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Bangladesh Medical Journal 2010; 39(1): 49-51

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The Nobel Prize is an international award • 1994 - Alfred G. Gilman, administered by the in , • 1993 - Richard J. Roberts, Phillip A. Sharp . In 1968, Sveriges Riksbank established The • 1992 - Edmond H. Fischer, Edwin G. Krebs Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in • 1991 - , of Alfred Nobel, founder of the Nobel Prize. • 1990 - Joseph E. Murray, E. Donnall Thomas Each prize consists of a medal, personal diploma, and • 1989 - J. Michael Bishop, Harold E. Varmus a cash award. Every year since 1901, the Nobel Prize • 1988 - Sir James W. Black, Gertrude B. Elion, George H. Hitchings has been awarded for achievements in , • 1987 - , or , literature and for • 1986 - Stanley Cohen, Rita Levi-Montalcini peace. • 1985 - Michael S. Brown, Joseph L. Goldstein • 1984 - Niels K. Jerne, Georges J.F. Köhler, César Milstein • 1983 - Barbara McClintock • 198 - Sune K. Bergström, Bengt I. Samuelsson, John R. Vane • 1981 - Roger W. Sperry, David H. Hubel, Torsten N. Wiesel • 1980 - , , George D. Snell • 1979 - Allan M. Cormack, Godfrey N. Hounsfield • 1978 - , , Hamilton O. Smith All Nobel Laureates in Medicine • 1977 - , Andrew V. Schally, Rosalyn The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine has been Yalow • 1976 - Baruch S. Blumberg, D. Carleton Gajdusek awarded 100 times to 195 Nobel Laureates between • 1975 - David , , Howard M. 1901 and 2009. Temin • 2009 - Elizabeth H. Blackburn, Carol W. Greider, Jack • 1974 - , , George E. W. Szostak Palade • 1973 - , , Nikolaas • 2008 - , Françoise Barré-Sinoussi, Tinbergen • 1972 - Gerald M. Edelman, Rodney R. Porter • 2007 - Mario R. Capecchi, Sir Martin J. Evans, Oliver • 1971 - Earl W. Sutherland, Jr. Smithies • 1970 - Sir , , • 2006 - Andrew Z. Fire, Craig C. Mello • 1969 - Max Delbrück, Alfred D. Hershey, Salvador E. • 2005 - Barry J. Marshall, J. Luria • 2004 - , Linda B. Buck • 1968 - Robert W. Holley, H. Gobind Khorana, Marshall • 2003 - Paul C. Lauterbur, Sir W. Nirenberg • 2002 - , H. Robert Horvitz, John E. • 1967 - , Haldan K. Hartline, Sulston • 1966 - Peyton Rous, Charles B. Huggins • 2001 - Leland H. Hartwell, , Sir • 1965 - François Jacob, André Lwoff, • 1964 - Konrad Bloch, • 2000 - , , Eric R. Kandel • 1963 - Sir John Eccles, Alan L. Hodgkin, Andrew F. • 1999 - Günter Blobel Huxley • 1998 - Robert F. Furchgott, Louis J. Ignarro, Ferid • 1962 - , , Murad • 1961 - Georg von Békésy • 1997 - Stanley B. Prusiner • 1960 - Sir Frank , • 1996 - Peter C. Doherty, Rolf M. Zinkernagel • 195 - , • 1995 - Edward B. Lewis, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, • 1958 - , , Joshua Eric F. Wieschaus Lederberg

. Bangladesh Medical Journal Vol. 39. No. 1, January 2010 Issue

• 1957 - • 1917 - The prize money was allocated to the Special • 1956 - André F. Cournand, , Fund of this prize section Dickinson W. Richards • 1916 - The prize money was allocated to the Special • 1955 - Fund of this prize section • 1954 - John F. Enders, Thomas H. Weller, Frederick C. • 1915 - The prize money was allocated to the Special Robbins Fund of this prize section • 1953 - , Fritz Lipmann • 1914 - Robert Bárány • 1952 - Selman A. Waksman • 1913 - • 1951 - Max Theiler • 1912 - • 1950 - Edward C. Kendall, Tadeus Reichstein, Philip S. • 1911 - Hench • 1910 - • 1949 - Walter Hess, Egas Moniz • 1909 - Theodor Kocher • 1948 - Paul Müller • 1908 - Ilya Mechnikov, • 1947 - Carl Cori, , • 1907 - Alphonse Laveran • 1946 - Hermann J. Muller • 1906 - , Santiago Ramón y Cajal • 1945 - Sir , Ernst B. Chain, Sir • 1905 - • 1904 - • 1944 - , Herbert S. Gasser • 1943 - , Edward A. Doisy • 1903 - Niels Ryberg Finsen • 1942 - The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the • 1902 - Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of • 1901 - this prize section From this issue of the BMJ, the short biography the • 1941 - The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Nobel scholars with summary of their works will be Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of published successively starting from the most recent this prize section ones. • 1940 - The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2009 is this prize section awarded to • 1939 - • 1938 - Elizabeth H. Blackburn, Carol W. Greider and Jack W. • 1937 - Albert Szent-Györgyi Szostak of USA for the discovery of “how • 1936 - Sir Henry Dale, are protected by and the • 1935 - ”. • 1934 - George H. Whipple, George R. Minot, William P. Murphy Summary • 1933 - Thomas H. Morgan Last year’s Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is • 1932 - Sir Charles Sherrington, awarded to three who have solved a major • 1931 - Otto Warburg problem in : how the chromosomes can be • 1930 - copied in a complete way during divisions and • 1929 - , Sir Frederick Hopkins how they are protected against degradation. The Nobel • 1928 - Laureates have shown that the solution is to be found • 1927 - Julius Wagner-Jauregg in the ends of the chromosomes - the telomeres - and • 1926 - in an enzyme that forms them - telomerase. • 1925 - The prize money was allocated to the Special The long, thread-like DNA molecules that carry our Fund of this prize section are packed into chromosomes, the telomeres • 1924 - being the caps on their ends. and • 1923 - Frederick G. Banting, John Macleod Jack Szostak discovered that a unique DNA sequence • 1922 - Archibald V. Hill, Otto Meyerhof in the telomeres protects the chromosomes from • 1921 - The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section degradation. Carol Greider and Elizabeth Blackburn • 1920 - identified telomerase, the enzyme that makes • 1919 - DNA. These discoveries explained how the ends of • 1918 - The prize money was allocated to the Special the chromosomes are protected by the telomeres and Fund of this prize section that they are built by telomerase.

50 The Nobel Prize

If the telomeres are shortened, cells age. Conversely, if telomerase activity is high, telomere length is maintained, and cellular is delayed. This is the case in cells, which can be considered to have eternal . Certain inherited diseases, in contrast, are characterized by a defective telomerase, resulting in damaged cells. The award of the Nobel Prize recognizes the discovery of a fundamental mechanism in the cell, a discovery that has stimulated the development of new therapeutic strategies.

The Laureates Elizabeth H. Blackburn is a citizen of and the . She was born in 1948 in , Jack W. Szostak , Australia. She studied at the University of Boston. He is also affiliated with the Howard Hughes and received her PhD in 1975 from the Medical Institute. Carol W. Greider is a United States citizen. She was born in 1961 in , , USA and received her education at the University of California in Santa Barbara and Berkeley, where she received her PhD in 1987, with Blackburn as supervisor. After research work at Cold Spring Harbor in , she became Professor in the Department of and at School of Medicine in Baltimore, in 1997.

Elizabeth H. Blackburn

University of , , after which she worked at in New Haven, USA. In the she did research at the University of California, Berkeley, and since 1990 she has been Professor of Biology and Physiology at the University of California, .

Jack W. Szostak is a United States citizen. He was born Jack W. Szostak in 1952 in , England and grew up in Canada. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2008 is He studied at McGill University in Montreal and awarded with one half to Harald zur Hausen for his received his PhD from in Ithaca, discovery of “human causing New York in 1977. Since 1979 he has worked at ” and the other half jointly to Françoise , where he is now Professor Barré-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier for their discovery of Genetics at General Hospital in of “human immunodeficiency ”.

Source: http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/ medicine/laureates

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