wei, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Ross, Nechama, New York Medical College Tokumaru, Hiroshi , Tokushima Bunri University, Japan China Rotenberg, Susan, Queens College, CUNY Toso, Alberto, ETH Zurich, Switzerland Zimmerberg-Helms, Jessica, St. John’s College Russell, James, National Institutes of Health Zottoli, Steven, Williams College 28 research

Publications

Bass, AH; Gilland, cannot be satisfied. DeGiorgis, JA; Edds-Walton, PL; Fay, inner ear of the oyster Halvorson, HO; Duff, EH; Baker, R. 2008. Journal of Petukhova, TA; Evans, RR. 2008. Directional toadfish,Opsanus tau. J. 2008. Offshore Evolutionary origins for 182(4): 623-629. TA; Reese, TS. 2008. and frequency response Biological Bulletin 214(1): aquaculture legislation social vocalization in a -3 is an characteristics in the 83-90. designed to balance vertebrate hindbrain- Chappell, RL; motor in the squid giant descending octaval production and spinal compartment. Anastassov, I; Lugo, P; Axon. Traffic 9(11): nucleus of the toadfish Goshima, G; Mayer, M; protection. Marine Science 321(5887): Ripps, H. 2008. Zinc- 1867-1877. (Opsanus tau). Journal of Zhang, N; Stuurman, Pollution Bulletin 56(10): 417-421. mediated feedback Comparative Physiology N; Vale, RD. 2008. 1673-1675. at the synaptic DiPolo, R; Beauge, L. A: Sensory, Neural, and Augmin: A protein Breneman, KD; terminals of vertebrate 2008. In the squid axon Behavioral Physiology complex required for Harrington, JM; Chou, Highstein, SM; Boyle, photoreceptors. Na+/Ca2+ exchanger 194(12): 1013-1029. centrosome-independent HT; Gutsmann, T; RD; Rabbitt, RD. 2008. Experimental Eye the state of the Ca-i- generation Gelhaus, C; Stahlberg, H; The passive cable Research 87(4): regulatory site influences George O; Bryant within the spindle. Leippe, M; Armstrong, properties of hair 394-397. the affinities of the BK; Chinnasamy R; PB. 2008. Membrane cell stereocilia and intra- and extracellular Corona C; Arterburn 181(3): 421-429. pore formation by their contribution to Clay, JR; Paydarfar, D; transport sites for Na+ JB; Shuster CB. 2008. pentraxin proteins somatic capacitance Forger, DB. 2008. A and Ca2+. Pflugers Archiv Bisphenol A directly Groen, AC; Needleman, from Limulus, the measurements. simple modification European Journal of targets to disrupt D; Brangwynne, C; American horseshoe Biophysical Journal of the Hodgkin and Physiology 456(3): spindle organization in Gradinaru, C; Fowler, crab. Biochemical Journal E-first.10.1529/ Huxley equations 623-633. embryonic and somatic B; Mazitschek, R; 413(2): 305-313. biophysj.108.137356. explains type 3 cells. ACS Chemical Mitchison, TJ. 2008. A excitability in squid Djurisic, M; Popovic, M; Biology 3(3): 167-179. novel small-molecule Harrington, JM; Leippe, Brito, DA; Yang, Z; giant . Journal Carnevale, N; Zecevic, inhibitor reveals a M; Armstrong, PB. 2008. Rieder, CL. 2008. of the Royal Society D. 2008. Functional Ghanem, TA; Breneman, possible role of kinesin-5 Epithelial immunity in do not Interface 5(29): 1421- structure of the mitral KD; Rabbitt, RD; in anastral spindle-pole a marine invertebrate: a promote mitotic slippage 1428. cell dendritic tuft in Brown, HM. 2008. assembly. Journal of Cell cytolytic activity from when the spindle the rat olfactory bulb. Ionic composition Science 121(14): 2293- a cuticular secretion of assembly checkpoint Journal of Neuroscience of endolymph and 2300. the American horseshoe 28(15): 4057-4068. perilymph in the crab, Limulus polyphemus. Marine Biology 153(6): 1165-1171.

DOMESTIC INSTITUTIONS REPRESENTED

Albert Einstein College of Medicine Johns Hopkins University Rochester Institute of Technology Auburn University Rockefeller University Kansas University Medical Center Roger Williams University Baker University Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science Baylor College of Medicine Louisiana State University Rutgers University Boston College Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Boston University Loyola University Chicago Salk Institute Boston University School of Medicine Sea Education Association Brooklyn College, City University of New York Maine Maritime Academy Southern Illinois University Brown University Massachusetts Institute of Technology St. John’s College Massachusetts Maritime Academy St. Lawrence University California Institute of Technology Medical College of Georgia St. Mary’s College of Maryland Carnegie Mellon University Memorial Sloan Kettering Stanford University Case Western Reserve University Michigan State University State University of New York Cincinnati Childrens Hospital Molecular Biology Consortium State University of New York College of Environmental Cobalt Biofuels Monell Chemical Senses Center Science and Forestry Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Mount Sinai School of Medicine Columbia University The Scripps Research Institute Cornell University National Institute of Child Health and Human Tufts University School of Medicine Development / NIH Dartmouth College National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Union College Denison University Stroke / NIH University of Alaska Fairbanks Dickinson College National Institutes of Health University of California, Berkeley Duke Medical Center National Heart Lung and Blood Institute / NIH University of California, Davis Neurobiotex, Inc. University of California, Los Angeles Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University New Mexico State University University of California, San Francisco Evolved Machines New York Medical College University of California, Santa Cruz New York University University of Central Florida Falmouth High School New York University School of Medicine University of Chicago North Dakota State University University of Colorado Georgetown University Northwestern University University of Connecticut Northwestern University Medical School University of Connecticut Health Center Harvard Medical School University of Florida Harvard University Oberlin College University of Florida Whitney Laboratory Howard Hughes Medical Institute University of Hawaii Hunter College, City University of New York Providence College University of Illinois Huntsman Cancer Institute University of Illinois at Chicago Queens College, City University of New York University of Illinois College of Medicine Idaho Neurologic Institute University of Maine Institute of Neurobiology research 29

Hutt, KJ; Shi, ZQ; pericentriolar material. Yang, Z; Loncarek, J; Albertini, DF; Petroff, Nature Cell Biology 10(3): Khodjakov, A; Rieder, BK. 2008. The 322-328. CL. 2008. Extra environmental toxicant centrosomes and/or 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodi- Ripps, H. 2008. The color chromosomes prolong benzo-p-dioxin disrupts purple: milestones in in human cells. morphogenesis of the photochemistry. FASEB Nature Cell Biology 10(6): rat pre-implantation Journal 22(12): 4038- 748-751. embryo. BMC 4043. Developmental Biology Yu, E; Kanno, E; Choi, S; 8:1. Schneider, MJ; Sugimori, M; Moreira, JE; Ulland, M; Sloboda, Llinas, RR; Fukuda, M. Kuner, T; Li, Y; RD. 2008. A protein 2008. Role of Rab27 in Gee, KR; Bonewald, methylation pathway in synaptic transmission at LF; Augustine, GJ. Chlamydomonas flagella the squid giant . 2008. Photolysis is active during flagellar Proceedings of the National of a caged peptide resorption. Molecular Academy of Sciences 105 reveals rapid action Biology of the Cell 19(10): (41): 16003-16008. of N-ethylmaleimide 4319-4327. sensitive factor before Zhang, Z; Bodznick, Szabo, TM; Brookings, D. 2008. Plasticity in a release. Proceedings of T; Preuss, T; Faber, cerebellar-like structure: the National Academy of DS. 2008. Effects of suppressing reafference Sciences 105(1): 347-352. temperature acclimation during episodic on a central neural behaviors. Journal of Loncarek, J; Hergert, P; circuit and its behavioral Experimental Biology Magidson, V; Khodjakov, output. Journal of 211(23): 3720-3728. A. 2008. Control of . E-first daughter centriole 10.1152/jn.91033.2008. formation by the Innervation of an ascidian oral siphon (S. Tiozzo)

FOREIGN INSTITUTIONS REPRESENTED

University of Maryland Agricultural Research Organization, Israel Marie Curie Research Institute, United Kingdom University of Massachusetts, Amherst Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Germany University of Massachusetts Medical School Bangladesh Agricultural University, Bangladesh Max Plank Institute for Medical Research, Germany University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, McGill University, Canada Robert Wood Johnson Medical School Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, University of Miami School of Medicine Germany National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan University of Michigan Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Brasil Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Netherlands University of Minnesota Chinese University of Hong Kong, China Newcastle University, United Kingdom University of Minnesota Duluth Niigata University School of Medical and Dental University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Dalhousie University, Canada Sciences, Japan University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center University of Pennsylvania Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland RIKEN Harima Institute, Japan University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, Switzerland Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Netherlands University of South Florida European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Germany University of Texas Scuola Internazionale Superiore de Studi Avanzati, Italy University of Texas at Austin Forschungzentrum Caesar, Germany Simon Fraser University, Canada University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Forschungszentrum Juelich, Germany Southern Denmark, University of, Denmark University of Texas Medical School at Houston Free University of Berlin, Germany University of Utah Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Israel University of Virginia Gakushuin University, Japan Tokushima Bunri University, Japan University of Washington University of Washington / Veterans Administration Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Universidad de Cantabria, Spain Puget Sound Health Care System Hong Kong University, China Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Chile Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, China Università degli studi g. d’annunzio, Italy Wadsworth Center Hospital For Sick Children, Canada Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico Washington University School of Medicine Huazhong University of Science & Technology, China Universidad Nacional Colombia, Colombia Wayne State University Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, Argentina Wayne State University School of Medicine Institut de Biologie du Developpement de Marseille Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Argentina Wesleyan University Luminy, France Università tà degli studi di Napoli Frederico II, Italy Wheaton College Institut für Biologie II, RWTH Aachen, Germany Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Italy Williams College Instituto de Investigacion Medica M. and M. Ferreyra, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom Woods Hole Marine Science Consortium Argentina University of Dundee, United Kingdom Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Spain University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom Yale University Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientificas, University of Gothenburg, Sweden Yale University School of Medicine Venezuela University of Heidelberg, Germany University of Vienna, Austria Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Génétique Moléculaires, France Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel 30 research

marine resources programs

The Marine Resources Center (MRC) is a national facility for the development and use of aquatic organisms in basic biological research, aquaculture, and fisheries science. Its research programs focus on biological processes integrated at the level of the whole organism.

Program in Sensory Biology, Behavioral Ecology, and

The complex visual and motor mechanisms of camouflage in cephalopods continue to be studied. The central hypothesis is that the wide range of cephalopod camouflage patterns fall into just three pattern categories, and that cuttlefish (and cephalopods in general) might be using a set of simple visual cues for each of these three camouflage pattern types. In the laboratory, we are using well-controlled Squid iridophores (L. Mäthger) artificial as well as natural backgrounds to evoke the three camouflage patterns, and we have identified key visual cues (such as object size, contrast, etc.) that control this complex system. We also conducted fertilization. Currently we are analyzing which brain extensive fieldwork on camouflage by cephalopods centers are involved in this olfactory long-term memory and fishes to corroborate our findings. using RNA in situ hybridization and immunostaining.

By taking spectrometer measurements of cuttlefish, With increasing research attention to symbiosis, it is squid, and octopus skin at various levels of not surprising to find beneficial microbes in animals magnification, we are beginning to understand how and plants in nutrient-limited habitats or nutrient- cephalopods create their skin appearance and how limited diets. But a number of mutualisms elude color change is accomplished. Pigmented reflectance, placement into these physiological and ecological transmission and filtering of light in addition to categories. One such mutualism is the symbiosis structural reflectance, polarization and light scattering of molgulid tunicates with a pair of microbes—the confirm the complex nature of color change in protist Nephromyces and endosymbiotic bacteria in the cephalopods. All skin structures act in concert to cytoplasm of Nephromyces—inhabiting the lumen of produce the animal’s final appearance. a large, ductless molgulid organ, the “renal sac,” and surrounding the kidney-stone-like deposits of urate and Collaborative behavioral, biochemical, and calcium oxalate in the renal sac. Mary Beth Saffo and her electrophysiological studies using the seaslug collaborators have recently shown that Nephromyces is an Hermissenda and the anti-cancer drug bryostatin apicomplexan, with ssu rDNA data suggesting possible continued in 2008. Earlier work showed that even affinities to coccidia and piroplasmida. The emergence short-term exposure to bryostatin resulted in long- of a mutualist from an otherwise exclusively parasitic term memory formation in associative conditioned clade is relevant to understanding the evolution of both animals. Protein kinase C (PKC) activity measurements mutualism and infectious disease, and may be correlated demonstrated a concurrent long-term elevation of PKC with Nephromyces’ several other distinctive features, activation in trained animals. Immunocytochemical including the apparent absence of apicoplasts and the studies further revealed that both long-term and presence of intracellular bacteria. short-term bryostatin caused a selective translocation into, and increase in PKC in, the nuclei Current and emerging projects include use of of neurons of conditioned animals. Results in 2008 developmental, biochemical, ultrastructural, and suggest an association between byrostatin-induced genomic approaches to pursue the detailed phylogenetic PKC activation and PKA activity leading to early gene relationships between Nephromyces and other activation and a possible mechanism for the increased apicomplexans; the coevolution between molgulids and levels of protein synthesis we reported earlier. This their microbial symbionts; the phylogenetic affinities research continues to suggest possible beneficial effects and metabolic contributions of the bacterial symbionts; for bryostatin’s use with Alzheimer’s disease, other and the significance of urate as metabolic currency in dementias, and possible learning deficiencies. symbiotic interaction. With funding from the National Library of Medicine, Saffo is continuing work on the Distinguishing kin from non-kin profoundly impacts book, of the Infectious and the Infected: Perspectives on the evolution of social behavior. We showed that Mutualistic and Parasitic Symbiosis, for the University of kin recognition is based on an olfactory imprinting Chicago Press. process, which in zebrafish occurs at day six post research 31

A talapia harvest in L’Acul, Haiti (W. Mebane)

Program in Scientific Aquaculture

Scott Lindell and Bill Mebane continued Disease is one of the most serious to lead a project to develop fish diets from impediments to the increased natural resources in Haiti. Staff worked in production of cultured eastern oysters, Haiti for approximately three man-months Crassostrea virginica. The incidence of over the course of six visits. Time was spent three diseases (ROD, MSX, and Dermo) helping convert pond systems to our design continues to increase in intensity and that uses compost and substrates to promote periphyton geographic distribution and are of concern to the entire New growth that, in turn, feed fish. Outreach in Haiti has been England region. Although selectively bred oysters resistant successful as others are now copying these efforts. to MSX and Dermo are available, these stocks do not grow as well nor fare well when challenged by ROD. In 2008 Lindell We completed our NOAA-funded, community-based surf completed a USDA-funded investigation of the performance clam restoration project and have successfully established of oyster hybrids constructed from the commercially multiple broodstock and juvenile sanctuaries that are likely available oyster stocks and oysters selected from local natural to seed a resurgence in this valuable natural resource in the environments in southern New England that have survived Cape Cod towns of Truro and Provincetown. heavy disease pressure. Oysters were tested in common- garden grow-out trials in Maine, Massachusetts, Rhode Novel research into stock enhancement and sea ranching Island, Connecticut, and New Jersey. The results to date have was also conducted in 2008. Lindell raised black sea bass, shown that hybrid lines produce the highest yields. The Centropristis striata, a sought-after fish that has experienced ultimate goal of the project is to provide hybrid strains that recent declines in landings. Our project used “acoustic” will be suitable for various niche environments throughout the northeast. The superior strains will be stored at the MBL and made available to oyster hatcheries. The project has received additional funding to further improve these oyster strains. A similar project with hard clams (Mercenaria mercenaria) resistant to Quahog Parasite Unknown (QPX) disease was initiated with USDA funds in 2008.

Another NOAA-funded project started in 2008 involves food production offshore. Lindell led a consortium of investigators, fishermen, and processors in Massachusetts and Rhode Island to examine the feasibility of growing blue mussels, Mytilus edulis, in commercial quantity (and quality) via suspended long-lines in deep open-ocean environments. Sites are being evaluated this first year to find areas where mussels grow fast and are not prone to parasite infection.

Along with Rebecca Gast (Woods Hole Oceanographic Aqua-Dome (S. Lindell) Institution), Roxanna Smolowitz investigated the temporal and spatial spread of QPX in hard clams from infected plots (Pavlovian) conditioning to train fish in the laboratory to using nested and quantitative real time PCR of water samples feed in a defined area when cued by a “dinner bell.” We and by using pathological evaluation of clam tissues. discovered that the fish remember this response for at least four weeks between cues. Armed with this information we Smolowitz, with Andrei Cristoserdov (Louisiana State tagged 4,500 cultured black sea bass and released them into University), studied epizootic shell disease in American a covered dome structure (Aqua-Dome) secured to the sea lobsters by evaluating the occurrence of a specific floor where the fish were confined and acclimated to daily Flavobacteria sp., previously isolated from affected lobsters, sound-cued feeding. After six weeks, the bass were released by continued sampling of lobsters from new areas and by and free to populate the surrounding rocky habitat. The sampling of other crustaceans from regions where affected Aqua-Dome remained as a landmark and feeding station lobsters are found. Along with Michael Tlustly (New but the mesh was enlarged to allow the bass to come and England Aquarium) Smolowitz conducted infection trials go with the attraction of the occasional dinner bell. The with the suspect bacteria to fulfill Koch’s postulates—four fish responded as expected, and were able to adapt between criteria designed to establish a causal relationship between a pelleted feed and natural forage. One unexpected finding causative microbe and a disease. was that two weeks after the fish were released from the Aqua-Dome, schools of bluefish started to prey upon the bass. After three days of predation, the remaining bass did not respond to the dinner bell (probably for reasons of self-preservation). 32 research Publications MANAGER, MARINE RESOURCES CENTER and DIRECTOR, Program in Sensory Biology, Behavioral Ecology, SCIENTIFIC AQUACULTURE PROGRAM and Population Genetics Barbosa, A; Mäthger, Mäthger, LM; Chiao, CC; Scott Lindell LM; Buresch, K; Kelly, Barbosa, A; Hanlon, RT. LABORATORY OF ROGER HANLON J; Chubb, C; Chiao, 2008. Color matching SENIOR SCIENTIST STAFF CC; Hanlon, RT. 2008. on natural substrates Cuttlefish camouflage: in cuttlefish,Sepia Roger Hanlon Roger Hanlon, Senior Scientist the effects of substrate officinalis. Journal of Lydia Mäthger, Research Associate contrast and size in Comparative Physiology ASSOCIATE SCIENTIST Justine Allen, Research Assistant evoking uniform, mottle A 194 (6): 577-585. Alan Kuzirian Alexandra Barbosa, PhD Student, Universidade do Porto or disruptive body Kendra Buresch, Research Assistant III patterns. Vision Research Miller-Sims, V; Gerlach, 48: 1242-1253. G; Kingsford MJ; ASSOCIATE SCIENTIST / VETERINARIAN Liese Siemann, Research Assistant Atema, J. Dispersal in Roxanna Smolowitz Anya Watson, Masters Student, University of Connecticut Barbosa, A; Litman, the spiny damselfish, L; Hanlon, RT. 2008. Acanthochromis VETERINARIAN VISITING INVESTIGATORS Changeable cuttlefish polyacanthus, a coral Amy Hancock Chuan-Chin Chiao, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan camouflage is influenced reef fish species without Charlie Chubb, University of California, Irvine by horizontal and a larval pelagic stage. vertical aspects of the Molecular Ecology ADJUNCT SCIENTISTS Robyn Crook, Summer Fellow, Brooklyn College visual background. E-first 10.1111/j.1365- Chuan-Chin Chiao, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan Philip McFadden, Journal of Comparative 294X.2008.03986.x Gabriele Gerlach, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg Daniel E. Morse, University of California, Santa Barbara Physiology 194: 405-413. Steven Roberts, University of Washington Hanumant Singh, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Miserez, A; Weaver, Mary Beth Saffo, Harvard University Behrmann-Godel, J; JC; Pedersen, PB; Gerlach, G. 2008. First Schneeberk, T; Hanlon, Roxanna Smolowitz, New England Aquarium INTERNS evidence for postzygotic RT, Kisailus, D; Birkedal, Kate Findlay-Shirras, Duke University reproductive isolation H. 2008. Microstructural VISITING SCIENTISTS Christina Gambarcorta, New College of Florida between two sympatric and biochemical Mark Alliegro, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Kevin Moy, Oberlin College populations of Eurasian characterization of the Kristina Mead, Denison University Rayssa Ribeiro, Cape Cod Community College perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) nano-porous sucker BMC Frontiers in rings from Dosidicus Bjorn Quast, Universität Bielefeld Jonathan Schram, University of California, Davis 5:3. gigas. Advanced Materials Jillian Schwartz, University of North Carolina/Wilmington 20: 1-6. ADMINSTRATIVE AND SUPPORT STAFF Daryl Silva, Dalhousie University Fusaro, J; Baco, AR; Barbara Burbank, Program Administrator Neal Smith, Bemidji State University Gerlach G; Shank TM. Spence, R; Gerlach, G; Edward Enos, Aquatic Resources Division Superintendent Heather Ylitalo-Ward, 2008. Development Lawrence, C; Smith, C. and characterization of 2008. The behaviour and William Grossman, Marine Specimen Collector/Diving Safety twelve microsatellite ecology of the zebrafish, Officer LABORATORY OF ALAN KUZIRIAN markers from the Danio rerio. Biological William Klimm, Licensed Boat Captain, R/V Gemma STAFF deep-sea hydrothermal Reviews, 83, 1-22. Kara Maloney, Research Assistant Alan Kuzirian, Associate Scientist vent siboglinid Riftia William Mebane, Aquaculture and Engineering Division Steven Senft, Visiting Scientist pachyptil. Molecular Spitsbergen, J; Blazer, Superintendent Raquel Sussman, Investigator Ecology Notes, 8:132-134. V; Bowser, P; Cheng, K; Cooper, K; Cooper, John Murt, Research Assistant Gerlach, G; Hodgins- T; Frasca Jr, S; Groman, Rhys Probyn, Diver / Marine Specimen Collector INTERNS Davis, A; Avolio, C; D; Harper, C; Law, J; Stephen Roberts, Life Support Technical Assistant Tessa Campbell, Davidson College Schunter, C. 2008. Kin Marty, G; Smolowitz, Janice Simmons, Senior Animal Health Technician/Internship Syndell Parks, University of Maine/Machias recognition in zebrafish: R; St. Leger, J; Wolf, D; Supervisor A 24-hour window for Wolf, J. 2008. Finfish olfactory imprinting. and aquatic invertebrate Daniel Sullivan, Boat Captain / Life Support Technical Assistant LABORATORY OF ROXANNA SMOLOWITZ Proceedings of the Royal pathology resources for Eugene Tassinari, Senior Biological Collector STAFF Society, London B 275, now and the future. Roxanna Smolowitz, Adjunct Associate Scientist and Veterinarian 2165–2170. Comp. Biochem and Phys. VOLUNTEERS Jacquelin DeFaveri, Aquatic Animal Health Research Assistant Epub 2008 Oct 9. Theresa Campbell, University of New Hampshire Sophie Higgins, Mammalian Animal Care Assistant Hanlon, RT; Conroy, LA; Forsythe, JW. 2008. Sussman, R; Sharma, Jean Lemeiux, Senior Volunteer Program Daniel Johnson, Mammalian Animal Care Coordinator Mimicry and foraging SK; Kuzirian, AM. 2008. Megan Lizotte, Florida Institute of Technology Marissa Nolan, Mammalian Animal Care Assistant behavior of two tropical Catalytic activities Don Myers, Senior Volunteer Program sand-flat octopus species of recA protein are INTERN off North Sulawesi, dependent on the lattice INTERNS Bridget Sarpu, Stonehill College Indonesia. Biol. Journal length of the single- of the Linnean Society strand DNA ligand. Stephanie Haidul, Massachusetts Maritime Academy 93(1): 23-38. Cell Cycle 7(1): 89-95. Kimberley Pham, University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth LABORATORY OF MARY BETH SAFFO Brendan Powers, Massachusetts Maritime Academy STAFF Hanlon, RT; Forsythe, Sutherland, RL; Brian Preziosi, Wheaton College Mary Beth Saffo, Adjunct Scientist JW. 2008. Sexual Mäthger, LM; Hanlon, Amanda Priest, Massachusetts Maritime Academy cannibalism by Octopus RT; Urbas, AM; Stone, Stephen Roberts, Cape Cod Community College INTERN cyanea on a Pacific MO. 2008. Cephalopod coral reef. Marine and coloration model. 1. Abi Wikoff, Hobart-William Smith College Freshwater Behaviour and Squid chromatophores Physiology 41(1): 19-28. and iridophores. Journal LABORATORY OF SCOTT LINDELL Optical Society of America STAFF 25(3): 588-99. Scott Lindell, Director, Scientific Aquaculture Program Simon Miner, Research Assistant Nick Warren, Research Assistant

INTERNS Geoffrey Carignan, Hobart-William Smith College Kristen Howard, Salve Regina College Vestibular nerve (green) contacts GABAergic hair cells Kelly Stromberg, Washburn University (red). This is surprising as all hair cells were thought to release excitatory neurotransmitter such as glutamate, not inhibitory such as GABA. (S. Highstein) research 33

An artificial tumor cluster (S. Messerli) cellular dynamics program

The Cellular Dynamics Program (CDP) was created orientation of rod-shaped particles that are in 2008 and is comprised of the former Architectural pushed into sheet formations by osmotic forces acting Dynamics and Molecular Physiology Programs. in polymer suspensions. The CDP is recruiting more members, aiming to expand the number of independent investigators and In Michael Shribak’s laboratory, the principal goal new resident laboratories. The CDP is a focal point for has been to complete the development of a practical all institutional cell interests—education, visiting, and Orientation-Independent Differential Interference resident research. Contrast (OI-DIC) microscope. This is to be combined with orientation-independent polarization microscopy The research component of the new program to show quantitative images of protein molecules and is organized around the areas of technique and molecular orientation without the need for staining or instrument development and applications to biological other modification of the cell. problems. Thematically, the interests are united in the search for new insights into the dynamics of The Borisy laboratory and our imaging group living cells. We are currently focusing on cytoskeletal contributed significantly to the development of arrangement and chemical activities. CDP resident CLASI-FISH (combinatorial labeling, spectral imaging research attracts a strong collaborative component and fluorescence in situ hybridization) as a platform from off-campus laboratories and these add to our for the rapid analysis of microbial communities. repertoire and impact. This year saw the much- Brown-MBL graduate student Alex Valm, working anticipated publication of distinguished scientist with Rudolf Oldenbourg, was awarded the prestigious Shinya Inoué’s Collected Works of Shinya Inoué, World Ruth Kirschstein Fellowship Award from the National Scientific Publishing Co., Singapore. Other highlights Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research to from the Program’s key areas of interests include: further develop CLASI-FISH and apply it to oral microbial community analysis. Instrument and Technique Development Primarily through the efforts of Mark Messerli Research concentrations are divided primarily into and Leon Collis, micron diameter -selective, imaging and electrochemical detection. Rudolf microelectrodes (ISMs), redesigned for stability Oldenbourg’s laboratory has continued to develop the and speed, have followed single channel events polarized light microscope and, with Jim LaFountain through their diffusive signatures in the fluid space (State University of New York at Buffalo), initiated surrounding heterologous expression systems and the installation of a laser microsurgery tool on the native single cells. This marks the development of a LC-PolScope stand, furthering their mutual interest new technique allowing transporters and channels in the mechanisms of chromosome segregation and to be monitored with no perturbation to the cell spindle dynamics during meiotic divisions. Visiting itself. Transporter and channel interactions with scientists Tim Mitchison (Harvard Medical School) and transduction elements, chemical and cytoskeletal, are Kerry Bloom (University of North Carolina, Chapel available for study in real time for the first time. Hill) are exploring the use of polarized fluorescence for analysis of the functional rearrangement of proteins Our interests in analyzing the chemical activity in that orchestrate and sustain cell division. In 2008, the diffusive boundary layer took a new turn in 2008. Physiology course students and many visitors took Realizing that chemically selective microelectrodes advantage of the special instrumentation available cannot penetrate the micro or nano domains through Oldenbourg’s laboratory. Collaborative surrounding cells in tissues, nor get too close to the projects include the study of alignment patterns plasma membrane without damage, we have begun of axonemes in macrocilia, f-actin dynamics in development of optical reporters for specific substrates. lamellipodia of coelomocytes, and visualizing the Two approaches are being pursued—functionalized 34 research

Adenoviral transduction of malic (green) in a cluster of pancreatic β-cells. Nuclei (blue) and granules (red) are shown. (L. Collis and E. Heart)

INTERIM DIRECTOR Peter J.S. Smith

DISTINGUISHED SCIENTIST Shinya Inoué

SENIOR SCIENTISTS Gary Borisy Rudolf Oldenbourg Peter Smith nano/fine particles (in collaboration These experiments have utilized the newly ASSOCIATE RESEARCH SCIENTIST with Amit Basu, Brown University) developed integrated platform, permitting Michael Shribak and targeted constructs. Currently single cells to be studied with imaging, we are exploring the detection of pH and electrochemistry ASSISTANT RESEARCH SCIENTISTS gradients with fluorescein functionalized simultaneously. Emma Heart particles or plasmids expressing either Mark Messerli a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)- Comparative Models Shanta Messerli anchored GFP or a ratioable derivative, pHluorin, targeted to reside Enrico Nasi and Maria Gomez’s vision ADJUNCT SENIOR SCIENTIST Enrico Nasi on the outside surface of the plasma laboratory made good use of marine membrane. Using a tumor model models. One project focused on novel ADJUNCT ASSISTANT SCIENTIST developed by Shanta Messerli, long-term phototransduction mechanisms in the Maria Gomez intercellular pH sensing has been achieved retina of marine mollusks. A second in vitro using a GPI-GFP expressing project addressed the mechanism of SENIOR RESEARCH SCIENTIST schwannoma cell line. Artificial cell transduction of melanopsin, a recently Harris Ripps aggregates are also being bioengineered for uncovered photopigment involved in non- these experiments using dielectrophoresis image-forming photoreception, and its RESEARCH ASSOCIATES in collaboration with Ron Pethig evolutionary history. The presence of the Leon Collis (University of Edinburgh). The chemical Nasi and Gomez laboratory has spawned a Richard Sanger detection studies discussed are largely part formal agreement of collaboration between RESEARCH ASSISTANTS of the NIH National Center for Research the MBL and the National University of David Graham Resources funded BioCurrents Research Colombia (UNal) signed by the Director Grant Harris Center, a component of the CDP. and CEO of the MBL, Gary Borisy, and the Robert Lewis President of the UNal, Moisés Wasserman, Cell Metabolism in January 2008. WEBSITE /DATABASE EDITOR Tamara Clark A suite of tools is now available through Collaborative studies with Mark Messerli the CDP incorporating imaging and have focused on the roles of both PROGRAM ADMINISTRATORS electrochemical approaches and have intracellular and extracellular ion gradients Jane MacNeil Tiffany Van Mooy been applied in a number of in-house as they influence tip growth and cell and collaborative projects in 2008. Emma motility. With Simon Gilroy and Gabriele GRADUATE STUDENTS Heart’s laboratory, funded through Monshausen (University of Wisconsin), Juan Manuel Angueyra, National University of Colombia (Gomez, Nasi) the American Diabetes Association, they studied the temporal relationship Juan Felipe Diaz, National University of Colombia (Gomez, Nasi) has challenged the conventional view between cytosolic Ca2+ and oscillating Lady Espinosa, National University of Colombia (Gomez, Nasi) of signaling control of insulin vesicle growth of root hairs in Arabidopsis thaliana. Anoop Menachery, University of Wales (Smith) release and control. Working with Josh In a separate collaborative study with Nelson Ramirez, National University of Colombia (Gomez, Nasi) Gray (U.S. Coast Guard Academy) they Kenneth Robinson, Ling Huang and Peter Aura Rengifo, National University of Colombia (Gomez, Nasi) have developed a model which provides Cormie (Purdue University), Messerli Alex Valm, Brown-MBL Graduate Program (Borisy, Oldenbourg) a causal link between redox changes investigated the role of intracellular SUMMER STAFF (NADPH production) and the enhancement gradients of Ca2+ in transducing the Phil Huyett, Intern of glucose stimulated insulin release. galvanotactic response of zebrafish Amy Liljestrand, Administrative Assistant In collaboration, Leon Collis and the keratocytes. laboratories of Elizabeth Jonas (Yale ADJUNCT SCIENTISTS University), Marc Gleichmann, and Mark Jella Atema, Boston University Mattson (National Institute of Aging) David Burgess, Boston College have developed preparations for the study George Holz, New York University of single oxygen consumption. Lin Liu, University of Southern Florida Ron Pethig, University of North Wales research 35

COLLABORATORS Publications and Patents Edward Barry,

Amit Basu, Brown University Barry, E; Dogic, Z; Inoué, S. Microtubule Oesterle AL. 2008. Ion Shribak, M. 2008. High Alexa Bely and Eduardo Zattara (Graduate Student), Meyer, RB; Pelcovitz, RA: dynamics in cell divi- Selective and Ampero- sensitive DIC micros- University of Maryland Oldenbourg, R. Direct sion: Exploring living metric Microelectrodes. copy with contrast Kerry Bloom, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill measurement of the cells with polarized P-97 Pipette Cookbook. independent of speci- Dmitri Boudko, Rosalind Franklin University twist penetration length light microscopy. 2008. Sutter Instruments. men orientation. Mol. in a single smectic A Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. Chapter 12: 57-58. Biol. Cell 19 (suppl), Sylvie Breton, Harvard University layer of colloidal virus 24:1-28. abstract # 508/B457 (CD- Dennis Brown, Harvard University particles. 2008. The Jour- Oldenbourg, R. 2008. ROM):147-148. Anne Cohen, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution nal of Physical Chemistry Li, H; Chen, Y; Jones, Polarized light field Adams Dany, Tufts Center for Regenerative and B 113(12): 3910-3913 AF; Sanger, R; Collis, LP; microscopy: an ana- Shribak, M. 2008. Developmental Biology Flannery, R; McNay, EC; lytical method using a Orientation-independent Guo, Y; Liu, Y; microlens array to differential interference Zvonimir Dogic, Brandeis University Schwartzenbacher, R; Oldenbourg, R.; Tang, Boss, B; Bossy-Wetzel, E; simultaneously capture contrast microscopy Susan Gerbi, Brown University JX; Valles, Jr, JM. 2008. Bennett, MVL; Pypaert, both conoscopic and technique and device. Simon Gilroy, University of Wisconsin Effects of osmotic M; Hickman, JA; Smith orthoscopic views of U.S. Patent Application Marc Gleichmann with Mark Mattson, National force and torque on PJS; Hardwick, JM; birefringent objects. 2008/0007824, Int. Institute on Aging microtubule bundling Jonas, EA. 2008. BCL-xL J. Microsc. 231:419-432. Cl.G02B 21/06. Makoto Goda, RIKEN Harima Institute, Hyogo, Japan and pattern formation. induces Drp1-dependent Phys. Rev. E 78, 041910, synapse formation in Oldenbourg, R. 2008. Shribak, M; LaFountain, Joshua Gray, U.S. Coast Guard Academy DOI:10.1103/Phys- cultured hippocampal A polarized light field J; Biggs, D; Inoué, S. Robert Greenberg and Vicenta Salvador-Recatala RevE.78.041910 neurons. PNAS 105(6): microscope with fast po- 2008. Orientation- (Postdoctoral Student), University Of Pennsylvania 2169-2174. larization switcher and independent differential Mark E. Hahn and Alicia Timme-Laragy (Postdoctoral Henson, JH; Fried, microlens array reveals interference contrast (DIC) microscopy and Student), Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution CA; McClellan, MK; Messerli, MA; Kurtz, the 3-D birefringence Ader, J; Davis, JE; I; Smith, PJS. 2008. distribution of complex its combination with Marie Hardwick, Johns Hopkins University Oldenbourg, R; Simerly, Characterization of Opti- anisotropic structures. orientation-independent , University of Florida, Whitney Laboratory CR. 2008. Bipolar, anas- mized Na+ and Cl-liquid Microsc Microanal 14 polarization system. Diane Heck, New York Medical College tral spindle development membranes for use with Suppl 2:742-743, J. Biomed. Optics John Henson, Dickinson College in artificially activated extracellular, self-refer- 13 (1):14011. Elizabeth Jonas, Yale University School of Medicine sea urchin eggs. Dev. encing microelectrodes. Pethig, R; Menachery Dyn. 237:1348-1358. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. A, Heart, E; Sanger, RH; Shribak, M; Oldenbourg, Robert Knudson, Technical Video, Ltd., Port Townsend, 390(5): 1355-9. Smith, PJS, 2008. Dielec- R. 2008. Retardance Washington Holz, GG; Heart E; Leech trophoretic assembly measurement system Ira Kurtz, Univeristy of Californa, Los Angeles CA. 2008. Synchroniz- Monshausen, GB; of insulinoma cells and and method. U.S. Patent James LaFountain, State University of New York at Buffalo ing Ca2+ and cAMP Messerli, MA; Gilroy, fluorescent nanosensors 7372567, Int.Cl. G01J Jeffrey Laskin and Karma Fussell (Graduate Student), oscillations in pancreatic S. 2008. Imaging of the into three-dimensional 4/00. b-cells: a role for glucose ‘pseudo-islet’ constructs. University of Medicine and Dentistry, New Jersey yellow cameleon 3.6 metabolism and GLP-1 indicator reveals that IET Nanobiotechnology Twig, G; Elorza, A; Josef Lazar, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic receptors? Focus on elevations in cytosolic 2(2): 31-38. Molina, AJA; Mohamed, Michael Levin, Tufts Center for Regenerative and Regulation of cAMP Ca2+ follow oscillating H; Wikstrom, JD; Walzer, Developmental Biology dynamics by Ca2+ and G increases in growth in Salvador-Recatala, V; G; Stiles, L; Haigh, SE; Marc Levoy, Stanford University protein-coupled recep- root hairs of arabidopsis. Schneider, T; Greenberg, Kat, S; Las, G; Alroy, J; RM 2008. Atypical pro- Wu, M; Py, BF; Yuan, J; Paul Linser and Kristen Smith (Graduate Student), tors in the pancreatic Plant Physiol. 147(4): b-cell: a computational 1690-8. poerties of a conven- Deeney, JT; Corkey, BE; University of Florida, Whitney Laboratory approach. Am. J. Physiol. tional calcium channel Shirihai, OS 2008. Mary Loeken, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard University Cell Physiol. 294: C4-C6. Nuccitelli, R; Nuccitelli b subunit from the Fission and selective Issei Mabuchi, University of Tokyo, Japan P; Ramlatchan, S; Sanger platyhelminth Schis- fusion govern mito- Joseph McArdle, University of Medicine and Dentistry, Inoué, S. Collected Works R; Smith, PJS. 2008. tosoma mansoni. BMC chondrial segregation and elimination by New Jersey of Shinya Inoué. World Imaging the electric Physiology 8:6 (http:// Scientific Publishing field associated with www.biomedcentral. autophagy. The EMBO Tim Mitchison, Harvard University Co., Singapore, 2008. mouse and human skin com/1472-6793/8/6). Journal 27:433-446 Gaby Monshausen, University Of Wisconsin wounds. Wound Repair Tony Moss, Auburn University and Regeneration. 16(3): Shum, WW; Da Silva, Ronald Pethig and Anoop Menachery (Graduate Student), 432-441. N; McKee, M; Smith, University Of Edinburgh PJS; Brown, D; Breton, S. 2008. Transepithelial Gerhard Rhanders-Pherson, Radiological Research projections from basal Accelerator Facility, Columbia University cells are luminal sensors Kenneth Robinson, Purdue University in pseudostratified epi- Susan Rotenberg, City University of New York thelia. Cell 135(6): Vanessa Routh and Xavier Fioramonti (Graduate Student), 1108-17. University of Medicine and Dentistry, New Jersey Joel Stiles, Carnegie Mellon University Sid Tamm, Boston University Benjamin Van Mooy and Laura Hmelo (Graduate Student), Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Elsbeth Walker and Jeff Cheiko (Graduate Student), Left: Phase contrast photo of cultured hippocampal neurons; Center: 5-minute integration of collected University of Massachusetts Amherst from same field from neurons that are expressing firefly luciferase; Right: Overlay image (L. Collis and R. Sanger) ( 36 research

encyclopedia of life

Launched in 2007, the Encyclopedia of Life In 2008, the Biodiversity Informatics Group SENIOR SCIENTIST (EOL) is a monumental, unprecedented has also started development on LifeDesks David Patterson effort to create a Web page for all 1.8 mil- for Experts, dynamic web environments lion named species of animals, plants, and for the online management and sharing of SYSTEM ARCHITECT other forms of life on Earth. Intended as a biodiversity research. Jennifer Schopf tool for scientists and policymakers, and a SCIENTIFIC INFORMATICS PROJECT LEADERS fascinating resource for anyone interested In February 2008, the first 30,000 pages Peter Mangiafico in the living world, the EOL is being devel- of the EOL went live to the acclaim of Dimitry Mozzherin scientists and educators world- David Shorthouse wide. Following this release, the Biodiversity Informatics SCIENTIFIC INFORMATICS ANALYSTS Group reviewed and improved Jeremy Rice the hardware, processes, and Alexey Shipunov priorities of the site. The result Anne Thessen is a robust and flexible architec- ture on which to build subse- SCIENTIFIC INFORMATICS DEVELOPERS quent site enhancements and Jonathan Clapp Vitthal Kudal an ever-evolving suite of tools to improve the site content and SEMANTIC LINGUIST user participation. Anna Shipunova

Specific enhancements include ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF a commenting feature for EOL Pam Fournier, Technical Infrastructure Lead species pages, allowing users to Anthony Goddard, Systems Administrator Stalked jellyfish (J. Sidie) leave feedback on a specific im- Kristen Lans, Project Coordinator age or text passage, which is in Matthew Margetta, Staff Assistant oped by a unique collaboration between turn reported back to the partner who sup- scientists and the general public. The MBL plied the image or text. Another key devel- is part of an EOL consortium that includes opment for EOL users was the creation of a Harvard University, the Smithsonian Insti- tagging system, wherein users can associate tution, the Field Museum of Chicago, the a keyword or term of their choosing with Biodiversity Heritage Library, and Missouri an image on an EOL Species Page, and later Botanical Garden. retrieve their ‘tagged’ images by performing a tag search. The MBL’s Biodiversity Informatics Group hosts www.eol.org and is developing the For EOL content partners, (groups or in- software infrastructure and Web portal for dividuals who agree to share their data on the EOL. In 2008, the Biodiversity Infor- EOL Species pages), click-through licensing matics Group has also started development agreements and automated submission on LifeDesks for Experts, dynamic web tools were designed. This enhancement is environments for the online management expected to greatly facilitate the addition of and sharing of biodiversity research. Each new content partners. species page is created from an aggrega- tion of text, images, video, scientific data, In September 2008, EOL invited users to and other information drawn from many join the newly formed EOL Group on sources, all vetted by scientific experts. The Flickr, a popular online photo-sharing ap- group collaborates with content partners, plication. The group currently has more seamlessly aggregating data from thou- than 900 members worldwide and more sands of sites into species pages. It is devel- than 20,000 images and videos posted. oping novel informatics tools to capture, organize, and reshape knowledge about biodiversity. research 37

laboratory of gary borisy/ combinatorial imaging group

Fluorescence image of human cheek cells (red) with attached bacteria (green). The cheek cell nuclei are in blue. (C. Rieken)

The combinatorial imaging group is developing fluorescence DIRECTOR microscopy techniques to investigate the composition and Gary Borisy organization of microbial communities. Microbial communities of astounding complexity inhabit all damp environments, SENIOR SCIENTISTS including soil, beach sand, and seawater, as well as the Gary Borisy Rudolf Oldenbourg human mouth and gastrointestinal tract. Dental plaque is Mitchell Sogin constructed with and inhabited by microbes, and the microbes in the human gut—essential for normal human growth and ASSISTANT RESEARCH SCIENTIST development—outnumber the human cells in our bodies. Jessica Mark Welch

Current methods for investigating these microbial communities, MICROSCOPY SUPPORT COORDINATOR by extracting DNA, destroy information about the physical Louis Kerr organization of the microbes. This is critical to understanding how the communities form and interact. To study microbial RESEARCH ASSISTANT diversity and composition we employ fluorescence in situ Christopher Rieken hybridization combined with a technology known as spectral BROWN-MBL GRADUATE STUDENTS imaging, which records the spectrum of fluorescence emitted Yuko Hasegawa from a sample and allows the differentiation of as many as 10 to Alex Valm 15 different kinds of fluorescent molecules. These fluorophores can then be used to label DNA probes specific to the genomes of different kinds of microbes.

With funding from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation we are developing techniques for spectral imaging using combinations of fluorophores to label large numbers of bacterial taxa or other targets simultaneously in a single sample. We have tested the method using artificial mixtures of laboratory-grown bacteria and seawater samples and are developing probes for the application of combinatorial imaging of bacteria from the gut and the human mouth. 38 research

laboratory of barbara furie and bruce furie

B-domain-deleted Factor VIII x-ray crystal structure. This laboratory, which has investigated the Factor VIII is the protein K-dependent biosynthesis of γ-carboxyglutamic acid missing or defective in hemophilia. (B. Furie) in , has expanded its focus to the study of the structure of the mammalian blood coagulation protein, factor VIII. This is the protein missing or defective in hemophilia A. This satellite laboratory relates closely to the main laboratory, the Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, at Harvard Medical School in Boston.

Factor VIII is a procofactor that plays a critical role in an intermediate step in the blood coagulation cascade, and is missing or defective in hemophilia A. We have determined the x-ray crystal structure of B domain-deleted human Factor VIII and demonstrated that this protein is composed of five globular domains with overall dimensions of about 120 Å by 75 Å, and contains 1 Ca2+ ion, 2 Cu2+ and 3 carbohydrate ADJUNCT SCIENTISTS moieties. The A1, A2 and A3 domains each consist Barbara C. Furie, Harvard Medical School of two β-barrel structures, and these domains share Bruce Furie, Harvard Medical School high structural homology with each other. The A domains form a triangular heterotrimer where A1 ASSISTANT RESEARCH SCIENTIST and A3 domains serve as the base and interact with Mark Brown the C2 and C1 domains respectively. The structurally RESEARCH ASSOCIATES homologous C1 and C2 domains are defined by a Mingdong Huang, Harvard Medical School distorted β-barrel and reveal membrane binding Leisa Stenberg features. Based on a model of the factor IXa-factor VIIIa complex built from our current factor VIII POSTDOCTORAL SCIENTIST structure and the x-ray crystal structure of factor Jacky Ngo, Harvard Medical School IXa, we suggest that the A3, C1 and C2 domains of factor VIIIa and the Gla domain of factor IXa in the factor IXa-factor VIIIa complex define the interaction Publication: with the phospholipid membrane. Our structure allows us to predict the putative locations of the Ngo, J; Huang, M; Roth, DA; Furie, activation cleavage sites and the B-domain, providing BC; Furie, B. 2008. Crystal structure structural insight on how the activation of factor VIII of human factor VIII: Implications for the formation of the factor is achieved by proteolysis. This structure of factor VIII IXa-factor VIIIa complex. provides an intermediate resolution model that can Cell Structure 16:597-606. now be correlated to factor VIII function. education 39 (T. Kleindinst) (T.

education

The MBL is home to one of the world’s top life sciences Also in 2008, the MBL signed an agreement with National training programs. MBL alumni and faculty rank among the most University of Colombia (NUC). Coordinated by MBL adjunct innovative and successful scientists of our time and our discovery scientists Enrico Nasi and María del Pilar Gomez, the agreement will courses in the biological, biomedical, and environmental sciences foster the exchange of graduate students and faculty, and includes transform today’s students into tomorrow’s scientific leaders. In the possibility of NUC students developing graduate work addition to our renowned summer courses, the MBL offers a joint and having an MBL scientist as co-advisor. Reciprocally, NUC would Ph.D. program with Brown University, undergraduate training in welcome visiting MBL scientists. ecosystems science, workshops for K-12 teachers, and hands-on training for science journalists. This year we said farewell with many thanks to the following course directors: Ron Vale and Tim Mitchison (Physiology); Tom The excellence of the MBL’s education program was acknowledged Schmidt and Bill Metcalf (Microbial Diversity); Patricia Johnson in 2008 through two major funding initiatives. The Howard (Biology of Parasitism); David Albertini and Francesco DeMayo Hughes Medical Institute awarded $15 million to fund top-to- (Frontiers in Reproduction); Mary Mullins (Zebrafish Development bottom renovations to the Loeb Laboratory, home of the MBL’s and Genetics); David Papermaster and Sandra Masur (Fundamental intensive graduate and postdoctoral-level laboratory courses. This Issues in Vision Research); Janet Cyr (Biology of the Inner Ear) private grant was complemented by a $10 million commitment of and welcomed David Raible who took over as co-director of the state funds included in the $1 billion Massachusetts Life Sciences Zebrafish Development and Genetics course. Act. Renovations will begin in earnest in September 2009 and are scheduled to be complete in June 2010. MBL courses received several significant grants and awards in 2008. The National Institute of Mental Health renewed support In 2008 our summer and special topics courses attracted 470 for the Neural Systems and Behavior course, The National Institute students from 272 institutions and 61 countries. The 796 faculty, of Neurological Diseases & Stroke renewed support for the staff, and lecturers who taught in the courses represented 253 Neurobiology course, and the National Institute of General Medical institutions and 37 countries. Sciences renewed support for the Physiology course, each for an additional five-year period. In addition, The Burroughs Wellcome A new special topics course “Gene Regulatory Networks for Fund renewed support for the Physiology course for an additional Development” was offered in October 2008 under the co- three years. directorship of Eric Davidson of the California Institute of Technology and David McClay of Duke University. The initial offering of this intensive 10-day course, funded by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Society for Developmental Biology, was a great success as judged by the comments from both students and faculty. 40 education

summer courses (T. Kleindinst) (T.

Biology of Parasitism Vaidya, Akhil, Drexel University College of Medicine June 14 – August 2, 2008 Ward, Gary, University of Vermont Waters, Andy, Glasgow University Wirth, Dyann, Harvard School of Public Health Course Directors

Elmendorf, Heidi, Georgetown University Teaching Assistants Goldberg, Daniel, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine Babbitt, Shalon, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine Johnson, Patricia, University of California, Los Angeles Cliffe, Laura, University of Georgia Hall, Jason, National Institutes of Health Faculty Heiges, Mark, University of Georgia Allen, Judith, University of Edinburgh Jenkins, Stephen, University of Edinburgh Belkaid, Yasmine, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Shiflett, April, University of California, Los Angeles Drew, Mark, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine Southern, Timothy, University of Georgia Kissinger, Jessica, University of Georgia Tait, Elia, University of Pennsylvania Sabatini, Robert, University of Georgia van Dooren, Giel, University of Georgia, Athens Striepen, Boris, University of Georgia Williams, Christopher, Georgetown University Wohlfert, Elizabeth, National Institutes of Health Lecturers Artis, David, University of Pennsylvania Course Coordinator Beverley, Stephen, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine Cherry, Jonathan, Ataraxia Institute Boothroyd, John, Stanford University Cande, W. Zacheus, University of California, Berkeley Course Assistants Collins, Frank, University of Notre Dame Pernas, Lena, University of California, Los Angeles Deitsch, Kirk, Weill Medical College of Cornell University Rinberg, Anatoly, Brandeis University Dobbelaere, Dirk, Dunne, David, University of Cambridge Students Englund, Paul, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Agop-Nersesian, Carolina, School of Medicine Hajduk, Stephen, University of Georgia Agrawal, Swati, University of Georgia Hill, Kent, University of California, Los Angeles Galanti, Sarah, University of Pennsylvania Hunter, Christopher, University of Pennsylvania Harrington, John, University of Georgia Long, Carole, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Hegge, Stephan, Heidelberg University School of Medicine MacDonald, Andrew, University of Edinburgh Horowitz, Amir, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Matuschewski, Kai, Heidelberg University School of Medicine Kalanon, Ming, McKerrow, James, University of California, San Francisco Paing, May, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Mirelman, David, Weizmann Institute of Science Pompey, Justine, Stanford University Mohrs, Markus, Trudeau Institute Rennenberg, Annika, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine Nussenzweig, Victor, New York University School of Medicine Rivero, Maria, Medical Research Institute Mercedes and Martin Ferreyra Phillips, Margaret, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas Samanovic, Marie, New York University School of Medicine Scott, Phillip, University of Pennsylvania Sheiner, Lilach, University of Geneva Sibley, David, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine Sukhumavasi, Woraporn, Cornell University Singer, Steven, Georgetown University Sunter, Jack, University of Cambridge Singh, Upinder, Stanford University Vera, Iset, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Soldati, Dominique, University of Geneva Tarleton, Rick, University of Georgia

education 41 Embryology Pavlopoulos, Anastasios, University of Cambridge June 14 – July 27, 2008 Peyrot, Sara, University of California, Berkeley Rabinowitz, Jeremy, Sandell, Lisa, Stowers Institute for Medical Research Course Directors Wever, Jason, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Niswander, Lee, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center Zattara, Eduardo, University of Maryland Patel, Nipam, University of California, Berkeley Course Coordinator Faculty Cherry, Jonathan, Ataraxia Institute Amacher, Sharon, University of California, Berkeley Baker, Clare, University of Cambridge Course Assistants Behringer, Richard, MD Anderson Cancer Center Gilmore, Anthony, Riverside Community College Bely, Alexa, University of Maryland Judge, Jenna, University of California, Santa Barbara Bowerman, Bruce, University of Oregon Simpson, Sierra, University of California, Santa Barbara Bronner-Fraser, Marianne, California Institute of Technology Collazo, Andres, House Ear Institute Students Extavour, Cassandra, Harvard University Araujo, Sofia, Instituto de Recerca Biomedica Barcelona Fitch, David, New York University Armfield, Brooke, Kent State University Fraser, Scott, California Institute of Technology Balczerski, Bartosz, King’s College London Hariharan, Iswar, University of California, Berkeley Bellavia, Daniele, Dipartimento di Biologia Cellulare e dello Sviluppo Harland, Richard, University of California, Berkeley Chervenak, Andrew, University of Michigan Henry, Jonathan, University of Illinois Colanesi, Sarah, University of Bath Keller, Raymond, University of Virginia Collins, Michelle, McGill University King, Nicole, University of California, Berkeley Djabrayan, Nareg, University of California, Santa Barbara Lambert, David, University of Rochester Furlong, Rebecca, Oxford University Maddox, Amy, University of Montréal Gazave, Eve, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Maddox, Paul, University of Montréal Gray, Jessica, Harvard Medical School Martindale, Mark, University of Hawaii Guney, Michelle, McClay, David, Duke University Jandzik, David, Comenius University Rokhsar, Daniel, United States Department of Energy Joint Genome Joynes, Rachel, Royal Veterinary College Institute/University of California, Berkeley Karner, Courtney, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas Ronshaugen, Matthew, University of Manchester Kontarakis, Zacharias, Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology Sanchez Alvarado, Alejandro, HHMI, University of Utah Lepage, Stephanie, University of Toronto Sherwood, David, Duke University Massarwa, R’ada, Weizmann Institute of Science Trainor, Paul, Stowers Institute for Medical Research Meik, Jesse, University of Texas at Arlington Zeller, Robert, San Diego State University Noedl, Marie-Therese, University of Vienna Schlager, Benjamin, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology Lecturers Speirs, Christina, Vanderbilt University Brakefield, Paul, University of Sheffield Swinburne, Ian, Harvard Medical School Eisen, Judith, University of Oregon Walker, James, University of California, Berkeley Gerhart, John, University of California, Berkeley Lewis, Julian, Cancer Research UK Magnuson, Terry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Schier, Alexander, Harvard University Frontiers in Reproduction Schupbach, Gertrud, May 3 – June 15, 2008 Shapiro, Mike, University of Utah Stainier, Didier, University of California, San Francisco Course Directors Sussel, Lori, Columbia University Albertini, David, University of Kansas Medical Center Wieschaus, Eric, Princeton University Ascoli, Mario, University of Iowa DeMayo, Francesco, Baylor College of Medicine Teaching Assistants Florman, Harvey, University of Massachusetts Medical School Abedin, Monika, University of California, Berkeley Heckert, Leslie, University of Kansas Medical Center Anderson, Jennifer, Carnegie Institution of Washington Bertocchini, Federica, University College London Faculty Brown, C. Titus, Michigan State University Broaddus, Russell, MD Anderson Cancer Center Chang, Chenbei, University of Alabama at Birmingham Cooke, Paul, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Croce, Jenifer, Duke University DeFranco, Donald, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Grande, Maria Cristina, University of California, Berkeley Dobrinski, Ina, University of Pennsylvania Hagedorn, Elliott, Duke University Dominko, Tanja, Worcester Polytechnic Institute Hannibal, Roberta, University of California, Berkeley Eppig, John, Jackson Laboratory Henry, Clarissa, University of Maine Fazleabas, Asgi, University of Illinois at Chicago Iulianella, Angelo, Stowers Institute for Medical Research Hinton, Barrry, University of Virginia School of Medicine

Jennings, Joya, University of Utah Jaffe, Laurinda, University of Connecticut Health Center (J. Cherry) Linker, Claudia, Cancer Research UK Keefe, David, University of Southern Florida Linn, Stephanie, University of Michigan Keri, Ruth, Case Western Reserve University Matus, David, Duke University McClure, Michael, United States Environmental Protection Agency Maves, Lisa, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Murphy, Bruce, University of Montréal Ober, Elke, National Institute for Medical Research Overstrom, Eric, Worcester Polytechnic Institute Oliveri, Paola, University College London Page, Ray, Worcester Polytechnic Institute Pang, Kevin, University of Hawaii Reis, Rosana, University of South Florida Parchem, Ronald, University of California, Berkeley Rivera, Jaime, University of Massachusetts Medical School Passamaneck, Yale, University of Hawaii 42 education

Stein, Paula, University of Pennsylvania Runft, Linda, Amgen Inc. Suarez, Susan, Cornell University Sutton, Keith, University of Massachusetts Medical School Sutherland, Ann, University of Virginia Wang, Jie, Baylor College of Medicine Terasaki, Mark, University of Connecticut Health Center Wood, Michelle, University of Pittsburgh Yao, Humphrey, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Xu, Xueping, Baylor College of Medicine Zeng, Wenxian, University of Pennsylvania Lecturers Zhang, Ruina, Baylor College of Medicine Bedford, Michael, Cornell University Braun, Robert, Jackson Laboratory Course Coordinators Camper, Sally, University of Michigan Cherry, Jonathan, Ataraxis Institute Capel, Blanche, Duke University Medical Center Mebane, Dorianne, Marine Biological Laboratory Conti, Marco, University of California, San Francisco Cooney, Austin, Baylor College of Medicine Course Assistant Kaiser, Ursula, Brigham and Women’s Hospital Bagley, Ryan, Bridgewater State College Ko, Minoru, National Institute on Aging Korach, Kenneth, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Students Latham, Keith, Temple University School of Medicine Afshar, Yalda, University of Illinois at Chicago Levine, Jon, Northwestern University Bilotas, Mariela, Instituto de Biología y Medicine Experimental Matzuk, Martin, Baylor College of Medicine Borowicz, Pawel, North Dakota State University Mayo, Kelly, Northwestern University Bustamante, Ximena, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile Petroff, Margaret, University of Kansas Medical Center Caballero, Julieta, Instituto de Biología y Medicine Experimental Qin, Jun, Baylor College of Medicine Carroll, Kamali, George Washington University Zirkin, Barry, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health Chand, Ashwini, Prince Henry’s Institute Gajbhiye, Rahul, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Teaching Assistants Indian Council of Medical Research Andric, Nebojsa, University of Iowa Gonzalez, Isabel, University of Virginia Archambeault, Denise, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Ho, Matthew, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Banerjee, Prajna, University of Illinois at Chicago Ijiri, Takashi, University of Pennsylvania Bromfield, John, University of Kansas Medical Center Kim, Alison, Northwestern University Brown, Sara, University of Kansas Medical Center Maymo, Julieta, University of Buenos Aires Carroll, David, Florida Institute of Technology Menke, Marie, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center Dille, Elizabeth, University of Kansas Medical Center Nyachieo, Atunga, Institute of Primate Research Duncan, Francesca, University of Pennsylvania Pogrmic, Kristina, University of Novi Sad Hermann, Brian, University of Pittsburgh Racedo, Silvia, University of Buenos Aires Huntress, Victoria, Worcester Polytechnic Institute Ramos, Luis, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Jeong, Jaewook, Baylor College of Medicine Unger, Jenn, University of Washington School of Medicine Jungnickel, Melissa, University of Massachusetts Medical School Vaucher, Laurent, Weill Medical College of Cornell University Lima, Christine, Worcester Polytechnic Institute Norris, Rachael, University of Connecticut Health Center Ratzan, William, University of Connecticut Rice, Daren, University of Kansas Medical Center

Countries Represented (faculty) Institutions Represented (faculty) Bowling Green State University Brandeis University Albania Mexico Aberdeen, University of Bridgewater State College Argentina New Zealand Abo Akademi University Brigham and Women’s Hospital Alabama, University of, at Birmingham British Columbia, University of Brazil Russia Albert Einstein College of Medicine Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard Canada Scotland Allen Institute for Brain Science Brown University China Serbia American Psychological Association Denmark South Korea Amgen Inc. California Institute of Technology England Spain Appalachian State University California State University, San Marcos Finland Sweden Arizona, University of California, University of, Berkeley France Switzerland Arizona, University of, College of Medicine California, University of, Davis Germany Taiwan Ataraxia Institute California, University of, Davis, Health System Greece The Netherlands Auckland, University of California, University of, Los Angeles Hong Kong The Philippines California, University of, Los Angeles, School of Medicine, Turkey Basel, University of Jules Stein Eye Institute Ireland United Kingdom Basel, University of, Biozentrum California, University of, Riverside Israel United States of America Bates College California, University of, San Diego Italy Venezuela Baylor College of Medicine California, University of, San Francisco Japan Wales Bern, University of California, University of, San Francisco School of Medicine Malaysia Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, California, University of, Santa Barbara Humboldt-University, Berlin California, University of, Santa Cruz Boston University Cambridge, University of education 43

Microbial Diversity Ruby, Edward, University of Wisconsin-Madison June 14 – July 31, 2008 Schloss, Patrick, University of Massachusetts, Amherst Stetter, Karl, University Regensburg Suttle, Curits, University of British Columbia Course Directors Whitaker, Rachel, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Metcalf, William, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Wolfe, Ralph, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Schmidt, Thomas, Michigan State University Zinder, Stephen, Cornell University Faculty Teaching Assistants Bartlett, Douglas, University of California, San Diego Apprill, Amy, University of Hawaii Buckley, Daniel, Cornell University Bose, Arpita, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Cavanaugh, Colleen, Harvard University Johnson, Verity, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Gilna, Paul, University of California, San Diego Marschall, Evelyn, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Imlay, Jim, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Waldron, Clive, Michigan State University Larsen, Lars, Unisense Walsh, David, University of British Columbia Newman, Dianne, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Woebken, Dagmar, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology Overmann, Jorg, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Pogliano, Kit, University of California, San Diego Course Coordinator Pohlschroeder, Mecky, University of Pennsylvania Eichorst, Stephanie, Los Alamos National Laboratory Sloup, Rudy, Michigan State University Teal, Tracy, Michigan State University Students Thauer, Rolf, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology Adebusoye, Sunday, University of Lagos, Akoko Valentine, David, University of California, San Diego Bradley, Alexander, Harvard University Wiser, Michael, Michigan State University Dai, Dongjuan, University of Michigan Eberl, Renate, University of California, Davis Lecturers Flynn, Theodore, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Amann, Rudolf, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology Foster, James, University of Idaho Bauer, Carl, Indiana University Hallam, Steven, University of British Columbia Blodgett, Joshua, Harvard Medical School Hanson, China, University of California, Irvine Breznak, John, Michigan State University Leavitt, William, Harvard University Bryant, Donald, Pennsylvania State University Lee, Jessica, Stanford University DeLong, Ed, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Mehta, Misha, University of Minnesota Des Marais, David, NASA Miletto , Marzia, Netherlands Institute of Ecology Doolittle, Ford, Dalhousie University Moseman, Serena, Scripps Institution of Oceanography Dubilier, Nicole, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology Onesios, Kathryn, The Johns Hopkins University Dyhrman, Sonya, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Palmer, Kelli, University of Texas at Austin Greenberg, Pete, University of Washington Saenz, James, Massachusetts Institute of Technology-Woods Hole Oceanographic Haselkorn, Robert, University of Chicago Institution Joint Program Kolter, Roberto, Harvard Medical School Stanish, Lee, University of Colorado Kujawinski, Elizabeth, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Zeglin, Lydia, University of New Mexico Lidstrom, Mary, University of Washington Zhang, Xinning, California Institute of Technology Lovley, Derek, University of Massachusetts, Amherst Pace, Norman, University of Colorado

Polz, Martin, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Rother, Michael, Johann Wolfang Goethe-University

Cancer Research UK Dominican University Georgia, University of, Athens Carnegie Institution of Washington Drexel University College of Medicine Glasgow University Carnegie Mellon University Duke University Global Biodiversity Information Facility Case Western Reserve University Duke University School of Medicine Grove City College Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Dundee, University of Chicago, University of Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School Ecole Normale Superieure Harvard Medical School Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, University of Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Harvard School of Public Health California, Berkeley Edinburgh, University of Harvard University Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Emory University Hawaii, University of Cincinnati, University of European Molecular Biology Laboratory Hebrew University Claremont Colleges, The Heidelberg University School of Medicine Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Florida Institute of Technology Helmholtz Zentrum Colorado, University of Florida State University Hospital for Sick Children Colorado, University of, Health Sciences Center Florida, University of House Ear Institute Columbia University Florida, University of, College of Medicine Houston, University of Connecticut, University of Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Howard Hughes Medical Institute Connecticut, University of, Health Center Friedrich Miescher Institute Cornell University Illinois, University of Geneva, University of Illinois, University of, at Chicago Dalhousie University George Washington University Medical Center Illinois, University of, at Urbana-Champaign Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Georgetown University Indiana University Dartmouth College Georgia State University Indiana University Bloomington Georgia, University of 44 education

Neurobiology June 7 – August 10, 2008

Course Directors Cline, Hollis, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Jin, Yishi, University of California, San Diego

Faculty Araneda, Ricardo, University of Maryland Beattie, Christine, The Ohio State University Buchanan, JoAnn, Stanford University Bureau, Ingrid, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Chisholm, Andrew, University of California, San Diego Commons, Kathryn, Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School Dalva, Matthew, University of Pennsylvania Diaz, Elva, University of California, Davis Fu, Ying-Hui, University of California, San Francisco González Inchauspe, Carlota, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología

Molecular y Neurosciencias Kleindinst) (T. Haas, Kurt, University of British Columbia Henion, Paul, The Ohio State University Katz, Eleonora, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Lecturers Genética y Biología Molecular (CONICET) Ackerman, Susan, Jackson Laboratory Lichtman, Jeff, Harvard University Bezanilla, Francisco, University of Chicago Llano, Isabel, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Chiang, Ann-Shyn, National Tsing Hua University Marty, Alain, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Chklovskii, Dmitri, Howard Hughes Medical Institute Micheva, Kristina, Stanford University Clandinin, Thomas, Stanford University Misgeld, Thomas, Technical University Munich Clapham, David, Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School Oertner, Thomas, Friedrich Miescher Institute Cohen, Lawrence, Yale University Rosenmund, Christian, Baylor College of Medicine Deisseroth, Karl, Stanford University Ruthazer, Edward, McGill University Dulac, Catherine, HHMI / Harvard University Sack, Jon, Institute for Design of Intelligent Drugs Eatock, Ruth Anne, Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary Scheiffele, Peter, Columbia University Engert, Florian, Harvard University Smith, Stephen, Stanford University Harris, Kristen, The University of Texas at Austin Uchitel, Osvaldo, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Impey, Soren, Oregon Health & Science University Molecular y Neurosciencias Jorgensen, Erik, HHMI / University of Utah Yasuda, Ryohei, Duke University School of Medicine Kauer, Julie, Brown University Zuo, Yi, University of California, Santa Cruz Kelley, Darcy, Columbia University Lipscombe, Diane, Brown University Mackinnon, Roderick, HHMI / The Rockefeller University Mandel, Gail, HHMI / Oregon Health & Science University

Institut Curie - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Maine, University of Montréal, University of Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Manchester, University of Morphogenyx Inc Institute for Design of Intelligent Drugs Marine Biological Laboratory Mount Sinai School of Medicine Institute of Neuroscience Maryland, University of Munich, Technical University Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurosciencias Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Massachusetts General Hospital National Aeronautic and Space Administration Biología Molecular (CONICET) Massachusetts Institute of Technology National Evolutionary Synthesis Center Iowa, University of Massachusetts, University of, Amherst National Eye Institute Italian National Research Council Massachusetts, University of, Medical School National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology National Institute for Medical Research Jackson Laboratory, The Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, The Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, The McGill University National Institute of Mental Health Johns Hopkins University, The MD Anderson Cancer Center National Institute on Aging Joslin Diabetes Center Medical Research Council National Institutes of Health MedStar Health National Library of Medicine Kansas, University of Meharry Medical College National Research Council of Canada Kansas, University of, Medical Center Merck Research Laboratories National Tsing Hua University King’s College London Michael Allen Institute for Brain Science Institute, The Konstanz, University of, Germany Michigan State University New Jersey Institute of Technology Michigan, University of New Mexico, University of Los Alamos National Laboratory Minnesota, University of New York, The City College of, Hunter College, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Minnesota, University of, Duluth New York Medical College education 45

Maricq, Andres, University of Utah Weston, Matthew, Baylor College of Medicine McCormick, David, Xue, Mingshan, Baylor College of Medicine Miller, Christopher, Brandeis University Yu, Xinzhu, University of California, Santa Cruz Murthy, Venkatesh, Harvard University Ptacek, Louis, HHMI / University of California, San Francisco Course Assistants Reid, Clay, Harvard University Liljestrand, Jennelle, Bates College Sanes, Joshua, Harvard University Payne, Hannah, Dartmouth College Schmucker, Dietmar, Harvard Medical School/Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Students Andersson, Richard, Karolinska Institutet Teaching Assistants Azevedo, Anthony, University of Washington An, Min, The Ohio State University Bachman, Julia, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Avermann, Michael, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Basilio, Daniel, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Ballestero, Jimena, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Berni, Jimena, IIBA-CONICET Genética y Biología Molecular (CONICET) Biermann, Barbara, Basel University Barisone, Gustavo, University of California, Davis Chung, Kenny, University of Auckland Berry, Emily, University of California, San Diego Garay, Paula, University of California, Davis Boukhtouche, Fatiha, Biozentrum, University of Basel Imad, Mays, University of Arizona Busse, Brad, Stanford University Kim, Euiseok, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Chen, Xiaobing, National Institutes of Health at Dallas Coenen, Andrew, University of Pennsylvania Krishnan, Balaji, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston DeGiorgis, Joe, National Institutes of Health Titcombe, Roseann, New York University School of Medicine Demas, James, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Godinho, Leanne, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich Heins, Elizabeth, Prairie Technologies, Inc. Neural Systems & Behavior Herrington, James, Merck Research Laboratories Hilario, Jona, The Ohio State University June 14 – August 10, 2008 Hruska, Martin, University of Vermont Javaherian, Ashkan, University of California, San Francisco Course Directors Kalashnikova, Evgenia, University of California, Davis Katz, Paul, Georgia State University Kim, Moon Young, University of California, Davis Knierim, James, University of Texas Medical School at Houston Nikic, Ivana, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Patterson, Michael, Duke University School of Medicine Faculty Portugues, Ruben, Harvard University Angstadt, James, Siena College Qi, Yingchuan-Billy, University of California, San Diego Blitz, Dawn, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Rosselet, Céline, Institut National de la Santé et de la Bottjer, Sarah, University of Southern California Recherche médicale Brecht, Michael, Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Humboldt Smith, Richard, University of Maryland University Berlin Trigo, Federico, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Calin-Jageman, Robert, Dominican University Tsui, Jennifer, McGill University Chacron, Maurice, McGill University Urbano, Francisco, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Coleman, Melissa, The Claremont Colleges Molecular y Neurosciencias Dickinson, Michael, California Institute of Technology

New York University Regensburg, University Tel Aviv University New York University School of Medicine Riverside Community College Temple University School of Medicine New York University School of Medicine, Skirball Institute Rochester, University of Texas, The University of, at Austin of Biomolecular Medicine Rockefeller University, The Texas, The University of, at El Paso New York, State University at Albany Roger Williams University Texas, The University of, at Houston New York, State University at Buffalo Rutgers University Texas, The University of, at San Antonio New York, State University, Downstate Medical Center Rutgers University Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy Texas, The University of, Health Science Center New York, State University, Upstate Medical Center at San Antonio North Carolina, The University of, at Chapel Hill Saint Louis University Medical School Texas, The University of, Health Science Center at San Northwestern University Salk Institute, The Antonio, Barshop Institute Notre Dame, University of San Diego State University Texas, The University of, Medical School, Houston Scripps Research Institute, The Texas, The University of, Southwestern Medical Center Oberlin College Sensor Technologies, Inc. at Dallas Ohio State University, The Sheffield,U niversity of Toronto, University of, Mississauga Oklahoma, University of, Health Sciences Center Sloan-Kettering Institute Trudeau Institute Oregon Health & Science University Southern California, University of Tufts University Oregon, University of Southern Florida, University of Ottawa, University of Stanford University Ulm, University of Stanford University School of Medicine Union College Pennsylvania, University of Stony Brook University Unisense Pennsylvania, University of, School of Medicine Stowers Institute for Medical Research United States Department of Health & Human Services Pittsburgh, University of Swedish Museum of United States Environmental Protection Agency Prairie Technologies, Inc. University College Dublin Princeton University University College London Utah, University of 46 education

Downes, Gerald, University of Massachusetts, Amherst Grashow, Rachel, Brandeis University Fortune, Eric, The Johns Hopkins University Kalmbach, Brian, The University of Texas at Austin French, Kathleen, University of California, San Diego Knoblich, Ulf, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Frye, Mark, University of California, Los Angeles Krueger, Dilja, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Golowasch, Jorge, New Jersey Institute of Technology Krupp, Joshua, University of Toronto Griffith, Leslie, Brandeis University Marsat, Gary, University of Ottawa Hart, Anne, Massachusetts General Hospital Miller-Sims, Vanessa, University of Southern California Johnson, Bruce, Cornell University Neunuebel, Joshua, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston Karlstrom, Rolf, University of Massachusetts, Amherst Pulver, Stefan, Brandeis University Konishi, Masakazu, California Institute of Technology Rao, Geeta, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston Krahe, Rudiger, McGill University Thirumalai, Vatsala, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Kristan, William, University of California, San Diego Timbers, Tiffany, University of British Columbia Levine, Joel, University of Toronto at Mississauga Wagenaar, Daniel, University of California, San Diego Maimon, Gaby, California Institute of Technology Weir, Peter, California Institute of Technology Maler, Leonard, University of Ottawa Wright, Terrence, Emory University Masino, Mark, University of Minnesota Mauk, Michael, The University of Texas at Austin Course Assistants Moore, Christopher, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Calabrese, Evan, Emory University Nadim, Farzan, New Jersey Institute of Technology / Rutgers University Dams, Carla, Georgia State University Nitabach, Michael, Yale School of Medicine Miltz, Danielle, Emory University Norris, Brian, California State University, San Marcos Ula, Tristan, Bowling Green State University Rankin, Catharine, University of British Columbia Ritt, Jason, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Students Siegel, Jennifer, The University of Texas at Austin Bikoff, Jay, Harvard University Stein, Wolfgang, Ulm University Brandt, Christian, University of Southern Denmark Wenning-Erxleben, Angela, Emory University deCarvalho, Tagide, University of Maryland Gal, Ram, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Lecturers Howells, Fleur, University of Cape Town Bargmann, Cori, The Rockefeller University Kim, Sally, California Institute of Technology Catania, Kenneth, Vanderbilt University Lobb, Collin, The University of Texas at San Antonio Donoghue, John, Brown University Logerot, Priscilla, University of Auckland Friesen, Wolfgang, University of Virginia McLendon, Helen, University of California, San Francisco Marder, Eve, Brandeis University Melcon, Mariana, Universität Tübingen Redish, David, University of Minnesota Nawroth, Janna, California Institute of Technology Nogueira, Javier, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Teaching Assistants Ong, Chik-Ying, National Institutes of Health Ardiel, Evan, University of British Columbia Riabinina, Olena, University of Sussex Cao, Guan, Yale University School of Medicine Stamper, Sarah, Brown University Castelino, Christina, University of Pennsylvania Tytell, Eric, University of Maryland, College Park Chow, Dawnis, University of California, Los Angeles Uyeno, Theodore, Northern Arizona University Deshmukh, Sachin, The University of Texas Health Science Center Vaccaro, Elyse, Oregon State University Devine, Christine, University of Massachusetts, Amherst Van Trump, William, University of California, Irvine Ejima, Aki, Brandeis University VanDunk, Cassandra, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine Faumont, Serge, University of Oregon

VA Medical Center Countries Represented (students) The Netherlands Vanderbilt University The Philippines Vanderbilt University Medical Center Afghanistan Turkey Vermont, University of Argentina Japan Uganda Virginia, University of Australia Kenya United Kingdom Virginia, University of, School of Medicine Austria Korea Bangladesh Malaysia Uruguay Washington University in St. Louis Brazil Mexico United States of America Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine Bulgaria Nepal Vietnam Washington, University of Canada New Zealand Zambia Wayne State University Chile Nigeria Weill Medical College of Cornell University China Norway Weizmann Institute of Science Colombia Peru Institutions Represented (students) Wellesley College Croatia Poland Williams College Czech Republic Portugal , University of Wisconsin, University of, Madison Denmark Russia Alabama, University of, Birmingham Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Fiji Serbia Albert Einstein College of Medicine Worcester Polytechnic Institute Finland Singapore Amicus Therapeutics France Slovak Republic Amsterdam, University of Yale School of Medicine Germany Slovenia Andalusian Molecular Biology and Regenerative Yale University Greece South Africa Medicine Centre Hong Kong Spain Arizona, , University of India Sri Lanka Armed Forces DNA Identification Laboratory Sweden Atlanta University Center Ireland Switzerland Auckland, University of Israel Taiwan Italy Thailand education 47

Julicher, Frank, Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems Lippincott-Schwartz, Jennifer, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Mullins, Dyche, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine Munro, Edwin, University of Washington Murray, Andrew, Harvard University Phillips, Rob, California Institute of Technology Ramanathan, Sharad, Harvard University Reck-Peterson, Samara, Harvard Medical School Stuurman, Nico, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine Theriot, Julie, Stanford University School of Medicine

Lecturers Bialek, William, Princeton University Bowler, Chris, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Danuser, Gaudenz, The Scripps Research Institute Gardel, Margaret, The Scripps Research Institute Hunt, Tim, Cancer Research UK Karsenti, Eric, European Molecular Biology Laboratory Keating, Amy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Losick, Richard, Harvard University Raff, Martin, University College London Sklar, Pamela, Massachusetts General Hospital Tran, Phong, Institut Curie - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique

(T. Kleindinst) (T. Wagers, Amy, Joslin Diabetes Center Weissman, Jonathan, University of California, San Francisco

Teaching Assistants Physiology Amodaj, Nenad, University of California, San Francisco June 14 – August 3, 2008 Brangwynne, Clifford, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics Chu, Clement, University of California, San Francisco Course Directors Churchman, Stirling, University of California, San Francisco Mitchison, Tim, Harvard Medical School Dye, Natalie, Stanford University Vale, Ron, HHMI / University of California, San Francisco School Garcia, Hernan, California Institute of Technology of Medicine Garner, Ethan, University of California, San Francisco Gharakhani, Jöbin, Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems Faculty Gile, Ryan, University of Washington Alberts, Jonathan, University of Washington Gillette, Jennifer, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Field, Christine, Harvard Medical School Greenan, Garrett, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics Fletcher, Daniel, University of California, Berkeley Griffis, Eric, University of California, San Francisco Fuchs, Elaine, The Rockefeller University Groen, Aaron, Harvard Medical School Hansen, David, The Rockefeller University Hilfinger, Andreas, Harvard Medical School Hyman, Anthony, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology Hu, Chi-Kuo, Harvard Medical School and Genetics Huang, Julie, Harvard Medical School Ingolia, Nicholas, University of California, San Francisco

Bard College Cancer Research UK Davidson College Basel University Carnegie Mellon University Dipartimento di Biologia Cellulare e dello Sviluppo Bath, University of Carolinas HealthCare System Divine Shepherd Medical Center Baylor College of Medicine Cape Town, University of Doñana Biological Station Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine Case Western Reserve University Dresden University of Technology Biology Centre of the Advanced Scientific Computing Catawba Valley Medical Center Drexel University College of Medicine Research Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Duke University Boston University Chicago, University of Duke University School of Medicine Brandeis University Chile, University of Dundee, University of British Columbia, University of Clemson University Durham University Brown Medical School Cleveland Clinic Foundation Brown University Colorado State University Libraries Eccles Institute of Human Genetics, The Buck Institute for Age Research Colorado, University of Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Buenos Aires, University of Colorado, University of, Denver Edinburgh, University of Columbia University Elan Pharmaceuticals Calgary, University of Columbia University Medical Center Emory University California Institute of Technology Comenius University Exeter, University of California, University of, Berkeley Connecticut, University of, Health Center California, University of, Davis Copenhagen, University of Federal Institute of Technology California, University of, Irvine Cornell University Flushing Hospital Medical Center California, University of, Riverside Forsyth Institute, The California, University of, San Diego Dahlgren Memorial Library Fundacion Instituto Leloir California, University of, San Francisco Dalhousie University California, University of, Santa Barbara Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Geisinger Health System Cambridge, University of Dartmouth College Geneva, University of 48 education

Kardon, Julia, University of California, San Francisco Pan, Kally, Columbia University Kueh, Hao Yuan, Harvard University Polka, Jessica, University of California, San Francisco Lee, Heun, California Institute of Technology Price, Alivia, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies Manley, Suliana, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Ribeiro, Susana, University of Edinburgh Mayer, Mirjam, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics Rodrigues-Martins, Ana, University of Cambridge Mitra, Kasturi, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Soifer, Ilya, Weizmann Institute of Science Müller-Reichert, Thomas, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology Strickland, Lloyd Devin, University of Chicago Ott, Carolyn, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Taute, Katja, The University of Texas at Austin Parekh, Sapun, University of California, Berkeley Tsai, Yu-Chen, Stanford University Quinlan, Margot, University of California, San Francisco Tuson, Hannah, University of Wisconsin-Madison Shi, Jue, Harvard Medical School Van Valen, David, California Institute of Technology Thorn, Kurt, University of California, San Francisco Vaughan, Joshua, Harvard University Weber, Stephanie, Stanford University Zeng, Lanying, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Wu, David, California Institute of Technology Zou, Peng, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Wuehr, Martin, Harvard University Wunderlich, Zeba, Harvard University Yildiz, Ahmet, University of California, San Francisco Zuchero, John, University of California, San Francisco

Course Assistants Bradley, Keith, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Hardee, Steven, University of California, Santa Barbara McCluskey, Caroline, Roger Williams University

Students Anderson, Graham, Stanford University Belin, Brittany, University of California, San Francisco Breslauer, David, University of California, Berkeley Chandsawangbhuwana, Charlie, University of California, San Diego Courson, David, University of Chicago Fantana, Horatiu, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics Gardel, Emily, Harvard University Gierke, Sarah, University of California, San Francisco Loose, Martin, Dresden University of Technology Ludington, William, University of California, San Francisco Kleindinst) (T. Manoussaki, Daphne, Vanderbilt University Miller, Paul, Vanderbilt University Medical Center Milloz, Josselin, Institut - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Moore, Lindsay, Stanford University

George Washington University, The Institute of Zoology, London Massachusetts College of Pharmacy Georgetown University Medical Center Instituto de BiologÌa y Medicina Experimental Massachusetts Institute of Technology Georgia, Medical College of Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Massachusetts Institute of Technology-Woods Hole Georgia, University of Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Génetica y Oceanographic Institution Joint Program Gothenburg, University of Biología Molecular Massachusetts, University of, Amherst Griffin Hospital Instituto de Recerca Biomedica Barcelona Massachusetts, University of, Medical School G.V. ‘Sonny’ Montgomery VA Medical Center Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Max Planck Institute for Medical Research Harbor-UCLA Medical Center International Agency for Research on Cancer Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics Harvard Medical School Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati Iowa, University of Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Harvard University Mayo Clinic, Rochester Health Resources & Services Administration Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, The Mayo Graduate School Heidelberg University School of Medicine Johns Hopkins University, The McGill University Helmholtz Center Munich Joslin Diabetes Center McMaster University Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research Medical Research Institute Mercedes and Martin Ferreyra Houston, University of Karolinska Institutet Melbourne, University of Howard Hughes Medical Institute Kent State University Memorial Hermann , University of Miami, University of, Miller School of Medicine Idaho, University of King’s College London Michigan State University IIBA-CONICET Michigan, University of Illinois, University of, at Chicago Lagos, University of, Akoko Michigan, University of, Ann Arbor Illinois, University of, at Urbana-Champaign Lehigh Valley Hospital & Health Network Minneapolis VA Medical Center Immune Disease Institute London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Minnesota, University of Louisiana State University Minnesota, University of, St. Louis Indiana University Montana State University Indiana University School of Medicine Makerere University Montpellier Laboratory of Computer Science, The Institut Jacques Monod - Centre National de la Maryland, University of Morehouse School of Medicine Recherche Scientifique Maryland, University of, Baltimore Mount Sinai School of Medicine Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology Maryland, University of, Biotechnology Institute Institute of Primate Research Maryland, University of, College Park education 49 special topics courses

Analytical & Quantitative Light Microscopy Students May 7 – May 16, 2008 Avila, Robin, University of Chicago Baumgart, Joel, University of Virginia Course Directors Bida, Anya, Mayo Graduate School Sluder, Greenfield, University of Massachusetts Medical School Bidlack, Felicitas, The Forsyth Institute Wolf, David, Sensor Technologies, Inc. Cameron, Lisa, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Cheng, Oscar, National Institutes of Health Faculty Dixit, Ram, University of Pennsylvania Cardullo, Richard, University of California, Riverside Dominguez, Paloma, Andalusian Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine Centre Coltharp, Carla, Sensor Technologies, Inc. Dzurisin, Jill, University of Notre Dame Heintzmann, Rainer, Kings College London Elia, Natalie, National Institutes of Health Hinchcliffe, Edward, University of Notre Dame Ferris, Michael, Louisiana State University Inoué, Shinya, Marine Biological Laboratory Flickinger, Daniel, Howard Hughes Medical Institute Murray, John, University of Pennsylvania Fraire-Zamora, Juan, University of California, Riverside Mycek, Mary-Ann, University of Michigan Gao, Bruce, Clemson University Salmon, Edward, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Hsieh, Amy, University of California, San Diego Shaw, Sidney, Indiana University Bloomington Jones, Kathryn, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Swedlow, Jason, University of Dundee King, Emma, University of Dundee Waters, Jennifer, Harvard Medical School Krutovskikh, Vladimir, International Agency for Research on Cancer Landgraf, Dirk, Harvard Medical School Teaching Assistants Lu, Lei, Immune Disease Institute Chandra, Malavika, University of Michigan Macro, Laura, The Rockefeller University Galdeen, Shawn, University of Massachusetts Medical School Marz, Karla, Bard College Krzywicka-Racka, Anna, University of Massachusetts Medical School McCormick, Chad, Yale University Salmon, Wendy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Miller, Jordan, University of Iowa Schweller, Viola, University of Michigan Ozdemir, Muhittin, Federal Institute of Technology Redick, Sambra, University of Massachusetts Medical School Course Coordinator Santiago, Lizzie, National Institutes of Health Nordberg, Joshua, University of Massachusetts Medical School Swift, Sam, University of Dundee Vjestica, Aleksandar, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory Limited Wang, Yanbo, University of Massachusetts, Amherst Wellington, Melanie, University of Rochester Medical Center Yandell, Mark, The Eccles Institute of Human Genetics Yeh, Ting-Yu, Johns Hopkins University

National Center for Research Resources Notre Dame, University of Rockefeller University, The National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Novi Sad, University of Royal Veterinary College Indian Council of Medical Research Rutgers University National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Ohio State University, The National Institutes of Health Oklahoma, University of, Health Sciences Center Saint Joseph Regional Medical Center National Jewish Medical and Research Center Oregon State University Salk Institute for Biological Studies, The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration / Oregon, University of Schepens Eye Research Institute National Marine Fisheries Service / Southwest Fisheries Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, The Scripps Institution of Oceanography Science Center Oxford, University of Shree J Hospital , University of, Medical Center Singapore, National University of Negev, University of the Peking Union Medical College Hospital Smithsonian Institution Netherlands Institute of Ecology Penn State University South Carolina, Medical University of Netherlands Institute for Sea Research Pennsylvania, University of South Carolina, University of Neuroscience Institute of National Research Council, Pisa Peradeniya, University of, Sri Lanka Southern California, University of New Jersey, The State University of Pittsburgh, University of Southern Denmark, University of New Mexico, University of Ponce School of Medicine Sparrow Health System New Mexico, University of, Cancer Research and Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile Spelman College Treatment Center Porto, University of Stanford University New York University Medical Center Primary Health Centre Stanford University School of Medicine New York University School of Medicine Prince Henry’s Institute Stowers Institute for Medical Research New York, State University, Upstate Medical Center Princeton University Sussex, University of Nonprofit- Health Care Quality Improvement Puerto Rico, University of North Carolina, University of Tasmania, University of North Carolina, University of, at Chapel Hill , University of, Center Technion - Israel Institute of Technology North Dakota State University Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory Limited North Texas, University of Rhode Island, University of Tennessee, The University of, Memphis Northeastern University Rochester, University of Texas, The University of, at Arlington Northern Arizona University Rochester, University of, Medical Center Texas, The University of, at Austin Northwestern University 50 education

BioMedical Informatics 1 Odom, Rosaline, Atlanta University Center June 1 – June 8, 2008 Peifer, MaryAnne, Lehigh Valley Hospital & Health Network Robishaw, Susan, Geisinger Health System Course Director Schwartz, Linda, Lehigh Valley Hospital & Health Network Cimino, James, National Institutes of Health Sheffield, James, Memorial Hermann Song, Jean, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Faculty Stephenson, Priscilla, G.V. ‘Sonny’ Montgomery VA Medical Center Ackerman, Michael, National Library of Medicine Tan, Erwin Brian, Divine Shepherd Medical Center Ash, Joan, Oregon Health & Science University Terrell, Jeffrey, University of Michigan Bakken, Suzanne, Columbia University Whipple, Elizabeth, Indiana University School of Medicine Canese, Kathi, National Library of Medicine Williams, Christopher, Nonprofit - Health Care Quality Improvement Cimino, Christopher, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Cohen, Zohara, National Institutes of Health Hammond, William, Duke University BioMedical Informatics 2 Johnson, Kevin, Vanderbilt University Medical Center September 21 – September 28, 2008 Kingsland, Lawrence, National Library of Medicine Kukafka, Rita, Columbia University Course Directors Lindberg, Donald, National Library of Medicine Cimino, James, National Institutes of Health McCray, Alexa, Harvard Medical School McDonald, Clement, National Library of Medicine McDonald, Clement, National Library of Medicine Mitchell, Joyce, University of Utah Faculty Remsen, David, Global Biodiversity Information Facility Basch, Peter, MedStar Health Denny, Joshua, Vanderbilt University Students Friedman, Charles, United States Department of Health & Human Services Berlanstein, Debra, University of Maryland, Baltimore Jirjis, Jim, Vanderbilt University Beuther, David, National Jewish Medical and Research Center Kaufman, David, Columbia University Bordowitz, Richard, Mount Sinai School of Medicine Kingsland, Lawrence, National Library of Medicine Davidson, Laurie, Dahlgren Memorial Library Lindberg, Donald, National Library of Medicine Gossey, John, Baylor College of Medicine Loonsk, John, United States Department of Health & Human Services Hackenberg, Matthew, Geisinger Health System Masys, Daniel, Vanderbilt University Hardt, Nancy, House of Representatives McCoy, James, Indiana University Hickerson, Laura, Valley View Hospital McCray, Alexa, Harvard Medical School Illoh, Kachi, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston Nahin, Annette, National Library of Medicine Jibrin, Ismaila, Griffin Hospital Nesbitt, Thomas, University of California, Davis, Health System Joshi, Rajeev, Shree J Hospital Ozbolt, Judy, University of Maryland Lahoz, Monina, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy Remsen, David, Global Biodiversity Information Facility Lai, Catherine, Thomson Healthcare Shortliffe, Edward, University of Arizona College of Medicine Lubega, William, Makerere University Stead, William, Vanderbilt University Medical Center Mangubat, Maria Dolores, Flushing Hospital Medical Center McConnell, Katherine, University of Toronto Mitchell, Cynthia, Colorado State University Libraries Mostov, Perry, The Ohio State University

Texas, The University of, Medical Branch at Galveston Veterinary University Vienna Texas, The University of, Medical School at Houston Veterinary Medicine, University of, Hannover Texas, The University of, Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas Vienna, University of Thomson Healthcare Vigo, University of Toronto, University of Virginia Commonwealth University Tromso, University of Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center Tübingen, University of Virginia Mason Medical Center Turku, University of, Finland Virginia, University of

United States Department of Health and Human Services Washington University in St. Louis United States Department of Veterans Affairs Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine United States House of Representatives Washington, University of Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Washington, University of, School of Medicine University College Dublin Wayne State University University College London Weill Medical College of Cornell University Uppsala University Weizmann Institute of Science Utah, University of Wisconsin, University of, Madison

Valley View Hospital Yale University Vanderbilt University Vanderbilt University Medical Center Zurich University Vermont Photonics Vermont, University of education 51

Fundamental Issues in Vision Research August 17 – August 30, 2008

Course Directors Masur, Sandra, Mount Sinai School of Medicine Papermaster, David, University of Connecticut Health Center Wensel, Theodore, Baylor College of Medicine

Faculty Barlow, Robert, SUNY Upstate Medical University Beebe, David, Washington University in St. Louis Bok, Dean, University of California, Los Angeles Born, Richard, Harvard Medical School Chen, Jeannie, University of Southern California Colley, Nansi, University of Wisconsin-Madison Gehring, Walter, Biozentrum, University of Basel Gordon, Marion, Rutgers University Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy Gross, Alecia, University of Alabama at Birmingham Horton, Jonathan, University of California, San Francisco Liberman, Ellen, National Eye Institute Stepp, Mary Ann, George Washington University Medical Center Sugrue, Stephen, University of Florida College of Medicine Strettoi, Enrica, Italian National Research Council Summers Rada, Jody, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (T. Kleindinst) (T. Lecturers Barres, Ben, Stanford University School of Medicine Berson, Eliot, Harvard Medical School Chapman, Barbara, University of California, Davis Students Deretic, Dusanka, University of New Mexico Adejoro, Oluwakayode, Primary Health Centre Horwitz, Joseph, Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles Akhtar, Jawaid, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Barraza-Cannon, Johanna, Health Resources & Services Administration Jensen, Abbie, University of Massachusetts, Amherst Beauregard, Julie, Vanderbilt University Medical Center John, Simon, The Jackson Laboratory Bender, Arthur, Virginia Mason Medical Center Lang, Richard, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Brandt, John, University of New Mexico Cancer Research and Treatment Center LaVail, Jennifer, University of California, San Francisco Carayannopoulos, Leonidas, Washington University School of Medicine Moses, Marsha, Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School Charapov, Ilia, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa Niederkorn, Jerry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas Collier, Elaine, National Center for Research Resources Crittle, Triza, University of Connecticut Health Center Course Assistants Dalenberg, Sean, Health Resources & Services Administration Anastassov, Ivan, Hunter College of the City University of New York Delgado, Diana, Weill Medical College of Cornell University King-Vilaro, Andrea, Mount Sinai School of Medicine Grabenbauer, Lisa, University of Nebraska Medical Center Greenberg, Paul, Brown Medical School Students Haas, Janet, New York University Medical Center Barakat, David, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Helmen, Jennifer, Saint Joseph Regional Medical Center Bhansali, Punita, Columbia University Howe, Carol, University of Arizona Charalel, Resmi, Stanford University School of Medicine Kim, Sujin, Choi, Rene, SUNY Upstate Medical Center Leach, Laura, Carolinas HealthCare System Damiani, Devid, Neuroscience Institute of National Research Council, Pisa Love, Alane, United States Department of Veterans Affairs DeSantis, Andrea, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey Lund, Christine, Minneapolis VA Medical Center Ding, Qian, University of Rochester Puskin, Dena, Health Resources & Services Administration Ford, Knatokie, Schepens Eye Research Institute Robinson, Cynthia, Pennsylvania State University Foster, William, University of Houston Sarkar, Deboshree, United States Department of Health and Human Services / Health Gospe, Sidney, Duke University School of Medicine Resources & Services Administration Haase, Erin, Baylor College of Medicine Scheibel, Pamela, University of Wisconsin-Madison Huang, Jie, Washington University in St. Louis Shuster, George, University of New Mexico Huang, Kaiyao, Yale University Simmons, Michael, Sparrow Health System Jusiak, Barbara, Baylor College of Medicine Tan, Josephine, University of California, San Francisco Knox, Renatta, University of California, San Francisco Whiteside, Clifford, Catawba Valley Medical Center Lee, Darren, Schepens Eye Research Institute Mao, Wen, University of Southern California McGrew, Dharia, Brandeis University Moayedi, Yalda, Baylor College of Medicine Phillips, Michael, University of Houston Polosukhina, Aleksandra, University of California, Berkeley Rosenbaum, Erica, University of Wisconsin-Madison Sandoval, Ivette, Baylor College of Medicine Shelton, Lilian, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center Sui, Ruifang, Peking Union Medical College Hospital 52 education

Methods in Computational Neuroscience August 3 – August 31, 2008

Course Directors Berry, Michael, Princeton University Fairhall, Adrienne, University of Washington

Faculty Abbott, Larry, Columbia University Azeredo da Silveira, Rava, Ecole Normale Superieure Baccus, Stephen, Stanford University Dan, Yang, University of California, Berkeley de Ruyter, Rob, Indiana University Bloomington Ermentrout, Bard, University of Pittsburgh Fiete, Ila, The University of Texas at Austin Goldman, Mark, University of California, Davis Hausser, Michael, University College London Hines, Michael, Yale University

(T. Kleindinst) (T. Izhikevich, Eugene, The Neurosciences Institute Johnston, Daniel, The University of Texas at Austin Kopell, Nancy, Boston University Laughlin, Simon, University of Cambridge Gene Regulatory Networks Mauk, Michael, The University of Texas at Houston October 12 – October 23, 2008 Mehta, Mayank, Brown University Olveczky, Bence, Harvard University Pillow, Jonathan, University College London Course Directors Raymond, Jennifer, Stanford University Davidson, Eric, California Institute of Technology Schneidman, Elad, Weizmann Institute of Science McClay, David, Duke University Sejnowski, Terrence, Salk Institute Solla, Sara, Northwestern University Faculty Sompolinsky, Haim, Hebrew University Bolouri, Hamid, California Institute of Technology Traub, Roger, SUNY Downstate Medical Center Lemaire, Patrick, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille, Luminy Wang, Xiao-Jing, Yale School of Medicine Lipan, Ovidiu, University of Richmond Wilson, Charles, The University of Texas at San Antonio Longabaugh, William, Institute for Systems Biology Peter, Isabelle, California Institute of Technology Lecturers Rothenberg, Ellen, California Institute of Technology DiCarlo, James, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Stathopoulos, Angela, California Institute of Technology Mel, Bartlett, University of Southern California Lecturers Teaching Assistants Eisen, Michael, LBL/University of California, Berkeley Lundstrom, Brian, University of Washington Levine, Michael, University of California, Berkeley Mease, Rebecca, University of Washington Sadeghi, Kolia, Princeton University Students Slee, Sean, The Johns Hopkins University Belmonte, Julio, Indiana University Wark, Barry, University of Washington Bhat, Ramray, New York Medical College Buisine, Nicolas, Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle Course Coordinator Chiu, William, University of California, Irvine Roth, Lisa, University of Washington Cole, Alison, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn Herrmann, Franziska, Universitat Ulm Students Hubley, Robert, Institute for Systems Biology Barak Shimron, Efrat, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology Juliano, Celina, Brown University Barreiro, Andrea, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign Kueh, Hao Yuan, Harvard University Burak, Yoram, Harvard University Le, Brandon, University of California, Los Angeles Chen, Guifen, Medical College of Georgia Leung, Yuk Fai, Purdue University Clemens, Ann, The University of Texas at Austin Lim, Wei Keat, Columbia University Deister, Chris, The University of Texas at San Antonio Lipan, Ovidiu, University of Richmond Escobar, Gina, Northeastern University Messier, Cynthia, Sunnybrook Res. Inst/University of Toronto Finley, James, Northwestern University Nishi, Yuichi, Harvard University Froemke, Robert, University of California, San Francisco Parker, Hugo, Queen Mary, Ganmor, Elad, Weizmann Institute of Science Sakhanenko, Nikita, Institute for Systems Biology Guo, Cong, Stanford University Sater, Amy, University of Houston Huang, Xiaoying, Georgetown University Medical Center Saudemont, Alexandra, CNRS - Marine Station of Villefranche-sur-Mer Larimer, Phillip, Case Western Reserve University Stoeckius, Marlon, Max-Delbruck-Center for Molecular Medicine Li, Jennifer, University of California, San Francisco Twigg, Richard, Duke University Navratilova, Zaneta, University of Arizona Williams, Natecia, Washington University Zuber, Michael, SUNY Upstate Medical University education 53

Rinaldi, Jacob, Stanford University Molecular Mycology Rojas, Daniel, University of Chicago August 6 – August 22, 2008 Sengupta, Biswa, University of Cambridge Shafee, Rebecca, Harvard University Course Directors Sinha, Shiva, Indiana University Edwards, Jr., John, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Sponberg, Simon, University of California, Berkeley Mitchell, Aaron, Carnegie Mellon University Tkacik, Gasper, University of Pennsylvania Vierling-Claassen, Dorea, Boston University Faculty Zeldenrust, Fleur, Anderson, James, University of Toronto, Mississauga Butler, Geraldine, University College Dublin Cuomo, Christina, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard Molecular Biology of Aging Edwards, Carol, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center August 3 – August 23, 2008 Filler, Scott, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Heitman, Joseph, Duke University Course Directors Hull, Christina, University of Wisconsin-Madison Austad, Steven, The University of Texas Health Science Center Klein, Bruce, University of Wisconsin-Madison Ruvkun, Gary, Harvard University / Massachusetts General Hospital Konopka, James, Stony Brook University Nantel, Andre, National Research Council of Canada Faculty Noverr, Mairi, Wayne State University Bakri, Imad, The University of Texas Health Science Center Rhodes, Judith, University of Cincinnati Curran, Sean, Massachusetts General Hospital White, Ted, University of Washington Kennedy, Brian, University of Washington Lambert, Adrian, Medical Research Council Lecturers Podlutsky, Andrej, The University of Texas Health Science Center Cushion, Melanie, University of Cincinnati Sharpless, Norman, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Ibrahim, Ashraf, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Shore, David, Harvard Medical School / Massachusetts General Hospital Mylonakis, Eleftherios, Massachusetts General Hospital Ungvari, Zoltan, New York Medical College Vijg, Jan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Teaching Assistants Baquir, Beverlie, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Lecturers Fanning, Saranna, Columbia University Ames, Bruce, Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, University of Fuller, Kevin, University of Cincinnati California, Berkeley Gerik, Kimberly, Saint Louis University Medical School Barzilai, Nir, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Walker, Louise, University of Aberdeen Guarente, Lenny, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Partridge, Linda, University College London Course Coordinator Reenan, Robert, Brown University Rafkin, Wendy, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Scrable, Heidi, University of Virginia Sinclair, David, Harvard Medical School Students Andrade, Patricia, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Teaching Assistant Burrack, Laura, Harvard Medical School Podlutskaya, Natalia, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Byrnes III, Edmond, Duke University Barshop Institute Caudle, Kelly, The University of Tennessee, Memphis Chabrier-Rosello, Yeissa, University of Rochester Course Assistant Chen, Ying-Lien, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Erin Child, Oberlin College Koh, Andrew, Harvard Medical School Morales, Diana, Dartmouth College Students Nett, Jeniel, University of Wisconsin-Madison Agrawal, Pooja, Buck Institute for Age Research O’Gorman, Celine, University College Dublin Augustin, Hrvoje, University College London Price, Michael, Duke University School of Medicine Bjorne, Jari, University of Turku, Finland Raj, Shriya, Drexel University College of Medicine Buseman, Christen, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas Rhome, Ryan, Medical University of South Carolina Dacks, Penny, University of Arizona Sherwood, Racquel, Brown University Dawlaty, Meelad, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Simwami, Sitali, Imperial College London Huffman, Derek, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Vanier, Ghyslaine, McGill University Katewa, Subhash, Buck Institute for Age Research Veses, Veronica, University of Aberdeen Kumsta, Caroline, University of Michigan Wellington, Melanie, University of Rochester Medical Center Mena Jimenez, Natalia, University of Chile Pekovic, Vanja, Durham University Romero, Catalina, Harvard Medical School Russell, Steven, Joslin Diabetes Center Sarthy, Jay, Stowers Institute for Medical Research Steinbaugh, Michael, University of Michigan Stroustrup, Nicholas, Harvard University Tullius, Tom, Boston University Valencak, Teresa, Veterinary University Vienna Vrablik, Tracy, Penn State University Walker, Jeffrey, University of Colorado 54 education

Neuroinformatics Diekman, Casey, University of Michigan August 16 – August 31, 2008 Hobbs, Jonathan, Indiana University Lak, Armin, Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati Laplagne, Diego, Fundacion Instituto Leloir Course Directors Layton, Stuart, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Kleinfeld, David, University of California, San Diego McFarland, James, Brown University Mitra, Partha, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Merten, Katharina, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research Miranda, Jason, Emory University Faculty Mittmann, Wolfgang, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research Andrews, Peter, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Orsborn, Amy, University of California, San Francisco Barbas, Helen, Boston University Reddy, Chandan, University of Iowa Bohland, Jason, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Sadacca, Brian, Brandeis University Bokil, Hemant, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Schmid, Anita, Weill Medical College of Cornell University Eden, Uri, Boston University Sliwa, Julia, Cognitive Neuroscience Center, University of Quebec Fall, Christopher, University of Illinois at Chicago Todd, Rebecca, University of Toronto Harris, Kenneth, Rutgers University Vo, Loan, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign Hawrylycz, Michael, Allen Institute for Brain Science Yazdan-Shahmorad, Azadeh, University of Michigan Iyengar, Satish, University of Pittsburgh Zarco, Wilbert, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Kass, Robert, Carnegie Mellon University Zhao, Mengyuan, University of Pittsburgh Niyogi, Partha, University of Chicago Pesaran, Bijan, New York University Purpura, Keith, Weill Medical College of Cornell University Richmond, Barry, National Institute of Mental Health Optical Microscopy Schiff, Nicholas, Weill Medical College of Cornell University October 7 – October 16, 2008 Sornborger, Andrew, University of Georgia Victor, Jonathan, Weill Medical College of Cornell University Course Directors Hard, Robert, State University of New York at Buffalo Lecturers Izzard, Colin, State University of New York at Albany Golani, Ilan, Tel Aviv University Lin, John, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Faculty Sarma, Sridevi, Massachusetts Institute of Technology DePasquale, Joseph, Morphogenyx, Inc. Van Essen, David, Washington University in St. Louis McNally, James, National Institutes of Health Whitaker, Ross, University of Utah Murray, John, University of Pennsylvania Zikopoulos, Vasileios, Boston University Piston, David, Vanderbilt University Sigurdson, Wade, State University of New York at Buffalo Teaching Assistants Waterman, Clare, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Hill, Dan, University of California, San Diego Rolston, John, Emory University Teaching Assistants Burns, Sarah, State University of New York at Buffalo Course Assistant Kuo, Jean-Cheng, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Child, Erin, Oberlin College Monin, Amber, State University of New York at Buffalo

Students Students Aguilar, Guillermo, University of Chile Balasubramaniam, Vivek, University of Colorado, Denver Baker, Jonathan, Montana State University Bathe, Mark, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Berg, Rune, Betapudi, Venkaiah, Cleveland Clinic Foundation Brincat, Scott, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Bishop, Nicole, University of Vermont Caruso, Valeria, Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati Buttini, Manuel, Elan Pharmaceuticals Castro, Jason, Carnegie Mellon University Chen, Vivien, Harvard Medical School Dickey, Adam, University of Chicago Cheng, Keyi, Amicus Therapeutics DesMarais, Vera, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Desrochers, Jane, University of Calgary Elitas, Meltem, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Gaji , Rajshekhar, University of Michigan Godin, Lindsay, Mayo Clinic, Rochester Guertin, Christian, Vermont Photonics Hidalgo, Andres, Mount Sinai School of Medicine James, Timothy, McMaster University Kao, Robert, Harvard University Lim, Shi Min, National University of Singapore Lyman, Matt, Princeton University Mandel, M., University of Arizona Roedding, Angela, University of Toronto Seibel, Brad, University of Rhode Island Shinn-Thomas, Jessica, University of Connecticut Health Center Spix, Julie, SUNY at Buffalo Turnbull, Lon, University of North Texas Westerman, Erica, Yale University Zhao, Xinyu, University of Pennsylvania (T. Kleindinst) (T. education 55

Students Buckels, Ashiya, Spelman College Cacheaux, Luisa, University of California, Berkeley Calamia, Matthew, University of Iowa Chavez, Candice, University of California, Irvine Diaz, Laurea, The University of Texas at Austin Donald, Mareshia, Brandeis University Fraticelli, Ada, University of Puerto Rico Furman, Senta, University of Illinois at Chicago Hoy, Jennifer, University of Oregon Hunter, Deirtra, Columbia University Medical Center Ogunrinu, Toyin, University of Alabama at Birmingham Olu-Lafe, Olufemi, Boston University Ortiz, Michael, National Institutes of Health Pritchett, Dominique, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Rocha, Angelica, Medical University of South Carolina Sierra-Mercado, Demetrio, Ponce School of Medicine Whitman, Buddy, University of North Carolina Williams, Tanya, Weill Medical College of Cornell University

(T. Kleindinst) Workshop on Molecular Evolution July 27 – August 8, 2008

Summer Program in Neuroscience, Ethics & Survival Course Director June 14 – July 12, 2008 Cummings, Michael, University of Maryland

Course Directors Faculty Martinez, Joe, The University of Texas at San Antonio Beerli, Peter, Florida State University Townsel, James, Meharry Medical College Bielawski, Joseph, Dalhousie University Drummond, Alexei, University of Auckland Faculty Edwards, Scott, Harvard University Berger-Sweeney, Joanne, Wellesley College Felsenstein, Joseph, University of Washington Carr, Catherine, University of Maryland Gast, Rebecca, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Castaneda, Edward, The University of Texas at El Paso Holder, Mark, The University of Kansas Etgen, Anne, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Kuhner, Mary, University of Washington Gale, Karen, Georgetown University Lewis, Paul, University of Connecticut Hildebrand, John, University of Arizona Meyer, Axel, University of Konstanz, Germany Lisman, John, Brandeis University Miyamoto, Michael, University of Florida Mensinger, Allen, University of Minnesota, Duluth Pearson, William University of Virginia Nishi, Rae, University of Vermont Ronquist, Fredrik, Swedish Museum of Natural History Savage, Robert, Williams College Shaw, Kerry, Cornell University Searcy, Mary, Appalachian State University Swofford, David, Florida State University Stuart, Ann, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Thompson, Steven, Florida State University Thomley, Jill, Appalachian State University Turner, Paul, Yale University Trujillo, Keith, California State University, San Marcos Yoder, Anne, Duke University Quinones-Hinojosa, Alfredo, The Johns Hopkins University Zwickl, Derrick, National Evolutionary Synthesis Center Zottoli, Steven, Williams College Teaching Assistants Lecturers Kawahara, Akito, University of Maryland Augustine, George, Duke University School of Medicine Repo, Susanna, Abo Akademi University Austin-Dailey, Andrew, American Psychological Association Torres, Manuel, University of Georgia Bennett, Michael, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Welch, Andreanna, University of Maryland Dowling, John, Harvard University Fox, Thomas, Harvard Medical School Course Coordinators Glasper, Erica, Princeton University Ayres, Daniel, University of Maryland Heinrich, Steven, VA Medical Center Bazinet, Adam, University of Maryland Jarvis, Erich, Duke University School of Medicine Johnston, Daniel, The University of Texas at Austin Students Kravitz, Edward, Harvard Medical School Archer, Eric, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Marine Zakon, Harold, The University of Texas at Austin Fisheries Service/Southwest Fisheries Science Center Arenas, Miguel, University of Vigo Teaching Assistants Backstrom, Niclas, Uppsala University Achanta, Pragathi, The Johns Hopkins University Bao, Riyue, Wayne State University Lucino-Castillo, Juan, The Johns Hopkins University Camacho-Garcia, Yolanda, Universidad de Costa Rica Cardinal, Sophie, Cornell University Course Assistant Chou, Hsin-Hung, Harvard University Carrizales, Myra, The University of Texas at San Antonio Coscia, Ilaria, University College Dublin Damal, Kavitha, Illinois State University Dhubhghaill, Ciara Ni, University of Bath 56 education

Earl, Ashlee, Harvard Medical School Houart, Corinne, King’s College London Edwards, Ivan, University of Michigan Kimmel, Charles, University of Oregon Fiala, Ivan, Biology Centre of the Advanced Scientific Computing Research Moens, Cecilia, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Fonseca, Miguel, University of Porto Nechiporuk, Alex, Oregon Health & Science University School of Medicine Fricke, W. Florian, University of Maryland Neuhauss, Stephan, University of Zurich Galindo, Juan, University of Sheffield Peterson, Randall, Massachusetts General Hospital Glennon, Kelsey, The George Washington University Talbot, WIlliam, Stanford University Hitchcock-DeGregori, Sarah, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School Wilson, Stephen, University College London Hoenemann, Mario, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Woods, Ian, Harvard University Irwin, Jodi, Armed Forces DNA Identification Laboratory Joensson, Knud, University of Copenhagen Lecturers Juste, Javier, Doñana Biological Station Anderson, Kathryn, Sloan-Kettering Institute Kanefsky, Jeannette, Michigan State University Schier, Alexander, Harvard University Kiemnec, Karen, Oregon State University Yelon, Deborah, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University Kolisko, Martin, Dalhousie University School of Medicine Kostadinov, Rumen, University of Pennsylvania Kunstner, Axel, Uppsala University Teaching Assistants Lahr, Daniel, University of Massachusetts, Amherst Bianco, Isaac, University College London Lanier, Hayley, University of Alaska Fairbanks Burgess, Harold, University of Pennsylvania Lawson, Lucinda, University of Chicago Folgueira, Monica, University College London Lohman, David, National University of Singapore Grant, Paul, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Lokugalappatti, L.G.Sampath, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka Gupta, Tripti, University of Pennsylvania Martins, Angelica, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Hashiguchi, Megumi, University of Pennsylvania McDonagh, Laura, University of Exeter Kimmel, Reida, University of Oregon Mesnick, Sarah, Southwest Fisheries Science Center Kinkhabwala, Amina, Cornell University Miller, Karen, University of Tasmania Koyama, Minoru, Cornell University Nadachowska, Krystyna, Jagiellonian University Law, Mei-Yee, University of Utah Ness, Rob, University of Toronto Lin, Yi-Fan, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School Nystedt, Bjorn, Uppsala University of Medicine Ocana, Kary Ann el Carmen, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz McGraw, Hillary, University of Washington Perez-Eman, Jorge, Universidad Central de Venezuela McLean, David, Cornell University Porter, Teresita, Duke University Olthoff, John, Cornell University Reveillaud, Julie, University Sachidanandan, Chetana, Massachusetts General Hospital Reyna, Miriam, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Suli, Arminda, University of Utah Scornavacca, Celine, The Montpellier Laboratory of Computer Science Voskas, Dan, Hospital for Sick Children Simon, Sabrina, ITZ, Ecology & Evolution Wolman, Marc, University of Pennsylvania Skar, Helena, Yeh, Joanna, Massachusetts General Hospital Smith, David, Dalhousie University Soyer, Yesim, Cornell University Course Coordinator Stift, Marc, University of Glasgow Gribble, Suzanna, Grove City College Strandberg, Rebecka, Uppsala University Syed, Gracia, Smithsonian Institution Course Assistants Taylor, Michelle, Institute of Zoology, London Freeman, April, Institute of Neuroscience Torres-Perez, Fernando, University of New Mexico Kasper, Dionna, Union College Tsang, Ling Ming, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Stewart-Swift, Caitlin, Tufts University van Bleijswijk, Judith, Netherlands Institute for Sea Research Walsh, Meghan, MBL Wiklund, Helena, University of Gothenburg Wikmark, Odd-Gunnar, University of Tromso Students Zapata, Felipe, -St. Louis Andersen, Erica, University of Wisconsin-Madison Zwick, Andreas, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute Anderson, Leonard, Morehouse School of Medicine Bollmann, Johann, Harvard University Buxbaum, Joseph, Mount Sinai School of Medicine Zebrafish Development & Genetics Domene, Sabina, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Génetica y Biología Molecular August 10 – August 24, 2008 Hanisch, Anja, Cancer Research UK Jain, Roshan, University of Pennsylvania Course Directors Kahana, Alon, University of Michigan Chien, Chi-Bin, University of Utah Langdon, Yvette, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Mullins, Mary, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Lee, Melanie, Weill Medical College of Cornell University Raible, David, University of Washington Lillesaar, Christina, Helmholtz Center Munich Lom, Barbara, Davidson College Faculty Nicolay, Danette, Cleveland Clinic Foundation Ciruna, Brian, Hospital for Sick Children Oxvig, Claus, University of Aarhus Clarke, Jon, University College London Padmanabhan, Arun, University of Pennsylvania Collazo, Andres, House Ear Institute Pereda, Alberto, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Dowling, John, Harvard University Poulain, Fabienne, University of Utah Durchanek, R. Charline, University of Oregon Renninger, Sabine, University of Zurich Fadool, James, Florida State University Rojas, Raúl, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Fetcho, Joseph, Cornell University Rothschild, Sarah, Virginia Commonwealth University Granato, Michael, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Ruderman, Joan, Harvard Medical School Sansam, Christopher, Massachusetts Institute of Technology education 57

Brown-MBL Graduate Program in Biological and Environmental Sciences

One of the most significant events in the MBL’s recent history STUDENTS is the creation of our joint Ph.D. program with Brown Univer- Allen, Angela, Ecology and sity. Now in its fifth year, the Brown-MBL Graduate Program in Brin, Lindsay, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Biological and Environmental Sciences is the perfect marriage of Brown, Stephen, Moleuclar Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry the complementary strengths of both Brown and the MBL. The Crane, Meredith, Pathobiology DiSalvo, Susanne, Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry program offers students research opportunities in areas such as as- Dutta, Anupriya, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology trobiology; biological and environmental physics; cell and devel- Flight, Patrick, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology opmental biology; ecology and evolutionary biology; ecosystems Galford, Gillian, Geological Sciences science; environmental change; genetics, genomics, and pro- Gell, Selena, Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry teomics; global infectious diseases; immunology and pathology; Hasegawa, Yuko, Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry molecular biology and biochemistry; phyletics; and physiology. Hayhoe, Shelby, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Heflin, Katie, Pathobiology Jakubek, Lorin, Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry Lasek-Nesselquist, Erica, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Luo, Yawei, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Myers, Kristen, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Nguyen, Vinh, Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry Theroux, Susanna, Geological Sciences Valm, Alex, Pathobiology

MBL SCIENTISTS with BROWN APPOINTMENTS Amaral-Zettler, Linda, Bay Paul Center Borisy, Gary, Director & CEO, MBL Deegan, Linda, Ecosystems Center Giblin, Anne, Ecosystems Center Hamilton, Joshua, Chief Academic & Scientific Officer, MBL Hanlon, Roger, Marine Resources Center Hobbie, John, Ecosystems Center A group of Brown-MBL students (left to right): Erica Lasek-Nesselquist, Alex Valm, Huber, Julie, Bay Paul Center Gillian Galford, Anupriya Dutta, Yuko Hasegawa (T. Kleindinst) Mark Welch, David, Bay Paul Center Melillo, Jerry, Ecosystems Center Nineteen Ph.D. candidates are currently enrolled in the joint Neill, Christopher, Ecosystems Center program, with seven in residence at the MBL. Student high- Oldenbourg, Rudolf, Cellular Dynamics Program from 2008 include a postdoctoral fellowship at Columbia Patterson, David, Bay Paul Center University’s Earth Institute awarded to Gillian Galford, a gradu- Peterson, Bruce, Ecosystems Center ate student working with the Ecosystem Center’s Jerry Melillo. Rastetter, Edward, Ecosystems Center Galford is expected to graduate later this year. Graduate student Shaver, Gus, Ecosystems Center Smith, Peter J.S., Cellular Dynamics Program; BioCurrents Research Center Alex Valm, who works with Rudolf Oldenbourg and Gary Borisy Sogin, Mitch, Bay Paul Center in the Cellular Dynamics Program, was awarded the prestigious Vallino, Joe, Ecosystems Center Ruth Kirschstein Fellowship Award from the National Institute of Wernegreen, Jennifer, Bay Paul Center Dental and Craniofacial Research to further develop fluorescence microscopy techniques and apply them to oral microbial commu- BROWN FACULTY with MBL APPOINTMENTS nity analysis. Bertness, Mark, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Rand, David, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology The program is successfully promoting cooperation among Wessel, Gary, Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry researchers and making it possible for students to work with Witman, Jon, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology investigators and faculty at both institutions. Brown-MBL faculty MBL SCIENTISTS TEACHING IN BROWN COURSES partnerships continued to flourish in 2008, with new paths for Human Impacts on the Functioning of Ecosystems collaborative research created between a wide variety of Brown Melillo, Jerry, Ecosystems Center departments and all of the major research centers at the MBL. In Neill, Christopher, Ecosystems Center 2008, 20 MBL scientists held joint faculty appointments at Brown, Shaver, Gus, Ecosystems Center while 4 Brown faculty members held MBL appointments. Terrestrial Biogeochemistry and the Functioning of Ecosystems Melillo, Jerry, Ecosystems Center Rastetter, Edward, Ecosystems Center

58 education other educational programs

NASA Planetary Biology Internship Program O’Connor, Mike, Waterford High School, Connecticut Roushar, Jill, Henry Sibley High School, Minnesota DIRECTORS Schmid, Hans, Erasmus-Gymnasium, Germany Dolan, Michael F., University of Massachusetts, Amherst Spillane, Nancy, The Williams School, Connecticut Margulis, Lynn, University of Massachusetts, Amherst Staudenmaier, Stefanie, Kolleg der Schulbrüder, Germany Ziegler, Juwitha, Kolleg der Schulbrüder, Germany SPONSORS Bada, Jeff, Scripps Institution of Oceanography Boston, Penny, New Mexico Tech Hall, Forest G., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center MBL Logan Science Journalism Program Kah, Linda C., University of Tennessee McKay, Christopher, NASA Ames Research Center CO-DIRECTORS Russell, Michael F., NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory Goldman, Robert, Northwestern University Trent, Jonathan, NASA Ames Research Center Rensberger, Boyce, Knight Science Journalism Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology INTERNS Apaza, Renee, National University of San Agustín ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF Atherton, Jon, University of Edinburgh Hinkle, Pamela Clapp, MBL, administrative director Campbell, Sylvia M., Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Hebert, Gina, MBL Chan, Olivia, University of Hong Kong Kenney, Diana, MBL Faulkner, Sean, University of Massachusetts Wilmot, Pamela, MBL Gomez, Fernando, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Johnson, Adam, Indiana University McGlynn, Sean, Montana State University

Living in the Microbial World Teachers’ Workshop

DIRECTORS Dorritie, Barbara, Cambridge Rindge and Latin School, Massachusetts Olendzenski, Lorraine, St. Lawrence University

FACULTY Bahr, Michele, MBL Gunnard, Jessie, Cape Cod Cooperative Extension Tent, Tara, Cambridge Rindge and Latin School, Massachusetts

COURSE ASSISTANT Garrigan, Charles, St. Lawrence University

PRESENTERS Bebout, Brad, NASA Ames Research Center Cavanaugh, Colleen, Harvard University Dyer, Betsey, Wheaton College Edgcomb, Virginia, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Huber, Julie, MBL Margulis, Lynn, University of Massachusetts, Amherst

TEACHER PARTICIPANTS (C. Neill) Coleman, Catherine, Salem High School, Massachusetts BIOMEDICAL FACULTY Doty, Joyce, West Springfield High School, Massachusetts Bloom, Kerry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, co-director Gleason, Joyce, Punta Gorda, Florida Burgess, David, Boston College, co-director Henken, Tobias, Helmholtz-Gymnasium Karlsruhe, Germany O’Connor, Clare, Boston College, co-director Katz, Nevin, Ludlow High School, Massachusetts Killian, Patrick, Henry Sibley High School, Minnesota ENVIRONMENTAL FACULTY Koh, Li Ling, NUS High School of Math & Science, Singapore Neill, Christopher, MBL, director Marcoux, Graeme, Salem High School, Massachusetts McHorney, Rich, MBL, faculty Martin, Meghan, Salem High School, Massachusetts Mickey, Sue, Salem High School, Massachusetts Ng, Zuli Joon, NUS High School of Math & Science, Singapore education 59

Semester in Environmental Science Program

DIRECTOR Foreman, Kenneth H.

ADMINISTRATION Berthel, Dixie, Administrative Assistant Oleksyk, Stephanie, Recruitment Coordinator

FACULTY Deegan, Linda A. Ducklow, Hugh Foreman, Kenneth H. Giblin, Anne E. Hobbie, John E. Liles, George Melillo, Jerry M. Neill, Christopher Peterson, Bruce J. Rastetter, Edward B. Shaver, Gaius R. Tang, Jim Vallino, Joseph J.

RESEARCH AND TEACHING ASSISTANTS Keledjian, Amanda Kwiatkowski, Bonnie McHorney, Richard Peters, Jennifer (T. Kleindinst) STUDENTS BIOMEDICAL FELLOWS Bonsall, Jessica, Lawrence University Alpman, Marie, Ny Teknik Coughlin, Andrea, Wellesley College Evans, Jeffrey, International Medical News Group Daniel, Wayne, Dillard University Jarvis, Lisa, Chemical & Engineering News Gillig, Sarah, Wesleyan University Kean, Sam, Science & Spirit Gordon, Robert, Lafayette College Kowalski, Kathiann, Freelance Kunke, Jessica, Northwestern University Stone, Emily, Freelance Lambert, Jessica, State University of New York College of Environmental Science & Forestry ENVIRONMENTAL FELLOWS Lizzadro-McPherson, Ian, Lawrence University Burdick, Alan, Author & Freelance Writer Markstein, Amy, Colorado College Canon, Scott, National Correspondent, The Kansas City Star Peng, Xuefeng, Connecticut College Cohen, Nancy, Environmental Reporter, WNPR Poppick, Laura, Bates College Dahlberg, Carrie Peyton, Senior Writer, Sacramento Bee Ramnarine, Timothy, Dillard University Dell’Amore, Christine, Editor, National Geographic News Shrestha, Paliza, Mount Holyoke College Dodson, Leslie, Freelance Science Correspondent, NBC WeatherPlus Strebel, Stefanie, Franklin & Marshall College Melo Juste Dini, Marilia, Reporter, G1/Globo.com Morgan, Richard, Freelance Orfanon, Jason, Producer, National Geographic Television Rawlins, Wade, Environmental Reporter, The News & Observer

The 2008 MBL Logan Science Journalism Program was supported by: American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology American Society for Cell Biology FASEB Howard Hughes Medical Institute National Science Foundation—Office of Polar Programs New York Times Company Foundation 60 education scholarship awards

In 2008, the MBL awarded scholarships to 235 highly qualified students enabling them to participate in our discovery courses. (T. Kleindinst) (T.

The Bruce and Betty Alberts Endowed Scholarship in Physiology Racedo, Silvia, University of Buenos Aires Manoussaki, Daphne, Vanderbilt University Ramos, Luis, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Taute, Katja, The University of Texas at Austin Burroughs Wellcome Fund - Molecular Mycology Course American Society for Cell Biology Burrack, Laura, Harvard Medical School Anderson, Leonard, Morehouse School of Medicine Byrnes III, Edmond, Duke University Chabrier-Rosello, Yeissa, University of Rochester Caudle, Kelly, The University of Tennessee, Memphis Finley, James, Northwestern University Chabrier-Rosello, Yeissa, University of Rochester Garay, Paula, University of California, Davis Chen, Ying-Lien, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Gierke, Sarah, University of California, San Francisco Koh, Andrew, Harvard Medical School Gonzalez, Isabel, University of Virginia Nett, Jeniel, University of Wisconsin-Madison Langdon, Yvette, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill O’Gorman, Celine, University College Dublin Moseman, Serena, The Scripps Institution of Oceanography Price, Michael, Duke University School of Medicine Pompey, Justine, Stanford University Rojas, Raul, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Burroughs Wellcome Fund - Physiology Course Sáenz, James, Massachusetts Institute of Technology-Woods Hole Oceanographic Rodrigues-Martins, Ana, University of Cambridge Institution Joint Program Strickland, Lloyd Devin, University of Chicago Titcombe, Roseann, New York University School of Medicine Van Valen, David, California Institute of Technology Max M. Burger Endowed Scholarship Swinburne, Ian, Harvard Medical School American Society for Reproductive Medicine Ho, Matthew, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Gary N. Calkins Memorial Scholarship Menke, Marie, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center Kontarakis, Zacharias, Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology

Biology Club of the College of the City of New York The Company of Biologists Ltd. Scholarship Samanovic, Marie, New York University of Medicine Araujo, Sofia, Instituto de Recerca Biomedica Barcelona Armfield, Brooke, Kent State University John & Elisabeth Buck Endowed Scholarship Jandzik, David, Comenius University Adebusoye, Sunday, University of Lagos Edwin Grant Conklin Memorial Fund C. Lalor Burdick Scholarship Krishnan, Balaji, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston Chervenak, Andrew, University of Michigan Kim, Alison, Northwestern University Bernard Davis Fund Speirs, Christina, Vanderbilt University Hallam, Steven, University of British Columbia

Scholars of The Bauer Center for Genomics Research at Harvard William F. and Irene C. Diller Memorial Fund Breslauer, David, University of California, Berkeley Schlager, Benjamin, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology Fantana, Horatiu, Max Planck Institute Gierke, Sarah, University of California, San Francisco Eugene Floyd DuBois Memorial Fund Moore, Lindsay, Stanford University Loose, Martin, Dresden University of Technology Tsai, Yu-Chen, Stanford University Ribeiro, Susana, University of Edinburgh Van Valen, David, California Institute of Technology Zou, Peng, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Mac V. Edds, Jr. Endowed Scholarship Fund Walker, James, University of California, Berkeley Burroughs Wellcome Fund - Biology of Parasitism Course Sunter, Jack, Cambridge University The Ellison Medical Foundation - Molecular Biology of Aging Course Agrawal, Pooja, Buck Institute for Age Research Burroughs Wellcome Fund - Frontiers in Reproduction Course Augustin, Hrvoje, University College London Bilotas, Mariela, Instituto de Biología y Medicine Experimental Bjorne, Jari, University of Turku Borowicz, Pawel, North Dakota State University Buseman, Christen, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas Bustamante, Ximena, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile Dacks, Penny, University of Arizona Caballero, Julieta, Instituto de Biología y Medicine Experimental Dawlaty, Meelad, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Gajbhiye, Rahul, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council Huffman, Derek, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Medical Research Katewa, Subhash, Buck institute of Age Research Maymo, Julieta, University of Buenos Aires Kumsta, Caroline, University of Michigan Nyachieo, Atunga, Institute of Primate Research Mena Jimenez, Natalia, University of Chile Pogrmic, Kristina, University of Novi Sad Pekovic, Vanja, Durham University education 61

Romero, Catalina, Harvard Medical School Bellava, Daniele, University of Palermo Russell, Steven, Joslin Diabetes Center Chervenak, Andrew, University of Michigan Sarthy, Jay, Stowers Institute for Medical Research Colanesi, Sarah, University of Bath Steinbaugh, Michael, University of Michigan Djabrayan, Nareg, University of California, Santa Barbara Stroustrup, Nicholas, Harvard University Furlong, Rebecca, Oxford University Tullius, Tom, Boston University Gazave, Eve, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Valencak, Teresa, Veterinary University Vienna Joynes, Rachel, Royal Veterinary College Vrablik, Tracy, Penn State University Meik, Jesse, The University of Texas at Arlington Walker, Jeffrey, University of Colorado Frank R. Lillie Fellowship and Scholarship Fund Gerald D. & Ruth L. Fischbach Endowed Scholarship Aguilar, Guillermo, University of Chille Azevedo, Anthony, University of Washington Dai, Dongjuan, University of Michigan Imad, Mays, University of Arizona Eberl, Renate, University of California, Davis Flynn, Theodore, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Caswell Grave Scholarship Fund Hallam, Steven, University of British Columbia Guney, Michelle, Vanderbilt University Hanisch, Anja, Cancer Research UK Jandzik, David, Comenius University Hanson, China, University of California, Irvine Joynes, Rachel, Royal Veterinary College Lee, Jessica, Stanford University Kontarakis, Zacharias, Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology Lillesaar, Christina, Helmholtz Center Munich Lepage, Stephanie, University of Toronto Lom, Barbara, Davidson College Meik, Jesse, The University of Texas at Arlington Pereda, Alberto, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Speirs, Christina, Vanderbilt University Renninger, Sabine, University of Zurich Rothschild, Sarah, Virginia Commonwealth University Thomas B. Grave and Elizabeth F. Grave Scholarship Sansam, Christopher, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Kim, Sally, California Institute of Technology Lobb, Collin, The University of Texas at San Antonio The Gruss Lipper Foundation Scholarship Logerot, Priscilla, University of Auckland Barak, Efrat, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology McLendon, Helen, University of California, San Francisco Gal, Ram, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Melcón, Mariana, Universität Tübingen Ganmor, Elad, Weizmann Institute of Science Massarwa, R’ada, Weizmann Institute of Science Daniel S. and Edith T. Grosch Scholarship Fund Soifer, Ilya, Weizmann Institute of Science Flynn, Theodore, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Jacques Loeb Founders’ Scholarship Fund Aline D. Gross Scholarship Fund Milloz, Josselin, Institut Jacques Monod - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Vaccaro, Elyse, Oregon State University S.O. Mast Memorial Fund William Randolph Hearst Educational Endowment Brandt, Christian, University of Southern Denmark Anderson, Graham, Stanford University deCarvalho, Tagide, University of Maryland Chandsawangbhuwana, Charlie, University of California, San Diego Courson, David, University of Chicago MBL Associates Endowed Scholarship Fund Ludington, William, University of California, San Francisco Onesios, Kathryn, The Johns Hopkins University Miller, Paul, Vanderbilt University Medical Center Polka, Jessica, University of California, San Francisco MBL Pioneers Scholarship Fund Price, Alivia, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies Hegge, Stephan, Heidelberg University School of Medicine Strickland, Lloyd Devin, University of Chicago Horowitz, Amir, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Kalanon, Ming, University of Melbourne International Brain Research Organization May, Paing, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Berni, Jimena, IIBA-CONICET Rennenberg, Annika, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine Howells, Fleur, University of Cape Town Sheiner, Lilach, University of Geneva Nogueira, Javier, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas MBL Young Scholars & Fellows Program Holger & Friederun Jannasch Scholarship in Microbial Diversity Palmer, Kelli, The University of Texas at Austin Mehta, Misha, University of Minnesota Miletto, Marzia, Netherlands Institute of Ecology Frank Morrell Endowed Memorial Scholarship Andersson, Richard, Karolinska Institute Benjamin Kaminer Scholarship Bachman, Julia, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Milloz, Josselin, Institut Jacques Monod - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Basilio, Daniel, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Rodrigues-Martins, Ana, University of Cambridge Tuson, Hannah, University of Wisconsin-Madison Mountain Memorial Fund Scholarship Loose, Martin, Dresden University of Technology Arthur Klorfein Scholarship and Fellowship Fund Ribeiro, Susana, University of Edinburgh Araujo, Sofia, Instituto de Recerca Biomedica Barcelona Rodrigues-Martins, Ana, University of Cambridge Armfield, Brooke, Kent State University Taute, Katja, The University of Texas at Austin Balczerski, Bartosz, King’s College London Tuson, Hannah, University of Wisconsin-Madison Zeng, Lanying, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 62 education (P. Wilmot) (P.

Alberto Monroy Foundation Clemens, Ann, The University of Texas at Austin Bellava, Daniele, University of Palermo Deister, Chris, University of Texas at San Antonio Domene, Sabina, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Génetica y Gordon & Betty Moore Foundation Biología Molecular Adebusoye, Sunday, University of Lagos Escobar, Gina, Northeastern University Dai, Dongjuan, University of Michigan Froemke, Robert, University of California, San Francisco Eberl, Renate, University of California, Davis Guo, Cong, Stanford University Hallam, Steven, University of British Columbia Hanisch, Anja, Cancer Research UK Mehta, Misha, University of Minnesota Huang, Xiaoying, Georgetown University Medical Center Miletto, Marzia, Netherlands Institute of Ecology Karner, Courtney, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas Onesios, Kathryn, The Johns Hopkins University Larimer, Phillip, Case Western Reserve University Zhang, Xinning, California Institute of Technology Lillesaar, Christina, Helmholtz Center Munich Navratilova, Zaneta, University of Arizona Neural Systems & Behavior Course Endowed Scholarship Fund Raj, Shriya, Drexel University College of Medicine Uyeno, Theodore, Northern Arizona University Rennenberg, Annika, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine Rhome, Ryan, Medical University of South Carolina Pfizer Inc. Endowed Scholarship Rinaldi, Jacob, Stanford University Agop-Nersesian, Carolina, Heidelberg University School of Medicine Rojas, Daniel, University of Chicago Agrawal, Swati, University of Georgia Samanovic, Marie, New York University School of Medicine Harrington, John, University of Georgia Sheiner, Lilach, University of Geneva Hegge, Stephan, Heidelberg University School of Medicine Simwami, Sitali, Imperial College London Vanier, Ghyslaine, McGill University Planetary Biology Internship Scholarships Vera, Iset, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Stanish, Lee, University of Colorado Veses, Veronica, University of Aberdeen Zeglin, Lydia, University of New Mexico Vierling-Claassen, Dorea, Boston University

William Townsend Porter Scholarship Lola Ellis Robertson Endowed Scholarship Anderson, Leonard, Morehouse School of Medicine Basilio, Daniel, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Chabrier-Rosello, Yeissa, University of Rochester Biermann, Barbara, Basel University Finley, James, Northwestern University Chung, Kenny, University of Auckland Garay, Paula, University of California, Davis Imad, Mays, University of Arizona Gierke, Sarah, University of California, San Francisco Kim, Euiseok, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas Hanisch, Anja, Cancer Research UK Lee, Jessica, Stanford University Moseman, Serena, Scripps Institution of Oceanography Mehta, Misha, University of Minnesota Pompey, Justine, Stanford University Miletto , Marzia, Netherlands Institute of Ecology Rojas, Raul, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Onesios, Kathryn, The Johns Hopkins University Sáenz, James, Massachusetts Institute of Technology-Woods Hole Oceanographic Palmer, Kelli, The University of Texas at Austin Institution Joint Program Schlager, Benjamin, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology Titcombe, Roseann, New York University School of Medicine Speirs, Christina, Vanderbilt University Van Valen, David, California Institute of Technology Swinburne, Ian, Harvard Medical School Walker, James, University of California, Berkeley Herbert W. Rand Fellowship and Scholarship Fund Zhang, Xinning, California Institute of Technology Aguilar, Guillermo, University of Chile Andersen, Erica, University of Wisconsin-Madison Florence C. Rose and S. Meryl Rose Endowed Scholarship Fund Andrade, Patricia, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Djabrayan, Nareg, University of California, Santa Barbara Barreiro, Andrea, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Furlong, Rebecca, Oxford University Burrack, Laura, Harvard Medical School Byrnes III, Edmond, Duke University Chabrier-Rosello, Yeissa, University of Rochester Chen, Guifen, Medical College of Georgia education 63

Ruth Sager Memorial Scholarship Eva Szent-Györgyi Scholarship Fund Guney, Michelle, Vanderbilt University Ribeiro, Susana, University of Edinburgh Noedl, Marie-Therese, University of Vienna John & Madeleine Trinkaus Endowed Scholarship Howard A. Schneiderman Endowed Scholarship Collins, Michelle, McGill University Bachman, Julia, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Gazave, Eve, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Biermann, Barbara, Basel University Selman A. Waksman Endowed Scholarship in Microbial Diversity Milton L. Shifman Endowed Scholarship Dai, Dongjuan, University of Michigan Bikoff, Jay, Harvard University Bradley, Alexander, Harvard University The Wellcome Trust Burak, Yoram, Harvard University Rivero, Maria, Medical Research Institute Mercedes and Martin Ferreyra Galanti, Sarah, University of Pennsylvania Gardel, Emily, Harvard University William Morton Wheeler Family Founders’ Scholarship Gray, Jessica, Harvard Medical School Hanson, China, University of California, Irvine Jain, Roshan, University of Pennsylvania Zhang, Xinning, California Institute of Technology Leavitt, William, Harvard University Lee, Melanie, Weill Medical College of Cornell University Walter L. Wilson Endowed Scholarship Fund McFarland, James, Brown University Belin, Brittany, University of California, San Francisco Morales, Diana, Dartmouth College Zeng, Lanying, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Pan, Kally, Columbia University Schmid, Anita, Weill Medical College of Cornell University World Health Organization Shafee, Rebecca, Harvard University Bustamante, Ximena, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile Stamper, Sarah, Brown University Nyachieo, Atunga, Institute of Primate Research Sukhumavasi, Woraporn, Cornell University Ramos, Luis, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Tkacik, Gasper, University of Pennsylvania

Marjorie R. Stetten Scholarship Fund May, Paing, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Horace W. Stunkard Scholarship Fund deCarvalho, Tagide, University of Maryland Imad, Mays, University of Arizona Kim, Euiseok, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas Krishnan, Balaji, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston Li, Jennifer, University of California, San Francisco Navratilova, Zaneta, University of Arizona Sengupta, Biswa, University of Cambridge

Society for Developmental Biology Balczerski, Bartosz, King’s College London Karner, Courtney, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas Lepage, Stephanie, University of Toronto

Society for General Physiology Kim, Euiseok, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas Kontarakis, Zacharias, Foundation for Research & Technology-Hellas Riabinina, Olena, University of Sussex Zeng, Lanying, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Surdna Foundation Scholarship Chung, Kenny, University of Auckland Nawroth, Janna, California Institute of Technology SPINES students participate in the MBL Club-sponsored Ong, Chik-Ying, Chinese University of Hong Kong 4th of July parade. (H. Gladstone) Riabinina, Olena, University of Sussex Uyeno, Theodore, Northern Arizona University Vaccaro, Elyse, Oregon State University Van Trump, William, University of California, Irvine VanDunk, Cassandra, Washington University in St. Louis Zeldenrust, Fleur, University of Amsterdam 64 mblwhoi library mblwhoi library 64

mblwhoi library

Group of people on the MBL collecting boat Vigilant in the late 1800s. (MBL Archives) report of the library director My colleagues and I who are working in Global Research Libraries 2020—a vibrant community of experts that is focusing on top-level challenges facing the global research library of the future—will one day look back and say “Do you remember a time when books could NOT talk to each other?” David Pogue, technology columnist at the New York Times, expects the companies “Do you remember a time that currently manufacture those extremely low-power, non-illuminated, grayscale displays on the Amazon Kindle and Sony Reader, will have perfected when books could NOT talk the futuristic “living newspapers” featured in the Harry Potter movies. The to each other?” device of choice will be the mobile phone with high-end computing power capable of carrying petabytes of data.

These tetherless devices will link the Global Research Libraries and deliver information to scholars, researchers, citizen scientists, and public library users—in short, everyone. Wireless technology, along with wireless electricity, will be ubiquitous and libraries will be expected to keep pace and perform their time-honored services of classification, dissemination, and preservation of knowledge in all media types.

Abbott, Jayne, Normandeau Associates Cohen, Seymour S., Woods Hole, MA library Allen, Garland E., Washington University Corwin, Jeffrey, University of Virginia School of Medicine researchers Allen, Nina S., North Carolina State University Couch, Ernest F., Texas Christian University Anderson, Everett, Harvard Medical School Anderson, Gary, University of Southern Mississippi D’Alessio, Giuseppe, University of Naples deToledo-Morrell, Leyla, Rush University Medical University Medical Center Baccetti, Baccio, University of Siena Dodge, Frederick, Upstate Medical University Barlow, Robert B., Upstate Medical University Duncan, Thomas K., Nichols College Benjamin, Thomas L., Harvard Medical School Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences Finkelstein, Alan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bihari, Michael, Falmouth, MA Finkelstein, Amy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Blake, Charles, University of South Carolina Frenkel, Krystyna, New York University School of Medicine Burger, Max, Novartis Gainer, Harold, NIH, NINDS Candelas, Gracielas, University of Puerto Rico Galatzer-Levy, Robert Woods Hole, MA Carrington, Mark, University of Cambridge Gelperin, Alan, Monell Chemical Senses Center Center for Coastal Studies German III, James L., Weill Medical College of Cornell University Child, Frank M., Woods Hole, MA Gifford, Prosser, Woods Hole, MA Childs, Andrew F., Falmouth Hospital Giray, Cem, Microtechnologies CIEE Research Station Bonaire Goldstein, Moise, Woods Hole, MA mblwhoi library 65

joint users In 2008, the virtual and physical aspects of the MBLWHOI Library committee became seamless. Although this takes place on many levels, nowhere does it challenge and inspire the library staff more than John Farrington, WHOI, Chair in the Biodiversity Heritage Library (BHL) open-access digitization John Hobbie, MBL project. By February 2008, the volume of BHL pages scanned by Larry Pratt, WHOI the MBLWHOI Library and its partners was sufficient to create a David Shepro, MBL foundation of scanned literature that supports the Encyclopedia of Peter Smith, MBL Life project. By the close of 2008, over 10,000,000 pages of scientific Ann Stuart, UNC Chapel Hill and MBL literature were scanned by the BHL, about 1/3 of which were from Rob Theiler, USGS the MBLWHOI Library. John Waterbury, WHOI The library staff has been active not only in the labor-intensive literature scanning portions of BHL, but also as part of the multi- institutional technical team working on the development of the BHL Portal (www.biodiversitylibrary.org). The Portal is the web platform through which MBLWHOI scanned literature is viewed. The BHL Portal not only displays scanned literature, but also employs MBLWHOI Library-developed uBio taxonomic name finding applications. BHL also uses a MBLWHOI Library-developed tool that identifies book duplicates in the collections of all 10 BHL member libraries before the scanning process begins.

Bringing our serials collection into focus as we add to the multi- million page Biodiversity Heritage Library has been an enlightening undertaking for the Library serials staff. Both the MBL’s Biological Bulletin and WHOI’s Oceanus have been digitized in the BHL. Safely handling our pre-1923 foundational journal collection has been a preservation challenge. However the payoff from this content being made available on the Internet exponentially increases the impact of the MBLWHOI Library to the world’s scientific community. Along with the Biodiversity collections in the library we have also sent the “early oceanography” collection to be scanned.

Gould, Robert, University of Illinois, Chicago Laderman, Aimlee, Yale University School of Forestry and Environmental Studies Great Lakes Water Institute Loewenstein, Werner, Journal of Membrane Biology Grossman, Albert, New York University Medical School Mandel, Maria A., University of Arizona Halvorson, Harlyn O., MBL Massachusetts Department of Marine Fisheries Harrington, John, State University of New York at New Paltz Mellon, DeForest, University of Virginia Henson, John H., Dickinson College Mitchell, Ralph, Harvard University Herskovits, Theodore, Fordham University Miyakawa, Hiroyoshi, Tokyo University of Pharmacy & Life Sciences Hotchkiss, Frederick, MPR Institute Mizell, Merle, Tulane University Mooseker, Mark, Yale University Inoué, Sadayuki, McGill University Issidorides, Marietta, University of Athens Narahashi, Toshio, Northwestern University Medical School Naugle, John E., National Aeronautics & Space Administration Jacobson, Allan, University of Massachusetts Medical School New England Aquarium Right Whale Research Jaye, Robert A., Solomon Schechter Day School New England Fishery Management Council Normandeau Associates Kaminer, Brian, Kaminer Informatics Karlin, Arthur, Columbia University Olken, Benjamin, Massachusetts Institute of Technology King, Kenneth, Woods Hole, MA Krane, Stephen M., Massachusetts General Hospital Kravitz, Edward A., Harvard Medical School Kuhns, Bill, Hospital for Sick Children 66 mblwhoi library

Also in 2008, to the delight of our interlibrary library loan colleagues around the world, MBLWHOI staff volunteers developed a streamlined method of adding Direct URL links to the library catalog making access to these Dick Backus scanned items seamless. Nat Corwin Rosemary Davis The Woods Hole Open Access Service (WHOAS) Werner Deuser continues to grow with published monographs from Paul Freyheit our local scientific research along with deposits of data Lew Hadelman sets, audio, and video. Mrs. Robert Huettner Carol Knox For the past five years the library has been promoting Nancy MacDonald papers published by the researchers and scientists of Lewis Nassikas the Woods Hole scientific community by highlighting Pamela Polloni current published research papers on the library’s home Virginia Reynolds On the MBL collecting boat Cayadetta, c. 1910. page. We are now developing a portal that that will Arlene Rogers Photo by Gideon S. Dodds (MBL Archives) not only feature Woods Hole research in general, but Jacqueline Webster will find experts and current collaborations happening Ann Weissmann in Woods Hole and promote the research of specific departments, institutes, or research groups. The hope Together, these efforts will allow is that these new capabilities will increase the visibility of Woods Hole science and provide publication data books and serials to truly interact that can be easily reused in other repositories and and “talk” to one another and applications.

make the vision of Global Research The scanning projects and tools that are being developed in this library and other research libraries Libraries 2020 a reality. will help to facilitate the REUSE and RECOMBINATION of information/data by adding METADATA and CONNECTIVITIES. Together, these efforts will allow books and serials to truly interact and “talk” to one another and make the vision of Global Research Libraries 2020 a reality.

—Catherine N. Norton

Library Pallas, Sarah, Georgia State University Stuart, Ann, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Researchers, Poindexter, Jeanne, Barnard College, Columbia University Sweet, Frederick, Washington University School of Medicine continued Prendergast, Robert, MBL Tweedell, Kenyon, University of Notre Dame Rabinowitz, Michael, Harvard Medical School Tykocinski, Mark, University of Pennsylvania Reinisch, Carol, Falmouth, MA Tytell, Michael, Wake Forest University School of Medicine Rosenbaum, Joel, Yale University University of the Virgin Islands Salmon, Edward, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Schippers, Jay, Woods Hole, MA Warren, Leonard, University of Pennsylvania Medical School Sea Education Association Weidner, Earl, Louisiana State University Segal, Sheldon, MBL Weissmann, Gerald, New York University School of Medicine Shepro, David, Boston University Williams, C. Rogers, National Marine Life Center Shimomura, Osamu, MBL Woodhead, Peter, SUNY Stonybrook Spector, Abraham, Columbia University Woods Hole Research Center Spiegel, Evelyn, Dartmouth College Spiegel, Melvin, Dartmouth College Yevick, George, Stevens Institute of Technology Spotte, Stephen, Mote Marine Lab financials 67

financials

R.V. Gemma (P. Wilmot) report of the treasurer

In 2008 the MBL remained firmly committed to its role as a leader in biological science and education, while working to assure our financial health in the face of today’s challenging economic climate.

The Balance Sheet and Operating History on page 69 clearly reflects challenges presented by the economy. There are some bright spots, however, that helped soften the impact of a difficult year. Thanks to an aggressive fundraising strategy, the year saw a record $30 million in pledges, including $958 thousand for the Annual Fund. Additionally, careful financial planning and vigilance by MBL’s management resulted in a major reduction in our operating loss to $1.7 million, the lowest since 2005.

Net Assets While the investment performance of our endowment was better than that of the market, in general, the MBL’s equity base experienced a $10.1 million decline, representing a -12% Return on Average Net Assets.

Assets Pledges & Other Receivables increased 39% due to great fundraising success covered in the Report of the Development Committee. Investments, at fair value, declined by 20% as virtually every asset class worldwide except for gold and U.S. Treasuries lost value last year. The Long Term Investment portfolio performance resulted in a -27.4% rate of return, which was a competitive relative return compared to equity index returns ranging from -37% to -45% in 2008. Making up for the difference was the addition of more than $2.6 million to the MBL’s endowment.

Liabilities Deferred Revenue & Other Liabilities almost tripled due to a $5.4 million swing in the value of an interest swap that, in essence, caps the all-in-interest expense associated with our Long-Term Debt at approximately 3.8%. As this swap covers the Series 2006 Bond for its 30-year life and does not require the MBL to post collateral with our counterparty, this potential liability will unwind over time, particularly if interest rates rise. 68 financials

Operating Support Sources of $36 Million in Unrestricted Operating Support fell approximately 10% from 2007. Operating Support Revenues realized from Government Grants continued their decline principally because funding from the federal 40% government grants agencies declined in real dollar terms. This is the smallest amount of such revenue the MBL has experienced since 2000. 12% non-federal grants Making up for this was a 75% increase in Non-federal Grants & Contracts principally due to the Encyclopedia of Life 3% lab rental income funding. Laboratory Rental & Net Tuition revenues increased 39%, rebounding to levels last seen in 2005. The contract 2% tuition - net with Dart Neuroscience LLC was the primary factor in this improvement. Contributions for operations was off 34% from 8% fees for services 2007, but a $15 million contribution to plant for the Loeb building renovation more than made up for this decline. 5% conferences

Expenses 14% restricted gifts Total Expenses increased almost 9% with salaries, professional services, travel, depreciation, and interest expense 7% unrestricted gifts contributing the lion’s share of the growth. Initiatives in Resident Research led the way representing 95% of the $3.3 7% investment income million increase. This investment in capacity building for the future has fortunately been funded by resources in hand. As 2% miscellaneous a result, our Unrestricted Operating Results improved from the $4 million loss experienced in 2007. This is a good first step in management’s efforts to develop a sustainable business model for each operating sector, but more remains to be accomplished.

Non-operating Activities Non-operating activities again show the impact of the downdraft in the markets with the $17.5 million decline in Reinvested Investment Earnings. This reflected the decline in the Long Term Investment portfolio, as well as a $3.8 million accounting adjustment to 94 endowed funds Uses of $41.1 Million in Expenses that fell below their historical gift values as of the end of 2008. The Contributions to Plant & Other Expenses was favorably impacted by the $15 million contribution for Loeb renovations, but adversely impacted by the swing in the value of the swap, both mentioned above. 58% resident research Future Expectations Looking forward, we have an expanded scientific team that 19% education is gearing up to take advantage of the increased funding for research as a result of the American Recovery & Reinvestment 10% Act. We will have less Investment Earnings to use on visiting research Operations in 2009, with many of our endowed funds falling below their historical gift values, but the MBL is fortunate 8% housing & conferences in that it does not rely heavily on endowments to run key programs. We anticipated much of this and have found we 5% other programs still have the resources to support the summer activities this year. As a result, our facilities will be fully utilized for the summer Education and Visiting Research activities. As these and Resident Research remain core to the MBL mission, we feel confident we can weather this economic downturn and anticipate a brighter future.

—Mary B. Conrad financials 69 Operating History and Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2008 and 2007

BALANCE SHEET (In Thousands) 2008 2007

ASSETS: Cash and Cash Equivalents $3,180 $1,586 Pledges and Other Receivables 23,740 17,054 Assets Held by Bond Trustee - 695 Other Assets 1,630 747 Investments, at Fair Value 46,724 58,443 Property and Equipment, Net 50,578 51,626

TOTAL ASSETS 125,852 130,151

LIABILITIES: Accounts Payable 2,824 2,746 Line of Credit - - Annuities and Unitrusts Payable 555 547 Deferred Revenue and Other Liabilities 9,869 3,436 Long-Term Debt 33,335 34,000

Total Liabilities 46,583 40,729

NET ASSETS: Unrestricted 12,793 26,481 Temporarily Restricted 30,189 29,342 Permanently Restricted 36,287 33,599

Total Net Assets: 79,269 89,422

TOTAL LIABILITIES AND NET ASSETS $125,852 $130,151

OPERATING HISTORY (In Thousands)

OPERATING SUPPORT The financial statements of the Government Grants $14,297 $15,009 Marine Biological Laboratory for the fiscal year ending Private Contracts 4,252 2,437 December 31, 2008, Laboratory Rental and Net Tuition 1,888 1,358 were audited by Grant Thornton LLP. Fees for Conferences and Services 4,347 4,822

Contributions 10,732 16,341 Complete financial statements are Investment and Other Revenue 3,380 3,062 available upon request from:

Total Operating Support 38,896 43,029 Homer Lane Chief Financial Officer EXPENSES: MBL Research 23,741 20,574 7 MBL Street Visiting Research 4,049 3,793 Woods Hole, MA 02543 Instruction 8,273 7,978 Conferences and Services 3,117 3,665 Other Programs 1,961 1,793 The Operating and Balance Sheet Total Expenses 41,141 37,803 numbers shown here are unaudited.

CHANGES IN NET ASSETS BEFORE NONOPERATING ACTIVITY: (2,245) 5,226

Non-Operating Activities: Contributions to Plant and Other Expenses, Net 9,551 (951)

Total Investment Income and Earnings (14,879) 4,103 Less Investment Earnings Used for Operations (2,580) (2,207)

Reinvested Investment Earnings (17,459) 1,896

Cumulative Effect of Change in Accounting Principle (604)

TOTAL CHANGE IN NET ASSETS: ($10,153) $5,567 70 gifts

gifts

Eel Pond (P. Wilmot)

report of the development committee

I am pleased to report that 2008 was another record-breaking year for fundraising at the MBL, a remarkable achievement, especially in light of the weakening economy. Thanks to the dedication of our staff and volunteers and the generosity of our donors, the MBL raised $30,891,818 in private support, a 45% increase over our record-breaking achievement in 2007.

Chief among our donors was The Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), which awarded $15 million in support of the renovation of Loeb Laboratory, home of the MBL’s renowned life science training programs. HHMI has already committed $15 million in support of the MBL’s education program over the past decade, including their most recent pledge in 2007 of $4,000,000. It is truly an honor to receive this extra vote of confidence in the value of the MBL and its transformational training programs.

Record commitments were also made by individual donors in 2008. Patricia and Charles Robertson pledged $2,000,000, establishing the Robertson Education Discretionary Fund. MBL Trustee George Logan and his wife, Harmon, endowed the Science Journalism Program and supported the Annual Fund with a gift of $1,600,000, and an anonymous donor awarded $1,500,000 to support Women in Ecological Science.

Foundations that have been extremely generous to the MBL in the past returned in 2008 to support the ever innovative Bay Paul Center. The Alfred P. Sloan Foundation awarded $1,215,100 to Center Director, Mitchell Sogin, for research entitled, “The Rare Biosphere and the Human Habitat,” part of the International Census of Marine Microbes. In addition, the Bay and Paul Foundations awarded a $1,000,000 challenge grant to create the Faculty Support Endowment Fund. New foundations to the MBL showed their support in 2008 as well. The Harken Foundation of Chicago provided a challenge grant of $250,000 to help raise endowment for the Ecosystems Center’s Semester in Environmental Science Program for undergraduates. gifts 71

The year 2008 was also significant in the area of planned giving at the MBL. The legacy of two devoted MBL alumni and researchers, Arthur and Laura Colwin, continued with the receipt of a remarkable bequest valued at nearly $5,000,000.

Last year the Annual Fund saw a 47% increase, thanks to the inspired leadership of several board members. We hoped we could reproduce and even exceed those results in 2008. I am pleased to report that once again MBL Trustees, helped along by more than a thousand alumni, scientists and friends, made this happen with a record total of $957,764 in this all- important unrestricted category of funding. We look forward to breaking this record in 2009 by raising a landmark $1,000,000 for the Annual Fund. Therese Murray, Senator Robert O’Leary, Massachusetts Governor Deval Patrick (left) and As we reported last year, the MBL is in Eel Pond (P. Wilmot) Representatives Matthew Patrick and Eric MBL Director and CEO Gary Borisy discuss plans the early stages of a campaign to raise for the renovation of the Loeb Laboratory building. Turkington, and countless others from significant funds to advance initiatives in (T. Kleindinst) around the Commonwealth, a $10 million several important areas: Environment & authorization to fund infrastructure Human Well-Being, Discovery Research improvements in support of research & Education, Regenerative Biology & and education at the MBL was included Medicine, Capital Projects, and Annual in the legislation. On November 17, Operating Support. Many of these 2008, Governor Deval Patrick held a initiatives further our existing scientific press conference at the MBL to announce and educational goals, while others expand that the $10 million would be released our core expertise into new areas. Still in support of the renovation of Loeb others meld disciplines to tap emergent Laboratory. Speaking about the $1 billion discoveries. Between June of 2006 and the Massachusetts Life Sciences Act he said end of 2008, the MBL raised an astonishing he was “. . . delighted to see part of this $65 million in support of these important important funding put to use with the initiatives. vital research being done at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole.” Not included in the year-end figures was

another momentous achievement in This first year of my tenure as co-chair of the life of the institution. Thanks to the the Development Committee, along with efforts of Director and CEO Gary Borisy Chris Weld, has been a phenomenal one for and Director of Development and External MBL fundraising. I am proud of what we’ve Relations Pamela Hinkle, the MBL actively accomplished and wish to acknowledge sought support for its programs in the the superb work by the MBL’s Director and $1 billion Massachusetts Life Sciences CEO, Gary Borisy, the external relations bill that was signed into law on , staff, and my fellow Trustees. It is, however, 2008. With broad-reaching support from to our generous donors whose names legislators including Senate President appear on the following pages—as well as those who wish to remain anonymous— that I extend special thanks for your faith in, and ongoing support of, the Marine Biological Laboratory.

—Jeffrey Pierce, Co-Chair 72 gifts

major gifts

The MBL gratefully acknowledges the generous contributions of the individuals, foundations and companies who supported every aspect of our programs and operations in fiscal year 2008 (January 1, 2008 – December 31, 2008).

Gifts to MBL Programs $1,000,000 and up Candle House (B. Liles)

The Howard Hughes Medical Institute awarded challenge grant to create the Faculty Support $15 million for top-to-bottom renovations of the Endowment in the Bay Paul Center. Loeb Laboratory, home of the MBL’s renowned discovery courses. This award was leveraged through a $10 million commitment of state funds $100,000-$999,999 contained in the Massachusetts Life Sciences Act. The Ellison Medical Foundation provided $365,768 to A bequest of $4,950,000 from the Estate of Laura support the Colloquium on the Biology of Aging held Hunter Colwin was received in 2008. Laura and her August 20-22, 2008; and $208,762 for the Molecular husband Arthur Colwin were students at the MBL Biology of Aging course held August 4–22, 2008. in the 1930s who later married and returned to In 2008, the MBL continued conduct research at the MBL nearly every summer. to benefit from major The Burroughs Wellcome Fund granted $622,000 to In 2002 the Colwins made a gift of $2.3 million to support the Physiology course from 2008-2010, the multi-year gifts pledged establish the Laura and Arthur Colwin Endowed Molecular Mycology course from 2009-2011, and the in previous years from the Summer Research Fellowship Fund in the fields of 2008 Frontiers in Reproduction symposium. following: cell and developmental biology. The David and Lucile Packard Foundation awarded Anonymous (1) Patricia and Charles Robertson contributed $600,000 to support research by Ecosystems Center Burroughs Wellcome Fund $2,000,000 to establish the Robertson Education senior scientist Jerry Melillo on the impact of biofuels Dart Neuroscience LLC Discretionary Fund. Charles Robertson’s mother on global climate change. Davis Educational Foundation was a student and researcher at the MBL and The Ellison Medical Foundation Patricia Robertson is a member of the MBL Board Robert and Margot Haselkorn contributed $500,000 Audrey & Martin Gruss Foundation of Trustees, class of 2012. to the Faculty Support Endowment in the Bay Paul Hermann Foundation, Inc. Center, fulfilling one half of the matching gift The Howard Hughes Medical George and Harmon Logan pledged $1,500,000 requirement of the Bay and Paul Foundation grant Institute to endow the MBL’s Science Journalism Program listed previously. The Gruss Lipper Family which has been renamed in their honor. The Foundation program provides professional science journalists, The G. Unger Vetlesen Foundation renewed its grant of George and Harmon Logan editors, and broadcast journalists with the $350,000 to support the Bay Paul Center, MBL Marine Rowe Family Foundation opportunity to immerse themselves in the Resources operations, and provide unrestricted funds. Alfred P. Sloan Foundation processes of basic biomedical and ecosystems research. They pledged an additional $100,000 The G. Unger Vetlesen Foundation Porter W. Anderson, Jr. contributed $200,000 to the over four years to the Annual Fund. Directors Development Fund, Annual Fund, and the Bernard Davis Scholarship. An Anonymous donor contributed $1,500,000 to support Women in Ecological Science. MBL The George Frederick Jewett Foundation awarded Ecosystems senior scientist Zoe Cardon is the $150,000 to create the “Interoperability Digital initial recipient of this support. Library,” a project of the MBLWHOI Library to establish standards for data resources in the The Alfred P. Sloan Foundation awarded $1,215,100 disciplines of geosciences and biodiversity. for the period 2008-2010 to support research entitled “The Rare Biosphere and the Human Margaret C. and Francis P. Bowles pledged $130,000 to Habitat.” Mitchell Sogin, director of the MBL’s Bay the Semester in Environmental Science endowment. Paul Center, is the principal investigator of this study, which is part of the International Census of The Josephine and Louise Crane Foundation, Inc. Marine Microbes. awarded $100,000 to the Director’s Discretionary Fund. The Bay and Paul Foundations awarded $1,000,000 gifts 73

$10,000-$99,999 Edward R. and Gloria A. Leadbetter Mary George Laszlo and Joyce Lorand Martha J. Gillis American Society for Biochemistry and The Parasol Tahoe Community Foundation Joan R. Golden Molecular Biology, Inc. Edward Rastetter and Karen Hendrickson Rina Goldman The American Society for Cell Biology The Rockefeller University Press Ethan Goldstine American Society for Reproductive Medicine Paul R. Schloerb Bruce and Mary Goodman David Bulloch Society of General Physiologists Philip and Carol Greco Cobalt Technologies Inc. Abraham Spector and Marguerite B. Filson William H. and Margaret J. Greer Candle House (B. Liles) David and Patty Cohen Ann E. Stuart and John W. Moore Linda L. and Stephen A. Greyser Sally Cross Sugar, Friedberg & Felsenthal Gustav Grosch and Jane Kulesza Peter and Ginny Foreman Andrew and Ursula Szent-Györgyi Paul and Mona Gross Susan Gerbi-McIlwain Technic, Inc. Debra Tumbula Hansen Estate of William T. Golden Volker and Mary Ulbrich Kristen Harris and Max Snodderly The Grass Foundation Estate of Claude A. Villee, Jr. Mary Harris Paul B. Lazarow Christopher M. and Susanna B. Weld Peter Hartline and Rebecca Kucera Merck & Company Inc. Woods Hole Foundation, Inc. Janet M. Harvey Nikon Instruments, Inc. Pamela D. Harvey Keith R. Porter Endowment for Cell Biology Sally Hauck William Townsend Porter Foundation Up to $1,000 Joseph Heitman Marius A. Robinson Robert and Taska Hener Society for Developmental Biology, Inc. Anonymous (2) Michael and Donna Herlihy Society for Neuroscience Irwin and Katherine Abrams Caitlin E. Hicks Raymond E. Stephens Arax Balakian Pamela C. and Gregory J. Hinkle Albert J. Stunkard and Margaret S. Maurin Susan M. Barnes Eleanor Bronson Hodge William H. Telfer Diana C. Bartelt Gerald J. and Jane L. Holtz Elia Ben-Ari Jennifer M. Huettner Everett and Anne Bergman Hunter College $5,000-$9,999 Scott Blum Ralph and Joyce Hurvitz Brenda J. Bodian Deborah Hyland Anonymous (1) Gloria S. Borgese David Isenberg and Paula Blumenthal Margaret C. and Francis P. Bowles Elizabeth H. Burrows Kenneth Jackson The Company of Biologists Limited Shirley Businski Richard and Kathleen Jaeger Federation of American Society for Experimental William and Geraldine Butman Mari N. Jensen and Karl W. Flessa Biology Robert H. and Myra S. Carrier Barbara Woll Jones Mayer and Morris Kaplan Colleen M. Cavanaugh and Brewster Kahle and Mary Austin Allan Keith Philip M. Gschwend Freda Kaminer Edward Bangs Kelley and Elza Kelley Children’s School of Science, Inc. Richard F. Karger Foundation, Inc. David Clarke Doreen R. Kelly Walter E. and Shirley A. Massey Mort and Susan Cohan James and Paula Kemler Edward D. and Nancy M. Salmon Joel and Helen Cohen Robert P. King Byron and Joyce Waksman Barbara A. Colburn Kevin M. Kingsland Rebecca Coleman Jason Krumholz and Emily Manz $1,000-$4,999 Margaret S. Cooper Kyeng Gea Lee Marie Cordner Janet Miller Levie Anonymous (1) Molly N. Cornell Jack and Francine Levin Constance M. and Dean C. Allard John and Gwen Daniels James and Cynthia Limberakis MBL Associates Alvin and Hsiao Eng Edgar Lockwood and Claire Cohen Cape Cod Five Cents Savings Bank Gabriella J. Engelhart Louise M. Luckenbill Cardinal Brook Trust Stephen A. and Denise P. Fiedler Mary Malloy Stephen and Lois Eisen John Fleischman Diann and Thomas Mann Episcopal Church Women of St. Michael’s Mark and Ellen Floyd Robin Marantz Henig Prosser and Shirley Gifford Ted and Harriet Fredman Donald and Laurie McEnery Harmony Glazebrook Friedberg Properties & Associates Jay and Phyllis Mehlman Carmela J. Huettner Marvin and Rivka Friedman Jerry and Lalise Melillo Shinya and Sylvia Inoué Ichiro Fujita David A. and Virginia I. Miller Eugene and Evelyn Garnett Margery J. Milne Kevin L. and Sallie D. Lake 74 gifts

T. Richardson Miner and Bobbie Loop Prudence B. Reynolds Greg and Kay Tuber Steven D. Mirsky David and Rosemary Roberts John J. and Frederica W. Valois Peter and Olga Mitchell Priscilla F. Roslansky Angela C. Vincent Jean and John Monahan Rivka Rudner Carol A. and Stephen P. Wagner Mary Louise Montgomery Michael G. Ryan and Linda A. Joyce Mary J. Walsh Victoria L. Nelson Joseph W. and Jean M. Sanger Leonard and Eve Warren Jean Nolan Satterlee, Stephens, Burke & Burke John Waterbury and Vicky Cullen North Star Financial Services Corporation Anne W. Sawyer Herbert M. Weiss Catherine N. Norton Mary M. Scanlan Gerald and Ann Weissmann William and Sarah Odenkirk Jeffrey Schell Robert H. Werner Thomas J. Oleksyk Mary E. Schiffman Martin Wild Emily Fowler Omura Jerome and Bernice Segal John and Patty Wineman Iris M. Ornberg Sheldon J. and Harriet F. Segal Steven and Dorothy Zottoli Sophie S. Parker Joseph and Carolyn Shannon Carolyn Partan Gaius and Eleanore Shaver Gifts in Kind Thomas Patterson and Lucy Bartlett Richard and Elizabeth Shriner Elizabeth Pennisi Arthur and Frances Silverstein Fine Science Tools Francine Perler Rosanne Skirble Holmes and McGrath, Inc. Olivia R. Petrasch George and Joyce Smith Lionel and Miriam Jaffe Robert B. and Evelyn M. Pharr Linda Sommer Roger D. and Marianne F. Milkman Leslie and Donna Pinsof John and Evelyn Steele Patricia and Charles Robertson Shirley Raps Eleanor Stern Priscilla F. Roslansky Matthew Reardon Aron and Irene Szulman Graham Redinger Amy Townsend-Small Michael J. Renner (T. Kleindinst) (T. gifts 75

Gifts to Fellowships and Scholarships

Scholarships and fellowships enable the MBL to stay competitive by attracting and supporting top flight researchers and students. We gratefully acknowledge donors of the following funds in 2008.

Robert Day Allen Fellowship Benjamin Kaminer Scholarship Society of General Physiologists Scholarships Joseph W. and Jean M. Sanger Paul and Mona Gross Society of General Physiologists

American Society for Cell Biology Fred Karush Endowed Library Semester in Environmental Sciences Fund Summer Research Awards Readership Fund Stephen and Lois Eisen The American Society for Cell Biology Joseph W. and Jean M. Sanger Peter and Ginny Foreman Bruce and Mary Goodman Frederik B. and Betsy G. Bang Fellowship Fund Hartline MacNichol Fellowship Mayer and Morris Kaplan Jack and Francine Levin Peter Hartline and Rebecca Kucera Richard F. Karger North Star Financial Services Corporation Bernard Davis Scholarship Fund James A. and Faith Miller Fellowship Fund Leslie and Donna Pinsof Porter W. Anderson, Jr. Janet Miller Levie Sugar, Friedberg & Felsenthal David A. and Virginia I. Miller Greg and Kay Tuber Eugene Floyd DuBois Memorial Fund Margery J. Milne John and Patty Wineman Children’s School of Science, Inc. Mark and Ellen Floyd Mountain Memorial Fund The Evelyn and Melvin Spiegel Harmony Glazebrook Constance M. and Dean C. Allard Fellowship Fund William H. and Margaret J. Greer Brenda J. Bodian Jack and Francine Levin Janet M. Harvey Joseph W. and Jean M. Sanger Pamela D. Harvey Nikon Fellowship Barbara Woll Jones Nikon Instruments, Inc. Burr and Susie Steinbach Fellowship Edgar Lockwood and Claire Cohen Volker and Mary Ulbrich Mary Louise Montgomery William Townsend Porter Scholarship Emily Fowler Omura William Townsend Porter Foundation Horace W. Stunkard Scholarship Olivia R. Petrasch Albert J. Stunkard and Margaret S. Maurin Satterlee, Stephens, Burke & Burke MBL Logan Science Journalism Program John J. and Frederica W. Valois American Society for Biochemistry & Eva Szent-Györgyi Scholarship Molecular Biology, Inc. Freda Kaminer Daniel S. and Edith T. Grosch Scholarship Fund The American Society for Cell Biology Laszlo and Joyce Lorand Gustav Grosch and Jane Kulesza Elia Ben-Ari Joseph W. and Jean M. Sanger David Bulloch Andrew and Ursula Szent-Györgyi Aline D. Gross Scholarship Federation of American Society for Young Scholars Program Paul and Mona Gross Experimental Biology Cardinal Brook Trust Freda Kaminer John Fleischman Technic, Inc. Pamela C. and Gregory J. Hinkle Howard Hughes Medical Institute IBRO Scholarships for Advanced Mari N. Jensen and Karl W. Flessa Neuroscience Courses Robert P. King Society for Neuroscience George and Harmon Logan Robin Marantz Henig Holger and Friederun Jannasch Scholarship Steven D. Mirsky in Microbial Diversity Elizabeth Pennisi Debra Tumbula Hansen Rosanne Skirble Edward R. and Gloria A. Leadbetter Society for Neuroscience Francine Perler Byron and Joyce Waksman Michael J. Renner 76 gifts

Gifts to MBL Annual Fund

Through their annual unrestricted gifts, MBL Associates enable the MBL to cover costs not met by grants and fees, seed key strategic initiatives, and provide important bridge funding. In addition, Associates volunteer to operate the MBL Gift Shop, volunteer as public tour guides, and sponsor community and fundraising events.

The Chairman’s Circle Laurie J. Landeau and Robert J. Maze Associates $25,000 or more Walter E. and Shirley A. Massey Executive Board Miriam and David Mauzerall Martha W. and William C. Cox Jean W. Pierce Ruth Ann Laster, Co-President Marjorie B. Salmon, Co-President Paul R. Dupee, Jr. Robert A. Prendergast Michael Fenlon, Vice President George and Harmon Logan Patricia and Charles Robertson Linda L. Greyser, Secretary Jeffrey and Margaret Pierce Edward and Louise Tsoi Gerard L. Swope, Treasurer George and Kathy Putnam Joan Wheeler Charles and Phyllis Rosenthal Gloria S. Borgese John and Valerie Rowe The Lillie Society Cynthia D. Eaton Matthew and Peggy Winkler $2,500-$4,999 Margaret J. Gifford Thomas F. Gregg Nina Whitney Hocker Douglas F. and Sarah H. Allison Barbara Woll Jones The Director’s Circle David and Sandra Bakalar Robert King $10,000-$24,999 John and Lisa Batter Sidney Knowles Joshua and Lisa Bernstein Alan R. Silver Anonymous (1) Ed and Amy Brakeman Carol A. Wagner John Weyand Alison S. and Robert H. Ament James F. and Patricia A. Case Porter W. Anderson, Jr. Eloise E. Clark Alexis Borisy and Lia Meisinger James M. and Ruth C. Clark ex officio members Gary G. Borisy and Sally M. Casper Bernice Cramer and Paul Friedman Margaret C. and Francis P. Bowles Sally Cross Gary G. Borisy, Director and CEO, MBL Mary and Jonathan Conrad David and Susan Hibbitt John W. Rowe, Chairman of the Board of Trustees, MBL William and Lauren Huyett Shinya and Sylvia Inoué Joan V. Ruderman, President of the Corporation, MBL Kurt J. and Rhoda S. Isselbacher M Howard and Frances F. Jacobson Associates Administrator H.F. Lenfest Barbara Woll Jones Susan Joslin Ronald P. and Karen E. O’Hanley Eric Larson and Barbara Wu Vincent J. Ryan and Carla E. Meyer Anna and Tom Lawson Walter J. and Marjorie B. Salmon Michael T. and Jean M. Martin James and Mary Sharp Richard S. and Susan G. Morse Jacqueline N. Simpkins Saul and Sally Pannell MBL Associates William Speck and Evelyn Lipper Frederick H. and Kristene F. Pierce Gift Shop Volunteers Elaine Troll Robert W. and Carroll C. D. Pierce Christopher M. and Susanna B. Weld Thomas D. and Patricia S. Pollard Avis Blomberg Douglas R. and Virginia M. Shanklin Frances E. Eastman Mitchell Sogin and Laurel Miller Meryl Langbort The President’s Club Gerard and Mary Swope Florence E. Mixer Cynthia C. Smith $5,000-$9,999 John F. Swope Karen and Thomas Tierney Norman and Diane Bernstein Gerald and Ann Weissmann Richard B. and Marcia H. DeWolfe William and Linda Zammer John E. and Judith F. Dowling Sibyl R. Golden Kenneth and Nelda Johns Stephen M. and Cynthia R. Krane gifts 77

The Whitman Society $1,000-$2,499 ______David C. and Patricia S. Gadsby Roger D. and Marianne F. Milkman Life Members Charles M. Ganson Gerrish H. Milliken Julie S. and Frank M. Child Sallie A. Giffen Ralph and Muriel Mitchell J. Woodland and Hanna Hastings Prosser and Shirley Gifford Merle and Lorraine Mizell William Jeffery and Meredith Yeager-Jeffery Alfred L. and Joan H. Goldberg Ambrose and Lili Monell Hans Laufer Anne E. and Robert D. Goldman John W. Moore and Ann E. Stuart ______Timothy H. and Mary Helen M. Goldsmith Moïse and Phyllis Goldstein Hiroko Naka Louise Adler Ann B. Goodman and Arthur B. Pardee Toshio and Kyoko Narahashi James L. and Helene M. Anderson Susan and Thomas Goux John M. and Linda C. Nelson Margaret T. and Peter B. Armstrong Philip Grant Peter and Virginia Nicholas Samuel C. and Elizabeth F. Armstrong Michael J. and Rebecca H. Greenberg Peter A. Nickerson Clay M. Armstrong and Mary Greer Clara Franzini-Armstrong William H. and Margaret J. Greer James L. Olds and Robin E. Buckley Elizabeth and Garfield Arthur Thomas F. and Virginia C. Gregg R. Dana and Anne Ono Linda L. and Stephen A. Greyser Robert and Harriet Baker Paul and Mona Gross George and Bernice Pappas David Baltimore and Alice Huang Philip and Bertha Person Robert B. and Patricia A. Barlow Joshua and Melissa Hamilton Frank and Billie Press Frederick and Christine Bay Susan M. Harding John S. and Martha S. Price William and Paula Beers Margot and Robert Haselkorn Millicent Bell Synnova Hayes Michael and Diane Rabinowitz George and Harriet Berkowitz Diane E. Heck Peter and Elizabeth Renaghan Kerry Bloom and Elaine Yeh Howard H. Hiatt Harris and Jeanne Ripps Elisabeth M. Buck Pamela C. and Gregory J. Hinkle Marius A. Robinson Gail D. Burd and John G. Hildebrand John and Olivann Hobbie Jack and Rosalyn Rosenbluth Max M. Burger Timothy and Mary Hunt Edward S. and Susie W. Rowland Richard and Nonnie Burnes Hugh E. and Frances M. Huxley Joan V. and Gerald S. Ruderman

R. Andrew and Barbara Cameron Mary D. Janney Edward D. and Nancy M. Salmon Malcolm and Jeanne Campbell Robert A. and Diane B. Jaye Audrey M. Schneiderman Richard L. and Alice M. Chappell Cecily Cannan Selby Elena Citkowitz and Joseph Hoffman Freda Kaminer Harriet S. and Howard E. Shapiro Alexander W. Clowes and Morris and Shirley Karnovsky Alan R. and Phyllis J. Silver Susan E. Detweiler Richard G. Kessel Stephen A. and Bonnie W. Simon Margaret Clowes Alexander and Malka Keynan Jennifer Sorenti Mary Clutter A. Sidney and Alice Knowles Evelyn and Melvin Spiegel Paul Colinvaux and Llewellya Hillis Masakazu Konishi Corinne Steel Joseph T. Coyle, M.D. Hans and Donna Kornberg Malcolm S. and Marjorie E. Steinberg Thomas and Geraldine Crane Joseph T. and Carol G. Stewart Stephen D. and Beth G. Crocker The Honorable John and Alfred and Dorothy Stracher Mrs. Marnie Langford Donata O. and William M. Sugden Eric H. Davidson Nancy Norman Lassalle Paul J. and Maria S. De Weer Leonard and Ruth Ann Laster Edwin and Heather Taylor Leyla deToledo-Morrell Millie Lerner Birgit R. and Werner R. Loewenstein and Karen Dell and Natalie Aronson Laszlo and Joyce Lorand Leonard and Eve Warren A. Verdi and Parvin S. Farmanfarmaian William K. and Winnie C. Mackey Clare Waterman and Gloria Ward Michael Fenlon and Linda Sallop Luigi Mastroianni and Earl Weidner Christine Marie Field and Elaine Pierson-Mastroianni The Adam J. Weissman Foundation Timothy Mitchison Nawrie Meigs-Brown and David Brown Annette L. Williamson Chris and Cathy Frederickson Matthew S. Meselson and Dyann and Peter Wirth Ruth E. Fye Jeanne Guillemin-Meselson Richard P. and Katherine W. Mellon Jason and Jennifer Meyers 78 gifts

Benefactor Patron $500-$999 $100-$499

Anonymous (1) Anonymous (1) Donald R. and Ann W. Aukamp Donald A. and Barbara R. Abt Mark and Mary Anne Alliegro Edward Barker David S. and Beverly K. Ament Thomas P. and Jane W. Bleck Michael and Marie Angelini Thomas C. and Elizabeth D. Bolton Bryan and Donna Arling Gloria S. Borgese Duncan P. and Dorothy D. Aspinwall Darryl and Janet Buckingham Jelle Atema

Carolyn Cohen David S. and Nancy C. Babin Harry F. Conner and Carol E. Scott-Conner Spencer L. Baird and Judy P. Spencer Charles Crane and Wendy Breuer John M. and Carol T. Baitsell Hope Baker Robert C. and Ellen L. DeGroof Talbot Baker Susan Dillmann John E. and Helen V. Barnes Barbara-Anne Battelle and James Alligood Barbara E. Ehrlich Bruce Beal and Francis Cunningham David and Lois Epel John Beckerle Marlene and George Belfort Ariana Fairbanks Thomas and Mary Jo Benjamin David and Doris Fausch Olive C. Beverly Peter S. Feibleman Francisco Bezanilla George H. Billings Joseph G. Gall and Diane M. Dwyer Maks and Naomi Birnbach Paul K. Goldsmith Dieter and Gigi Blennemann Charlotte O. Goodwin David and Marla Bodznick Barbara Grossman Kendall B. and Karin A. Bohr Wilmot) (P. Andrew and Jeanne Borgese John and Mary Ellen Harrington M. Kathryn and Thomas Brown Volunteer Tour Guides William A. Haskins JoAnn Buchanan and Stephen Smith Gary and Nancy Hayward John E. and Sally S. Burris Barbara Bauer Kenneth Holden and Frances McGuire Arnold H. and Ruth B. Burrough William Bell Harold L. and Joan N. Burstyn Gloria Borgese Edward A. and Kathryn F. Kravitz Peter Caleshu Graciela C. Candelas Theresa Campbell Joel and Gail Leavitt Zoe and Andrew Cardon Ellen Citron Geraldine J. Casper George Citron Robert E. and Marjorie J. Mainer Joseph D. Cassidy Pat Cowan John and Judy McCarter The Chapin School Nancy Fraser Richard B. and Priscilla P. McElvein Ann P. and James M. Cleary Joyce Gallagher Jane A. McLaughlin Laurence P. and Katharine B. Cloud Lincoln Kraeuter Shuya Meguro Eric P. and Christine Cody Meryl Langbort Thomas J. and Susan R. Miller R. John and Joan M. Collier Charlie Mahoney Peter and Susan Connolly Joseph Messina Abigail Norman Nathaniel S. and Catherine Coolidge Bill Phillips John O. and Yuemei G. Corliss Sheila Silverberg Frederick S. Peters William and Sally Coughlin Mary Ulbrich William A. Putnam, III Robert A. and Patrica J. Cowan John Valois Catherine B. Cramer Irving W. Rabb Marilyn E. and J. Sterling Crandall Gorham L. and Joan R. Cross Howard K. and Ethel L. Schachman Prince S. Crowell, III John H. and M. Evelyn Steele Edward and Anne Stimpson Giuseppe and Mirella D’Alessio Graham C. Davis Richard S. Taylor Roger S. and Marcia Davis Nigel and Leila Daw John J. and Frederica W. Valois Joseph P. Day Joe DeGiorgis Louis Wells and Ellen Seidensticker Wolf-Dietrich Dettbarn Leslie J. and Elizabeth M. Wilson Ellen Donaldson Kathrin Winkler and Angus Campbell Barbara J. Douglass gifts 79

Arthur B. and Roberdeau C. DuBois Beverly and Paul Jacobson Jennifer R. Morgan Mark and Lorraine S. Duewiger Gary and Susan Jacobson James T. Morris Philip B. Dunham and Gudrun Bjarnarson Ernest G. and Pauline B. Jaworski Hilary and Archie Morrison Elizabeth Jonas and Thomas Eisen Day O. and Kathie C. Mount Cynthia D. Eaton Margaret H. and DeWitt C. Jones Xavier J. and Betty C. Musacchia Hoyt and Deborah Ecker Robert K. Josephson Kenneth T. and Kathryn H. Edds Sally S. and Ramsey E. Joslin John E. and Ethel H. Naugle Frank Egloff, II Phil Nehro Lincoln and Ruth Ekstrom Melanie Karp Margaret C. Nelson and Ronald R. Hoy Gordon W. and Joyce M. Ellis Michael Kauffman Pamela Nelson and Christopher Olmsted Paul T. Englund and Christine S. Schneyer Richard and Cynthia Kendall David L. and Linda D. Newton Doris W. Epstein Louis and Brenda Kerr Santo V. Nicosia Thomas E. and Helen H. Evans Nasim Khan Alexey L. Khodjakov Rudolf and Nannette Oldenbourg Donald Faber Betsy King Janice S. Olszowka Patricia M. Failla David and Camilla King James G. Ottos Jerome and Barbara Fanger Gilbert and Katharine King Martha S. Ferguson Richard and Reta King Carolyn Partan Barry William Festoff Robert and Virginia King Leonard M. Passano Don and Joyce Filiault Peter Kivy and Joan Pearlman Kay Pechilis Max and Martha Fink Paul and Virginia Knaplund John W. and Cecilia H. Pehle Rachel D. Fink Andrew M. Kropinski and Peggy A. Pritchard Robert H. and Pamela D. Pelletreau Elizabeth Fowler and James Parmentier Kiyoshi Kusano John B. and Barbara M. Peri Elizabeth and Richard Frank Helen and David Piwnica-Worms Frank and Agnes Franklin Aimlee and Ezra Laderman David E. and Jeanette Pleasure Arthur and Linda Freeman Yolanda C. Landrau George H. and Louann S. Plough Larry Jay Friedman George M. and Sylvia T. Langford David W. and Jennifer O. Pogue Robert A. and Jessica R. Frosch Susan Laster and Terry Little Jeanne S. Poindexter John J. and Avery T. Funkhouser Marian E. LeFevre Aubrey and Margareta B. Pothier David P. Lenzi Ronald J. Przybylski L. Patrick Gage Jack and Francine Levin Harold and Ruth Gainer Raymond J. Lipicky James P. and Joan M. Quigley Frank and Joyce Gallagher Jennifer Lippincott-Schwartz Neil K. Quinn James and Nancy Galloway Eve and Ted Lippold David and Andrea Garber John E. and Natasha C. Lisman Willis and Joan Reals Rita and Leslie Garrick Barbara C. Little Virginia R. Reynolds C. Vernon Gaw William and Noelle Locke William S. and Catherine A. Reznikoff Hugh H. Gibbons Irving and Huguette London John and Sandra Richardson Barbara B. Glade Frank J. and Kathryn L. Longo John and Joan Ripple David L. Glanzman Albert and Barbara Loring Jean Roberts Mary Goldman and Debra Weiner Victoria H. and Francis C. Lowell Phillip and Anne Robertson Maria Gomez and Enrico Nasi Craig Lyons Dana and Alison Rodin J. Frederick and Judith P. Grassle Lawrence C. and Victoria H. Rome Newton and Evelyn Gresser Phyllis M. MacNeil Priscilla F. Roslansky Alexandre Grigorovitch Douglas G. Mann and Jane G. Schweitzer John D. and Martha A. Ross Albert and Sondra Grossman Bernard and Isabelle Manuel Nechama Lasser-Ross and William Ross Howard I. Grossman James Marcello Rudi and Hanna Rottenfusser Ronald and Barbara Marcks Lewis P. and Esther E. Rowland John and Sandra Halsey Dawn Morin Marick Shirley Rubinow-Friedman Benjamin and Judith Handelman Julian B. and Priscilla K. Marsh Lucinda A Rudin Clifford V. Harding, Jr. Lowell V. and Ann J. Martin William and Andrea Rugh Clifford V. Harding and Mina K. Chung Natalie N. Mather Norman B. and Nancy M. Rushforth Stephen Coplan Harrison Dorothea J. Mautner Janet M. Harvey Robert McIntire Anne W. Sawyer Marian and Edmund Hazzard Michael and Lyn McNaught Shirley W. Scaife Peter K. and Margaret H. Hepler Rebecca W. Meigs Herbert Schuel Richard W. and Susan D. Hill Martin Mendelson Lawrence Schwartz and Carol Bigelow Howard D. Hinkle Irene H. Mentzel Sheldon J. and Harriet F. Segal Nina W. and Andrew C. Hocker Carmen Merryman Robert and Carole Seidler Eleanor Bronson Hodge Richard and Phyllis Meyers Deborah G. Senft Betsy and John Honey Nancy and Richard Milburn Sol Sepsenwol Mary B. Hubbard Ricardo and Mela Miledi Kathleen Lake Shaw Lindsey Humes David A. and Virginia I. Miller Padraic J. Shay Joan Hunt Yiannis Monovoukas David and Marilyn Sheprow Thomas and Nicole Hynes Robert and Maura Morey Osamu and Akemi Shimomura 80 gifts

Bertram and Dorothy Silver Sponsor Michael and Bridget Gabriel Jacquelyn Joseph-Silverstein and (up to $100) Mordecai L. and Elinor R. Gabriel Roy Silverstein Thomas Gewecke Roger D. and Carol J. Sloboda Anonymous (2) William and Nancy Gilbane Greenfield and Patrica Sluder Robin Ackroyd Bruce and Gael Gilmore Cynthia C. Smith Lea H. Adelstein Josef Goldufsky Frederick E. and Marguerite A. Smith Donald and Judith Allen Gabrielle B. Goode Paul F. and Mary L. Smith Nina Stromgren Allen Sarah C. Goodrich Thomas F. and Anne W. Snyder Fred and Peggy Alsup Muriel Gould David B. Space and Linda A. Jarvis Elane M. Arnold Louise and Jim Graham Helen Spaulding June and Joseph Atwood Roger K. Graham John and Cathleen Speer John J. and Lorraine S. Aziz Deborah A. and Anthony D. Green Norman Stearns and Irma Mann Dusan Stefoski Daniel Barnett Matt Hackenberg Alan and Sala Steinbach Jane A. Berger and Roger O. Gittines Ronald J. Haley Andreas C. Stemmer Ethel E. Bishop Pamela D. Harvey William K. and Jane B. Stephenson Lawrence and Sandy Bornstein Dorothy Haugaard Judith G. Stetson Joyce Bottum David S. Hays James M. and Joly Stewart Anthony and Elizabeth Briana Rodney Hinkle and Kristin Moritz Elijah Stommel and Jasmin Bihler Gurdon S. Buck Mark Hollander Albert J. Stunkard and Margaret S. Maurin Joseph W. Burke Gerald J. and Jane L. Holtz Mutsuyuki and Shirley Sugimori George and Yara Cadwalader Jon Honea Walter Sullivan Anita B. Horn William C. and Karen A. Summers Susan Cartland-Bode Jane Chance Jayne Iafrate and Barbara Stephens Margaret W. Taft Maria E. Clark Mary J. Talbot John M. and Theresa M. Clarkin Lionel and Miriam Jaffe Martha E. Tarafa Janet Clay Edward and Jeannine James Peter Tassia and Maija Lutz Bruce S. Cohen William H. Telfer Elizabeth Ann Cohen Harry S. Kahn W. Nicholas and Joan I. Thorndike Seymour S. Cohen Jane C. Kaltenbach-Townsend Mary Meigs Thorne Katherine Coleman Edna S. Kaneshiro Emil D. and Eleanor H. Tietje Anita Corliss Patricia E. Keoughan John Tochko and Christina Myles-Tochko Melvin C. and Margery L. Crain John M. and Louise Kingsbury Noah and Janet Totten Dorothy L. Crossley Mark D. Kirk David M. and Jeanne D. Travis Paul Cruikshank Susan Kohn Steven and Joanne Treistman Natalie Trousof Joel P. and Ruth H. Davis Gail Larsen-MacPhee Kenyon and Joan Tweedell Byram Dickes Vanessa LeFevre Michael and Frances Tytell Virginia A. and Richard C. Dierker Stephen B. and Barbara K. Leighton Cindy Driscoll Janet Miller Levie Garret VanWart Henry and Marilyn P. Dudley James and Cynthia Limberakis Richard and Dorothy Verney Richard and Kathi Dwelle Lennart and Ann Lindberg Joseph and Lorraine Viglione Stephen J. Lipson Early Learning of Medfield, Inc. Edward Locke Carol A. and Stephen P. Wagner Peggy Edds-Walton and William Walton Susan Loucks Byron and Joyce Waksman George and Sally Edmonds Estelle P. Warner Frank Egloff Margaret M. MacLeish Talbot H. Waterman Barbara B. Espey Robert P. Malchow Annemarie Weber Gordon C. Estabrooks Frank and Ose Manheim Frances Weiffenbach Educational Tours John and Barbara Weyand Falmouth Newcomers Club Jack Martinelli and Nancy Couts Paul S. and Barbara B. Wheeler Ruth Alice Fitz Joseph and Connie Martyna Konrad Wiese John W. Fleeger Rita W. Mathews Roland and Nancy Wigley John H. Ford Derek and Nancy McDonald Clare M. Wilber John Forte David and Cynthia McGrath Gerrard Wilson Alvin K. Fossner Gary McHatton Helen and Albert Wilson Ivy Frances Cornelia Hanna McMurtrie Beatrice and Jonathan Wittenberg Nancy and Joseph Fraser Samuel C. McMurtrie Nancy Woitkoski Krystyna Frenkel Alexander Meigs-Rives Paul J. and Patricia S. Freyheit John W. Mills William Fuqua Florence E. Mixer Hazime Mizoguchi Bunnie Rose Zigman Stephen A. and Marjorie H. Moore Joshua J. Zimmerberg and Teresa L.Z. Jones Thomas C. and Elizabeth D. Moseley Steven and Dorothy Zottoli Wallace H. Myers gifts 81

Eleanor M. Nace Alice H. van Buren Iris Nelson Arthur D. and Joanne R. Voorhis David J. Newton Eliot Nierman Ann Wadsworth Anna E. Nimeskern Irving and Vida Wagner Thomas and Virginia Noyes Federick Ward Margery and Herman Ward Tim and Mercedes O’Connor Alice Sara Weiss Renee Bennett O’Sullivan Phyllis R. Wendorff Nancy Jo Weston Richard and Barbara Palson Steven Wilson Nicholas and Carmela Pantazis T. Hastings and Dorothy M. Wilson Charles and Patricia P. Parmenter H. Kern Wisner Barbara Jane Parpart Charles R. and Ellen G. Wyttenbach Joyce S. Pendery Niles and Mary Peterson George and Miriam Yevick William G. Phillips Albert and Lorraine Piccirilli Daniel A. and Linda K. Pollen Nancy R. Pollis Christian Putnam

Luciana Rava, M.D. Fred J. and Catherine E. Ravens Lisa Repko Lockwood and Mary Rianhard Andrea Ricca Mary Elizabeth Rice Robert V. Rice Frederick R. and Kathryn G. Rickles Alison A. Robb Nichlas Romano Virginia F. Ross Ann L. Russell Dorothy C. Ryder

Richard Sailor and Mary Johnston Ruth L. Saz Thomas and Judith Sbarra Mary L. Scalera Patrick Schaefer Mary E. Schiffman Paul R. Schloerb Barbara Schmitt Hilda Scire Elouise C. Scott E. Frances Shepherd Carmen S. Soto Louise M. Specht Edward A. and Barbara C. Spiegel Dorothy N. Swanson

Marvin L. and Betsy C. Tanzer Wilmot) (P. Belle K. Taylor Edwin H. and Priscilla S. Tebbetts Roselle L. Tharion Mary F. Toomey William and Belle Traver Louis C. and Lee R. Turner 82 gifts

MBL Gala Gifts to MBL Alumni Fund

The MBL wishes to thank the following sponsors, table MBL alumni and faculty from 42 states and 11 countries made hosts, benefactors, and all of our concert patrons who gifts to the Alumni Fund to support students in the 2008 MBL made the 2008 MBL Gala a fabulous success. Proceeds discovery courses. We are deeply grateful for their support and congratulate those celebrating milestone anniversaries for their from the Gala went to the Annual Fund. successful efforts to underwrite current students.

Lead Sponsors Anniversary Volunteers Shawmut Design and Construction, Inc. Tsoi/Kobus & Associates, Inc. Edward M. Blumenthal, Neurobiology, 1988 John L. Brubacher, Embryology, 2003 Sponsors Karen Crawford, Embryology, 1983 John and Valerie Rowe Amy S. Gladfelter, Physiology, 1998 HUB International, Ltd. Eric R. James, Biology of Parasitism, 1988 Richard W. Linck, Physiology, 1968 Table Hosts E. M. Martini, X-Invertebrate Zoology, 1973 Gary Borisy and Sally Casper Leonard E. Mindich, Embryology, 1958 Robert and Margot Haselkorn Kimberly S. Paul, Biology of Parasitism, 1998 George and Harmon Logan Jennifer L. Raymond, Neural Systems & Behavior, 1988 Multihull Development, Inc. Mari T. Scheiffele, Neurobiology, 1998 Jeff and Meg Pierce Terrence J. Sejnowski, Neurobiology, 1978 Dyann and Peter Wirth Ben G. Szaro, Embryology, 1978 Anthony Vattay, Physiology, 1988 Benefactors Carrie A. Williams, Neural Systems & Behavior, 2003 CCS, Inc. M. Jade Zee, Neural Systems & Behavior, 1998 Loomis Sayles & Company W.B. Mason Norman and Diane Bernstein Anniversary Classes William Speck and Evelyn Lipper Stephen and Bonnie Simon 1958 Marie A. DiBerardino, Embryology In-Kind Donations Robert A. Goyer, Physiology Tammy Bowman, Casablanca Florals Leonard E. Mindich, Embryology Jay Hedlund, Falmouth Wine and Spirits Roland R. Rueckert, Physiology Sue Hobart, Hobart’s Fine Florals Walter H. Troffkin, Embryology Mary LaVoie, Lawrence Gardens Joseph W. Vanable, Embryology Lori Muschko and Donna Xenakis, Falmouth Florist Leon Weiss, Embryology Allen W. Digravio-Rush, Allen’s House of Flowers, Inc. Sodexo 1968 Noah Totten, John’s Liquors Sarah E. Hitchcock-DeGregori, Physiology Richard W. Linck, Physiology Drew M. Noden, Embryology William K. Plunkett, Physiology David R. Samols, Embryology Martha M. Sorenson, Physiology Walter F. Stafford, Physiology

1978 Jose E. Garcia-Arraras, Neurobiology James A. Grifo, Physiology Laurinda A. Jaffe, Physiology Barry E. Kosofsky, Embryology Birgit R. Loewenstein, Embryology gifts 83

Joan Mattson, Physiology Bruce L. Mehler, Neural Systems & Behavior Timothy Otter, Physiology Jerome Pine, Neurobiology Neal E. Ready, Neural Systems & Behavior Anne M. Schneiderman, Neurobiology Terrence J. Sejnowski, Neurobiology Norman L. Stockbridge, Neurobiology Charles H. Sullivan, Physiology Ben G. Szaro, Embryology Laurie Tompkins, Neural Systems & Behavior Nancy L. Wanek, Embryology Aguan D. Wei, Neural Systems & Behavior

1983 Kleindinst) (T. Elayne Bornslaeger-Bednar, Physiology Karen Crawford, Embryology Dirk Dobbelaere, Biology of Parasitism Judith M. Healy, Physiology Richard Intres, Physiology 1998 Thomas L. Kieft, Microbial Diversity Andrea d’Avella, Neural Systems & Behavior Richard Lum, Physiology Yoshiko Fujita, Microbial Diversity Gary E. Lyons, Embryolgy Amy S. Gladfelter, Physiology Deborah Margules, Embryology Min-Ken Liao, Microbial Diversity Gualberto Ruano, Neurobiology Kimberly S. Paul, Biology of Parasitism Ralph T. Schwarz, Biology of Parasitism Linda L. Runft, Physiology L. D. Sibley, Biology of Parasitism Mari T. Scheiffele, Neurobiology Craig W. Stevens, Neural Systems & Behavior Vivek K. Unni, Neural Systems & Behavior Eric R. Ward, Physiology Jing Wang, Neurobiology Colby J. Zaph, Biology of Parasitism 1988 M. Jade Zee, Neural Systems & Behavior Edward M. Blumenthal, Neurobiology Ming Zhou, Neurobiology Amy L. Boardman, Physiology Isabel G. Cintron-Garcia, Physiology 2003 James M. Denegre, Embryology Michael J. Baltzley, Neural Systems & Behavior Eric R. James, Biology of Parasitism John L. Brubacher, Embryology Ellen K. Lemosy, Physiology Anna Csiszar, Physiology Ann M. Lohof, Neural Systems & Behavior Juan S. Espinosa, Neurobiology Naomi S. Morrissette, Physiology Wei Li, Embryology Jennifer L. Raymond, Neural Systems & Behavior Barbara M. Lom, Embryology Anthony Vattay, Physiology Patricia N. Murata, Embryology Kevin T. Vaughan, Physiology Mia Nakachi, Physiology Xian-Cheng Yang, Neurobiology Matthew F. Rose, Neurobiology Rafael M. Yuste, Neurobiology Natascia Tiso, Embryology Elizabeth A. Whitchurch, Neural Systems & Behavior Carrie A. Williams, Neural Systems & Behavior Veronika I. Zarnitsyna, Physiology Yi Zhou, Neural Systems & Behavior 84 gifts

Other Alumni Fund Donors Marc D. Coltrera and Anne L. Buchinski E. Janet Hager Robert A. Cornell Kasturi Haldar Anonymous (10) Jeffrey T. Corwin John E. Hall Joan Abbott Pamela A. Coutchie Sidney Halperen Emre R. Aksay Nessly C. and Susan W. Craig Anne M. Hanneken Kathleen and Douglas Alexander John D. Crawford Glenn W. Harrington William DeWitt Andrus, Jr. Christopher S. Cronan Kristen Harris and Max Snodderly Lynne and Robert Angerer Joseph Heitman Scott L. Applebaum Stephen C. Dahl Gordon E. Hering Ricardo C. Araneda George Q. Daley Scott B. Herrick Irina Arkhipova Patricia A. D’Amore Joseph and Barbara Hichar Carol Arnosti and Andreas Teske Gregory Alan Dasch Arlene A. Hirano Robert F. Ashman Gregory K. Davis Raymond W. Holton James W. Atz William L. Dentler and Kathy A. Suprenant Edward G. Horn Richard J. DeSa Christine L. Howe Katherine M. Bachman Bruce A. Diner Kerwin E. Hyland, Jr. Matt R. Banghart Ellen Roter Dirksen Robert Barker and Marla Schay Baker Thelma D. and Jonathan S. Dixon Antje Ihlefeld Ernest Barreto Thuy A. Doan Haruhiko Itagaki Norman Bauman Quan-Yang Duh and Ann Comer Stephen K. and Patricia W. Itaya David C. Beebe David and Sherri Durica Elizabeth Kujawinski Behn Jon W. Jacklet Edward Joseph Behrman Brian F. Eames Daniel E. James David M. Bell Laurel A. Eckhardt Mari N. Jensen and Karl W. Flessa William H. Bergstrom Judith S. Eisen Benjamin R. Johnson Gerald Bergtrom Marilynn E. Etzler Nancy A. Johnson Ari Berkowitz Arnold G. and Paula B. Eversole Leslie G. and James K. Jolly Judith and Michael Berman Shirley Bissen Alan Scott Fanning James W. and Ann P. Kalat David Boettiger Daniel E. Feldman Fred I. Kamemoto Brigitte F. Brandriff Joseph R. Fetcho Gordon I. Kaye Phyllis S. Brenner Peter J. Franco Murat Kaynar David N. Breslauer Kenneth Freedman and Steven Weiss Hartmut E. and Karla H. Keller John and Renee Breznak Anita R. and Hugo D. Freudenthal Robert G. Kemp William R. Brinkley Anne E. Fry R. Emmet and Gail Kenney Andrew Brittingham Shigeki Fujiwara Jennifer Kimbell Peter Brodfuehrer Jennifer M. King Austin E. Brooks Marzena M. Gajecka Leonard B. Kirschner Donald D. and Linda W. Brown Maureen A. Gannon David Kleinfeld Daniel H. Buckley John A. Garcia Alan Klotz Amy K. Butler Susan Gerbi-McIlwain Paul M. and Carol L. Knopf Vetria L. Byrd Margaret J. and Cameron E. Gifford Robert E. Knowlton Cole Gilbert Birgit Kovacs David and Janet Campbell Marguerite Anne Girling George H. Kowallis James W. Campbell Helen W. Gjessing Keith G. Kozminski Robert G. Cassens James A. Glazier John and Susan Krezoski Joseph A. Cerro David J. Goldhamer J. Gijs Kuenen Chenbei Chang Margaret Ann Goldstein Chi-Bin Chien Holly V. Goodson-Hildreth Deborah A. Lans A. Kent Christensen Joel S. Gordon Jeffrey B. Lansman Benton C. Clark Stefan J. Green Janine M. LeBlanc-Straceski George A. Clark Lewis J. Greene Matthew K. Lee William T. Clusin Warren M. Grill William J. Lehman Adam E. Cohen Lawrence I. and Esta S. Grossman Ardean Leith Annette W. and John R. Coleman Ethan and Lisa Lerner Stephen D. Collins Richard T. Libby gifts 85

Bruss R. Lima Carl B. Pilcher Nancy Kane Lind Sara C. Pimental Anne M. Linton Jessica K. Polka James C. Lisak Sabrina and Bradford Powell Joan W. Lisak David J. and Merry L. Prior Edward and Jennifer Lobenhofer Carl D. Prota Alane Love Joanna E. Lowell Richard Quinn Howard W. Lowy Esther L. Racoosin 2008 Logan Science Journalism Fellows at Toolik Lake, Alaska. (C. Neill) Eduardo R. and Nancy P. Macagno Keen A. Rafferty, Jr. Stephen E. Malawista Wilfrid Rall Sridhar Mani Alfred G. and Sarah C. Redfield Charles W. Taylor Phillip B. and Yvonne R. Maples Renee and Michael Redman D. Lansing and M. Margaret Taylor Junko Munakata Marr Jean F. and Ronald R. Regal Saul Teichberg Magdalena Martinez-Canamero Judith C. Rhodes Mari DeCosta Terman Mary Martini Marian C. Rice Carl L. Thurman, II Allen Wray Mathies, Jr. Mary Esther Rice John Tochko and Christina Myles-Tochko William M. and Elaine D. McDermott Austen F. Riggs Leana and Joby Topper Dianne McFarlane Rex R. Robison Laurence Torsher Matthew McFarlane and Jennifer Nadeau Richard E. Rohr Ann H. and Mark F. Trax Everett Mendelsohn Tania J. Rozario Melanie and Klein Merriman Uldis Roze Mark A. Velleca Sara Michie Laurens N. Ruben Charlotte M. Vines Martin M. Miner John G. Rutherford, Jr. Leslie Vosshall Edwin A. Mirand Ueli Rutishauser Thomas Misgeld Carol Ann Ryder Gary Ward and Zail Berry William A. Mohler Samuel and Anne Ward Marius R. Moran Jean M. and Joseph W. Sanger Joseph T. Warden Yasuhiro Morita Noriyuki Satoh James D. Watson Mark Mortin and Deborah Hursh Nina Chandramani Saxena Joshua S. Weitz Paul and Mary Mulloy Raffael Schaffrath Ronald D. Wesley Stephen H. Munroe Ellen R. Schellhause Harold Bancroft White Joseph H. Schneider John White and Sonia Witte Hiromichi Tsuda Narahara Thomas J. Schnitzer Clayton and Arlene Wiley Ralph F. Nelson Andrew Schutrumpf Benjamin Douglas Williams Jeniel E. Nett Joseph P. Senft Judith H. and John S. Willis Dianne K. Newman Owen J. and Mildred B. Sexton Jason S. Wolfe Carol Newton Deana Shackelford Watts Lily L. Wong Brian D. Nibbelink Guojun Sheng Ann W. and Kenneth W. Nickerson Stephanie and Alan Sher Lily and Wise Young Christina Niemeyer and Robert Zeller David R. Sherwood Lee A. Niswander John Sinard Lucia F. Zacchi Dana T. Nojima Edward R. Siuda Verónica Zaga-Clavellina Ruth S. Nussenzweig Stephen and Mary Jane Smith Richard E. Zigmond Sam J. Sober Michael and Carol Oberdorfer Joel P. Stafstrom Timothy N. Oliver Robin L. Staub Norman K. Orida David A. Stauffer Yuko Ota Robert E. Steele Scott F. Owen Charles N. Stewart Steven F. Stoddard Mary G. Pacifici Kelly J. Suter Ryan J. and Carey R. Petrie Harold E. Sweetman Norman J. Pieniazek Louis Pierro 86 gifts

Falmouth Forum Endowment Fund

The Falmouth Forum is a community enrichment program, sponsored by the MBL Associates, that presents nationally known and respected figures in the arts, sciences and humanities for lectures and performances during the fall and winter seasons. The MBL is grateful to the donors below who supported the Falmouth Forum Endowment Fund in 2008.

Anonymous (2) Jerry and Lalise Melillo Falmouth Forum 2007 – 2008 Irwin and Katherine Abrams T. Richardson Miner and Bobbie Loop MBL Associates Peter and Olga Mitchell October 12, 2007 “Among the Stars: The Life of , Gloria S. Borgese Carolyn Partan Astronomer, Educator, Women’s Rights Activist” Margaret Booker, Freelance writer and Thomas Patterson and Lucy Bartlett museum professional Cape Cod Five Cents Savings Bank

Mort and Susan Cohan Prudence B. Reynolds December 7, 2007 Barbara A. Colburn Priscilla F. Roslansky “Everything Is Miscellaneous: The Power of the New Margaret S. Cooper Digital Disorder” Molly N. Cornell Anne W. Sawyer David Weinberger, Author, consultant and Fellow Mary M. Scanlan at the Harvard Berkman Center for Internet & Society Martha J. Gillis Richard and Elizabeth Shriner January 4, 2008 Joan R. Golden George and Joyce Smith “Susan B. Anthony, the Invincible!” Linda L. and Stephen A. Greyser John and Evelyn Steele Sally Matson, Actor/educator brings the life of the famous women’s suffrage activist to the stage Mary Harris John J. and Frederica W. Valois Sally Hauck January 25, 2008 Herman Epstein Endowed Lecture Robert and Taska Hener Carol A. and Stephen P. Wagner Michael and Donna Herlihy “Making Fiction from Fact: The Writing of People of Mary J. Walsh the Book” Eleanor Bronson Hodge John Waterbury and Vicky Cullen Geraldine Brooks, Winner of the 2006 Pulitzer Gerald J. and Jane L. Holtz Herbert M. Weiss Prize for Fiction for her novel March Deborah Hyland Robert H. Werner Woods Hole Foundation, Inc. February 8, 2008 Barbara Woll Jones “An Overview of the First Year & Looking Ahead” Ian Bowles, Secretary, Executive Office of Energy & Environmental Affairs, Commonwealth of Edward Bangs Kelley and Massachusetts Elza Kelley Foundation, Inc. Doreen R. Kelly March 7, 2008 James and Paula Kemler “The Media and the Presidential Campaign” Lance Morrow, Award-winning essayist for TIME James and Cynthia Limberakis magazine and author of eight books Louise M. Luckenbill July 23, 2008 “Five Technologies for the Next Five Years” David Pogue, New York Times Columnist and best-selling author gifts 87

Memorial and Tribute Gifts Wilmot) (P.

These donors have chosen to support the MBL as a special way to remember or honor a relative, friend, colleague, or mentor.

Edward Kravitz Endowed Lectureship Rina Goldman Rare Books and Journals Fund In Neurobiology Ethan Goldstine Sheldon J. and Harriet F. Segal in memory of Kristen Harris and Max Snodderly Philip and Carol Greco Harlyn O. Halvorson Hunter College Herman Epstein Endowed Memorial Ralph and Joyce Hurvitz Semester Environmental Sciences Lectureship Shinya and Sylvia Inoué in memory of Harold E. Foreman, Jr. Freda Kaminer Richard and Kathleen Jaeger Stephen and Lois Eisen The Parasol Tahoe Community Foundation Kyeng Gea Lee Bruce and Mary Goodman Diann and Thomas Mann Mayer and Morris Kaplan Irvin Isenberg Lecture Donald and Laurie McEnery Richard F. Karger David Isenberg and Paula Blumenthal Jay and Phyllis Mehlman North Star Financial Services Corp. Freda Kaminer Victoria L. Nelson Sugar, Friedberg & Felsenthal Andrew and Ursula Szent-Györgyi William and Sarah Odenkirk Greg and Kay Tuber Iris M. Ornberg John and Patty Wineman Jean And Katsuma Dan Shirley Raps Endowed Lectureship Rivka Rudner Sustainable Aquaculture Initiative Jean M. and Joseph W. Sanger Jerome and Bernice Segal Evelyn M. Pharr in honor of Eleanor Stern Dr. William Mebane and Bill Mebane Joe Martinez, Jr. And James Townsel Endowed Lectureship (Spines) Falmouth Forum Endowed Fund Steven and Dorothy Zottoli James and Paula Kemler in memory of Annual and Alumni Funds Herman Epstein Masakazu Konishi Endowed Lectureship Carolyn Partan in memory of Herman Epstein In honor of: In Neural Systems & Behavior Ichiro Fujita Eugene Floyd DuBois Memorial Fund Catherine Carr Masakazu Konishi in memory of Rebeckah D. Glazebrook Frank Egloff th Martin Wild Anonymous (1) Embryology Class of 2003 – 5 Anniversary Children’s School of Science, Inc. Ken Foreman th Massey Family Endowed Lectureship Mark and Ellen Floyd Grass Foundation – 35 Anniversary Walter E. and Shirley A. Massey Harmony Glazebrook Pamela C. Hinkle William H. and Margaret J. Greer M Howard and Frances F. Jacobson’s th Tay Hayashi Lectureship In Cell Physiology Pamela D. Harvey 50 Wedding Anniversary Freda Kaminer Barbara Woll Jones Douglas Koshland Andrew and Ursula Szent-Györgyi Edgar Lockwood and Claire Cohen Richard W. Linck Mary Louise Montgomery Microbial Diversity Course (2) th William D. Cohen Memorial Fund Emily Fowler Omura Neurobiology Class of 1988 – 20 Anniversary Arax Balakian Olivia R. Petrasch Katherine Nolan – Fall 2004 SES student Diana C. Bartelt Satterlee, Stephens, Burke & Burke Physiology Class Everett and Anne Bergman John J. and Frederica W. Valois Frederick H. Pierce’s birthday David and Patty Cohen Jean W. Pierce’s birthday Joel and Helen Cohen Robert Huettner Rare Book Endowed Fund Marge Salmon Rebecca Coleman Carmela J. Huettner in memory of Martha Shay Marie Cordner Harlyn O. Halvorson Rose Smith – Fall 2007 SES student Ted and Harriet Fredman Carmela J. Huettner in memory of Ava Topper Friedberg Properties & Associates Robert Huettner Claire Topper Marvin and Rivka Friedman Jennifer Huettner in memory of Gerald Weissmann Eugene and Evelyn Garnett Robert Huettner 88 gifts

New Century Society Annual and Alumni Funds, continued The New Century Society recognizes and honors those who have made bequests and In memory of: other deferred gift arrangements that will benefit the MBL in the future. We thank all the members of the New Century Society for their generosity and note in bold type those Robert D. Allen who became members in 2008. Letha R. Beard Thomas A. Borgese Mae Borisy Anonymous Edward R. and Gloria A. Leadbetter Jack W. Casper Edward A. and Marion S. Adelberg Marian E. LeFevre John J. Cebra Peter B. and Margaret T. Armstrong Gordon MacIver and Eleanor MacIver William D. Cohen Robert B. and Patricia A. Barlow Robert E. and Marjorie J. Mainer Clark E. Corliss Margaret C. and Francis P. Bowles Luigi* and Elaine Mastroianni Katsuma Dan David Bulloch Melanie and Klein Merriman Christopher Dillmann Mario H. and Aida E. Burgos John W. Moore and Ann E. Stuart Joseph Epel Ronald Calabrese and Christine Cozzens Arthur B. Pardee and Ann B. Goodman Herman T. Epstein Graciela C. Candelas Thomas D. and Patricia S. Pollard Herbert Seymour Festoff James F. and Patricia A. Case Robert A. Prendergast Jeanette I. Fossner Adolph S. Cavallo Ronald J. Przybylski Arthur Freeman, Jr. Paul N. Chervin Michael and Diane Rabinowitz Richard W. Glade Julie S. and Frank M. Child Michael G. Ryan and Linda A. Joyce Daniel S. Grosch Lawrence B. Cohen Sheldon J. and Harriet F. Segal Harlyn O. Halvorson Seymour S. Cohen Cecily Cannan Selby Helen Heitman Sally Cross Roger D. and Carol J. Sloboda Holger W. Jannasch John E. and Judith F. Dowling Ann E. Stuart and John W. Moore Hekimcan Kaynar Joseph and Sarah Dowling William H. Telfer Salih Kirli Barbara E. Ehrlich John Tochko and Christina Myles-Tochko James W. Lash David and Lois Epel John J. and Frederica W. Valois Ethel Mallinson Martha S. Ferguson Byron and Joyce Waksman Henry G. Mautner Yvonne R. Fuortes Earl Weidner Kathryn Mendelson Bruce and Barbara Furie Leslie J. and Elizabeth M. Wilson Arthur Mutter Susan Gerbi-McIlwain George W. Nace Gilbert W. Glass The Eugene P. Odum Family Sol H. Goodgal Bequests Realized in 2008 Denis Robinson Philip Grant Sol I. Rubinow J. Woodland and Hanna Hastings Estate of William T. Golden William D. Russell-Hunter Esther Sands Hocker* Estate of Laura Hunter Colwin Hidemi Sato Gertrude W. Hinsch Estate of Claude A. Villee, Jr. Arthur K. Saz Joseph Hoffman and Elena Citkowitz Alfred H. Schwartz M Howard and Frances F. Jacobson Ferdinand J. and Elsa K. Sichel Mary D. Janney Dorothy M. Skinner Daniel and Jean Johnston Eva Szent-Györgyi Jane C. Kaltenbach-Townsend Elaine Tripp Darcy B. Kelley Lillian Wendorff Richard G. Kessel Charles G. Wilber Andrew M. Kropinski and Peggy A. Pritchard Seymour Zigman Hans Laufer Paul B. Lazarow

*Deceased gifts 89

Corporate Lending Program

The quality and success of the MBL educational program is maintained through research equipment, reagents, and computers valued at $26 million lent by:

Abimek GmbH General Valve Corporation / Parker Hannifin Corp. AD Instruments GeneTools Agilent Technologies, Inc. Grass Product Group of Astro-Med, Inc. ALA Scientific Instruments, Inc. Alembic Instruments, Inc. Hamamatsu HC-PITT Software Group A-M Systems Hamamatsu Photonic Systems Amaxa / Lonza Hamilton Thorne Andor Technology Harvard Apparatus Kleindinst) (T. Apple Computer HEKA Electronik Applied Biosystems Horiba Jobin Yvon, Inc. Applied Precision, LLC Applied Scientific Instrumentation, Inc. Illumina, Inc. Aquatic Habitats Improvision, Inc. Olympus Corporation Intelligent Imaging Innovations Olympus Corporation / Confocal BD Biosciences INTRACEL Limited Omega Optical, Inc. Beckman / Coulter, Inc. ISS Opthalmic Instruments Co. BioMicro Systems, Inc. Bioptechs Kinetic Systems, Inc. Pearson Education / Benjamin Cummings Bio-Rad Laboratories Kodak Scientific Imaging Systems / Carestream Perkin Elmer Life and Analytical Sciences Biovision Technologies Health Photometrics Bitplane Inc. Kramer Scientific Photonic Instruments Brownlee Precision Company Prairie Technologies Laser Launch, LLC Prior Scientific, Inc. Cambridge Electronic Design Ltd. Leica Microsystems, Inc. / Confocal Protech International, Inc. Cambridge Research & Instrumentation, Inc. Leica Microsystems, Inc. / Life Sciences Cambridge Technology, Inc. Leica Microsystems, Inc. / Specimen Preparation QIMAGING Carl Zeiss, Inc. LI-COR Biosciences, Inc. Quest Scientific Instruments, Inc. Carl Zeiss Confocal Ludlum Measurements Carl Zeiss Imaging Luigs & Neumann Research Precision Instruments Co., Inc. Cellectricon, Inc. Roche Applied Science Charles River Laboratories, Inc. MAG Worldwide Chroma Technology Corporation MatTek Corporation Semrock / IDEX Corporation Cobalt Biofuels Media Cybernetics Siskiyou Corporation Coherent MicroBrightField, Inc. Solamere Technology Group Conoptics Inc., USA Microfluidics Spectraphysics The COOKE Corporation Micro Video Instruments Sutter Instrument Company Mikan Corporation Dagan Corporation Miltenyi Biotec, Inc. TgK Scientific Limited David Kopf Instruments Molecular Devices Corporation / MDS Analytical ThermoFisher Del Imaging Systems, LLC Technologies Thorlabs Diagnostic Instruments Molecular Machines & Industries, Inc. Toohey Company Digitimer Ltd. Molecular Probes DPSS Lasers, Inc. Unisense A/S NanoDrop Technologies, Inc. Embryotech Laboratories, Inc. Narishige USA, Inc. Veeco Instruments GmbH Eppendorf North America NeoBiosystems, Inc. Vibratome EXFO Life Sciences Group Neuralynx, Inc. Visitech International Ltd. New England Biolabs, Inc. Fine Science Tools Nikon, Inc. Warner Instruments Nikon, Inc. / Confocal Wescor Noldus Information Technology, Inc. World Precision Instruments 90 governance & administration (T. Kleindinst) (T.

Class of 2009 governance and Bruce Beal, The Beal Companies Margaret Clowes Bowles, Lyme, NH Paul R. Dupee, New York, NY administration Ronald O’Hanley, BNY Mellon Asset Management R. Dana Ono, VIMAC Ventures, LLC John W. Rowe, Columbia University Gerald Weissmann, New York University School of Medicine

Class of 2010 Trustees and Corporation Officers1 Robert Haselkorn, The University of Chicago William I. Huyett, McKinsey & Co. Inc. Walter E. Massey, Morehouse College Chairman of the Board of Trustees Joan V. Ruderman, Harvard Medical School John W. Rowe, Columbia University Walter J. Salmon, Harvard Business School

Vice Chair of the Board of Trustees Class of 2011 Charles M. Rosenthal, First Manhattan Company Thomas S. Crane, Mintz, Levin, Cohn, Ferris, Glovsky & Popeo, PC John Dowling, Harvard University President of the Corporation Gerald R. Fink, Whitehead Institute Joan V. Ruderman, Harvard Medical School* Gerald D. Fischbach, Simons Foundation Autism Project Kurt J. Isselbacher, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center Director and Chief Executive Officer Ambrose K. Monell, G. Unger Vetlesen Foundation Gary G. Borisy, Marine Biological Laboratory* Jeffrey H Pierce, Pierce Aluminum Company George Putnam, New Generation Advisors, Inc. Treasurer of the Corporation Mary B. Conrad, Fiduciary Trust International* Class of 2012 Robert Ament, Esq., Falmouth, MA Clerk of the Corporation Kenneth E. Johns, Dart Neuroscience, LLC Christopher M. Weld, Sullivan and Worcester* L. Patrick Gage, Flagship Ventures Matthew Mallow, New York, NY Chairman of the Science Council Douglas A. Melton, Harvard University Donald Faber, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University* Patricia Robertson, Rockland, DE Charles M. Rosenthal, First Manhattan Company James A. Sharp, Carl Zeiss MicroImaging, Inc.

Honorary Trustees Robert E. Mainer, Wayland, MA Sheldon J. Segal, The Population Council William T. Speck, New York, NY

Director Emeritus Paul Gross

President Emeritus John Dowling governance & administration 91

Academic Affairs Finance & Investment Committee Board of Overseers Gerald Fischbach, Co-chair Paul Dupee, Chair Douglas F. Allison, Bloomfield Hills, MI Donald Faber, Co-chair* Mary Conrad* David Bakalar, Chestnut Hill, MA Gerald Fink Thomas Crane* John F. Batter, WilmerHale Patrick Gage Kenneth Johns Joshua B. Bernstein, Bernstein Management Corporation Kurt Isselbacher Ambrose Monell Roy Edgar Brakeman, Bain Captial, LLC Douglas Melton Ronald O’Hanley Sally Cross, Falmouth, MA Joan Ruderman George Putnam Diarmaid Douglas-Hamilton, Hamilton Thorne, Inc. Joshua Hamilton, Chief Academic & Scientific Officer** John W. Rowe* Mary Greer, Cambridge, MA Walter Salmon David Hibbitt, Bristol, RI Audit Committee James Sharp M Howard Jacobson, Bankers Trust Thomas Crane, Chair Homer Lane, Chief Financial Officer** Mary D. Janney, Washington, DC Mary Conrad* David McLean, Controller** Barbara W. Jones, Barbara Woll Jones Designer/Builder Kenneth Johns Anna L. Lawson, Daleville, VA Matthew Mallow Nominating/Governance Committee George W. Logan, Earlysville, VA William Speck Charles Rosenthal, Chair William K. Mackey, Mackey & Foster, PA Homer Lane, Chief Financial Officer*, ** John Dowling Michael T. Martin, Martin Racing Stable David McLean, Controller** William Huyett Richard S. Morse, Falmouth, MA John W. Rowe Saul Pannell, Wellington Management Company, LLP Campus Planning Joan Ruderman* Frederick H. Pierce, Metal Works, Incorporated Bruce Beal, Chair Gerald Weissmann Jean W. Pierce, Boca Grande, FL Robert Ament Christopher Weld Robert W. Pierce, Pierce Aluminum Co. Margaret Bowles Pamela Clapp Hinkle, Director of Development Cecily C. Selby, New York, NY Robert Haselkorn & External Relations** Gerard L. Swope, Woods Hole, MA Walter Massey Susan Goux, Director of Human Resources** John F. Swope, Sheehan, Phinney, Bass, and Green Jeffrey Pierce Karen Tierney, Wellesley, MA Patricia Robertson Science Council Barbara Wu, Wilmette, IL Richard Cutler, Director of Facilities, Services & Projects** Donald Faber, Chair William Zammer, Cape Cod Restaurants Christopher Neil, Chair, Building & Grounds Corporation Gary G. Borisy* Standing Committee** Catherine Carr Barbara Ehrlich Development Committee Barbara Furie Jeffrey Pierce, Co-Chair David Gadsby Christopher Weld, Co-Chair Timothy Mitchison Bruce Beal Rudolf Oldenbourg Margaret Bowles Lawrence Rome John Dowling Joan Ruderman Dana Ono Peter J.S. Smith James Sharp Jennifer Wernegreen William T. Speck Lenny Dawidowicz, Director of Education** Gerald Weissmann Joshua Hamilton, Chief Academic & Scientific Officer** Pamela Clapp Hinkle, Director of Development & External Relations**

1 as of January 2009 *ex-officio **committee staff (B. Liles) 92 governance & administration corporation members

Life Members of the Corporation Corporation Members

Donald A. Abt, East Falmouth, MA Edward A. Adelberg, Lexington, MA Ezra Laderman, Yale University James A. Adams, Tallahassee, FL Bjorn Afzelius (deceased 2008) Paul H. LaMarche, Husson College William J. Adelman, Falmouth, MA Max A. Lauffer, Pennsylvania State University Medical Center David F. Albertini, Kansas University Medical Center Norman Bernstein, Washington, DC Herbert Levitan, National Science Foundation Nina S. Allen, North Carolina State University Herman F. Bosch, Falmouth, MA John H. Lochhead, Waquoit, MA Garland E. Allen, Washington University F. J. Brinley, National Institutes of Health Birgit R. Loewenstein, Falmouth, MA Mark C. Alliegro, Louisiana State University Medical Center Mario H. Burgos, IHEM Medical School, Argentina Frank A. Loewus, Washington State University Porter W. Anderson, Key Largo, FL Harold L. Burstyn, Syracuse University Robert B. Loftfield, University of New Mexico Everett Anderson, Harvard Medical School Laszlo Lorand, Northwestern University Medical School Alfred B. Chaet, Maitland, FL John M. Anderson, Ithaca, NY Ricardo C. Araneda, University of Maryland Edward L. Chambers, Miami, FL (deceased 2008) Robert E. Mainer, Wayland, MA Clay M. Armstrong, University of Pennsylvania School James M. Clark, Woods Hole, MA Julian B. Marsh, Chestnut Hill, MA of Medicine Jewel P. Cobb, Maplewood, NJ Lowell V. Martin, Woods Hole, MA Peter B. Armstrong, University of California Maynard M. Cohen, Rush Medical College Rita W. Mathews, Southfield, MA Ellen P. Armstrong, Woods Hole, MA Seymour S. Cohen, Woods Hole, MA Michael E. Mendelsohn, New England Medical Center Mario Ascoli, George Mason University Jack R. Collier, Effie, LA Martin Mendelson, Portland, OR Robert W. Ashton, The Bay and Paul Foundations Marjorie M. Collier, Effie, LA Roger D. Milkman, Washington, DC Jelle Atema, Boston University John O. Corliss, Bala Cynwyd, PA Aron A. Moscona, New York, NY Xavier J. Musacchia, Fayetteville, AR Nigel W. Daw, Branford, CT Andrew H. Bass, Cornell University Barbara-Anne Battelle, University of Florida Robert L. DeHaan, Emory University School of Medicine Maimon Nasatir, Ojai, CA Philip B. Dunham, Syracuse University Bruce A. Beal, Beal & Company, Inc. Elaine L. Bearer, Brown University Leonard M. Passano, University of Wisconsin John M. Beatty, University of British Columbia Charles Edwards, New York, NY Carl A. Price, New Providence, NJ Gerald F. Elliott, The Open University Research Unit William H. Beers, North Falmouth, MA Thomas L. Benjamin, Harvard Medical School Robert V. Rice, Falmouth, MA Michael V. Bennett, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Patricia M. Failla, Pittsboro, NC Priscilla F. Roslansky, Associates of Cape Cod, Inc. Donald T. Frazier, University of Kentucky Medical Center Dwight E. Bergles, Johns Hopkins University Suzanne T. Berlin, Dana Farber Cancer Institute Arthur M. Silverstein, Johns Hopkins University Stephen H. Bishop, Ames, IA Mordecai L. Gabriel, Brooklyn College Raymond A. Sjodin, Towson, MD Kerry S. Bloom, University of North Carolina Herbert Graham, Woods Hole, MA Paul F. Smith, Woods Hole, MA George S. Bloom, University of Virginia Abraham Spector, Columbia University David A. Bodznick, Wesleyan University Clifford V. Harding, Falmouth, MA John W. Speer, Portsmouth, RI Gary G. Borisy, MBL Audrey E. Haschemeyer, Poultney, VT Nicholas Sperelakis, Cincinnati, OH Francis P. Bowles, Lyme, NH , Harvard University Evelyn Spiegel, Dartmouth College Barbara C. Boyer, Union College William D. Hummon, Ohio University Melvin Spiegel, Dartmouth College Stephen C. Brown, Traverse City, MI W. Bruce Hunter, Peterborough, NH Paul A. Steudler, Falmouth, MA Ann C. Bucklin, University of Connecticut Robert D. Hunter, Oakland University Maurice Sussman, Falmouth, MA Max M. Burger, Novartis International AG Charles Hurwitz, Stratton VA Medical Center Raquel B. Sussman, MBL David R. Burgess, Boston College Hugh E. Huxley, Brandeis University Gwen P. Szent-Györgyi, Woods Hole, MA Joseph D. Buxbaum, Mount Sinai School of Medicine Morris J. Karnovsky, Newton, MA W. Nicholas Thorndike, Brookline, MA John M. Kingsbury, Cornell University R. Andrew Cameron, California Institute of Technology Robert K. Campbell, Wrentham, MA Kiyoshi Kusano, National Institutes of Health Walter S. Vincent, Woods Hole, MA Graciela C. Candelas, University of Puerto Rico Catherine E. Carr, University of Maryland Talbot H. Waterman, Yale University Donald L. Caspar, Florida State University Roland L. Wigley, Woods Hole, MA Joseph D. Cassidy, Providence College Lon A. Wilkens, University of Missouri, St. Louis Colleen M. Cavanaugh, Harvard University Paul Witkovsky, NYU Medical Center Richard L. Chappell, Hunter College Frank M. Child, Woods Hole, MA Elena Citkowitz, Hospital of St. Raphael David E. Clapham, Children’s Hospital Eloise E. Clark, Asheville, NC Lawrence B. Cohen, Yale University School of Medicine William D. Cohen, Hunter College (deceased 2008) Carolyn Cohen, Brandeis University Annette W. Coleman, Brown University Paul Colinvaux, MBL R. John Collier, Harvard Medical School governance & administration 93

James P. Collins, Leah T. Haimo, University of California, Riverside Edward R. Leadbetter, Woods Hole, MA Anne C. Cornwell, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Harlyn O. Halvorson, University of Massachusetts John J. Lee, City College of CUNY John Costello, Providence College (deceased 2008) Donald B. Lehy, North Falmouth, MA Ernest F. Couch, Texas Christian University Joshua W. Hamilton, MBL Stephen B. Leighton, Falmouth, MA Thomas S. Crane, Mintz, Levin, Cohn, Ferris, Glovsky, Roger T. Hanlon, MBL Jack Levin, University of California School of Medicine & Popeo, P.C. Stephen C. Harrison, Harvard Medical School Richard B. Levine, University of Arizona Terry J. Crow, University of Texas Medical School Robert Haselkorn, University of Chicago Francoise Levinthal, Columbia University Richard D. Cutler, MBL Gal Haspel, National Institutes of Health Richard W. Linck, University of Minnesota School of Medicine J. Woodland Hastings, Harvard University Scott Lindell, MBL Eric H. Davidson, California Institute of Technology Raymond L. Hayes, Howard University Anthony Liuzzi, Boston, MA Lenny A. Dawidowicz, MBL Diane E. Heck, Rumson, NJ Werner R. Loewenstein, Falmouth, MA Robert de Ruyter, Indiana University Bloomington Jonathan J. Henry, University of Illinois Frank J. Longo, University of Iowa Paul J. De Weer, University of Pennsylvania Peter K. Hepler, University of Massachusetts Louise M. Luckenbill, Falmouth, MA Linda A. Deegan, MBL Avram Hershko, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology Joe A. DeGiorgis, Providence College Theodore T. Herskovits, Fordham University Issei Mabuchi, Gakushuin University Robert C. DeGroof, Accelovance, Inc. Howard H. Hiatt, Brigham and Women’s Hospital Jane Maienschein, Arizona State University Douglas W. DeSimone, University of Virginia John G. Hildebrand, University of Arizona Robert P. Malchow, University of Illinois at Chicago Leyla deToledo-Morrell, Rush-Presbyterian-St. Lukes Robert B. Hill, University of Rhode Island Andrew C. Marinucci, Mercerville, NJ Vincent E. Dionne, Boston University Susan D. Hill, Michigan State University David B. Mark Welch, MBL John E. Dowling, Harvard University Richard W. Hill, Michigan State University Luigi Mastroianni, University of Pennsylvania Health System Arthur B. DuBois, Yale School of Medicine Llewellya W. Hillis, Woods Hole, MA (deceased 2008) Thomas K. Duncan, Nichols College Gregory J. Hinkle, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals David Mauzerall, The Rockefeller University Gertrude W. Hinsch, University of South Florida Kelly E. Mayo, Northwestern University Peggy L. Edds-Walton, Riverside, CA John E. Hobbie, MBL M. Lynne McAnelly, University of Texas Barbara E. Ehrlich, Yale University School of Medicine Joseph F. Hoffman, Yale University School of Medicine Jane A. McLaughlin, Woods Hole, MA Eva Enders, NOAA George G. Holz, New York University Medical Center Thomas Meedel, Rhode Island College David Epel, Stanford University Linda A. Hufnagel, University of Rhode Island Ian A. Meinertzhagen, Dalhousie University Joan Hunt, University of Kansas Medical Center Dennis E. Meiss, Immunodiagnostic Laboratories Donald Faber, Albert Einstein College of Medicine William I. Huyett, McKinsey & Company Jerry M. Melillo, MBL David H. Farb, Boston University School of Medicine DeForest Mellon, University of Virginia A. Verdi Farmanfarmaian, Princeton, NJ Nicholas A. Ingoglia, New Jersey Medical School Allen F. Mensinger, University of Minnesota Richard R. Fay, Loyola University of Chicago Shinya Inoué, MBL Melanie P. Merriman, Touchstone Consulting Barry W. Festoff, VA Medical Center Kurt J. Isselbacher, Massachusetts General Hospital Matthew S. Meselson, Harvard University Christine M. Field, Harvard University Medical School Cancer Center Ricardo Miledi, University of California, Irvine Alan Finkelstein, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Andrew L. Miller, Hong Kong University of Science/Technology Harvey M. Fishman, University of Texas, Houston Allan S. Jacobson, University of Massachusetts Ralph Mitchell, Harvard University Richard A. Fluck, Franklin & Marshall College Medical School Timothy Mitchison, Harvard University Medical School Kenneth H. Foreman, MBL M Howard Jacobson, Bankers Trust Hiroyoshi Miyakawa, Tokyo College of Pharmacy Thomas O. Fox, Harvard Medical School Lionel Jaffe, MBL Merle Mizell, Falmouth, MA Clara Franzini-Armstrong, University of Pennsylvania William R. Jeffery, University of Maryland John W. Moore, Duke University Medical Center Christopher Frederickson, NeuroBioTex, Inc. Daniel Johnston, University of Texas, Austin Lee E. Moore, University of Bruce Furie, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Teresa L. Jones, National Institutes of Health Jennifer R. Morgan, University of Texas, Austin Edwin J. Furshpan, Harvard Medical School Robert K. Josephson, University of California Hilary Morrison, MBL Robert P. Futrelle, Northeastern University Andrew W. Murray, Harvard University Leonard K. Kaczmarek, Yale University School of Medicine David C. Gadsby, The Rockefeller University Jane C. Kaltenbach-Townsend, Mount Holyoke College Angus Nairn, Yale University Harold Gainer, National Institutes of Health Edna S. Kaneshiro, University of Cincinnati Yasuko Nakajima, University of Illinois, College of Medicine Joseph G. Gall, Carnegie Institution Stephen J. Karakashian, Milwaukie, OR Toshio Narahashi, Northwestern University Medical School Alan Gelperin, Monell Chemical Senses Center Arthur Karlin, Columbia University Enrico Nasi, MBL James L. German, Weill Medical College of Cornell University Louis M. Kerr, MBL Christopher Neill, MBL Anne E. Giblin, MBL Alexander Keynan, Israel Academy of Sciences & Humanities Margaret C. Nelson, Ithaca, NY Prosser Gifford, Woods Hole, MA Alexey L. Khodjakov, Wadsworth Center for Labs & Research Peter A. Nickerson, SUNY at Buffalo Robert D. Goldman, Northwestern University Medical School Robert A. Knudson, Port Townsend, WA Rae Nishi, University of Vermont Timothy H. Goldsmith, Yale University Hans Kornberg, Boston University Lee A. Niswander, University of Colorado, Denver Paul K. Goldsmith, National Institutes of Health Edward M. Kosower, Tel-Aviv University Catherine N. Norton, MBL Moïse H. Goldstein, Woods Hole, MA Stephen M. Krane, Massachusetts General Hospital Werner M. Graf, Howard University College of Medicine Edward A. Kravitz, Harvard Medical School Ana Lia Obaid, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Philip Grant, National Institutes of Health William B. Kristan, University of California, San Diego Shinpei Ohki, SUNY at Buffalo Judith P. Grassle, Rutgers University Andrew M. Kropinski, Public Health Agency of Canada James L. Olds, George Mason University Joshua Gray, Rutgers University & Toxicology Damien P. Kuffler, Institute of Neurobiology Ada L. Olins, Bowdoin College William N. Green, University of Chicago Alan M. Kuzirian, MBL Donald E. Olins, Bowdoin College Michael J. Greenberg, The Whitney Laboratory, University R. Dana Ono, VIMAC Ventures LLC of Florida Laurie J. Landeau, Listowel, Inc. James L. Oschman, Nature’s Own Research Association Mary Greer, Cambridge, MA George M. Langford, Syracuse, NY Albert Grossman, New York University Medical Center Nechama Lasser-Ross, New York Medical College Robert E. Palazzo, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Yosef Gruenbaum, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Leonard Laster, University of Massachusetts Medical School John D. Palmer, University of Massachusetts G. Frank Gwilliam, Reed College Hans Laufer, University of Connecticut George D. Pappas, University of Illinois Paul B. Lazarow, Institut Pasteur Rosevelt L. Pardy, University of Nebraska 94 governance & administration (P. Wilmot) (P.

James L. Parmentier, Institute of Health Professions Mary Beth Saffo, Harvard University Sidney L. Tamm, Boston University Philip Person, Flushing, NY Alvaro Sagasti, University of California, Los Angeles Marvin L. Tanzer, Tucson, AZ Bruce J. Peterson, MBL Edward D. Salmon, University of North Carolina Edwin W. Taylor, University of Chicago Ronald Pethig, University of Wales Brian M. Salzberg, University of Pennsylvania School William H. Telfer, Falmouth, MA Ronald J. Pfohl, Miami University of Medicine Bruce Telzer, Pomona College Sidney K. Pierce, University of South Florida Jean M. Sanger, SUNY Upstate Medical University James G. Townsel, Meharry Medical College David E. Pleasure, Shriners Hospital for Children Joseph W. Sanger, SUNY Upstate Medical University David M. Travis, Shrewsbury, MA Jeanne S. Poindexter, Barnard College, Columbia University Gerald P. Schatten, Pittsburgh, PA Kenyon S. Tweedell, University of Notre Dame Harvey B. Pollard, Uniformed Services University Herbert Schuel, SUNY at Buffalo Michael Tytell, Wake Forest University, School of Medicine Thomas D. Pollard, Yale University Lawrence M. Schwartz, University of Massachusetts Beverly H. Porter, Columbia, MD A. Nicola Schweitzer, Brookline, MA Ivan Valiela, Boston University Marine Program Mary E. Porter, University of Minnesota Felix E. Schweizer, University of California, Los Angeles Joseph J. Vallino, MBL Robert A. Prendergast, Falmouth, MA Sheldon J. Segal, The Population Council John J. Valois, Woods Hole, MA Ronald J. Przybylski, Case Western Reserve University Stephen L. Senft, Woods Hole, MA Kensal E. van Holde, Oregon State University Dale Purves, Duke University Medical Center Douglas R. Shanklin, Woods Hole, MA Judith M. Venuti, LSU Medical Center Gaius R. Shaver, MBL James P. Quigley, The Scripps Research Institute Michael P. Sheetz, Columbia University Patricia Wadsworth, University of Massachusetts David Sheprow, Boston University Norman R. Wainwright, Charles River Endosafe Edward B. Rastetter, MBL Irwin W. Sherman, Del Mar, CA Byron H. Waksman, Lexington, MA Stephen Redenti, Schepens Eye Research Institute Osamu Shimomura, MBL Leonard Warren, Wistar Institute Thomas S. Reese, National Institutes of Health Alan M. Shipley, Forestdale, MA Clare M. Waterman, National Institutes of Health Paul Rhodes, Woodside, CA Robert B. Silver, Wayne State University Annemarie Weber, University of Pennsylvania School Conly L. Rieder, Wadsworth Center Eric J. Simon, New York University Medical Center of Medicine Harris Ripps, University of Illinois at Chicago Kathleen K. Siwicki, Swarthmore College Janis C. Weeks, University of Oregon Lawrence C. Rome, University of Pennsylvania Roger D. Sloboda, Dartmouth College Earl Weidner, Louisiana State University Jack Rosenbluth, New York University School of Medicine Roxanna S. Smolowitz, New England Aquarium Leon P. Weiss, University of Pennsylvania School of Charles M. Rosenthal, First Manhattan Company Daphne F. Soares, University of Maryland Veterinary Medicine William N. Ross, New York Medical College Mitchell L. Sogin, MBL Alice S. Weiss, Bethesda, MD Rudi J. Rottenfusser, Carl Zeiss, Inc. William T. Speck, New York, NY Marisa C. Weiss, Paoli Memorial Hospital John W. Rowe, Columbia University John H. Steele, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Gerald Weissmann, New York University Medical Center Lewis P. Rowland, Neurological Institute Antoinette Steinacker, Falmouth, MA Monte Westerfield, University of Oregon Joan V. Ruderman, Harvard Medical School Andreas C. Stemmer, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Alice S. Whittemore, Stanford University School of Medicine John D. Rummel, East Carolina University Elijah W. Stommel, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center Beatrice Wittenberg, Woods Hole, MA Norman B. Rushforth, Case Western Reserve University Ann E. Stuart, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Jonathan B. Wittenberg, Woods Hole, MA Donata O. Sugden, University of Wisconsin Charles R. Wyttenbach, University of Kansas Mutsuyuki Sugimori, New York University Medical Center William C. Summers, Bellingham, WA Harold H. Zakon, University of Texas Kathy A. Suprenant, University of Kansas Linda A. Zettler, MBL Andrew G. Szent-Györgyi, Brandeis University Joshua J. Zimmerberg, National Institutes of Health Steven J. Zottoli, Williams College governance & administration 95

administrative support staff1

SENIOR STAFF Gary G. Borisy, Director and Chief Executive Officer (P. Wilmot) (P. Richard Cutler, Director, Facilities, Services and Projects Lenny Dawidowicz, Director of Education Susan Goux, Director of Human Resources Joshua Hamilton1, Chief Academic and Scientific Officer Pamela Clapp Hinkle1, Director of Development & External Relations Associates Program Housekeeping Homer W. Lane, Jr., Chief Financial Officer Joslin, Susan Barnes, Susan M. Catherine Norton, Director of the MBLWHOI Library Andrade, Judith2 Berrios, Jessica Renna, Laurie2 Bolstridge, Jeffrey2 Burgess, Matthew2 Biological Bulletin Communications and Public Affairs Chen, Zhi Xin Olds, James, Editor-in-Chief Early, Andrea, Director1 Hannigan, Catherine Schachinger, Carol H., Managing Editor Hinkle, Pamela Clapp, Director1 Jollymore, Meghan2 Gibson, Victoria R. Hebert, Gina, Associate Director McNamara, Noreen M. Reuter, Laura Blegen, Robert2 Santiago, Crystal Caputo, Joseph2 Shum, Mei Wah Cellular Dynamics Program Creeden, Loesje2 Ware, Lynn MacNeil, Jane Gallagher, David Ware, Steven2 Van Mooy, Tiffany J. Gladstone, Heather2 Kenney, Diana Procurement and Stockroom The Ecosystems Center Liles, Beth R. Hall Jr., Lionel E., Supervisor Berthel, Dorothy J. Looney, Christine2 Bolstridge, Jeffrey2 Holzworth, Kelly Wilmot, Pam Oldham Carroll, Amanda2 Seifert, Mary Ann Corey, Maneeka2 Scanlon, Deborah Financial Services Hunt, Lisa M. Lane, Jr., Homer W., Chief Financial Officer Pellegrini, Brianna2 Encyclopedia of Life McLean, David, Controller Patterson, David, Director Lynn, Rebecca, Manager, Sponsored Programs Human Resources 1 Bordenstein, Sarah R. Aguiar, Deborah Goux, Susan P., Director Fournier, Pamela Ahern-Wolseley, Kathleen MacNeil, Jane L. 1 Goddard, Anthony Blegen, Nancy Padenski, Marian 1 Lans, Kristen Bull, Elizabeth1 Schmidt, Cathleen 1 Margetta, Matthew Coughlan, Carol Crosby, Kenneth Satellite/Periwinkle Children’s Programs Development and External Relations Falco, Peter1 Lane, Mary C.2, Camp Director 1 Hinkle, Pamela Clapp, Director Margetta, Matthew1 Ducklow, Kelsey2 1 Butcher, Valerie Newman, Melissa Fogel, Jennifer2 1 DiCarlo, Dina Page, Jacqueline1 Haskins, Jessica2 George, Mary Roth, Cordelia Jin, Rubing2 Johnson, A. Kristine Solchenberger, Carolyn Livingstone, Cori2 Johnson, Carolyn McGonagle, Matthew2 1 Schaefer, Patrick Housing and Conferences McGonagle, Michelle2 Shaw, Kathleen L. Villineau, William, Director1 Ochoa, Sara2 Skinner, Wendy McDonald, Eileen, Director1 Scheer, Jonathan2 Sylvia, Barbara A. Ciejek, Karen1 Timbrook, Abbey2 2 Tarafa, Martha Deering, Deborah Zakon, Daniella2 Liles, Beth R. Zeien, Kendra2 Livingstone, Suzanne MacDonald, Cynthia C. Salo, Darren Stackhouse, Barbara Tobey, Kerry2 96 governance & administration

Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Office of the Chief Academic & Scientific Officer Safety Services Molecular Biology and Evolution Hamilton, Joshua, Chief Academic and Scientific Officer1 Marcello, James, Environmental, Health, Beriau, Kathleen1 Woolford, Ann & Safety Manager Newhall, Katherine1 Schorer, Timothy Fox, Richard Educational Programs Gomes, Evie Dawidowicz, Eliezar A., Director Watch Staff Ryan, Kara Hamel, Carol C. Brosseau, William, Manager Hemmerdinger, Catherine Williams, Joseph1, Supervisor Marine Resources Callahan, John, J. Lindell, Scott, Manager Central Microscopy Facility and General Use Rooms Fish Jr., David L.1 Burbank, Barbara Kerr, Louis M., Supervisor Lochhead, William M. 1 Kuzirian, Alan Luther, Herbert Pimental, Michael1 Simmons, Janice S. O’Brien, William2 Scanlan, Melanie Sullivan, Daniel A. Peterson, Martha B. Sexton, Andrew Rossetti, Blaire2 Aquatic Resources Department Transportation, Building Services & Grounds Enos, Jr., Edward G., Superintendent Veterinarian Services Burdge, Lawrence, Manager Bailey, David2 Smolowitz, Roxanna, Campus Veterinarian1 Boucher, Richard L. 1 Grossman, William M. Hancock-Ronemus, Amy, Campus Veterinarian1 Brereton, Richard S.2 Klimm III, Henry W. De Faveri, Jacqueline1 Bryant, Horace Malchow, William2 Higgins, Sophia2 Farrell, Cameron2 Probyn, Rhys Johnson, Daniel Galatzer-Levy, David2 Syslo, Michael2 Nolan, Marissa2 Hewins, William2 Tassinari, Eugene2 Kaski, Robert Office of the Director Kay, John2 Marine Resources Life Support System Borisy, Gary, Director and Chief Executive Officer Lehy, Ryan1 Mebane, William N., Systems Operator Donovan, Marcia Luongo, Frank2 McCluskey, Caroline2 MBLWHOI Library Equal Employment Opportunity Murphy, Daniel1 Norton, Catherine N., Director MacNeil, Jane L. Naumiec, Joseph2 Clark, Tamara Noonan, Patrick2 Furfey, John Facilities, Services, & Projects Ostrosky, Adam2 Iourieva, Elena2 Cutler, Richard D., Director Pellegrini, Brianna2 Person, Matthew Enos, Joyce B. Wyckoff, Christopher2 Rielinger, Diane Stafford, Nancy Apparatus Custodial Walton, Jennifer Atwood, Paul Meisel, Robert, Supervisor Baptiste, Michael G. Anderson, Lewis B. Biology of Aging Barnes, John S. Baptiste, Nelson1 Hamed, Ahmed Haskins, William A. Bryant, Horace Miller, Holly1 Fatherley, William2 Sarkar, Indra Neil1 Plant Operations and Maintenance Ficher, Jason Schenk, Ryan Brosseau, William, Manager Follis, Robert1 Settlemire, Donald, Supervisor Hache, James1 Digital Processing Center Blunt, Hugh F. Halbert, John2 Hadway, Nancy Cadose, James W. Losordo, Jenna2 Reuter, Laura Carroll, James Luby, Mary Westburg, Joanne Elias, Michael Rowell, Frederick2 Fuglister, Charles K. Strom, Gabriel1 Information Technology Gonsalves, Jr., Walter W. Vidal, Pamela Loyot, Robert, Director Hathaway, Peter J. Williams, Joseph2 Beaudoin, Jeffrey Henderson, Jon R. Campbell, Alex2 Langill, Richard 1 Including persons who joined or left the staff Dematos, Christopher Lehy, Ryan2 during 2008. Mate, Roman Little, Michael1 2 Summer or temporary Mountford, Rebecca J. Makredes, Nicholas1 Nasveschuk, Kent McAdams III, Herbert M. Renna, Denis J. McCann, Brendan1 Space, David B. Mills, Stephen A. Romano, Richard1 Shepherd, Denise M. Toner, Michael