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Bernard Baruch with Making the Corresponding Proposal to the General Assembly of the United Nations

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Bernard Baruch with Making the Corresponding Proposal to the General Assembly of the United Nations Questions 1. In which way impacts radiation human body functions 2. What is the lethal dose in units Gray 3. List three symptoms for severe radiation sickness Cold War and Proliferation After Trinity, Hiroshima, and Nagasaki and the defeat of Germany, the US believed to be in the absolute lead in nuclear weapon technology, moral concerns of scientists were dismissed, internationalization plans for nuclear power under international oversight (IAEA) were rejected. US promoted the Baruch plan for a short period of six months. This plan was not acceptable to the USSR and proliferation developed rapidly to a whole set of Nuclear Powers over the following decades Early attempts for non-proliferation Two government opinions: o Nuclear weapons are based on physics principle which can be freely repeated, knowledge cannot be monopolized (Henry Stimson, secretary of war) o The US made the bomb, the should take advantage of the monopoly and strengthen it (James Byrnes, Secretary of State) Truran was undecided, a proposal to pass responsibility for control to an “United Nations Atomic Energy Commission” was supported by the US and the USSR. Committee was formed to formulate the general goals and policies for supervising non-proliferation: Robert J. Oppenheimer UC Berkeley John McCloy Leslie Groves Manhattan Project David Lilienthal James Conant Tennessee Valley Vannevar Bush Dean Acheson project, Atomic Office of Scientific Secretary of State Energy Commission Research & Development 1893-1971 1899-1981 Acheson-Lilienthal Report 1946 On March 17, 1946, the Acheson-Lilienthal report was ready. The key was an Atomic Development Authority that would control the whole field of atomic energy, from mining through manufacturing. Rather than rely on international inspection teams -- what might be called atomic cops -- the consultants proposed to control potential cheating at the source, the uranium and thorium mines (Atomic Development Authority). The ADA was supposed to hand out and control fissionable material for peaceful use of nuclear energy. This solution, developed by Oppenheimer, Acheson termed "brilliant and profound." The Acheson-Lilienthal report recognized that with the fundamentals of atomic energy widely known, it was impossible to outlaw atomic weapons. It concluded that "so long as intrinsically dangerous activities may be carried out by nations, rivalries are inevitable" and that, therefore, a single international authority should become the only legal participant in activities associated with atomic arms. The report proposed that the US abandon its monopoly politics on nuclear weapons. Truman accepted the plan but charged the banker Bernard Baruch with making the corresponding proposal to the General Assembly of the United Nations. The Baruch Plan Bernard Baruch a conservative Wall Street Banker was charged by Truman to present the plan to the newly founded United Nations. Baruch made it clear he was not about to accept the report as written and present it to the United Nations; as he put it, he would not be "a messenger boy." Moreover, he would not include any scientists among his advisers. Baruch assured Lilienthal that he could "smell his way through." Baruch was worried about putting profitable US 1870-1965 mining business under international control. Baruch made two key changes in the Acheson-Lilienthal report that proved fatal. He insisted that swift and sure penalties greet violations and that punishment not be subject to a Security Council veto.Such conditions, Acheson believed, were a prescription for failure. Failure of the Baruch Plan The Soviet Union, a non-nuclear power, insisted upon retaining its United Nations veto and argued that the abolition of atomic weapons should precede the establishment of an international authority. Negotiations could not proceed fairly, the Russians maintained, as long as the United States could use its atomic monopoly to coerce other nations into accepting its plan. Andrei Gromyko, the Soviet delegate, proposed an international convention prohibiting the possession, production, and use of nuclear weapons. Only after the convention was implemented, should measures be considered to ensure “the strict 1909-1989 observance of the terms and obligations.” Consequences The failure of the Acheson- Lilienthal Report is often considered the key turning point in the Cold War, as a failure to secure international control of nuclear weapons virtually guaranteed the Nuclear Arms race that followed. At the time of the report, the Soviet Union was developing their first nuclear bomb, though they would not complete it until 1949. The moral conflict of science "We scientists, whose tragic destiny it has been to help to make the methods of annihilation ever more gruesome and more effective, must consider it our solemn and transcendent duty to do all in our power in preventing these weapons from being used.... What task could possibly be more important to us?" The Russell Einstein Manifesto London July 9 1955 Bertrand Russell and Albert Einstein were two of the leading intellectual figures of the 20th century. Russell was a philosopher, mathematician and Nobel Laureate in Literature. Einstein was a theoretical physicist, considered the greatest scientist of his time, and a Nobel Price Laureate in Physics. In the tragic situation which confronts humanity, we feel that scientists should assemble in conference to appraise the perils that have arisen as a result of the development of weapons of mass destruction, and to discuss a resolution in the spirit of the appended draft. Russell Einstein Manifesto "In view of the fact that in any future world war nuclear weapons will certainly be employed, and that such weapons threaten the continued existence of mankind, we urge the governments of the world to realize, and to acknowledge publicly, that 11 Signatures their purpose cannot be furthered by Max Born (1954) Percy W. Bridgman (1946) a world war, and we urge them, Albert Einstein (1921) consequently, to find peaceful Leopold Infeld Frederic Joliot-Curie (1935) means for the settlement of all Herman J. Muller (1946) Linus Pauling (1954,1962) matters of dispute between them." Cecil F. Powell (1950) Joseph Rotblat (1995) Bertrand Russell (1950) Hideki Yukawa (1949) The Russell-Einstein Manifesto makes the following points: Scientists have special responsibilities to awaken the public to the technological threats, particularly nuclear threats, confronting humanity. Those scientists with the greatest knowledge of the situation appear to be the most concerned. Nuclear weapons endanger our largest cities and threaten the future of humanity. In the circumstance of prevailing nuclear threat, humankind must put aside its differences and confront this overriding problem. The prohibition of modern weapons is not a sufficient solution to the threat; war as an institution must be abolished. Nonetheless, as a first step the nuclear weapons states should renounce these weapons. The choice before humanity is to find peaceful means of settling conflicts or to face "universal death." Spies and Proliferation At Potsdam conference 1945 Stalin was informed about US bomb project. An efficient Russian spy system in the US had been established based on US communist cells and emigrant sympathies and worries about single dominant political and military power. 1911-1988 Klaus Fuchs, German born British physicist, part of the British Collaboration (Tube Alloys Program) at the Manhattan project passed information about Manhattan project and bomb development and design plans to Russia. Arrested in 1949 in Britain and convicted to 14 years of prison. He served 9 years - returned to East Germany where he was appointed as Director of the Rossendorf Nuclear Research center. Fuchs case caused panic and enhanced security in US. Fear of communist take-over was fired by McCarthy propaganda. Numerous subsequent arrests and trials culminating in Rosenberg case! The Spy Story Fat Man Design Copied by Klaus Fuchs and forwarded to Russian courier person (Harry Gold). Spy Scare Value of Spy Work, Information on trends not detail of design It is unknown whether Fuchs' fission information had a substantial impact. Considering that the pace of the Soviet program was set primarily by the amount of uranium they could procure, it is hard for scholars to accurately judge how much "time" this saved the Soviets. Some former Soviet scientists said they were actually hampered by Fuchs' data, because Beria insisted that their first bomb (“Joe-1") should resemble the American plutonium bomb (“Fat Man") as much as possible, even though the scientists had discovered a number of improvements and different designs. The information Fuchs passed on the hydrogen bomb was too early to be of much material use: the key methods of making a hydrogen bomb work had not yet been discovered in the United States during the time Fuchs was working on the project (the Ulam Teller mechanism was not proposed until 1951). Soviet physicists would later note that they could see as well as the Americans that the early designs by Fuchs and Teller were useless. Soviet Nuclear Physics Outstanding and leading Soviet discoveries and scientists: 1934 first European cyclotron at the Radium Institute in Leningrad 1938 discussion of chain reactions for energy production 1940 Georgy Flerov (1913-1990) discovered spontaneous fission 1940 “underground” experiments in Moscow Metro for Cosmic Ray reduction 1940 Yakov Zeldovich (1914-1987) predicted chain reaction & 235U fission bomb 1940 Formation
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