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The Suppression of Jewish Culture by the Soviet Union's Emigration
\\server05\productn\B\BIN\23-1\BIN104.txt unknown Seq: 1 18-JUL-05 11:26 A STRUGGLE TO PRESERVE ETHNIC IDENTITY: THE SUPPRESSION OF JEWISH CULTURE BY THE SOVIET UNION’S EMIGRATION POLICY BETWEEN 1945-1985 I. SOCIAL AND CULTURAL STATUS OF JEWS IN THE SOVIET SOCIETY BEFORE AND AFTER THE WAR .................. 159 R II. BEFORE THE BORDERS WERE CLOSED: SOVIET EMIGRATION POLICY UNDER STALIN (1945-1947) ......... 163 R III. CLOSING OF THE BORDER: CESSATION OF JEWISH EMIGRATION UNDER STALIN’S REGIME .................... 166 R IV. THE STRUGGLE CONTINUES: SOVIET EMIGRATION POLICY UNDER KHRUSHCHEV AND BREZHNEV .................... 168 R V. CONCLUSION .............................................. 174 R I. SOCIAL AND CULTURAL STATUS OF JEWS IN THE SOVIET SOCIETY BEFORE AND AFTER THE WAR Despite undergoing numerous revisions, neither the Soviet Constitu- tion nor the Soviet Criminal Code ever adopted any laws or regulations that openly or implicitly permitted persecution of or discrimination against members of any minority group.1 On the surface, the laws were always structured to promote and protect equality of rights and status for more than one hundred different ethnic groups. Since November 15, 1917, a resolution issued by the Second All-Russia Congress of the Sovi- ets called for the “revoking of all and every national and national-relig- ious privilege and restriction.”2 The Congress also expressly recognized “the right of the peoples of Russia to free self-determination up to seces- sion and the formation of an independent state.” Identical resolutions were later adopted by each of the 15 Soviet Republics. Furthermore, Article 124 of the 1936 (Stalin-revised) Constitution stated that “[f]reedom of religious worship and freedom of anti-religious propaganda is recognized for all citizens.” 3 1 See generally W.E. -
UNDER ORDERS: War Crimes in Kosovo Order Online
UNDER ORDERS: War Crimes in Kosovo Order online Table of Contents Acknowledgments Introduction Glossary 1. Executive Summary The 1999 Offensive The Chain of Command The War Crimes Tribunal Abuses by the KLA Role of the International Community 2. Background Introduction Brief History of the Kosovo Conflict Kosovo in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Kosovo in the 1990s The 1998 Armed Conflict Conclusion 3. Forces of the Conflict Forces of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslav Army Serbian Ministry of Internal Affairs Paramilitaries Chain of Command and Superior Responsibility Stucture and Strategy of the KLA Appendix: Post-War Promotions of Serbian Police and Yugoslav Army Members 4. march–june 1999: An Overview The Geography of Abuses The Killings Death Toll,the Missing and Body Removal Targeted Killings Rape and Sexual Assault Forced Expulsions Arbitrary Arrests and Detentions Destruction of Civilian Property and Mosques Contamination of Water Wells Robbery and Extortion Detentions and Compulsory Labor 1 Human Shields Landmines 5. Drenica Region Izbica Rezala Poklek Staro Cikatovo The April 30 Offensive Vrbovac Stutica Baks The Cirez Mosque The Shavarina Mine Detention and Interrogation in Glogovac Detention and Compusory Labor Glogovac Town Killing of Civilians Detention and Abuse Forced Expulsion 6. Djakovica Municipality Djakovica City Phase One—March 24 to April 2 Phase Two—March 7 to March 13 The Withdrawal Meja Motives: Five Policeman Killed Perpetrators Korenica 7. Istok Municipality Dubrava Prison The Prison The NATO Bombing The Massacre The Exhumations Perpetrators 8. Lipljan Municipality Slovinje Perpetrators 9. Orahovac Municipality Pusto Selo 10. Pec Municipality Pec City The “Cleansing” Looting and Burning A Final Killing Rape Cuska Background The Killings The Attacks in Pavljan and Zahac The Perpetrators Ljubenic 11. -
1 1 CHARTERS WYNN Department of History 128 Inner Campus Dr. The
CHARTERS WYNN Department of History 128 Inner Campus Dr. The University of Texas at Austin 512-475-7234 Austin, Texas 78712 [email protected] EDUCATION Ph.D. in History, Stanford University, 1987 Field: Modern Russia Minor Field: Modern Europe Supporting Field: Developmental Economics M.A. in History, Stanford University, 1979 B.A. with Double Honors in History; Modern Society and Social Thought University of California, Santa Cruz, 1976 EMPLOYMENT University of Texas at Austin Associate Professor, from 1995 Assistant Professor, 1990-1994 Lafayette College Assistant Professor, 1989-1990 Rice University Lecturer, 1988-1989 University of Houston, Clear Lake Visiting Assistant Professor, 1986-1988 Stanford University Instructor, 1984; Teaching Assistant, 1979, 1981, 1985 BOOK Workers, Strikes, and Pogroms: The Donbass-Dnepr Bend in Late Imperial Russia, 1870-1905 (Princeton University Press, 1992) BOOK AWARD Herbert Baxter Adams Prize Best First Book in European History, 1993 American Historical Association CURRENT BOOK PROJECT: “The Moderate Bolshevik: Mikhail Tomsky from the Factory to the Kremlin, 1880-1936.” This first study of the Bolsheviks' leading trade unionist and one true proletarian on the Politburo during the 1920s will examine Tomsky's rise to power, his central role in the struggles over social and economic policy, political power and foreign affairs, during the transition from Tsarism to Stalinism, as well as all the torment the Party inflicted on him after he fell out of favor. The manuscript has been submitted to Brill’s Historical Materialism Series, where it is under contract. 1 1 PUBLISHED ARTICLES ON CURRENT PROJECT “NEP’s Last Stand: Mikhail Tomsky and the Eighth Trade Union Congress,” Canadian- American Slavic Studies (Vol. -
New Documents on Mongolia and the Cold War
Cold War International History Project Bulletin, Issue 16 New Documents on Mongolia and the Cold War Translation and Introduction by Sergey Radchenko1 n a freezing November afternoon in Ulaanbaatar China and Russia fell under the Mongolian sword. However, (Ulan Bator), I climbed the Zaisan hill on the south- after being conquered in the 17th century by the Manchus, Oern end of town to survey the bleak landscape below. the land of the Mongols was divided into two parts—called Black smoke from gers—Mongolian felt houses—blanketed “Outer” and “Inner” Mongolia—and reduced to provincial sta- the valley; very little could be discerned beyond the frozen tus. The inhabitants of Outer Mongolia enjoyed much greater Tuul River. Chilling wind reminded me of the cold, harsh autonomy than their compatriots across the border, and after winter ahead. I thought I should have stayed at home after all the collapse of the Qing dynasty, Outer Mongolia asserted its because my pen froze solid, and I could not scribble a thing right to nationhood. Weak and disorganized, the Mongolian on the documents I carried up with me. These were records religious leadership appealed for help from foreign countries, of Mongolia’s perilous moves on the chessboard of giants: including the United States. But the first foreign troops to its strategy of survival between China and the Soviet Union, appear were Russian soldiers under the command of the noto- and its still poorly understood role in Asia’s Cold War. These riously cruel Baron Ungern who rode past the Zaisan hill in the documents were collected from archival depositories and pri- winter of 1921. -
The Cold War and East-Central Europe, 1945–1989
FORUM The Cold War and East-Central Europe, 1945–1989 ✣ Commentaries by Michael Kraus, Anna M. Cienciala, Margaret K. Gnoinska, Douglas Selvage, Molly Pucci, Erik Kulavig, Constantine Pleshakov, and A. Ross Johnson Reply by Mark Kramer and V´ıt Smetana Mark Kramer and V´ıt Smetana, eds. Imposing, Maintaining, and Tearing Open the Iron Curtain: The Cold War and East-Central Europe, 1945–1989. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2014. 563 pp. $133.00 hardcover, $54.99 softcover, $54.99 e-book. EDITOR’S NOTE: In late 2013 the publisher Lexington Books, a division of Rowman & Littlefield, put out the book Imposing, Maintaining, and Tearing Open the Iron Curtain: The Cold War and East-Central Europe, 1945–1989, edited by Mark Kramer and V´ıt Smetana. The book consists of twenty-four essays by leading scholars who survey the Cold War in East-Central Europe from beginning to end. East-Central Europe was where the Cold War began in the mid-1940s, and it was also where the Cold War ended in 1989–1990. Hence, even though research on the Cold War and its effects in other parts of the world—East Asia, South Asia, Latin America, Africa—has been extremely interesting and valuable, a better understanding of events in Europe is essential to understand why the Cold War began, why it lasted so long, and how it came to an end. A good deal of high-quality scholarship on the Cold War in East-Central Europe has existed for many years, and the literature on this topic has bur- geoned in the post-Cold War period. -
'Europe First' Strategy, 1940-1941
Why ‘Europe First’? The Cultural, Economic and Ideological Underpinnings of America’s ‘Europe First’ Strategy, 1940-1941 “That those threats to the American way of life and to the interests of the United States in Europe, Latin America and the Far East – against which threats the huge new defence program of this country is directed – all stem, in the last analysis from the power of Nazi Germany.”1 “The Atlantic world, unless it destroys itself, will remain infinitely superior in vigor and inventive power to the too prolific and not too well-nourished Orientals.”2 “Since Germany is the predominant member of the Axis Powers, the Atlantic and European area is considered to be the decisive theatre. The principal United States Military effort will be exerted in that theatre.”3 Nearly seventy years have passed since the Roosevelt administration tacitly accepted the 'Europe First' policy as the controlling element of American grand strategy in the Second World War. Three generations of historians have traced the genesis and evolution of “the most important strategic concept of the war”.4 Most of the scholarship centres on how the official documents and reports shaped American strategic policy. We know that American war planning began before the US was actively engaged in battle and that the Navy had a prominent voice in matters of strategy. We know that President Franklin D. Roosevelt stayed aloof from the hypothetical discussions of his military 1 Resolution of the Miller Group at the Century Club in New York City on 11 July 1940. As quoted in Walter Johnson, The Battle Against Isolation, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1944), pp. -
Rethinking Atomic Diplomacy and the Origins of the Cold War
Journal of Political Science Volume 29 Number 1 Article 5 November 2001 Rethinking Atomic Diplomacy and the Origins of the Cold War Gregory Paul Domin Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.coastal.edu/jops Part of the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Domin, Gregory Paul (2001) "Rethinking Atomic Diplomacy and the Origins of the Cold War," Journal of Political Science: Vol. 29 : No. 1 , Article 5. Available at: https://digitalcommons.coastal.edu/jops/vol29/iss1/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Politics at CCU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Political Science by an authorized editor of CCU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Rethinking Atomic Diplomacy and the Origins of the Cold War Gregory Paul Domin Mercer University This paper argues that the conflict between nuclear na tionalist and nuclear internationalist discourses over atomic weapons policy was critical in the articulation of a new system of American power . The creation of the atomic bomb destroyed the Roosevelt's vision of a post war world order while confronting United States (and Soviet) policymakers with alternatives that, before the bomb's use, only a handful of individuals had contem plated. The bomb remade the world . My argument is that the atomic bomb did not cause the Cold War, but without it, the Cold War could not have occurred . INTRODUCTION he creation of the atomic bomb destroyed the Roose veltian vision of a postwar world order while confronting TUnited States (and Soviet) policymakers with a new set of alternatives that, prior to the bomb's use, only a bare handful of individuals among those privy to the secret of the Manhattan Project had even contemplated. -
Background Guide, and to Issac and Stasya for Being Great Friends During Our Weird Chicago Summer
Russian Duma 1917 (DUMA) MUNUC 33 ONLINE 1 Russian Duma 1917 (DUMA) | MUNUC 33 Online TABLE OF CONTENTS ______________________________________________________ CHAIR LETTERS………………………….….………………………….……..….3 ROOM MECHANICS…………………………………………………………… 6 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM………………………….……………..…………......9 HISTORY OF THE PROBLEM………………………………………………………….16 ROSTER……………………………………………………….………………………..23 BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………..…………….. 46 2 Russian Duma 1917 (DUMA) | MUNUC 33 Online CHAIR LETTERS ____________________________________________________ My Fellow Russians, We stand today on the edge of a great crisis. Our nation has never been more divided, more war- stricken, more fearful of the future. Yet, the promise and the greatness of Russia remains undaunted. The Russian Provisional Government can and will overcome these challenges and lead our Motherland into the dawn of a new day. Out of character. To introduce myself, I’m a fourth-year Economics and History double major, currently writing a BA thesis on World War II rationing in the United States. I compete on UChicago’s travel team and I additionally am a CD for our college conference. Besides that, I am the VP of the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity, previously a member of an all-men a cappella group and a proud procrastinator. This letter, for example, is about a month late. We decided to run this committee for a multitude of reasons, but I personally think that Russian in 1917 represents such a critical point in history. In an unlikely way, the most autocratic regime on Earth became replaced with a socialist state. The story of this dramatic shift in government and ideology represents, to me, one of the most interesting parts of history: that sometimes facts can be stranger than fiction. -
5.4 Origins of the Cold
Origins of the Cold War Truman is NOT FDR • Didn’t trust Stalin & did not feel connection to Allies – Doesn’t listen to WC on keeping troops east of line to see what Stalin will do in SoIà Withdraws troops to line & UK follows. – Thinks he can mediate like FDR • Stalin: Why do these silly Americans negotiate E.EUR on moral/legal grounds? Objective reality. Potsdam Conference • July-Aug, 1945 in eastern GER • New Big Three: Stalin, Truman, Attlee • $20B in GER reparations (1/2 to USSR) • Neisse River confusion; USSR obviously wants eastern one to make POL smaller • Stalin wants, but doesn’t get: – Base in Bosporus, Soviet trusteeship of ITA-Afr. Colonies, four- power control of Ruhr, Western recognition of Soviet govs. in ROM & BUL • Agreement: Four powers take reparations out of Zones, W. Neisse border, Stalin helps w/JPN Truman’s Journal 8/2/1945 Peace? • Sept.-Dec. 1945 – Foreign ministers meet to draw up peace treaties for FIN, HUN, ROM, BUL – Stalin accepts some democratic measures in E.EURà Basically lies. • No more Four Policemen idea • KISSINGER: Despite losing 20M people in WWII 20M in purges, and devastating W. RUS, Stalin was aggressive and had no fear of bomb. Didn’t think US would use it. – Aggressive pro-war propaganda campaign post-war because he realized USSR couldn’t exist w/ a peaceful foreign policy Iron Curtain • 3/5/1946 – Churchill gives “Iron Curtain” speech – Russians will control E.EUR, US/UK need to ally and avoid war at all costs – Sept. 1947 – Cominform – group of worldwide Communist parties in FIN, YUG, POL, CZE, ALB, BUL, ROM, HUN George Kennan • Leading anti-Soviet advisor under HST – E.EUR occupation inevitable b/c USSR forces already occupied area – BUT believed USSR couldn’t maintain domination – AMBROSE: All his predictions come true, but not for four decades – “Long Telegram” (1946) – “[USSR needed to be] contained by the adroit and vigilant application of counterforce at a series of constantly shifting geographical and political points”à Foundation for Truman Doctrine (“Containment”) Brisk • Amb. -
Historically Inevitable?
HISTORICALLY INEVITABLE? TURNING POINTS OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION Edited by TONY BRENTON PROFILE BOOKS Historically Inevitable.indd 3 28/04/2016 13:26 First published in Great Britain in 2016 by PROFILE BOOKS LTD 3 Holford Yard Bevin Way London wc1x 9hd www.profilebooks.com Text copyright © Profile Books Ltd, 2016 Selection copyright © Tony Brenton, 2016 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 Printed and bound in Great Britain by Clays, St Ives plc Typeset in Arno by MacGuru Ltd The moral right of the author has been asserted. All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the publisher of this book. A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978 1 78125 021 1 eISBN 978 1 84765 859 3 Historically Inevitable.indd 4 28/04/2016 13:26 CONTENTS A Note to the Reader ix Chronology x Acknowledgements xvii Map xviii Introduction Tony Brenton 1 1 1900–1920 Foreign intervention: The long view Dominic Lieven 11 2 September 1911 The assassination of Stolypin Simon Dixon 29 3 June 1914 Grigory Rasputin and the outbreak of the First World War Douglas Smith 48 4 March 1917 The last Tsar Donald Crawford 66 5 April–July 1917 Enter Lenin Sean McMeekin 91 6 August 1917 The Kornilov affair: A tragedy of errors Richard Pipes 109 7 October 1917 The ‘harmless drunk’: Lenin and the October insurrection Orlando Figes 123 Historically Inevitable.indd 7 28/04/2016 13:26 8 January 1918 The short life and early death of Russian democracy: The Duma and the Constituent Assembly Tony Brenton 142 9 July 1918 Rescuing the Tsar and his family Edvard Radzinsky 163 10 August 1918 Fanny Kaplan’s attempt to kill Lenin Martin Sixsmith 178 11 November 1918 Sea change in the Civil War Evan Mawdsley 200 12 March 1920 The fate of the Soviet countryside Erik C. -
Yalta, a Tripartite Negotiation to Form the Post-War World Order: Planning for the Conference, the Big Three’S Strategies
YALTA, A TRIPARTITE NEGOTIATION TO FORM THE POST-WAR WORLD ORDER: PLANNING FOR THE CONFERENCE, THE BIG THREE’S STRATEGIES Matthew M. Grossberg Submitted to the faculty of the University Graduate School in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts in the Department of History, Indiana University August 2015 Accepted by the Graduate Faculty, Indiana University, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts. Master’s Thesis Committee ______________________________ Kevin Cramer, Ph. D., Chair ______________________________ Michael Snodgrass, Ph. D. ______________________________ Monroe Little, Ph. D. ii ©2015 Matthew M. Grossberg iii Acknowledgements This work would not have been possible without the participation and assistance of so many of the History Department at Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis. Their contributions are greatly appreciated and sincerely acknowledged. However, I would like to express my deepest appreciation to the following: Dr. Anita Morgan, Dr. Nancy Robertson, and Dr. Eric Lindseth who rekindled my love of history and provided me the push I needed to embark on this project. Dr. Elizabeth Monroe and Dr. Robert Barrows for being confidants I could always turn to when this project became overwhelming. Special recognition goes to my committee Dr. Monroe Little and Dr. Michael Snodgrass. Both men provided me assistance upon and beyond the call of duty. Dr. Snodgrass patiently worked with me throughout my time at IUPUI, helping my writing progress immensely. Dr. Little came in at the last minute, saving me from a fate worse than death, another six months of grad school. Most importantly, all credit is due Dr. -
'Krym Nash': an Analysis of Modern Russian Deception Warfare
‘Krym Nash’: An Analysis of Modern Russian Deception Warfare ‘De Krim is van ons’ Een analyse van hedendaagse Russische wijze van oorlogvoeren – inmenging door misleiding (met een samenvatting in het Nederlands) Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit Utrecht op gezag van de rector magnificus, prof. dr. H.R.B.M. Kummeling, ingevolge het besluit van het college voor promoties in het openbaar te verdedigen op woensdag 16 december 2020 des middags te 12.45 uur door Albert Johan Hendrik Bouwmeester geboren op 25 mei 1962 te Enschede Promotoren: Prof. dr. B.G.J. de Graaff Prof. dr. P.A.L. Ducheine Dit proefschrift werd mede mogelijk gemaakt met financiële steun van het ministerie van Defensie. ii Table of contents Table of contents .................................................................................................. iii List of abbreviations ............................................................................................ vii Abbreviations and Acronyms ........................................................................................................................... vii Country codes .................................................................................................................................................... ix American State Codes ....................................................................................................................................... ix List of figures ......................................................................................................