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Home , Baruch Plan, Diplomacy (book)

ATOMIC , , AND EAST ASIAN DIPLOMACY By: Angelica Narvaez in Europe and Baruch Plan (1946) vDuring the time, the US pretty much had a monopoly on atomic bombs v Some of Truman’s cabinets argued to share atomic secrets in order to avoid Soviet suspicion v Some were greatly opposed because they thought the Soviets could not be trusted vAfter the US bombed Japan, the international community wanted a way to avoid and regulate “the use of atomic energy for destructive purposes” as well as prevent v Growing public concern vIn 1946, the US proposed the formation of the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission (UNAEC) v Designed to oversee the discussions about the use of Baruch Plan (1946) vFirst proposal was the Acheson-Lilienthal Report vIntended to be a foundation for a system of regulations vAuthors included people who were in the like J. Robert Oppenheimer vCalled for international ownership and operation of all dangerous nuclear activities vIssued that nuclear activities must not be left to national hands and warned the risks of national rivalries vUS would relinquish bombs Baruch Plan (1946) vBernard Baruch proposed the Baruch Plan vProposed international regulation and management of vProposed to inspect nuclear production facilities vUS would maintain its nuclear weapons monopoly until the plan was in full effect vVetoes would not be allowed to protect those who violate the proposal, punishment will be strictly enforced Soviet Response to Plan vThe Soviets rejected the plan by using their Security Council veto v Did not want their veto to be eliminated because it would deprive them of acquiring nuclear weapons v Stalin determined to create about nuclear weapons vScientists working on the Soviet atomic bomb project were threatened to be murdered if they did not produce atomic bombs v One scientists from the US committed treason to give Soviets blueprints of atomic bomb vSoviets submitted a counter proposal v Prohibit proliferation, but violations would enforce domestic punishment vCommission reached an impasse v Thought that agreement to prevent nuclear proliferation was not enough Results and Significance vThe rejection of the plan allowed the nuclear between the US and the vEnabled the US and Soviet Union to develop nuclear weapons, like the hydrogen bomb, MIRV missiles, and the neutron bomb vEventually the Soviet Union carried out their first atomic bomb test vThe term originated from ’s “Sinews of Peace” Speech v “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent.” vDescribes the metaphoric barrier that the Soviet Union created to isolate them and the regions they controlled from the rest of Europe vPainted the Soviet Union as an evil force that forced countries into submission vSatellite nations were forbidden to form relationships with western countries Iron Curtain OPCVL (Origin) vhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jvax5VUvjWQ vhttp://www.historyguide.org/europe/churchill.html v“The Sinews of Peace” by Winston Churchill vDelivered on March 5,1946 vTook place at Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri OPCVL (Purpose) vInvoke a more active role from the US regarding Soviet Union diplomacy and policies v “If the Western Democracies stand together in strict adherence to the principles will be immense and no one is likely to molest them. If however they become divided of falter in their duty and if these all-important years are allowed to slip away then indeed catastrophe may overwhelm us all.” vCall for a UK-US alliance, especially against the Soviet Union and their actions v “Neither the sure prevention of war, nor the continuous rise of world organization will be gained without what I have called the fraternal association of the English-speaking peoples.” v “This means a special relationship between the British Commonwealth and Empire and the United States of America.” vPaint the Soviets as a significant threat that forces other nations under their communist influence v “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of central and eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest, and Sofia, all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject, in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and, in some cases, increasing measure of control from Moscow” v “What they desire is the fruits of war and the indefinite expansion of their power and doctrines.” OPCVL (Value)

vShows the increasing tensions during the initial phases of the Cold War v “In those days there were high hopes and unbounded confidence that the wars were over and that the would become all-powerful. I do not see or feel that same confidence or event he same hopes in the haggard world at the present time.” v “But what we have to consider here today while time remains, is the permanent prevention of war and the establishment of conditions of freedom and democracy as rapidly as possible in all countries. Our difficulties and dangers will not be removed by closing our eyes to them. They will not be removed by mere waiting to see what happens; nor will they be removed by a policy of appeasement.”

vReflects how the US came to perceive the Soviet Union v After the speech, the US government decided to prevent Soviet Union’s communist expansion by enforcing tough policies

OPCVL (Limitation) vDid not consider the Soviet perspective v Stalin deemed the speech as “war mongering” vExtremely biased towards portraying the Soviets in a negative light v “From what I have seen of our Russian friends and Allies during the war, I am convinced that there is nothing they admire so much as strength, and there is nothing for which they have less respect than for weakness, especially military weakness. For that reason the old doctrine of a balance of power is unsound.” vPolitical speech meant to persuade, meaning that some of the details might be exaggerated or include too much praise v “Ladies and gentlemen, the United States stands at this time at the pinnacle of world power. It is a solemn moment for the American Democracy. For with primacy in power is also joined an awe- inspiring accountability to the future.” v “In front of the iron curtain which lies across Europe are other causes for anxiety” vMarch 12, 1947 vEconomic and military aid to Turkey and Greece in order to save them from and totalitarian government vGreece was in the middle of civil war while Turkey was under the threat of a Soviet invasion vTruman claimed that not giving aid to Turkey and Greece would result in democracy being in danger all around the world vCongress approved and gave him $400 million vShowed the intensity of the US to stop the spread of communism (1948)

vFormally known as European Recovery Act vDesigned to fix and stabilize the economy of 17 western and southern European countries in an attempt to help them establish democratic institutions v US wanted to ensure that post war era (unemployment and poverty) would not drive people towards communist ideals v Financed by US

vOriginally included most European nations even those under Soviet occupation v But Soviets disapproved of the plan which caused Eastern nations under their control to withdraw forcibly v Showed the influence of Soviets

vIn the final draft, the following countries were included: v Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and western Germany

vProposed by George C. Marshall who was Secretary of State to President Truman vUS Congress authorized the act on April 3, 1948 which President Truman signed into law Marshall Plan (1948) - Administration vEconomic Cooperation Administration (ECA) created under Paul G. Hoffman in order to carry out the plan vProvided about $13 billion ($130,289,194,915,254) over the next four years in order to improve their agriculture, industry, trade, and economy overall vCame in the form of grants (majority) and loans vCommittee of European Economic Cooperation (led by UK and France) was created to organize the program vReplaced by Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC) Marshall Plan (1948) - Results vVery successful vWestern European countries involved had a gross national products rise of 15 to 25 percent vImproved industries like steel as well as expanded their sciences (engineering, chemical research) vSince it was so successful, Truman expanded the plan with the Point Four Program during 1949 vSoviet Response v Stalin wanted to tighten Soviet control in satellite nations v Ordered Czechoslovak communists to control the only Eastern European state that had retained a democratic government v Carried out Point Four Program vOutgrowth of the Marshall Plan vDesigned to economically aid underdeveloped countries vMostly focused on technical assistance like agriculture, health, and education vWanted to stimulate private investment capital in the nations involved vPolicy used to persuade nonaligned nations to join US side Berlin Blockade vAfter WW2 Germany was divided into occupation zones. French, British, and US controlled West Germany while Soviet the East vMicrocosm for occupation zones in city of Berlin, which was located in East Germany vWestern allied forces (France, UK, and US) wanted to introduce the deutsche mark as a form of currency for all of West Berlin vThis along with the Marshall Plan drove Stalin to carry out a blockade in Berlin in an attempt to force Western Allies to yield their power and control over the West side of the city v Did not want a powerful West Germany that he could not control v Blocked railways, roads, and waterways that connected Berlin to West v Cut off electricity in West Berlin and further rationed their rations v Claimed that Allies no longer had rights to the city Germany Occupation Map Berlin Airlift (1948-49)

vIn response, western allies carried out an airlift to free the city and provide resources for the trapped civilians

vEstablished 3 secured air routes that planes to take in order to fly resources to the city

vLasted for 11 months, until May 12, 1949 when Soviet lifted the blockade

v“Total cost of $224 million and [delivered] 2,323,738 tons of food, fuel, machinery, and other supplies” National Security Council Paper #68 (1950) vPresented to President Truman on April 14, 1950 vCreated by CIA, State Department, and Defense Department vTook 4 months to create vReasons for its creation v Believed that US military was becoming “dangerously inadequate” against the increasing threat of Soviets and communism v Soviet atomic bomb project in which they detonated first bomb in 1949 v China’s communist government after the vTruman wanted to rethink US Cold War Diplomacy because of these events National Security Council Paper #68 (1950) vDiscussed militarized containment strategy of the US against the Soviet Union vStated that the US and the Soviet were the only two superpowers in the world and the Soviet Union was a threat who wanted to impose control over everyone v Japan, Germany, France, and GB were destabilized by the war vCalled for the “containment” of Soviet expansion vFormed basis for US Cold War strategies and policies vCalled for full mobilization of US economy during peacetime v Unprecedented v Money spent on defense v Moved us closer to full out wartime v New nuclear technology and weapons v Developed hydrogen bomb National Security Council Paper #68 (1950) vTruman was extremely hesitant to fund the policies discussed in the report vDid not want to increase taxes for American people vKorean War provoked action vIncreasing communist influence gained the support of the public Theory of Containment (Containment Policy) vOriginated from George Kennan v Advocated for policies in which Soviets were "contained by the adroit and vigilant application of counterforce" v Discussed his theory in an article named “The Sources of Soviet Conduct” which was published in Foreign Affairs vWhat was it? v Idea that the US must use its full power to stop the growth of communism and “free” those who are imprisoned by it v Simultaneously promote and democracy v Most associated with President Truman’s policies vPolicies that enforced it v NATO, a mutual defense pact Cold War in East Asia Chinese Civil War (1927-1950) vIn its core, was a fight for power and legitimacy between the Nationalist Party (KMT) and Communists Party of China (CPC) vKMT led by Chiang Kai-Shek while the CPC led by Background (1920s) vAfter the Xinhai Revolution ended Chinese dynastic rule, a power vacuum appeared and the country was left in unrest vWarlords and foreign invaders (mostly Japanese) tried to take control of China vKuomintang government, led by Sun Yat-Sen, tried to unify China v Carried out Northern Expedition v Fought against local warlords and the Beiyang (Peiyang) government with the help of Soviets Background (1920s)

vOvertime Chiang, who superseded Sun as leader of the party, grew suspicious of communists and ordered communist leaders executed v Soviets also supported the growing CPC v Communists in the Kuomintang Party were expelled

vIn response, communists and peasants revolted, but were defeated

vMao Zedong took advantage of this and fully established and grew the CPC v Carried out the Long March, the 6,000 mile journey of communists across western China v During the Sino-Japanese War threatened China which prompted both parties to unite briefly Continuation of Civil War (1946-49) vAfter WW2 was over, fighting ensued vInitially, Nationalists had the advantages: more troops, more weapons, more support from people, aided by the US v US deemed its support as “neutrality against communism” vOvertime, CPC increased in power and control of northern China as they invaded and conquered more land vThe more they controlled, the more communism did vMao Zedong and his party practiced guerilla warfare to weaken Chiang’s forces Weakening of Kuomintang (1946-49) vWidespread corruption, political conflicts, economic chaos weakened the party vHyperinflation wrecked the middle class, which was where most of the party’s support came from vPolitical suppression weakened party support from communist critics

Outcome (1946-49) vWeakening of Nationalists made it easier for Mao Zedong to conquer more cities and eventually gain control of China vMao appealed to the peasants and their hardships during the war vBeijing fell to communist hands vMao established the People’s Republic of China vChiang and Kuomintang Party were exiled to Taiwan where they created the Republic of China vChina backed communist North Korea in vSino-Soviet Treaty signed by Stalin and Mao which recognized People’s Republic of China and declared that both countries would back each other if one was attacked vCommunist influence officially spreading in Asia Effects of US Psyche (1946-49) vChina’s fall to communism made US paranoid about secret communist invasions, especially from within the government vSenator Joseph R. McCarthy asserted that he knew 205 US communist officials without proper evidence vIncited a wave of suspicion within the government vWhere McCarthyism came from Reconstruction of Japan vGreat Britain, Soviet Union, Republic of China, and the US discussed how to “disarm Japan, deal with its colonies, stabilize the Japanese economy, and prevent the remilitarization of the state in the future” after WW2 vIn the Potsdam Declaration, they called for unconditional surrender of Japan vGeneral Douglas MacArthur led the Supreme Command of Allied Powers (SCAP) which would oversee reconstruction v3 phases v Retribution and reform v Economic revival and stabilization v Formal treaty and alliance Retribution and Reform (1945-47) vPunished Japan for its actions by holding trials for war crimes in Tokyo vSCAP disassembled the Japanese Army and prohibited military officers from pursuing a political role in the government vCreated land reforms to benefit small farmers and reduce power of rich landowners vTried to break up large business conglomerates in order to establish a free-market system vProposed a new Constitution v Emperor will be reduced to a figurehead v More power to a parliamentary system v More rights for women (suffrage) v Free elections v Abandon right to wage war Economic Revival and Stabilization (1947-50) vSome refer to it as the “reverse course” vWestern allies were rowing concerned that the economic troubles of Japan would make them more susceptible to communist ideals and spur a communist movement vCannot let this happen since China was slowly succumbing to communist forces vIntroduced tax reforms and tried to control inflation vKorean War made Japan “the principal supply depot for UN forces” which solved its problem of having a lack of raw materials for industries in finished goods Formal Treaty and Alliance (1950-55) vRemilitarization of Japan no longer the main concern of US, instead it was the expansion of communism vTreaty of San Francisco v Established terms of alliance and peace v US allowed to keep its military bases in the country v Japan recognized Korea as independent v Renounced rights to Taiwan, the Pescadores, the Kurils, southern Sakhalin, and the Pacific islands v Taiwanese officials argued that Taiwan is its own independent country because their status was not specifically determined after Japanese renunciation vJapan joined the UN in 1956 Chinese Involvement vPrime Minister Yoshida initially tried to delay supporting either People’s Republic of China or Republic of China (Taiwan) vU.S. negotiator persuaded him that the treaty not pass in the U.S. Senate unless Japan recognizes Taiwan. vJapan negotiated a peace treaty with them and trade developed with Taiwan vOvertime, trade and relations decline with mainland China due to their lack of diplomatic ties vHowever, during the 1970s Japan normalized relations with China and cut off ties with Taiwan

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