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Ecosystem Services Assessment in the Maggia River M TiRiLab Report No. 4 Ecosystem services assessment in the Maggia River m Gloria Fontana Anna Retsa January 2019 TiRiLab is part of the project HyMoCARES (HydroMorphological assessment and management at basin scale for the Conservation of Alpine Rivers and re- lated Ecosystem Services). Partial funding is provided under the EU Alpine Space Programme through the New Regional Policy of the Swiss Confederation and by the Republic and Canton of Ticino. Disclaimer: This is a student report produced as part of the education pro- gramme in the Master of Environmental Engineering at ETH Zürich. The results reported here are not scientifically reviewed, do not necessarily represent the views of the supervisors, and should be used with caution. For more information contact: Peter Molnar ([email protected]) Master Project i Abstract The importance of Ecosystem Services assessment is building consent among the private and public sectors related to decision making and is spreading to various management fields. River ecosystem services in particular are being addressed to promote the development of applicable tools in the water man- agement sector. Maggia river ecosystem services assessment is the focus of the present study: the analysis conducted can be defined as a combination of methodologies, tools, and operational guidelines that led to the definition of a framework approach for the assessment of ecosystem services in the domain represented by Maggia valley. The assessment concerns the current state as well as an analysis related to the dependence of the ecosystem services on land use changes and on flow release profiles. A preliminary phase of research was conducted to comprehend the physical and socio-economical features of the territory and to identify the ecosystem serviced to be addressed. HyMoCARES classification guidelines were fol- lowed and implemented both in the identification phase and in the definition of measurable indicators for each ecosystem service. Subsequently the defini- tion of the spatial domanin was performed and the subdivision of the latter in eleven subsections. The assessment of ecosystem services was implemented at the subdomains level for a temporal scale of 1 years. For the ecosystem services that were land use dependent, the indicators were computed for dif- ferent datasets over three years. The same approach was followed for the discharge dependence and four streamflow profiles were selected. Finally the indicators were computed for each ecosystem services and then normalized to unitless values in a scale from 0 to 1 in order to compare and aggregate them. The overall assessment of the ES displayed the weaknesses of the approach followed in this project. The normalization resulted in some misrepresen- tations of the current state and showed issues related the specificity of the methodology. Moreover, compensation issues between the different ecosys- tem services were highlighted due to the lack of a preference structure. The overall assessment for the land use changes and different discharge profiles revealed the potentials of the tool as well as the need for a broader expansion of the ecosystem services to be include. Master Project ii Contents 1. Introduction1 1.1 Ecosystem services . .1 1.2 HyMoCARES . .2 1.3 Maggia Valley . .2 1.4 Objectives....................................5 2. Methodology6 2.1 Data acquisition . .6 2.2 Spatial and temporal scale . .6 2.2.1 Definition of domain . .6 2.2.2 Definition of subdomains . .8 2.2.3 Temporal scale . .9 2.3 Identification of ecosystem services in domain . 10 2.4 Dependence of ecosystem services on changes . 11 2.4.1 Land use changes . 11 2.4.2 Discharge profiles . 12 2.4.3 Ecosystem services assessment states . 12 2.5 Quantification and assessment of ecosystem services . 12 2.5.1 Provisioning services . 12 2.5.2 Regulating and maintenance services . 14 2.5.3 Cultural services . 18 2.5.4 Usages of abiotic natural capital . 20 2.6 Normalization and aggregation . 20 3. Results and Discussion 22 3.1 Assessment of ecosystem services . 22 3.1.1 Provisioning services . 22 3.1.2 Regulating and maintenance services . 25 3.1.3 Cultural services . 29 3.1.4 Usages of abiotic natural capital . 31 3.2 Overall assessment of ecosystem services . 32 3.2.1 Current state . 32 3.2.2 Land use changes . 34 3.2.3 Discharge profiles . 35 4. Conclusions 37 4.1 Final Remarks . 38 Bibliography 39 Master Project iii A Appendix 42 A.1 GIS models . 42 A.1.1 Domain identification . 42 A.1.2 Identification of subdomains . 43 A.1.3 Swiss Land Use - Domain . 44 A.1.4 Swiss Land Use - Subdomains . 44 A.1.5 Flood maps - Domain . 45 A.1.6 Flood maps - Subdomains . 46 A.1.7 Flood maps - Land Use Data . 46 A.1.8 Floodplain . 47 A.2 HEC-RAS . 48 A.3 Methodology . 50 A.4 Results . 58 Master Project iv List of Tables 1 Ecosystem services classification in HyMoCARES. The ones assessed are displayed in bold. 10 2 Flooded area for each subdomain for the four return periods. 26 3 Habitat Suitability Index for adult and juvenile brown trouts computed for all discharge profiles using the geometric mean and minimum. 27 4 Normalized results for LAQ in each subdomain considering the diversity and uniqueness of the landscape. 29 5 Power production of the plant in Ponte Brolla for the four different dis- charge profiles. 32 A.6 Code (distance from Lake Maggiore), local kilometer of cross sections and computed downstream reach length (DRL) for HEC-RAS geometry. 48 A.7 Data and parameters for HEC-RAS simulations. 49 A.8 Land use classes and area within the domain for the three time periods. The code of each class is displayed in brackets. 53 A.9 Area of subdomains . 53 A.10 Crops yield for the different land use categories and the three different years 1985, 1997, 2009 for Switzerland (FAOSTAT). 53 A.11 Pastures yield for Western Europe for three different years 1980, 1990 and 2000 (FAOSTAT). 54 A.12 Swiss land use classes' score for nutrient regulation and perceived natu- ralness...................................... 55 A.13 Description and coordinates (in meters) of identified sites for "Science and Education" ES in the study area. 58 A.14 Description and coordinates (in meters) of identified sites for "Water- related activities" ES in the study area. 59 A.15 Covered area of LU classes for all LU datasets, and flooded area for each LU class for the QR100 flood. 61 A.16 HSI results within the domain for adult and juvenile brown trouts con- sidering all discharge profiles and all combined preference techniques. 61 A.17 Results for landscape naturalness and diversity. 62 A.18 Area of the floodplain for each indicator in m2................ 62 A.19 Number of identified sites for Education, Science and Water-related ac- tivities within the domain. 63 A.20 Fish yield in Maggia valley . 63 Master Project v List of Figures 1 Cascade model of ecosystem services [4]. .1 2 Location of the study area (Maggia Valley) and the concerned river section [13]. .......................................3 3 OFIMA hydropower system [16]. .4 4 Mean monthly streamflow in Bignasco before and after dam construction [13]. .......................................4 5 Procedure for defining the domain using the DTM. .7 6 Map of evaluation domain and major settlements in Maggia Valley. .8 7 Map of partition of the study area in 11 subdomains. .9 8 Procedure for inserting Swiss Land Use datasets in ArcGIS and obtaining results....................................... 11 9 Total crop production (blue) and area used for crops (black line) for each subdomain for years 1985, 1997 and 2009. 22 10 Total pasture production (blue) and area used for pastures (black line) for each subdomain for years 1985, 1997 and 2009. 23 11 Percentage of groundwater abstracted for non-drinking purposes over the total groundwater available for each subdomain for the four different dis- charge profiles. 24 12 Percentage of groundwater abstracted for drinking purposes over the total groundwater available for each subdomain for the four different discharge profiles. ..................................... 24 13 Nutrient retention capacity for each subdomain for land use data of 1985, 1997 and 2009. 25 14 Discharge and Habitat Suitability Index calculated with the geometric mean for adult and juvenile brown trout. 27 15 Hydrograph and Habitat Suitability Index calculated for a 30-year period. 28 16 Identified sites within the domain for ES: Education, Science; ES: Water- related activities; for ES: Natural and cultural heritage. 31 17 Current state ecosystem services assessment. 33 18 Ecosystem services assessment for land use changes (Left: LU 1985, Mid- dle: LU 1997, Right: LU 2009. 35 19 Ecosystem services assessment for discharge profiles. 36 A.1 ArcGIS model for the identification of the domain from the DTM. 42 A.2 ArcGIS model for the identification of the subdomains. 43 A.3 ArcGIS model for the obtaining LU data for the domain from the original Arealstatistik dataset of Canton Ticino. 44 A.4 ArcGIS model for obtaining LU data for the domain from the original Arealstatistik dataset. 44 A.5 ArcGIS model for the flood maps in the domain. 45 A.6 ArcGIS model for the flood maps in the subdomains. 46 A.7 ArcGIS model for the relating LU data with flood maps. 46 A.8 ArcGIS model for the floodplain in the domain. 47 Master Project vi A.9 Habitat suitability curves developed in Adda River. 49 A.10 Map of Swiss Land Use (Arealstatistik) for 1985. 50 A.11 Map of Swiss Land Use (Arealstatistik) for 1997. 51 A.12 Map of Swiss Land Use (Arealstatistik) for 2009. 52 A.13 Map of wells for drinking and non-drinking purposes in the domain . 54 A.14 Map of cross sections in the domain used for 1D hydrodynamic modelling in HEC-RAS.
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