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The Maggia Cross-Fold : an Enigmatic Structure of the Lower Penninic Nappes of the Lepontine Alps

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The Maggia Cross-Fold : an Enigmatic Structure of the Lower Penninic Nappes of the Lepontine Alps The Maggia cross-fold : an enigmatic structure of the Lower Penninic nappes of the Lepontine Alps Autor(en): Steck, Albrecht Objekttyp: Article Zeitschrift: Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae Band (Jahr): 91 (1998) Heft 3 PDF erstellt am: 06.10.2021 Persistenter Link: http://doi.org/10.5169/seals-168427 Nutzungsbedingungen Die ETH-Bibliothek ist Anbieterin der digitalisierten Zeitschriften. Sie besitzt keine Urheberrechte an den Inhalten der Zeitschriften. Die Rechte liegen in der Regel bei den Herausgebern. Die auf der Plattform e-periodica veröffentlichten Dokumente stehen für nicht-kommerzielle Zwecke in Lehre und Forschung sowie für die private Nutzung frei zur Verfügung. Einzelne Dateien oder Ausdrucke aus diesem Angebot können zusammen mit diesen Nutzungsbedingungen und den korrekten Herkunftsbezeichnungen weitergegeben werden. Das Veröffentlichen von Bildern in Print- und Online-Publikationen ist nur mit vorheriger Genehmigung der Rechteinhaber erlaubt. Die systematische Speicherung von Teilen des elektronischen Angebots auf anderen Servern bedarf ebenfalls des schriftlichen Einverständnisses der Rechteinhaber. Haftungsausschluss Alle Angaben erfolgen ohne Gewähr für Vollständigkeit oder Richtigkeit. Es wird keine Haftung übernommen für Schäden durch die Verwendung von Informationen aus diesem Online-Angebot oder durch das Fehlen von Informationen. Dies gilt auch für Inhalte Dritter, die über dieses Angebot zugänglich sind. Ein Dienst der ETH-Bibliothek ETH Zürich, Rämistrasse 101, 8092 Zürich, Schweiz, www.library.ethz.ch http://www.e-periodica.ch 0012-9402/98/030333-11 $1.50 + 0.20/0 Eclogae geol. Helv. 91 (1998) 333-343 Birkhäuser Verlag. Basel. 1998 The Maggia cross-fold: An enigmatic structure of the Lower Penninic nappes of the Lepontine Alps Ai.brecht Steck Key nurds: Alpine tectonics, nappe tectonics, superposed folding ABSTRACT ZUSAMMENFASSUNG The geometry and kinematics ofthe map scale Maggia cross-fold structure has Die Geometrie und Kinematik der Maggiaquerfalte der Zentralalpen wurde been studied by several generations of geologists over seventy years and seit 70 Jahren von mehreren Geologengenerationen untersucht und verschiedene different models have been proposed for its formation. New observations indicate kinematische Modelle, welche die Abfolge der Faltungsphasen erklären, that the Maggia structure is a SW-verging cross-fold created after earlier wurden vorgeschlagen. Neue Beobachtungen zeigen, dass die Maggiastruktur NW-directed overthrusting of the Maggia nappe onto the deeper Simano and eine SW vergente Falte bildet, welche nach der früheren NW gerichteten Antigorio recumbent fold nappes. The nappe emplacement and later cross- Überschiebung der Maggiadecke auf die tieferen Simano- und Antigoriofal- folding occurred under amphibolite facies conditions by detachment of the tendecken ensland. Die Platznahme der Decken und deren spätere Querfaltung upper European crust during its SE-directed underthrusting below the Adriatic erfolgte unter Amphibolitfaziesbedingungen durch Abscherung der oberen plate. europäischen Krusle. während deren SE gerichteten Unterschiebung unter die adriatischc Platte. Introduction The Lepontine Alps are one of the first regions in the world and Ticino valleys (Aar - Toce and Ticino culminations on Fig. where recumbent gneiss fold nappes, characteristic of the ductile 1 Modern structural investigations of the Maggia and Verzasca structures of deep tectonic levels of an orogenic belt, were Valleys began with the work of Wenk (1955). Wenk demonstrated observed (Fig. 1). Gerlach (1869) first described the flat lying that the whole nappe stack underwent deformation by and NW-verging Antigorio recumbent fold nappe with a minimum ductile flow under high temperature conditions, producing a amplitude of about 9 km and a thickness of 2 km. penetrative linear rock fabric. Predominantly mainly parallel Schardt (1903). based on his observations in the new Simplon stretching lineations and fold axes may be followed over great railway tunnel, described the recumbent gneiss fold structures distances throughout the whole recumbent fold nappe stack. of the lower Penninic nappes. Schardt's discovery was an integral Since the 1960's, geologists of the Imperial College of London part of Argand's (1916) now classic description ofthe Pennine and later from the ETH-Zürich (under the direction of John Alps. Since the beginning of this century, the geology of Ramsay and Geoff Milnes) started a systematic structural the Toce. Maggia. Verzasca and Ticino Valleys has been studied analysis ofthe same region. The most important investigations by geologists primarily from the University of Basel (so- concerning the Maggia structure are the Ph.-D. theses by called "Basler Schule"). (Schmidt & Preiswerk 1908. Preiswerk Huber (1981), Simpson (1982) and Grujic (Grujic & Mancktelow 1919. 1921. Preiswerk et al. 1934. Grütter 1929, Wenk 1955. 1996). Huber et al. (1980) introduced the concept of Burckhardt & Günthert 1957. Keller 1968. Spicher 1972. successive folding phases. Grujic & Mancktelow (1996) gave an Keller et al. 1980). The Maggia cross-fold was described by extensive summary of this and their own work. They concluded Preiswerk (1919. 1921) as a NNW-SSE-striking synformal that the Maggia cross-fold is not a synform as proposed by structure, perpendicular to the ENE-WSW-oriented main fold Preiswerk (1919. 1921). Kündig in Niggli et al. (1936). Spicher and nappe-front structures of the Central Alps. This cross-fold (1972). Merle & Le Gal (1988), Merle et al. (1989). Klapper is situated between the two nappe-dome structures of the Toce (1990). Steck (1990). Steck & Hunziker (1994). but an isoclinal Institut de mineralogie et pétrographie. Université de Lausanne. BFSH2. CH—1015 Lausanne The Maggia cross-fold 333 VJÀ. MESOZOIC SEDIMENTS XV&PP go 5& \ende ^ ,0,D N JJ^ <c\o p \1 fxO VCHIÊRA / m L\ / si^y W £ «£ <4 py S ^ ¦z. & ^ ¦fc T; -z- % te -z- y o* *>•_% rCA° & * Hiy4_ «ffi /Q ^ /V BERGELL fl/jo <?Ä"»-S °ne <ò œs?ßWrfo Ste \ «S/M *.* IsP %s\ ^ yO ^ / ^ ^5 S* SALMONËÂ î*__ / SE® /^ _« as un? Tonale Line nerton Locarno /^ TICINO CULMINATION vv PJ^Z^ ^ SOUTHERN ALPS ^£T\ JT iN ¦^V: /So r 5o km Z'V T? Fig 1. Tectonic map of the Lepontine Alps, limited by the Gotthard massif to the north and the Canavese and Tonale lines (Insubric or Periadriatic line) to the south. The -40 - 35 Ma old Penninic recumbent fold nappes were overprinted some 35 Ma ago by the Wandfluhhorn. Ziccher-Salmone. Maggia and Verzasca cross-folds. The ductile Simplon shear zone was active between -35 - 30 Ma. followed by the creation of the more discrete Rhone-Simplon line since IX Ma with a second peak of normal fault extension some 10 Ma ago (Sleek & Hunziker 1994). The Vanzone and Cressim antiforms have been created some 30 Ma ago in relation with the uplift and back-thrusting of the Lepontine Alps during the Insubric phase of Argand (1916). The Glishorn antiform. the (Berisal-) Cristallina and Chièra synforms are related to the late phase of backfolding creating the northern steep belt starting some 10 Ma ago. The age and age-relations of the Tertiary deformational structures are discussed in Steck & Hunziker (1994). "steep zone" without a syncline structure (fig. 15 in Grujic & The contacts between the Antigorio, Maggia and Simano Mancktelow 1996). separating the lower Antigorio nappe from nappes a higher Campo Tencia - Simano nappe. This difference in the interpretation raises an important question regarding the The contacts between the different tectonic units on a detailed tectonic position of the Maggia nappe and is fundamental for the structural map (Fig. 2) mainly correspond to those indicated interpretation of the Lower Penninic nappe structures: does on the tectonic map by Spicher (1972). compiled for the Maggia the Maggia nappe separate a lower Antigorio nappe from a region in direct collaboration with E. Wenk and his scientific higher Simano unit. or. is the Maggia nappe seated on top of staff. They are also based on the 1:25.000 scale geological both the Antigorio and Simano nappes, folded together with maps "Basòdino" by Burckhardt & Günthert (1957). "Val these two nappes into a synformal structure? In this paper an Bedretto" by Hafner et al. (1975). "Pizzo Campo Tencia" by updated Maggia cross-fold model is presented, using published Keller et al. (1980) and the 1:50.000 scale geological map structural data and new field observations, favoring the "Tessineralpen" by Preiswerk et al. (1934). In many places the synformal model. nappe boundaries follow slices of quartzites and marbles of 334 A. Steck Tab. 1 Steck (this paper): Main deformational Nappe emplacement Cross-folds Northern backfolds Vertical compression phases early deformation main nappe emplacement or overthrusting Mam structures first schistosity Maggia nappe Verzasca antiform Campo Tencia basin crenulation folds Maggia nappe and Antigono - Simano nappes Maggia synform Chiera synform with horizontal early folds Leventina nappe Salmone fold Cristallina synform axial surface Mesozoic cover nappes Gotthard fold Wandfluhhorn fold San Carlo antiform S1. F1 S2-S3. F2-F3 S4. F4 F5 S7. F7 (Steck, 1984) Metamorphic grade amphibolite facies amphibolite facies greenschist facies greenschist facies prograde prograde and peak conditions retrograde retrograde Time Late Eocene Late Eocene - Early Oligocene Oligocene Neogene Neogene Grujic & Mancktelow (1996): Main deformational D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 phases Thrusting and isoclinal Main post-nappe folding Cross-folds Northern Backfolds
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