How to Cite Complete Issue More Information About This Article

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

How to Cite Complete Issue More Information About This Article Revista de la Facultad de Medicina ISSN: 2357-3848 ISSN: 0120-0011 Universidad Nacional de Colombia Barco-Ríos, John; Duque-Parra, Jorge Eduardo; Barco-Cano, Johanna Alexandra From substance fermentation to action potential in modern science (part two) Revista de la Facultad de Medicina, vol. 66, no. 4, 2018, October-December, pp. 623-627 Universidad Nacional de Colombia DOI: 10.15446/revfacmed.v66n4.65552 Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=576364271017 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System Redalyc More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America and the Caribbean, Spain and Journal's webpage in redalyc.org Portugal Project academic non-profit, developed under the open access initiative Rev. Fac. Med. 2018 Vol. 66 No. 4: 623-7 623 REFLECTION PAPER DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/revfacmed.v66n4.65552 From substance fermentation to action potential in modern science (part two) De la fermentación de sustancias al potencial de acción en la ciencia moderna (segunda parte) Received: 08/06/2017. Accepted: 12/12/2017. John Barco-Ríos1,2 • Jorge Eduardo Duque-Parra1,2 • Johanna Alexandra Barco-Cano2,3 1 Universidad de Caldas - Faculty of Health Sciences - Department of Basic Sciences - Manizales - Colombia. 2 Universidad de Caldas - Department of Basic Sciences - Caldas Neuroscience Group - Manizales - Colombia. 3 Universidad de Caldas - Faculty of Health Sciences - Clinical Department - Manizales - Colombia. Corresponding author: John Barco-Ríos. Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Caldas. Calle 65 No. 26-10, office: M203. Telephone number: +57 6 8781500. Manizales. Colombia. Email: [email protected]. | Abstract | | Resumen | Introduction: After conducting a bibliographical review on the works Introducción. Después de una revisión bibliográfica sobre los trabajos of various researchers at different times to explain the phenomenon de diversos investigadores en distintas épocas para explicar el fenómeno of the transmission of nerve impulses, it is observed that since de la transmisión nerviosa, se observa que a partir del siglo XVIII, the eighteenth century, when modern science was born, scientific cuando surge la ciencia moderna, el conocimiento científico en el campo knowledge in the field of physiology had an accelerated development de la fisiología tuvo un desarrollo acelerado por la creación de nuevas following the creation of new research techniques and the application técnicas de investigación y la aplicación del método científico. Así, of the scientific method. Thus, the philosophical theory of “animal de la teoría filosófica de los “espíritus animales” se llegó al concepto spirits” led to the current concept of action potential, understood as actual del potencial de acción, entendiéndose este como un fenómeno a merely electrochemical phenomenon. meramente electroquímico. Discussion: The establishment of the scientific method and the Discusión. Con el establecimiento del método científico y el desarrollo development of new research techniques led several researchers de nuevas técnicas para la investigación, diversos investigadores en at different times to unravel the molecular mechanisms involved distintas épocas fueron desentrañando los mecanismos moleculares in the transmission of nerve impulses, which took two and a half implicados en la transmisión de los impulsos nerviosos, por lo que centuries to reach the current concept about the origin of action solo bastaron dos siglos y medio para llegar al concepto actual sobre potential. el origen del potencial de acción. Conclusion: The notion “animal spirits” was valid for many centuries, Conclusión. La teoría filosófica de los espíritus animales perduró por while modern science took a little more than two centuries to muchos siglos, mientras que a la ciencia moderna le tomó poco más understand the phenomenon of nerve impulse transmission. de dos siglos para entender el fenómeno de la transmisión nerviosa. Keywords: History; Physiology; Action Potentials; Science Palabras clave: Historia; Fisiología; Potenciales de acción; Ciencia (MeSH). (DeCS). Barco-Ríos J, Duque-Parra JE, Barco-Cano JA. From substance fermentation Barco-Ríos J, Duque-Parra JE, Barco-Cano JA. [De la fermentación de sustancias to action potential in modern science (part two). Rev. Fac. Med. 2018;66(4):623- al potencial de acción en la ciencia moderna (segunda parte)]. Rev. Fac. Med. 7. English. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/revfacmed.v66n4.65552. 2018;66(4):623-7. English. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/revfacmed.v66n4.65552. Introduction Modern science, an era for reason Before the birth of modern science, the concepts issued by researchers The first part of this article, entitled From animal spirits to scientific were accepted almost as dogmas, without being proven by other revolution in Medicine (first part), published in volume 66 issue 2 of this researchers. Following the scientific revolution, knowledge began journal, presented a historical review of the way how the functioning of the to acquire a new dimension, slowly detaching itself from religious nervous system based on animal spirits was formerly conceived. This idea influence, leading to dispute and question the concept of animal spirits prevailed until the seventeenth century, during the scientific revolution, when that controlled our nervous system. Giovanni Alfonso Borelli demonstrated that such spirits did not exist. (1) 624 History of action potential: 623-7 This literature review of the period between the eighteenth century, that, after death, the nerves could still retain the ability to drive the when modern science was born, and the first half of the twentieth electrical impulse and transfer it to the muscle fibers to react to it. (8) century, when the phenomenon of nerve impulse transmission Years later, in 1841, the German physician and physiologist Emil was clarified, presents the most outstanding characters and events du Bois-Reymond (1818-1896), at the request of his professor Peter that prompted knowledge about the way how nerve information is Johannes Müller (1801-1858), who was not interested in the field of transmitted through neurons and, consequently, the physiology of electricity, confirmed and expanded the findings reported by Matteucci the nervous system. in 1840 on the existence of an electric current that appeared between a damaged segment and another intact part of a muscle. In fact, Revolution of thought du Bois-Reymond proved the existence of a current in the injured muscle which he called Muskelnstrom and observed, furthermore, Although many historians state that the scientific revolution began that the amplitude of said current decreased by stimulating the nerve; during the Renaissance, modern science took on its avant-garde he called this “negative variation”. (10,11) Later, the researcher role and detached itself from any religious influence only until attached the electrodes of a galvanometer to a nerve and saw the same the eighteenth century. Since then, science developed a way of phenomenon. These works allowed establishing the basic principles interpreting the reality that is attempted to be demonstrated by means of nerve impulse. of the verification of observed facts or data, that is to say, applying In 1850, the German physician and physicist Hermann Ludwig the scientific method proposed by Descartes. Ferdinand von Helmholtz (1821-1894), who was interested in nerve Until the eighteenth century, two hypotheses had been proposed to transmission, which was thought to be impossible to estimate at that explain that the brain was the place where consciousness, sensation time because of the speed at which it was transmitted, designed an and understanding were located (2), and that many bodily structures experiment to measure said speed. For this purpose, he used the were controlled through nerves. The first hypothesis emerged in the newly dissected sciatic nerve of a frog and the corresponding muscle sixth century BC and prevailed until the first half of the seventeenth it innervated, and coupled a clock that started when the nervous century; it proposed the presence of “animal spirits” that were stimulus appeared and stopped at the moment of the contraction. transported by nerves to make organs work. The second hypothesis, After several measurements at different temperatures, Helmholtz was raised in the second half of the seventeenth century, based on the able to calculate that the speed was 27-30 m/s. (8,12) Then, he made experimental work of Giovanni Alfonso Borelli, an advocate of the some measurements on human subjects and found that the driving scientific method, showed that animal spirits were not transported by speed was much faster, about 60 m/s. (13) the nerves and proposed that muscles contract due to the fermentation Wilhelm Friedrich Kühne (1837-1900), a German physiologist, of chemical substances. (3) used fixation and staining and, in the 1870s, described that nerve At the dawn of modern science, a third hypothesis arose to endings reached a small formation on the muscle membrane, calling explain the phenomenon of nerve conduction. In 1713, the physicist, this entire structure “neuromuscular junction”. (14) Kühne proposed mathematician and alchemist Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) proposed that the current produced by the nervous impulse excited the muscle that the animal spirits promulgated by Galen were actually “ethereal fibers in this junction. A few years later, Du Bois-Reymond
Recommended publications
  • Unrestricted Immigration and the Foreign Dominance Of
    Unrestricted Immigration and the Foreign Dominance of United States Nobel Prize Winners in Science: Irrefutable Data and Exemplary Family Narratives—Backup Data and Information Andrew A. Beveridge, Queens and Graduate Center CUNY and Social Explorer, Inc. Lynn Caporale, Strategic Scientific Advisor and Author The following slides were presented at the recent meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. This project and paper is an outgrowth of that session, and will combine qualitative data on Nobel Prize Winners family histories along with analyses of the pattern of Nobel Winners. The first set of slides show some of the patterns so far found, and will be augmented for the formal paper. The second set of slides shows some examples of the Nobel families. The authors a developing a systematic data base of Nobel Winners (mainly US), their careers and their family histories. This turned out to be much more challenging than expected, since many winners do not emphasize their family origins in their own biographies or autobiographies or other commentary. Dr. Caporale has reached out to some laureates or their families to elicit that information. We plan to systematically compare the laureates to the population in the US at large, including immigrants and non‐immigrants at various periods. Outline of Presentation • A preliminary examination of the 609 Nobel Prize Winners, 291 of whom were at an American Institution when they received the Nobel in physics, chemistry or physiology and medicine • Will look at patterns of
    [Show full text]
  • Why Joseph Erlanger Rejected the Local Circuit Theory of Nerve Impulse Propagation
    Why Joseph Erlanger Rejected the Local Circuit Theory of Nerve Impulse Propagation Greg Gandenberger University of Pittsburgh, Department of History and Philosophy of Science 1017 Cathedral of Learning, Pittsburgh, PA 15260. [email protected] Abstract In the 1920s and 1930s, Joseph Erlanger and his colleagues expressed doubts about the local circuit theory of nerve impulse propagation in some of their publications. In 1934, their scepticism inspired Alan Hodgkin to begin a series of experiments that are generally regarded as providing strong support for the local circuit theory. Hodgkin’s experiments are well known, but the nature and sources of Erlanger’s scepticism are not. In the mid-1920s, Erlanger believed that oscillograph recordings indicated that the eddy currents generated by action currents are too small to propagate the nerve impulse as the local circuit theory proposes. In the 1930s, his fundamental objection to the local circuit theory was his belief that eddy currents large enough to propagate nerve impulses would dissipate a large amount of energy and produce uncontrolled stray effects. However, a 1936 discovery led him to admit that eddy currents do at least increase the excitability of an active fiber ahead of the action current wave. His opposition to the local circuit theory diminished further as a result of several developments between late 1938 and early 1939, including most notably Hodgkin demonstration that the resistance of the medium outside the active nerve affects propagation velocity. Word Count: 7467 Keywords Joseph Erlanger; Alan Hodgkin; local circuit theory; membrane theory; St. Louis School; electrophysiology 1. Introduction Early in his 1934-1935 year as a Cambridge undergraduate, Alan Hodgkin discovered that a blocked nerve impulse increases the excitability of the nerve beyond the block.
    [Show full text]
  • The Creation of Neuroscience
    The Creation of Neuroscience The Society for Neuroscience and the Quest for Disciplinary Unity 1969-1995 Introduction rom the molecular biology of a single neuron to the breathtakingly complex circuitry of the entire human nervous system, our understanding of the brain and how it works has undergone radical F changes over the past century. These advances have brought us tantalizingly closer to genu- inely mechanistic and scientifically rigorous explanations of how the brain’s roughly 100 billion neurons, interacting through trillions of synaptic connections, function both as single units and as larger ensem- bles. The professional field of neuroscience, in keeping pace with these important scientific develop- ments, has dramatically reshaped the organization of biological sciences across the globe over the last 50 years. Much like physics during its dominant era in the 1950s and 1960s, neuroscience has become the leading scientific discipline with regard to funding, numbers of scientists, and numbers of trainees. Furthermore, neuroscience as fact, explanation, and myth has just as dramatically redrawn our cultural landscape and redefined how Western popular culture understands who we are as individuals. In the 1950s, especially in the United States, Freud and his successors stood at the center of all cultural expla- nations for psychological suffering. In the new millennium, we perceive such suffering as erupting no longer from a repressed unconscious but, instead, from a pathophysiology rooted in and caused by brain abnormalities and dysfunctions. Indeed, the normal as well as the pathological have become thoroughly neurobiological in the last several decades. In the process, entirely new vistas have opened up in fields ranging from neuroeconomics and neurophilosophy to consumer products, as exemplified by an entire line of soft drinks advertised as offering “neuro” benefits.
    [Show full text]
  • Advertising (PDF)
    Neuroscience 2013 SEE YOU IN San Diego November 9 – 13, 2013 Join the Society for Neuroscience Are you an SfN member? Join now and save on annual meeting registration. You’ll also enjoy these member-only benefits: • Abstract submission — only SfN members can submit abstracts for the annual meeting • Lower registration rates and more housing choices for the annual meeting • The Journal of Neuroscience — access The Journal online and receive a discounted subscription on the print version • Free essential color charges for The Journal of Neuroscience manuscripts, when first and last authors are members • Free online access to the European Journal of Neuroscience • Premium services on NeuroJobs, SfN’s online career resource • Member newsletters, including Neuroscience Quarterly and Nexus If you are not a member or let your membership lapse, there’s never been a better time to join or renew. Visit www.sfn.org/joinnow and start receiving your member benefits today. www.sfn.org/joinnow membership_full_page_ad.indd 1 1/25/10 2:27:58 PM The #1 Cited Journal in Neuroscience* Read The Journal of Neuroscience every week to keep up on what’s happening in the field. s4HENUMBERONECITEDJOURNAL INNEUROSCIENCE s4HEMOSTNEUROSCIENCEARTICLES PUBLISHEDEACHYEARNEARLY in 2011 s )MPACTFACTOR s 0UBLISHEDTIMESAYEAR ,EARNMOREABOUTMEMBERAND INSTITUTIONALSUBSCRIPTIONSAT *.EUROSCIORGSUBSCRIPTIONS *ISI Journal Citation Reports, 2011 The Journal of Neuroscience 4HE/FlCIAL*OURNALOFTHE3OCIETYFOR.EUROSCIENCE THE HISTORY OF NEUROSCIENCE IN AUTOBIOGRAPHY THE LIVES AND DISCOVERIES OF EMINENT SENIOR NEUROSCIENTISTS CAPTURED IN AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL BOOKS AND VIDEOS The History of Neuroscience in Autobiography Series Edited by Larry R. Squire Outstanding neuroscientists tell the stories of their scientific work in this fascinating series of autobiographical essays.
    [Show full text]
  • 書 名 等 発行年 出版社 受賞年 備考 N1 Ueber Das Zustandekommen Der
    書 名 等 発行年 出版社 受賞年 備考 Ueber das Zustandekommen der Diphtherie-immunitat und der Tetanus-Immunitat bei thieren / Emil Adolf N1 1890 Georg thieme 1901 von Behring N2 Diphtherie und tetanus immunitaet / Emil Adolf von Behring und Kitasato 19-- [Akitomo Matsuki] 1901 Malarial fever its cause, prevention and treatment containing full details for the use of travellers, University press of N3 1902 1902 sportsmen, soldiers, and residents in malarious places / by Ronald Ross liverpool Ueber die Anwendung von concentrirten chemischen Lichtstrahlen in der Medicin / von Prof. Dr. Niels N4 1899 F.C.W.Vogel 1903 Ryberg Finsen Mit 4 Abbildungen und 2 Tafeln Twenty-five years of objective study of the higher nervous activity (behaviour) of animals / Ivan N5 Petrovitch Pavlov ; translated and edited by W. Horsley Gantt ; with the collaboration of G. Volborth ; and c1928 International Publishing 1904 an introduction by Walter B. Cannon Conditioned reflexes : an investigation of the physiological activity of the cerebral cortex / by Ivan Oxford University N6 1927 1904 Petrovitch Pavlov ; translated and edited by G.V. Anrep Press N7 Die Ätiologie und die Bekämpfung der Tuberkulose / Robert Koch ; eingeleitet von M. Kirchner 1912 J.A.Barth 1905 N8 Neue Darstellung vom histologischen Bau des Centralnervensystems / von Santiago Ramón y Cajal 1893 Veit 1906 Traité des fiévres palustres : avec la description des microbes du paludisme / par Charles Louis Alphonse N9 1884 Octave Doin 1907 Laveran N10 Embryologie des Scorpions / von Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov 1870 Wilhelm Engelmann 1908 Immunität bei Infektionskrankheiten / Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov ; einzig autorisierte übersetzung von Julius N11 1902 Gustav Fischer 1908 Meyer Die experimentelle Chemotherapie der Spirillosen : Syphilis, Rückfallfieber, Hühnerspirillose, Frambösie / N12 1910 J.Springer 1908 von Paul Ehrlich und S.
    [Show full text]
  • Biochemistrystanford00kornrich.Pdf
    University of California Berkeley Regional Oral History Office University of California The Bancroft Library Berkeley, California Program in the History of the Biosciences and Biotechnology Arthur Kornberg, M.D. BIOCHEMISTRY AT STANFORD, BIOTECHNOLOGY AT DNAX With an Introduction by Joshua Lederberg Interviews Conducted by Sally Smith Hughes, Ph.D. in 1997 Copyright 1998 by The Regents of the University of California Since 1954 the Regional Oral History Office has been interviewing leading participants in or well-placed witnesses to major events in the development of Northern California, the West, and the Nation. Oral history is a method of collecting historical information through tape-recorded interviews between a narrator with firsthand knowledge of historically significant events and a well- informed interviewer, with the goal of preserving substantive additions to the historical record. The tape recording is transcribed, lightly edited for continuity and clarity, and reviewed by the interviewee. The corrected manuscript is indexed, bound with photographs and illustrative materials, and placed in The Bancroft Library at the University of California, Berkeley, and in other research collections for scholarly use. Because it is primary material, oral history is not intended to present the final, verified, or complete narrative of events. It is a spoken account, offered by the interviewee in response to questioning, and as such it is reflective, partisan, deeply involved, and irreplaceable. ************************************ All uses of this manuscript are covered by a legal agreement between The Regents of the University of California and Arthur Kornberg, M.D., dated June 18, 1997. The manuscript is thereby made available for research purposes. All literary rights in the manuscript, including the right to publish, are reserved to The Bancroft Library of the University of California, Berkeley.
    [Show full text]
  • Die Woche Spezial
    In cooperation with DIE WOCHE SPEZIAL >> Autographs>vs.>#NobelSelfie Special >> Big>Data>–>not>a>big>deal,> Edition just>another>tool >> Why>Don’t>Grasshoppers> Catch>Colds? SCIENCE SUMMIT The>64th>Lindau>Nobel>Laureate>Meeting> devoted>to>Physiology>and>Medicine More than 600 young scientists came to Lindau to meet 37 Nobel laureates CAREER WONGSANIT > Women>to>Women: SUPHAKIT > / > Science>and>Family FOTOLIA INFLAMMATION The>Stress>of>Ageing > FLASHPICS > / > MEETINGS > FOTOLIA LAUREATE > CANCER RESEARCH NOBEL > LINDAU > / > J.>Michael>Bishop>and GÄRTNER > FLEMMING > JUAN > / the>Discovery>of>the>first> > CHRISTIAN FOTOLIA Human>Oncogene EDITORIAL IMPRESSUM Chefredakteur: Prof. Dr. Carsten Könneker (v.i.S.d.P.) Dear readers, Redaktionsleiter: Dr. Daniel Lingenhöhl Redaktion: Antje Findeklee, Jan Dönges, Dr. Jan Osterkamp where>else>can>aspiring>young>scientists> Ständige Mitarbeiter: Lars Fischer Art Director Digital: Marc Grove meet>the>best>researchers>of>the>world> Layout: Oliver Gabriel Schlussredaktion: Christina Meyberg (Ltg.), casually,>and>discuss>their>research,>or>their> Sigrid Spies, Katharina Werle Bildredaktion: Alice Krüßmann (Ltg.), Anke Lingg, Gabriela Rabe work>–>or>pressing>global>problems?>Or> Verlag: Spektrum der Wissenschaft Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Slevogtstraße 3–5, 69126 Heidelberg, Tel. 06221 9126-600, simply>discuss>soccer?>Probably>the>best> Fax 06221 9126-751; Amtsgericht Mannheim, HRB 338114, UStd-Id-Nr. DE147514638 occasion>is>the>annual>Lindau>Nobel>Laure- Geschäftsleitung: Markus Bossle, Thomas Bleck Marketing und Vertrieb: Annette Baumbusch (Ltg.) Leser- und Bestellservice: Helga Emmerich, Sabine Häusser, ate>Meeting>in>the>lovely>Bavarian>town>of> Ute Park, Tel. 06221 9126-743, E-Mail: [email protected] Lindau>on>Lake>Constance. Die Spektrum der Wissenschaft Verlagsgesellschaft mbH ist Kooperati- onspartner des Nationalen Instituts für Wissenschaftskommunikation Daniel>Lingenhöhl> GmbH (NaWik).
    [Show full text]
  • Past Recipients (Listed with Their Titles at the Time the Honor Was Conferred)
    Past Recipients (listed with their titles at the time the honor was conferred) 2014 José Jalife, M.D. Professor of Internal Medicine and The Cyrus and Jane Farrehi Professor of Cardiovascular Research Professor of Molecular & Integrative Physiology Director, Center for Arrhytmia Research University of Michigan 2012 Andras Nagy, Ph.D. Professor, Department of Molecular Genetics, Senior Investigator, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute University of Toronto 2010 Kevin P. Campbell, Ph.D. Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Director, Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Cooperative Research Center and Chair, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics University of Iowa 2009 Friedrich C. Luft, M.D. Professor of Medicine and Director of the Experimental and Clinical Research Center at the Max-Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany Chief of Nephrology and Hypertension HELIOS Hospital in Berlin-Buch, Germany 2007 Howard J. Jacob, Ph.D. Director, Human and Molecular Genetics Center Warren P. Knowles Chair in Genetics Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin 2005 John L. Hall, Ph.D. Arthur C. Guyton Professor and Chair Department of Physiology and Biophysics Director of the Center of Excellence in Cardiovascular-Renal Research Associate Vice-Chancellor of Research University of Mississippi Medical Center Jackson, Mississippi 2003 Gabor Kaley, Ph.D. Professor and Chairman Department of Physiology New York Medical College Valhalla, New York 2000 Hermes A. Kontos, M.D., Ph.D. Vice President for Health Sciences Dean, School of Medicine Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine Richmond, Virginia 1998 William J. Koopman, M.D. Chairman, Department of Medicine University of Alabama School of Medicine Birmingham, Alabama 1995 Suzanne Oparil, M.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction and Historical Perspective
    Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical Perspective “ Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution. ” modified by the developmental history of the organism, Theodosius Dobzhansky its physiology – from cellular to systems levels – and by the social and physical environment. Finally, behaviors are shaped through evolutionary forces of natural selection OVERVIEW that optimize survival and reproduction ( Figure 1.1 ). Truly, the study of behavior provides us with a window through Behavioral genetics aims to understand the genetic which we can view much of biology. mechanisms that enable the nervous system to direct Understanding behaviors requires a multidisciplinary appropriate interactions between organisms and their perspective, with regulation of gene expression at its core. social and physical environments. Early scientific The emerging field of behavioral genetics is still taking explorations of animal behavior defined the fields shape and its boundaries are still being defined. Behavioral of experimental psychology and classical ethology. genetics has evolved through the merger of experimental Behavioral genetics has emerged as an interdisciplin- psychology and classical ethology with evolutionary biol- ary science at the interface of experimental psychology, ogy and genetics, and also incorporates aspects of neuro- classical ethology, genetics, and neuroscience. This science ( Figure 1.2 ). To gain a perspective on the current chapter provides a brief overview of the emergence of definition of this field, it is helpful
    [Show full text]
  • Tomaso A. Poggio
    BK-SFN-NEUROSCIENCE-131211-09_Poggio.indd 362 16/04/14 5:25 PM Tomaso A. Poggio BORN: Genova, Italy September 11, 1947 EDUCATION: University of Genoa, PhD in Physics, Summa cum laude (1971) APPOINTMENTS: Wissenschaftlicher Assistant, Max Planck Institut für Biologische Kybernetik, Tubingen, Germany (1978) Associate Professor (with tenure), Department of Psychology and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1981) Uncas and Helen Whitaker Chair, Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1988) Eugene McDermott Professor, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory and McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (2002) HONORS AND AWARDS (SELECTED): Otto-Hahn-Medaille of the Max Planck Society (1979) Member, Neurosciences Research Program (1979) Columbus Prize of the Istituto Internazionale delle Comunicazioni Genoa, Italy (1982) Corporate Fellow, Thinking Machines Corporation (1984) Founding Fellow, American Association of Artificial Intelligence (1990) Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1997) Foreign Member, Istituto Lombardo dell’Accademia di Scienze e Lettere (1998) Laurea Honoris Causa in Ingegneria Informatica, Bicentenario dell’Invezione della Pila, Pavia, Italia, March (2000) Gabor Award, International Neural Network Society (2003) Okawa Prize (2009) Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science (2009) Tomaso Poggio began his career in collaboration
    [Show full text]
  • English Summary
    English summary The Nobel Prize Career of Ragnar Granit. A Study of the Prizes of Science and the Science of the Prizes This study is concerned with two closely related themes: the reward system of science – i .e . the various means by which scientists express their admiration and esteem for their colleagues – and the role played by social networks within this broader framework . The study approa- ches its topic from the viewpoint of the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine, often referred to as the Nobel Prize in Medicine . The focus of the study is on the lengthy process that led to the granting of the 1967 Nobel Prize to Ragnar Granit (1901–1991) for his discoveries concer- ning the primary physiological visual processes in the eye . His award was preceded by one of the most dramatic conflicts within the prize authorities during the post-war decades, and serves here to illustrate the dynamics and the various strategies employed in the Nobel Com- mittee of the Karolinska Institute . In addition, Granit’s career as a No- bel Prize candidate is used as a window through which it is possible to examine the various ways in which elite networks in the scientific field operate . In order to enable comparison, the Nobel careers of Charles Best, Hugo Theorell, and John Eccles are also discussed . On a more ge- neral level the Nobel careers of other scientists who received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in the period 1940–1960 are also dis- cussed, whereby, as an offshoot of the study, a general picture of the Nobel institution in the post-war decades emerges .
    [Show full text]
  • Krogh's Principle
    Introduction to Neuroscience: Behavioral Neuroscience Neuroethology, Comparative Neuroscience, Natural Neuroscience Nachum Ulanovsky Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science 2017-2018, 2nd semester Principles of Neuroethology Neuroethology seeks to understand the mechanisms by which the Neurobiology central nervous system controls the Neuroethology Ethology natural behavior of animals. • Focus on Natural behaviors: Choosing to study a well-defined and reproducible yet natural behavior (either Innate or Learned behavior) • Need to study thoroughly the animal’s behavior, including in the field: Neuroethology starts with a good understanding of Ethology. • If you study the animals in the lab, you need to keep them in conditions as natural as possible, to avoid the occurrence of unnatural behaviors. • Krogh’s principle 1 Krogh’s principle August Krogh Nobel prize 1920 “For such a large number of problems there will be some animal of choice or a few such animals on which it can be most conveniently studied. Many years ago when my teacher, Christian Bohr, was interested in the respiratory mechanism of the lung and devised the method of studying the exchange through each lung separately, he found that a certain kind of tortoise possessed a trachea dividing into the main bronchi high up in the neck, and we used to say as a laboratory joke that this animal had been created expressly for the purposes of respiration physiology. I have no doubt that there is quite a number of animals which are similarly "created" for special physiological
    [Show full text]