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This Thesis Has Been Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for a Postgraduate Degree (E.G This thesis has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD, MPhil, DClinPsychol) at the University of Edinburgh. Please note the following terms and conditions of use: • This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, which are retained by the thesis author, unless otherwise stated. • A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. • This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author. • The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. • When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Geography and Enlightenment in the German states, c.1690 – c.1815 Luise Fischer Doctor of Philosophy The University of Edinburgh 2014 Abstract This thesis is concerned with the science of geography in the German states during the ‘long’ eighteenth century, c.1690 – c.1815. It speaks to recent scholarly debates in historical geography, the history of science, book history, and Enlightenment studies. The thesis investigates the forms taken by eighteenth-century German geography, its meanings, and practices. This is of particular interest, since this topic is understudied. The thesis is based upon an analysis of geographical print (books and periodicals) and manuscript correspondence. The thesis proposes that geography’s definition was understood as ‘description of the earth’. The interpretative meaning of this definition, geography’s purpose in print, and its educational practice (content and methods) were, in contrast, debated. The thesis suggests that geographical print – in the form of books and periodicals – served two main purposes: progress in geography, guided by the aim of scientific ‘completeness,’ and progress of society, guided by the aim of human improvement. In chapter 1, I outline the main topics and the structure of the thesis. Chapter 2 reviews the background of the thesis, and offers a partial historiographic and conceptual overview of the relevant themes. In chapter 3, I show that the Holy Roman Empire was characterised by fragmented political, religious, urban, and scholarly landscapes. The German emphasis on ‘writing’ geography ‘completely’ was partly, I argue, a way to transcend this fragmentation in an imagined ‘geographical republic of letters’. The emphasis on writing geography systematically was a way to justify the German wish for greater scholarly recognition on part of their foreign ‘colleagues’ who more opportunities to participate in geographical expeditions overseas and in colonial politics. In chapter 4, I argue that the classification of geography and geography’s relation to other sciences were debated. In consequence, geographical practice and use – geography’s writing and teaching – affected its interpretative meaning. In chapter 5, I go on and suggest that geography was a sedentary science aimed at improvement in geography and of society. Geographical print production and its evolution reflect the ii urban and religious landscapes of the empire. Geographical print was produced across the German states and, particularly, in the Protestant – middle and central German – states. This leads in chapter 6 to an analysis of geographical education and the suggestion that wide-spread conservatism in geographical instruction reflects the education aim for social utility and personal ‘eudaimonia’, as well as and an adherence to given social and political structures. In conclusion (chapter 7), the main findings of this thesis shed light on the production and use of geography in the German states during the ‘long’ eighteenth century, and the history of geography more generally. In discussing the relationship between Enlightenment thought and geography, the thesis extends our knowledge on German intellectual history, and contributes to our understanding of the geographies of Enlightenment geographical knowledge and practice. iii Acknowledgements I would like to extend my gratitude to my supervisors Charles W. J. Withers and Fraser MacDonald without whose academic guidance and support this thesis would not exist. I am also grateful for skilful advice and support from librarians and archivists at Göttingen State and University Library, the Georg Eckert Institute for International Textbook Research in Brunswick, the Thüringer Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Jena, the Duchess Anna Amalia Library in Weimar, the Berlin State Library, the Bavarian State Library in Munich, the University Library Heidelberg, the Mannheim University Library, the Hamburg State and University Library Carl von Ossietzky, the Universitäts- und Forschungsbibliothek Erfurt/Gotha, the Leipzig University Library, the Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt in Halle, the Herzog August Library in Wolfenbüttel, the Archive of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina in Halle, Houghton Library at Harvard (Cambridge), and Yale University Library in New Haven. I would also like to thank for the financial support provided by the Economic and Social Science Research Council (ESRC) and the Studienstiftung. My thanks go to the Georg Eckert Institute for International Textbook Research in Brunswick and the School of GeoSciences at the University of Edinburgh who provided additional funding support for research in Brunswick and Göttingen. I am also most grateful for the support and advice received from friends, especially Jochen, David, Nico, Jorge, Muriel, Celine, and Sophie. Finally, this thesis would not have been possible without the constant support of my parents and my sister. I am forever grateful. iv Declaration I hereby declare that this thesis has been composed by me, that the work is my own, and that it has not been submitted for any other degree or professional qualification. Luise Fischer May 2014 v Contents Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................. iv Declaration ................................................................................................................................. v Contents ................................................................................................................................... vi Figures……… .......................................................................................................................... ix Tables…… ................................................................................................................................. x Introduction: ‘Geography,’ ‘Enlightenment,’ ‘Germany’ .......................................................... 1 Introduction ............................................................................................ 1 Subject and research aims ...................................................................... 1 Notes on method, procedure, and translation ......................................... 4 Structure of the thesis ............................................................................. 7 On Geography and Enlightenment: a summary review ........................................................... 11 Introduction .......................................................................................... 11 The Enlightenment debate.................................................................... 11 Geography in the Enlightenment: literal definition(s) and different meanings in different places ................................................................ 17 Book history and the methodological approach of the thesis .............. 41 Enlightenment(s) in the German states ................................................ 47 Research on Enlightenment German geography in the Enlightenment ...................................................................................... 54 Geography in context: Political, religion, urban, and intellectual landscapes in the German states, c.1690 – c.1815. .................................................................................. 65 Introduction .......................................................................................... 65 Political divisions and the lack of a German nation ............................. 67 ‘Intellectual landscapes’: institutional dispersion and scholarly unity ..................................................................................................... 86 The geographical background to the production of geography in the eighteenth-century German states ................................................ 110 vi Conclusion ......................................................................................... 121 Defining and categorising geography .................................................................................... 123 Introduction: the nature of geography in eighteenth-century German geographical print ................................................................. 123 Defining and categorising geography ................................................ 125 Geography’s place in the system of sciences ..................................... 149 Meaning, production, and practice of geography..............................
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