Krogh's Principle
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Advertising (PDF)
Neuroscience 2013 SEE YOU IN San Diego November 9 – 13, 2013 Join the Society for Neuroscience Are you an SfN member? Join now and save on annual meeting registration. You’ll also enjoy these member-only benefits: • Abstract submission — only SfN members can submit abstracts for the annual meeting • Lower registration rates and more housing choices for the annual meeting • The Journal of Neuroscience — access The Journal online and receive a discounted subscription on the print version • Free essential color charges for The Journal of Neuroscience manuscripts, when first and last authors are members • Free online access to the European Journal of Neuroscience • Premium services on NeuroJobs, SfN’s online career resource • Member newsletters, including Neuroscience Quarterly and Nexus If you are not a member or let your membership lapse, there’s never been a better time to join or renew. Visit www.sfn.org/joinnow and start receiving your member benefits today. www.sfn.org/joinnow membership_full_page_ad.indd 1 1/25/10 2:27:58 PM The #1 Cited Journal in Neuroscience* Read The Journal of Neuroscience every week to keep up on what’s happening in the field. s4HENUMBERONECITEDJOURNAL INNEUROSCIENCE s4HEMOSTNEUROSCIENCEARTICLES PUBLISHEDEACHYEARNEARLY in 2011 s )MPACTFACTOR s 0UBLISHEDTIMESAYEAR ,EARNMOREABOUTMEMBERAND INSTITUTIONALSUBSCRIPTIONSAT *.EUROSCIORGSUBSCRIPTIONS *ISI Journal Citation Reports, 2011 The Journal of Neuroscience 4HE/FlCIAL*OURNALOFTHE3OCIETYFOR.EUROSCIENCE THE HISTORY OF NEUROSCIENCE IN AUTOBIOGRAPHY THE LIVES AND DISCOVERIES OF EMINENT SENIOR NEUROSCIENTISTS CAPTURED IN AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL BOOKS AND VIDEOS The History of Neuroscience in Autobiography Series Edited by Larry R. Squire Outstanding neuroscientists tell the stories of their scientific work in this fascinating series of autobiographical essays. -
書 名 等 発行年 出版社 受賞年 備考 N1 Ueber Das Zustandekommen Der
書 名 等 発行年 出版社 受賞年 備考 Ueber das Zustandekommen der Diphtherie-immunitat und der Tetanus-Immunitat bei thieren / Emil Adolf N1 1890 Georg thieme 1901 von Behring N2 Diphtherie und tetanus immunitaet / Emil Adolf von Behring und Kitasato 19-- [Akitomo Matsuki] 1901 Malarial fever its cause, prevention and treatment containing full details for the use of travellers, University press of N3 1902 1902 sportsmen, soldiers, and residents in malarious places / by Ronald Ross liverpool Ueber die Anwendung von concentrirten chemischen Lichtstrahlen in der Medicin / von Prof. Dr. Niels N4 1899 F.C.W.Vogel 1903 Ryberg Finsen Mit 4 Abbildungen und 2 Tafeln Twenty-five years of objective study of the higher nervous activity (behaviour) of animals / Ivan N5 Petrovitch Pavlov ; translated and edited by W. Horsley Gantt ; with the collaboration of G. Volborth ; and c1928 International Publishing 1904 an introduction by Walter B. Cannon Conditioned reflexes : an investigation of the physiological activity of the cerebral cortex / by Ivan Oxford University N6 1927 1904 Petrovitch Pavlov ; translated and edited by G.V. Anrep Press N7 Die Ätiologie und die Bekämpfung der Tuberkulose / Robert Koch ; eingeleitet von M. Kirchner 1912 J.A.Barth 1905 N8 Neue Darstellung vom histologischen Bau des Centralnervensystems / von Santiago Ramón y Cajal 1893 Veit 1906 Traité des fiévres palustres : avec la description des microbes du paludisme / par Charles Louis Alphonse N9 1884 Octave Doin 1907 Laveran N10 Embryologie des Scorpions / von Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov 1870 Wilhelm Engelmann 1908 Immunität bei Infektionskrankheiten / Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov ; einzig autorisierte übersetzung von Julius N11 1902 Gustav Fischer 1908 Meyer Die experimentelle Chemotherapie der Spirillosen : Syphilis, Rückfallfieber, Hühnerspirillose, Frambösie / N12 1910 J.Springer 1908 von Paul Ehrlich und S. -
Auditory Experience Controls the Maturation of Song Discrimination and Sexual Response in Drosophila Xiaodong Li, Hiroshi Ishimoto, Azusa Kamikouchi*
RESEARCH ARTICLE Auditory experience controls the maturation of song discrimination and sexual response in Drosophila Xiaodong Li, Hiroshi Ishimoto, Azusa Kamikouchi* Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan Abstract In birds and higher mammals, auditory experience during development is critical to discriminate sound patterns in adulthood. However, the neural and molecular nature of this acquired ability remains elusive. In fruit flies, acoustic perception has been thought to be innate. Here we report, surprisingly, that auditory experience of a species-specific courtship song in developing Drosophila shapes adult song perception and resultant sexual behavior. Preferences in the song-response behaviors of both males and females were tuned by social acoustic exposure during development. We examined the molecular and cellular determinants of this social acoustic learning and found that GABA signaling acting on the GABAA receptor Rdl in the pC1 neurons, the integration node for courtship stimuli, regulated auditory tuning and sexual behavior. These findings demonstrate that maturation of auditory perception in flies is unexpectedly plastic and is acquired socially, providing a model to investigate how song learning regulates mating preference in insects. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.34348.001 Introduction Vocal learning in infants or juvenile birds relies heavily on the early experience of the adult conspe- cific sounds. In humans, early language input is necessary to form the ability of phonetic distinction *For correspondence: and pattern detection in the phase of auditory learning (Doupe and Kuhl, 1999; Kuhl, 2004). [email protected] Because of the strong parallels between speech acquisition of humans and song learning of song- Competing interests: The birds, and the difficulties to investigate the neural mechanisms of human early auditory memory at authors declare that no cellular resolution, songbirds have been used as a predominant model in studying memory formation competing interests exist. -
A Spiking Neuron Classifier Network with a Deep Architecture Inspired By
A spiking neuron classifier network with a deep architecture inspired by the olfactory system of the honeybee Chris Hausler¨ ∗†, Martin Paul Nawrot∗† and Michael Schmuker∗† ∗Neuroinformatics & Theoretical Neuroscience, Institute of Biology Freie Universitat¨ Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany † Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany Email: [email protected], fmartin.nawrot, [email protected] Abstract—We decompose the honeybee’s olfactory pathway Mushroom into local circuits that represent successive processing stages and body (MB) calyx resemble a deep learning architecture. Using spiking neuronal network models, we infer the specific functional role of these microcircuits in odor discrimination, and measure their con- 2 tribution to the performance of a spiking implementation of a probabilistic classifier, trained in a supervised manner. The entire Kenyon network is based on a network of spiking neurons, suited for Cells (KC) implementation on neuromorphic hardware. Lateral horn 3 I. INTRODUCTION Projection Honeybees can identify odorant stimuli in a quick and neurons (PN) MB-extrinsic neurons To motor reliable fashion [1], [2]. The neuronal circuits involved in neurons odor discrimination are well described at the structural level. 1 Antennal Primary olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) project to the lobe (AL) From odorant antennal lobe (AL, circuit 1 in Fig. 1). Each ORN is believed receptor neurons to express only one of about 160 olfactory receptor genes [3]. ORNs expressing the same receptor protein converge in the Fig. 1. Processing hierarchy in the honeybee brain. The stages relevant to AL in the same glomerulus, a spherical compartment where this study are numbered for reference. -
1P MON. PM Cortex and Subcortical Auditory Nuclei
dynamic role for the vestibular system in orientation and flight control. Laboratory studies of flight behavior under illuminated and dark conditions in both static and rotating obstacle tests were carried out while administering heavy water ͑D2O͒ to bats to impair their vestibular inputs. Eptesicus carried out complex maneuvers through both fixed arrays of wires and a rotating obstacle array using both vision and echolocation, or when guided by echolocation alone. When treated with D2O in combination with lack of visual cues, bats showed considerable decrements in performance. These data indicate that big brown bats use both vision and echolocation to provide spatial registration for head position information generated by the vestibular system. 2:55 1pAB3. Bat’s auditory system: Corticofugal feedback and plasticity. Nobuo Suga ͑Dept. of Biol., Washington Univ., One Brookings Dr., St. Louis, MO 63130͒ The auditory system of the mustached bat consists of physiologically distinct subdivisions for processing different types of biosonar information. It was found that the corticofugal ͑descending͒ auditory system plays an important role in improving and adjusting auditory signal processing. Repetitive acoustic stimulation, cortical electrical stimulation or auditory fear conditioning evokes plastic changes of the central auditory system. The changes are based upon egocentric selection evoked by focused positive feedback associated with lateral inhibition. Focal electric stimulation of the auditory cortex evokes short-term changes in the auditory 1p MON. PM cortex and subcortical auditory nuclei. An increase in a cortical acetylcholine level during the electric stimulation changes the cortical changes from short-term to long-term. There are two types of plastic changes ͑reorganizations͒: centripetal best frequency shifts for expanded reorganization of a neural frequency map and centrifugal best frequency shifts for compressed reorganization of the map. -
L#F:#Llil'c'r'fex Artof Scientificendeavour
Featrrt Manchestermeeting Ca2*phase es emerge Aminoacidtransporters l#f:#llil'c'r'fex Artof scientificendeavour )-.----- '^r1-'/4 ij-- * © Jenny Hersson-Ringskog ‘My time is up and very glad I am, because I have been leading myself right up to a domain on which I should not dare to trespass, not even in an Inaugural Lecture. This domain contains the awkward problems of mind and matter about which so much has been talked and so little can be said, and having told you of my pedestrian disposition, I hope you will give me leave to stop at this point and not to hazard any further guesses.’ (closing words of Bernard Katz’s Inaugural Lecture, 1952) PHYSIOLOGYNEWS Contents The Society Dog Published quarterly by the Physiological Society Contributions and Queries Executive Editor Linda Rimmer The Physiological Society Editorial 3 Publications Office Printing House Manchester meeting Shaftesbury Road Physiology and Pharmacology in Manchester Arthur Weston 4 Cambridge CB2 2BS Tel: 01223 325 524 Features 2+ Fax: 01223 312 849 Ca phase waves emerge Dirk van Helden, Mohammed S. Imtiaz 7 Email: [email protected] Role of cationic amino acid transporters in the regulation of nitric oxide The society web server: http://www.physoc.org synthesis in vascular cells Anwar R. Baydoun, Giovanni E. Mann 12 Not for giant axons only Andrew Packard 16 Magazine Editorial Board Editor Colour and form in the cortex Daniel Kiper 19 Bill Winlow (Prime Medica, Knutsford) Deputy Editor Images of physiology Thelma Lovick 21 Austin Elliott (University of Manchester) Members Affiliate News Munir Hussain (University of Liverpool) The art of scientific endeavour Keri Page 23 John Lee (Rotherham General Hospital) Thelma Lovick (University of Birmingham) Letters to the Editor 25 Keri Page (University of Cambridge) Society News © 2003 The Physiological Society ISSN 1476-7996 Review of Society grants Maggie Leggett 26 Biosciences Federation Maggie Leggett 27 The Society permits the single copying of Hot Topics Brenda Costall 27 individual articles for private study or research. -
Lateral Inhibition Effects Demonstrate That the Maturational State of Neurons That Then Inhibit Their Neighbors
522 Lateral Inhibition effects demonstrate that the maturational state of neurons that then inhibit their neighbors. When a the learner’s brain is crucial for the attainment of stimulus (such as a bar of light or any other stim- a language system. ulus) excites a number of neurons in the network Several questions remain open about the mecha- (in this case neurons 4e, 5e, 6e, and 7e), the effect nisms underlying language learning. One issue is of inhibition is to suppress the neurons just out- whether specific aspects of language acquisition side the edge of the bar (3e and 8e) because those should be attributed to language-specific versus neurons are inhibited but not excited. Further, general-purpose learning mechanisms. Another issue because the neurons just inside the edges of the is whether children’s native language can affect the bar (4e and 7e) are excited by light and only inhib- way they think, and whether language is necessary ited by one neighbor, they are especially active. or helpful for the development of human concepts. This leads to perceptual contrast enhancement at borders. Further research showed that lateral inhi- Anna Papafragou bition also applied to overlapping stimuli, and that its strength fell off with distance between the See also Aphasias; Audition: Cognitive Influences; Context Effects in Perception; Speech Perception; Top- interacting stimuli. Down and Bottom-Up Processing; Word Recognition Haldan Keffer Hartline won the Nobel Prize in 1967 for discovering lateral inhibition and its neu- ral correlates. The first inhibitory circuit in the Further Readings nervous system was found in the horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus). -
Sensory Receptors A17 (1)
SENSORY RECEPTORS A17 (1) Sensory Receptors Last updated: April 20, 2019 Sensory receptors - transducers that convert various forms of energy in environment into action potentials in neurons. sensory receptors may be: a) neurons (distal tip of peripheral axon of sensory neuron) – e.g. in skin receptors. b) specialized cells (that release neurotransmitter and generate action potentials in neurons) – e.g. in complex sense organs (vision, hearing, equilibrium, taste). sensory receptor is often associated with nonneural cells that surround it, forming SENSE ORGAN. to stimulate receptor, stimulus must first pass through intervening tissues (stimulus accession). each receptor is adapted to respond to one particular form of energy at much lower threshold than other receptors respond to this form of energy. adequate (s. appropriate) stimulus - form of energy to which receptor is most sensitive; receptors also can respond to other energy forms, but at much higher thresholds (e.g. adequate stimulus for eye is light; eyeball rubbing will stimulate rods and cones to produce light sensation, but threshold is much higher than in skin pressure receptors). when information about stimulus reaches CNS, it produces: a) reflex response b) conscious sensation c) behavior alteration SENSORY MODALITIES Sensory Modality Receptor Sense Organ CONSCIOUS SENSATIONS Vision Rods & cones Eye Hearing Hair cells Ear (organ of Corti) Smell Olfactory neurons Olfactory mucous membrane Taste Taste receptor cells Taste bud Rotational acceleration Hair cells Ear (semicircular -
The Retina the Retina the Pigment Layer Contains Melanin That Prevents Light Reflection Throughout the Globe of the Eye
The Retina The retina The pigment layer contains melanin that prevents light reflection throughout the globe of the eye. It is also a store of Vitamin A. Rods and Cones Photoreceptors of the nervous system responsible for transforming light energy into the electrical energy of the nervous system. Bipolar cells Link between photoreceptors and ganglion cells. Horizontal cells Provide inhibition between bipolar cells. This is the mechanism of lateral inhibition which is important to edge detection and contrast enhancement. Amacrine cells Transmit excitatory signals from bipolar to ganglion cells. Thought to be important in signalling changes in light intensity. Neural circuitry About 125 rods and 5 cones converge on each optic nerve fibre. In the central portion of the fovea there are no rods. The ratio of cones to optic nerves in the fovea is one. This increases the visual acuity of the fovea. Rods and Cones Photosensitive substance in rods is called rhodopsin and in cones is called iodopsin. The Photochemistry of Vision Rhodopsin and Iodopsin Cis-retinal +Opsin Light sensitive Light Trans-retinal Opsin Light insensitive This is a reversible reaction Cis-retinal +Opsin Light sensitive Vitamin A In the presence of light, the rods and cones are hyperpolarized mv t Hyperpolarizing potential lasts for upto half a second, leading to the perception of fusion of flickering lights. Receptor potential – rod and cone potential Hyperpolarizing receptor potential caused by rhodopsin decomposition. Hyperpolarizing potential lasts for upto half a second, leading to the fusion of flickering lights. Light and dark adaptation in the visual system The eye is capable of vision in conditions of light that vary greatly in intensity The eye adapts dynamically to lighting conditions Light and Dark Adaptation We are able to see in light intensities that vary greatly. -
The New Science of Neurocoaching
The New Science of Neurocoaching By Robert I Holmes Four years ago executives around the world were asked by Sherpa Coaching about what sort of background they thought would be helpful for a coach. Psychology and counselling came in as least desirable on the list. However this year's Executive Survey (2014) by the same firm found that neuroscience has topped the field of desirable backgrounds. What’s true for the goose is also true for the gander… 76% of coaches surveyed said neuroscience should play a strong role in coaching too. Coaches are now gearing up and I am no exception! Our company have become founding members of the Neuro Coaching Institute in Australia. What exactly is neurocoaching? Well it is the latest in a long line of brain related disciplines that gather under the banner of “neuroscience”. Let’s talk about that for a moment. Broadly defined, neuroscience is a combination of medicine, physiology, applied psychology, immunology, the study of human behaviour and some hard core imaging in big, white, expensive machines. The industry has existed since the 1850’s (obviously without the machines) and has evolved over four distinct eras. These are of interest because when you’re reading the literature or chatting to a colleague about this fascinating subject you can hear which of these eras they are coming from. It’s easy to get lost in the world of “neuro” everything, so here’s a dummies guide to the departments in this giant industry… Mechanics. People have been cutting up the brain and describing its components since the time of the Egyptians. -
Small and Dim Target Detection Via Lateral Inhibition Filtering and Artificial Bee Colony Based Selective Visual Attention
Small and Dim Target Detection via Lateral Inhibition Filtering and Artificial Bee Colony Based Selective Visual Attention Haibin Duan1,2*, Yimin Deng1,2, Xiaohua Wang2, Chunfang Xu1 1 State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering, Beihang University (formerly Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics), Beijing, P. R. China, 2 Science and Technology on Aircraft Control Laboratory, Beihang University, Beijing, P. R. China Abstract This paper proposed a novel bionic selective visual attention mechanism to quickly select regions that contain salient objects to reduce calculations. Firstly, lateral inhibition filtering, inspired by the limulus’ ommateum, is applied to filter low- frequency noises. After the filtering operation, we use Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm based selective visual attention mechanism to obtain the interested object to carry through the following recognition operation. In order to eliminate the camera motion influence, this paper adopted ABC algorithm, a new optimization method inspired by swarm intelligence, to calculate the motion salience map to integrate with conventional visual attention. To prove the feasibility and effectiveness of our method, several experiments were conducted. First the filtering results of lateral inhibition filter were shown to illustrate its noise reducing effect, then we applied the ABC algorithm to obtain the motion features of the image sequence. The ABC algorithm is proved to be more robust and effective through the comparison between ABC algorithm and popular Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. Except for the above results, we also compared the classic visual attention mechanism and our ABC algorithm based visual attention mechanism, and the experimental results of which further verified the effectiveness of our method. -
Gerald Edelman - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
Gerald Edelman - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Create account Log in Article Talk Read Edit View history Gerald Edelman From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Main page Gerald Maurice Edelman (born July 1, 1929) is an Contents American biologist who shared the 1972 Nobel Prize in Gerald Maurice Edelman Featured content Physiology or Medicine for work with Rodney Robert Born July 1, 1929 (age 83) Current events Porter on the immune system.[1] Edelman's Nobel Prize- Ozone Park, Queens, New York Nationality Random article winning research concerned discovery of the structure of American [2] Fields Donate to Wikipedia antibody molecules. In interviews, he has said that the immunology; neuroscience way the components of the immune system evolve over Alma Ursinus College, University of Interaction the life of the individual is analogous to the way the mater Pennsylvania School of Medicine Help components of the brain evolve in a lifetime. There is a Known for immune system About Wikipedia continuity in this way between his work on the immune system, for which he won the Nobel Prize, and his later Notable Nobel Prize in Physiology or Community portal work in neuroscience and in philosophy of mind. awards Medicine in 1972 Recent changes Contact Wikipedia Contents [hide] Toolbox 1 Education and career 2 Nobel Prize Print/export 2.1 Disulphide bonds 2.2 Molecular models of antibody structure Languages 2.3 Antibody sequencing 2.4 Topobiology 3 Theory of consciousness Беларуская 3.1 Neural Darwinism Български 4 Evolution Theory Català 5 Personal Deutsch 6 See also Español 7 References Euskara 8 Bibliography Français 9 Further reading 10 External links Hrvatski Ido Education and career [edit] Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Gerald Edelman was born in 1929 in Ozone Park, Queens, New York to Jewish parents, physician Edward Edelman, and Anna Freedman Edelman, who worked in the insurance industry.[3] After עברית Kiswahili being raised in New York, he attended college in Pennsylvania where he graduated magna cum Nederlands laude with a B.S.