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Rethinking Atomic Diplomacy and the Origins of the Cold War
Journal of Political Science Volume 29 Number 1 Article 5 November 2001 Rethinking Atomic Diplomacy and the Origins of the Cold War Gregory Paul Domin Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.coastal.edu/jops Part of the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Domin, Gregory Paul (2001) "Rethinking Atomic Diplomacy and the Origins of the Cold War," Journal of Political Science: Vol. 29 : No. 1 , Article 5. Available at: https://digitalcommons.coastal.edu/jops/vol29/iss1/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Politics at CCU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Political Science by an authorized editor of CCU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Rethinking Atomic Diplomacy and the Origins of the Cold War Gregory Paul Domin Mercer University This paper argues that the conflict between nuclear na tionalist and nuclear internationalist discourses over atomic weapons policy was critical in the articulation of a new system of American power . The creation of the atomic bomb destroyed the Roosevelt's vision of a post war world order while confronting United States (and Soviet) policymakers with alternatives that, before the bomb's use, only a handful of individuals had contem plated. The bomb remade the world . My argument is that the atomic bomb did not cause the Cold War, but without it, the Cold War could not have occurred . INTRODUCTION he creation of the atomic bomb destroyed the Roose veltian vision of a postwar world order while confronting TUnited States (and Soviet) policymakers with a new set of alternatives that, prior to the bomb's use, only a bare handful of individuals among those privy to the secret of the Manhattan Project had even contemplated. -
Why Do Nations Obey International Law?
Review Essay Why Do Nations Obey International Law? The New Sovereignty: Compliance with InternationalRegulatory Agreements. By Abram Chayes" and Antonia Handler Chayes.*" Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995. Pp. xii, 404. $49.95. Fairness in International Law and Institutions. By Thomas M. Franck.- Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995. Pp. 500. $55.00. Harold Hongju Koh Why do nations obey international law? This remains among the most perplexing questions in international relations. Nearly three decades ago, Louis Henkin asserted that "almost all nations observe almost all principles of international law and almost all of their obligations almost all of the time."' Although empirical work since then seems largely to have confirmed this hedged but optimistic description,2 scholars Felix Frankfurter Professor of Law, Emeritus, Harvard Law School ** President, Consensus Building Institute. Murray and Ida Becker Professor of Law; Director. Center for International Studtcs. New York University School of Law. t Gerard C. and Bernice Latrobe Smith Professor of International Law; Director. Orville H, Schell, Jr., Center for International Human Rights, Yale University. Thts Essay sketches arguments to be fleshed out in a forthcoming book, tentatively entitled WHY NATIONS OBEY: A THEORY OF COMPLIANCE WITH INTERNATIONAL LAW. Parts of this Review Essay derive from the 1997 \Vaynflete Lectures. Magdalen College, Oxford University, and a brief book review of the Chayeses volume in 91 Am. J. INT'L L. (forthcoming 1997). 1 am grateful to Glenn Edwards, Jessica Schafer. and Douglas Wolfe for splendid research assistance, and to Bruce Ackerman, Peter Balsam, Geoffrey Brennan. Paul David, Noah Feldman. Roger Hood, Andrew Hurrell, Mark Janis, Paul Kahn, Benedict Kingsbury, Tony Kronran. -
Russia and the United States
RUSSIA AND THE UNITED STATES With articles by Dmitri Trenin Barry Blechman, Alex Bollfrass, and Frank Valliere Edited By Barry Blechman July 2009 2 | KHAN Copyright ©2009 The Henry L. Stimson Center Cover design by Shawn Woodley Photograph on the front cover from PH1 Michael J. Rinaldi/DefenseImagery.mil All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written consent from The Henry L. Stimson Center. The Henry L. Stimson Center 1111 19th Street, NW 12th Floor Washington, DC 20036 phone: 202-223-5956 fax: 202-238-9604 www.stimson.org PREFACE I am pleased to present Russia and the United States, the fifth in a series of Stimson publications addressing questions of how the elimination of nuclear weapons might be achieved. The Stimson project on nuclear security explores the practical dimensions of this critical 21st century debate, to identify both political and technical obstacles that could block the road to “zero,” and to outline how each of these could be removed. Led by Stimson's co-founder and Distinguished Fellow Dr. Barry Blechman, the project provides useful analyses that can help US and world leaders make the elimination of nuclear weapons a realistic and viable option. The series comprises country assessments, to be published in a total of six different monographs, and a separate volume on such technical issues as verification and enforcement of a disarmament regime, to be published in the fall. This fifth monograph in the series, following volumes on France and the United Kingdom, China and India, Israel and Pakistan and Iran and North Korea, examines the two nuclear superpowers that together posses more than 95 percent of the world’s nuclear weapons. -
Supremacy and Diplomacy
Supremacy and Diplomacy: The International Law of the U.S. Supreme Court By Harlan Grant Cohen* I. INTRODUCTION The reaction to the Supreme Court's opinion in Roper v. Simmons,1 in which Justice Anthony Kennedy referenced both foreign and international law in holding the execution of minors unconstitutional, was swift and strong. The halls of Congress seemed to shudder with anger as congressmen and senators rushed to react. In a press release issued March 2, 2005, one day after the Roper opinion was published, Representative Tom C. Feeney (R-FL) called for the "removal of international influence in the United States court system." 2 "The Supreme Court has insulted the Constitution by overturning its own precedent to appease contemporary foreign laws, social trends, and attitudes," 3 Feeney fumed. In the Senate, Senator John Comyn (R-TX) "r[o]se to express concern over a trend that ... may be developing in our courts, a trend regarding the po- tential influence of foreign government and foreign courts in the application and enforcement of U.S. law.' 4 In his view, the Court's internationalist tendencies . Furman Fellow, New York University School of Law; J.D., New York University School of Law, 2003; M.A. History, Yale University 2000; B.A., Yale University, 1998. I must first thank Daniel Reich and Andrew Rosen for taking the time to read initial drafts of this Article. Their feedback was invaluable. Thank you also to Barry Friedman and Benedict Kingsbury for very helpful suggestions on how to improve the Article. I am further indebted to Andrew C. -
The Concept of Compliance As a Function of Competing Conceptions of International Law
Michigan Journal of International Law Volume 19 Issue 2 1998 The Concept of Compliance as a Function of Competing Conceptions of International Law Benedict Kingsbury New York University Law School Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjil Part of the International Law Commons, and the Public Law and Legal Theory Commons Recommended Citation Benedict Kingsbury, The Concept of Compliance as a Function of Competing Conceptions of International Law, 19 MICH. J. INT'L L. 345 (1998). Available at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjil/vol19/iss2/3 This Symposium is brought to you for free and open access by the Michigan Journal of International Law at University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Michigan Journal of International Law by an authorized editor of University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE CONCEPT OF COMPLIANCE AS A FUNCTION OF COMPETING CONCEPTIONS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW Benedict Kingsbury* INTR ODUCTION ...................................................................................... 345 I. CONCEPTS OF LAW RELEVANT TO COMPLIANCE: SOME BASIC DISTINCTIONS .......................................................... 348 A. Rule-Based v. Process-BasedTheories .............. 348 B. Rational-Actor v. OtherApproaches to Behavior................ 349 C. Directive v. Non-Directive Theories .................................... 350 II. DIRECTIVE ACCOUNTS OF LAW AS RULES FOR -
At the Dawn of International Law: Alberico Gentili Valentina Vadi
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of North Carolina School of Law NORTH CAROLINA JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AND COMMERCIAL REGULATION Volume 40 | Number 1 Article 2 Fall 2014 At the Dawn of International Law: Alberico Gentili Valentina Vadi Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.law.unc.edu/ncilj Recommended Citation Valentina Vadi, At the Dawn of International Law: Alberico Gentili, 40 N.C. J. Int'l L. & Com. Reg. 135 (2014). Available at: http://scholarship.law.unc.edu/ncilj/vol40/iss1/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Carolina Law Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in North Carolina Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulation by an authorized editor of Carolina Law Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. At the Dawn of International Law: Alberico Gentili Cover Page Footnote International Law; Commercial Law; Law This article is available in North Carolina Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulation: http://scholarship.law.unc.edu/ ncilj/vol40/iss1/2 At the Dawn of International Law: Alberico Gentili Valentina Vadif I. Introduction ................................ 135 II. The Adventurous Life of Alberico Gentili........................139 III. Gentili's Legacy ....................... ..... 143 A. Gentili and the Law of Nations..................................144 B. Gentili and the Law of War ........... ...... 147 C. Gentili and the Law of the Sea........ ................ 151 D. Gentili and the Injustice of Empire............................156 E. Gentili and Classical Studies.....................160 IV. Key Challengs..................... ......... 160 V. Dialectic Antinomies: The Hermeneutics of Gentili's Work ..................... -
1 an Evolving International Society: Institutionalization, Privatization
Cambridge University Press 0521842395 - International Dispute Settlement in an Evolving Global Society: Constitutionalization, Accessibility, Privatization Francisco Orrego Vicuna Excerpt More information 1 An evolving international society: institutionalization, privatization, globalization The changes in international society during the twentieth century have clearly established a pattern of evolution from the traditional forms of inter- state relations to an increasingly institutionalized community of nations.1 Hedley Bull identified five main features of international society as being characteristic of the Grotian tradition: the central place of natural law; the universality of international society; the role of individuals and non- state groups in such society; solidarism in the enforcement of rules; and the absence of international institutions.2 A number of these features are still shaping modern international society, thus providing a background of continuity to the changes taking place, changes which will now be reviewed. Increasing institutionalization Many changes have intervened in the organization of international society in the last few decades, while various aspects of the traditional arrangements continue to influence the shaping of this evolution. It should be noted first that, irrespective of past doctrinal discussions about natural and positive law, it is a fact that most contemporary developments are inspired by the need to ensure human freedom, dignity and welfare, aims inextricably related to our shared humanity.It is next apparent that international society adheres to the ideal of universality, despite powerful recent trends towards regionalism.3 1 Hedley Bull, Benedict Kingsbury and Adam Roberts (eds.), Hugo Grotius and International Relations (1992). 2 Hedley Bull, “The importance of Grotius in the study of international relations” in Bull, Hugo Grotius, pp. -
The Baruch Plan Revisited
Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection 1993-09 The Baruch Plan revisited Johnson, Robert Michael Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/39955 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL Monterey, California AD-A275 064. J4~~AN 3194 "THESIS THE BARUCH PLAN REVISITED by Robert M. Johnson September 1993 Thesis Advisor: Patrick J. Parker Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 94 1t 2 8 i8Itlllhiliilitl 94-02881 Unclassified SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE la. REPORT SECURITY CLA•SIFICATION lb. RETRICTIVE NuMANGS Unclassified Unclassified OF REPORT 2a. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION AUTHORITY 3. ApprovedDISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY for public release; distribution is unlimited. 2b. DECLASSIIICATION/DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE 4. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) 5. MONITORING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) 6a. NAME OF PERFORMING ORGANIZATION 6b. OFFICE SYMBOL 7a. NAME OF MONITORING ORGANIZATION Naval Postgraduate School (if Applicable) Naval Postgraduate School 6c. ADDRESS (city, stato,and ZIP code) b. ADDRESS (city, utate, and ZIP code) Monterey, CA 93943-5000 Monterey= CA 93943-5000 8a. NAME OF FUNDING/SPONSORING 6b. OFFICE SYMBOL 9. PROCUREMENI INSTRUMENT IDENTIFICATION NUMBER ORGANIZATION (If Applicable) 8c ADDRESS (city. state, and ZIP code) 10. SOURCE OF FUNDING NUMBERS PROGRAM PROJECT7 TASK WORK UNIT ELEMENT NO. NO. NO. ACCESSION NO. 11. T ILE (Include Security Classification) The Baruch Plan Revisited. (U) 12. PERSONAL AUTHOR(S) Johnson, Robert M. 13a. TYPEOUREPORT 13b. TIME COVERED 14. DATE OF REPORT (year, monuAday) 15. PAGE COUNT Master's Thesis FROM TO 1993 September 15 49 16. SUPPLEMENTARY NOIAIION The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S. -
Review Article Counting the Costs of the Nuclear Age
Review article Counting the costs of the nuclear age THEO FARRELL Atomic audit: the costs and consequences of US nuclear weapons since . Edited by Stephen I. Schwartz. Washington DC: Brookings Institution Press, . pp. Index. . America’s NBC radio was suitably dramatic in its report of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima. ‘Anglo-Saxon science has developed a new explosive , times as destructive as any known before’, it announced. The broadcaster went on to warn that ‘For all we know, we have created a Frankenstein! We must assume that with the passage of only a little time, an improved form of the new weapon we use today can be turned against us.’ As things turned out, the United States had indeed created a nuclear monster, which consumed huge amounts of public resources and quickly grew to threaten the very existence of humanity. Throughout the Cold War, the true costs and dangers of the nuclear age were hidden behind a veil of secrecy. However, recent years have seen far greater access to archival and interview material on this highly sensitive area of national security. This, in turn, has enabled scholars to construct a far more accurate and terrifying picture of the dangers faced in the nuclear age. Now with Atomic audit we also have a better idea of how much it cost: $. trillion for the American taxpayer alone. Cited in Paul Boyer, By the bomb’s early light: American thought and culture at the dawn of the atomic age (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, , nd edn, p.. The key works here are Bruce Blair, The logic of accidental nuclear war (Washington DC: Brookings Institution, ); Scott D. -
Hugo Grotius in the Contemporary Memory of International Law: Secularism, Liberalism, and the Politics of Restatement and Denial
Emory International Law Review Volume 25 Issue 1 2011 Hugo Grotius in the Contemporary Memory of International Law: Secularism, Liberalism, and the Politics of Restatement and Denial John D. Haskell Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.emory.edu/eilr Recommended Citation John D. Haskell, Hugo Grotius in the Contemporary Memory of International Law: Secularism, Liberalism, and the Politics of Restatement and Denial, 25 Emory Int'l L. Rev. 269 (2011). Available at: https://scholarlycommons.law.emory.edu/eilr/vol25/iss1/7 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Emory Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Emory International Law Review by an authorized editor of Emory Law Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. HASKELL GALLEYSFINAL 6/28/2011 9:57 AM HUGO GROTIUS IN THE CONTEMPORARY MEMORY OF INTERNATIONAL LAW: SECULARISM, LIBERALISM, AND THE POLITICS OF RESTATEMENT AND DENIAL ∗ John D. Haskell INTRODUCTION: GROTIUS AS NARRATIVE Hugo Grotius (1583–1645) frequently occupies the title, “‘father’ of international law.”1 While the origins of professional lineage were a source of professional and personal conflict for jurists in the nineteenth century, scholars today tend to treat Grotius as either a symbolic marker of changing historical thought, or the symbolic figure of a style or school of global governance.2 In the first instance, Grotius is important because he made a methodological leap in one form or another -
A Brief History of Nuclear Proliferation
A Brief History of Nuclear Proliferation By Volha Charnysh, NAPF Intern Introduction In the last hundred years, life expectancy doubled and many deadly illnesses were eradicated. The world would be a better place to live, had the astonishing scientific discoveries not been devalued with building the atomic bomb – an invention that can destroy life on earth in an instant. Fredrick Soddy, who together with Ernest Rutherford discovered in 1901 that radioactivity involved the release of energy, described an atomic future in which humanity could “transform a desert continent, thaw the frozen poles, and make the whole Earth one smiling Garden of Eden.”1 While the poles are indeed thawing, the earth hardly looks like paradise. Instead, people fear nuclear Armageddon, and the power of the atom is becoming synonymous with death and destruction. Today, nine states have nuclear weapons and many more can easily acquire those, although only five states are officially recognized as possessing nuclear weapons by the 1968 nuclear Non- Proliferation Treaty (NPT). Those are the United States (1945), Russia (1949), the United Kingdom (1952), France (1960) and China (1964).2 Three states never joined the NPT but are known to possess nuclear weapons: Israel (n/a), India (1974), Pakistan (1998), and North Korea (2006).3 Two additional states that present immediate proliferation concerns are Iran and Syria. Citizens of those states have paid a heavy price in taxes and/or sanctions and sacrificed opportunities for economic and educational development to build weapons that can destroy their lives. 1 Richard E. Sclove, “From Alchemy to Atomic War: Frederick Soddy's ‘Technology Assessment’ of Atomic Energy, 1900-1915,” Science, Technology, & Human Values, Vol. -
A Paucity Ofverifiable So
986 The Journal of American History The flaws in this book, such as they are, are Many of the critical decisions of the last fifty those one would expect - a paucity ofverifiable years-from dropping the atomic bombs on]a source citations, particularly for many direct pan to developing thermonuclear weapons quotations, and a journalist's tendency to be could, as the author proves, have been decided more chatty than analytical. Even so, I found otherwise. But Bundy finds that less conven The Mastero/the Game enlightening, percep tional alternatives-such as detonating a demon tive, and highly gratifying for the long-overdue stration atomic bomb or proposing a hydrogen recognition it accords Nitze. bomb test ban in lieu of the bomb's deploy Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jah/article/76/3/986/760762 by guest on 25 September 2021 Steven 1. Rearden ment- were rarely given serious consideration. Washington, D.C. Bundy, for the most part, agrees with the im portant decisions but sees danger in the ten dency ofgovernment officials, in their quest for DangerandSurvival: Choices about the Bomb secrecy, to isolate themselves from differing in the First Fifty }Bars. By McGeorge Bundy. opinions. (New York: Random House, 1988. xvi + 735 Bundy convincingly challenges the widely pp. $24.95.) held notion that nuclear weapons can be in struments ofcompellence. Citing numerous ex McGeorge Bundy's Danger and Survival is so amples, from Eisenhower's threats against Chi important a book that no one with an interest na to Nikita Khrushchev's saber-rattling over in national security affairs can afford to pass it Berlin, Bundy expresses considerable skepticism up.