The Great Wall Badaling UNESCO UNESCO

Home , Badaling, Great Wall of China, Mutianyu

State of Conservation of the World Heritage Properties in the Asia-Pacific Region II

CHINA (PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF) The Great Wall Badaling UNESCO UNESCO

 II.1 Introduction Status of Site Boundaries Year of Inscription 1987 • Demarcation line and buffer zone sufficient for protection and preservation of values. Organisation Responsible for the Report • Yanqing County Badaling Special Zone Office II.3 Statement of Authenticity/Integrity Yanqing County, Beijing 102112 Status of Authenticity/Integrity PRC • No change to authenticity and integrity. Tel: (010) 69121225 • No foreseeable change to the authenticity/integrity in Fax: (010) 69121268 the near future. Email: [email protected] II.4 Management II.2 Statement of Significance Administrative and Management Arrangements Inscription Criteria C i, ii, iii, iv, v, vi • The report cites 7 legal instruments, ranging from the Constitution to rules and regulations. Statement of Significance • For effective protection State Laws and regulations • Proposed as follows: are sufficient. A special law or regulation concerning “The Great Wall, as a cultural treasure of the WH properties is being considered. Chinese civilization, is a splendid and huge military • Management made by local agency, under the defensive project, it was constructed to defend responsibility of the National Government. against barbarous invasions by other ethnic groups. Management plan since 1998: contains 5 chapters […] The Great Wall, a massive project constructed • on zoning, transport, landscape, green areas and over a long period time, is not only an ancient urban facilities. defensive project, but also one of the greatest ancient construction • Future actions: measures for protection, management and strengthening projects worldwide. The management of construction projects. Great Wall is known in the “Auxiliary major facilities

world for its complicated constructed: cable-way, cinema, Present State of Conservation and laborious construction, bear paradise, museum, 45 m decisive strategic position high transmission tower, Wildlife • Since the inscription, effective and grand firm structure. World, reconstruction of protection was undertaken in accord The Great Wall of the Ming Badaling pass City, slides, with relevant State laws and Dynasty is an absolute wastewater treatment." regulations. masterpiece. This is not • Auxiliary major facilities constructed: only because of the strong cable-way, cinema, bear paradise, characteristics and personality of constructors, but museum, 45m high transmission tower, Wildlife also because it is the best possible architecture. World, reconstruction of Badaling pass City, slides, From the moon, the Great Wall is the only human- wastewater treatment. built architecture recognisable with naked eyes. In terms of the continent, the Great Wall is the best example of harmony with the land terrain".

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• Funding is sufficient. • Between 1990-1992, a US$ 146,000 donation was provided by UNESCO for the restoration of the Great Wall at Mutianuy. • * International Assistance from WHF Yanqing County Badaling Special Zone Office Zone Special Badaling County Yanqing  as follows: (i) 1990, US$146,000 Technical (the Great Wall).

Access to IT • 10 sets of computers with Internet and email access. • No use of GIS.

Visitor Management • Visitor statistics from 1987 to 2001, with 63.7 million visitors in 2001, no mention of income provided. • Existing facilities: various and numerous facilities exist. • Needs in facilities are the following: hotel, special bus lines, recreational facilities. • A tourist management plan exists. • WH values communicated through the media, brochures, handouts Core and Buffer zones of the Badaling Great Wall and tourism fairs. • Education already Staffing and Training Needs included in curricula and students organise regular • Set up of a new Cultural Relics Area Management visits to the site. Committee scheduled. • Role of the inscription on the List of World Heritage: • Staff total number: 730, including 92 management no increase of visitors, but the research plan staff. improved management and environment • Staff sufficient to monitor the site. conservation, through a better knowledge of WH • Training needs: Tourism in English and Japanese, Convention. cultural relics, tourism laws and regulations. II.5 Factors Affecting the Property Financial Situation • Income between 1987-2001 amounted 1.17 billion Threats and Risks Yuan (investment gains, business gains and non- • The division of land ownership is affecting the business income). Total expenditure amounts 1.06 general plan and the development plan whose billion Yuan.

147 State of Conservation of the World Heritage Properties in the Asia-Pacific Region II

implementation is not guaranteed. This is detrimental II.7 Conclusions and Recommended to the prevention and protection of the site. Actions

Counteractive Plans Conclusions and Proposed Actions • Contingency plan or risk prevention plan: a specific • Values: top priority for protection and values is management plan has been developed to tackle fire, maintained. flood and explosion prevention. • Management and factors affecting property: effective • Areas, which need improvement: speeding-up laws preservation and maintenance - some progress for WH protection, intensify training in cultural achieved. heritage protection. • Future actions: 4 comprehensive rectification actions • Factors affecting property: awareness of visitors to improve environment of scenic area. needed to stop damages to the wall. • Timetable for the implementation of actions: 3 to 5 • Action taken or which will be taken in the future: years as from 2003. introduction and implementation of ISO 14001-

environment management system.

* State of Conservation Reports

1990 Committee - 90/CONF.004/3 Following a US$146,000 donation from the International Committee for the Safeguarding of Venice and the Great Wall of China in November 1988, the authorities communicated a plan for the restructuring of Mutianyu pass. The work concerns the platforms, several of which have partially collapsed, and should be completed in 1992. Yanqing County Badaling Special Zone Office Zone Special Badaling County Yanqing  1994 Bureau - WHC-94/CONF.001//3b State of Unicom Transmission Tower 200m from Great Wall. conservation at the request of the authorities: Aerial To be demolished in 2003. reconnaissance recently identified another 300 km. of Wall in the Ning Xia area. The mission monitored

Mutianyu, 300m. of Wall restored in 1990-92. At II.6 Monitoring Badaling, 3,720m. of the restored Wall were open to the public and at Mutianyu, 5,700m. Visitors came in Monitoring Arrangements millions, so tourist pressure is considerable. At • A monitoring system is in place. Badaling tourist facilities encroach on the Wall and a • Tourism off season for large repairs and cable car was installed against the advice of the maintenance and on spot supervision to ensure the UNESCO/ICOMOS/ICCROM mission and the State safety of the site. Bureau of Cultural Relics. • Partners in monitoring: research institutes of ancient buildings in Gansu, Xi’an and Henan for Recent conservation works are of a higher standard maintenance. than earlier ones. Recommendation of a training • Partners: the administrations in charge of workshop on masonry repair techniques specific to preservation. In the future: co-operation agreement ruined stone monuments and about tourist facilities to be signed with research and learning institutions control, particularly at Badaling. for the monitoring work. • Improvements: installation of monitoring systems Monitoring of the Han-dynasty Great Wall in Gansu and more management professionals (presently only Province, including mud-built forts. The arid desert 3). conditions resulted in the astonishing survival of these fragile 2000 years old materials. Fortunately, Monitoring Indicators the number of tourists is very low, but any rise in numbers would seriously increase pressure on this • Quality of natural environment: pollution sources monument. and data gathering. • Tourism monitoring indicators: number, resource and market; inspection of facilities; impact of tourism activities. • Monitoring old building and sites: regular check on condition and impact of environment.

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construction purposes, as well as damages caused to the wall within farming areas are to be prohibited. CHINA (PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF) The Great Wall Jiayuguan Pass

II.1 Introduction

UNESCO UNESCO Year of Inscription 1987 

Organisation Responsible for the Report II.3 Statement of Authenticity/Integrity • Jiayuguan Pass Cultural Relics Management Station of Gansu Province; Status of Authenticity/Integrity Postal code: 735100, PRC • No change to authenticity and integrity. Tel: (0937) 6396218; • No foreseeable change to the authenticity/integrity in Fax: (0937) 6396058 the near future. Email: [email protected] II.4 Management II.2 Statement of Significance Administrative and Management Arrangements Inscription Criteria C i, ii, iii, iv, v, vi • The report cites 7 legal instruments, from the

Constitution to rules and regulations. Statement of Significance • Effective protection by State Laws and regulations Proposed as follows • are sufficient. Specific rules on the protection of WH “The Great Wall, as a cultural treasure of the need to be drafted and promulgated. Chinese civilization, is a splendid and huge military • Management is in the hands of a local management defensive project, it was constructed to defend station, under the responsibility of the National against barbarous invasions by other ethnic groups. Government. […] The Great Wall, a massive project constructed over a long period time, is not only an ancient • New management measures will be drafted by the defensive project, but also one of the greatest Jiayuguan Pass Cultural relics management station. ancient construction projects worldwide. The Great Wall is known in the world for its complicated and Present State of Conservation laborious construction, decisive strategic position • Since the inscription, effective protection has been and grand firm structure. carried out according to relevant State laws and The Great Wall of the Ming Dynasty is an absolute regulations. masterpiece. This is not only because of the strong • The 4 km2 Jiayuguan Pass Cultural Relics and characteristics and personality of constructors, but Tourism Scenic Area became a buffer zone between also because it is the best possible architecture. the Pass and the local farmers’ living and working From the moon, it is the only man-made work that areas. could be seen by eyes. With regard to the continent, • Major facilities in the scenic area and Great Wall the Great Wall has formed the excellent example of Museum, built in 2001, will soon be open to the integrating with land". public.

Status of Site Boundaries Staffing and Training Needs • Demarcation line and buffer zone sufficient for • Set up of new Cultural Relics Area Management protection and preservation of values. Committee scheduled. • Need to revise site boundaries: no high building • Staff total number: 91 including 25 technical staff constructions are allowed, activities which may and 45 with university degrees. damage the environment are prohibited, high-voltage and telephone lines are to be removed within 3 to 5 years. The retrieval of earth and sand by locals for

149 State of Conservation of the World Heritage Properties in the Asia-Pacific Region II

• Staff not sufficient to monitor the site and a research Counteractive Plans institute needs to be established to strengthen • Contingency plan or risk prevention plan: working preservation. plans for fire control, flood control and theft • Training needs: Cultural relics, tourism law and prevention. Emergency team established and regulation and maintenance technique for the Great relevant training provided. Wall. • Sectors which need improvement: strengthening preservation and management work for the property Financial Situation and increasing multilateral technical co-operation. • Income between 1987-2001 amounted 24.4 million • Factors affecting property have decreased. Yuan (investment gains, business gains and non- • Action taken or will be taken in the future: very strict business income). Total expenditure amounts 23.6 integrated conservation implemented. To keep the million Yuan. integrity of the site, maintenance and preservation • Funding is insufficient. State and local governments plan made. In 2-3 years, special State funds will be should allocate funds and donations from social allocated to complete important projects. groups or individuals from both home and abroad should be encouraged. II.6 Monitoring • * International Assistance from WHF as follows: (i) 1990, US$146,000 Technical (the Great Wall). Monitoring Arrangements • A monitoring system is in place. Access to IT • Daily management by local security department: • 6 sets of computers with internet and email access. broadcast of rules, fire control and tourist notices. • No use of GIS. Control on shooting activities. • Partners in monitoring: research institutes on ancient Visitor Management buildings in Gansu, Xi’an and Henan for • Visitor statistics from 1987 to 2001, with 2.4 million maintenance. visitors in 2001 and no mention of income provided. • Future participating partners: for the monitoring • Existing facilities include: museum, hotel, work, co-operation agreements with relevant restaurants, tourist centre, bench by roadside, free- scientific research institutes and universities to jointly of-charge toilets, tour guide plates, explanation complete monitoring and research work. plates, facilities for the handicapped, environment • Improvements: if any maintenance works are carried friendly electricity-driven tour bus. out, they will be in accordance with the principle of • Needs in facilities are the following: hotel, shuttle bus “repair ancient buildings to their original and entertainment facilities. appearance". • Tourist management plan exists: set up of a tourist service centre, tourism service supervision team, Monitoring Indicators rules on safety under bad natural conditions and • Indicators of natural environment: pollution sources system and measures for the peak tourism Period. and gathering of scientific data. • WH values communicated through the media. • Tourism monitoring indicators: number, resource and • Education already included in curricula and students market; gains and facilities; influence of tourism are organized regularly to visit the site. activities. • Role of the inscription on the List of World Heritage: • Monitoring old building and sites: regular check on no increase of visitors, but the research plan conditions and influence of environment. improved management and environmental conservation, through a better knowledge of WH II.7 Conclusions and Recommended Convention. Actions

II.5 Factors Affecting the Property Conclusions and Proposed Actions • Values: maintained. Threats and Risks • Management and factors affecting property: effective • Environmental pressure: impact of natural factors preservation and maintenance - good results threaten the wall. achieved. • Structural problems: ground sinking, inclining of • Future actions: 5 actions to improve environment of some buttresses, cracks on the wall and loss of scenic area. colours of some coloured drawings. Regular and • Timetable for the implementation of actions: from punctual maintenance is required. 2001 to 2007.

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* State of Conservation Reports

1994 Bureau - WHC-94/CONF.001//3b State of conservation at the request of the authorities: Aerial reconnaissance recently identified another 300 km. of Wall in the Ning Xia area. The mission monitored Mutianyu, 300m. of Wall restored in 1990-92. At Badaling, 3,720m. of the restored Wall was open to the public and at Mutianyu, 5,700m. Visitors in millions, so tourist pressure is considerable. At Badaling tourist facilities encroach on the Wall and a cable car installed against the advice of the UNESCO/ICOMOS/ICCROM mission and the State Bureau of Cultural Relics.

Recent conservation works are of a higher standard than earlier ones. Recommendation of a training workshop on masonry repair techniques specific to ruined stone monuments and about tourist facilities control, particularly at Badaling.

Monitoring of the Han-dynasty Great Wall in Gansu Province, including mud-built forts. The arid desert conditions resulted in the astonishing survival of these 2000 years old fragile materials. Fortunately, the number of tourists is very low, but any rise in numbers would seriously increase pressure on this monument.

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construction purposes, as well as damages caused to the wall within farming areas are to be prohibited. CHINA (PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF) The Great Wall Jiayuguan Pass

II.1 Introduction

UNESCO UNESCO Year of Inscription 1987 

149 State of Conservation of the World Heritage Properties in the Asia-Pacific Region II

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* State of Conservation Reports

151 II State of Conservation of the World Heritage Properties in the Asia-Pacific Region

NORTH-EAST ASIA

CHINA (PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF) The Great Wall

Shanhaiguan UNESCO 

II.1 Introduction From the moon, the Great Wall is the only human- built architecture recognizable with naked eyes. In Year of Inscription 1987 terms of the continent, the Great Wall is the best example of harmony with the land terrain". Organisation Responsible for the Report Status of Site Boundaries • Shanhaiguan District Bureau of Cultural Relics Shanhaiguan District, • The demarcation line and buffer zone are considered Qinghuangdao City 066200 as sufficient for the protection and preservation of Hebei Province, this world heritage site’s value. PRC • There is no need for revising the site boundaries. Tel: + 5052694; Fax: 5063187 II.3 Statement of Authenticity/Integrity E-mail: [email protected] Status of Authenticity/Integrity II.2 Statement of Significance • The existing architecture still maintains its original shape, structure, colour and workmanship, its Inscription Criteria C i, ii, iii, iv, vi authenticity/integrity is therefore well preserved. • No foreseeable change to the authenticity/integrity of Statement of Significance this heritage is foreseen in the near future. • Proposed as follows: “The Great Wall, as a cultural treasure of the II.4 Management Chinese civilization, is a splendid and huge military defensive project, it was constructed to defend Administrative and Management Arrangements against barbarous invasions by other ethnic groups. • The report cites 10 legal instruments, ranging from (…) The Great Wall, a massive project constructed the Constitution to rules, regulations and Plans. over a long period time, is not only an ancient • Laws, traditions and the WH Convention are strictly defensive project, but also one of the greatest applied for the protection and management of the ancient construction projects worldwide. The Great site and are sufficient. Wall is known in the world for its complicated and In terms of management arrangements, the laborious construction, decisive strategic position • Shanhaiguan District Bureau of Cultural Heritage, is and grand firm structure. in charge of protection, repair, maintenance, The Great Wall of the Ming Dynasty is an absolute research and law enforcement of cultural relics at a masterpiece. This is not only because of the strong local level. The overall management is ensured at characteristics and personality of constructors, but the national level and the above arrangements are also because it is the best possible architecture. considered as sufficient.

143 State of Conservation of the World Heritage Properties in the Asia-Pacific Region II

• Since 1998, 3 protection plans; 1 short, medium and • Funding is considered insufficient. Financial support long term Development Plan. In 2000, the Plan for from all circles is needed. Tourism Development of Shanhaiguan was • * International Assistance from WHF as follows: (i) developed. 1990, US$146,000 Technical (the Great Wall). • To preserve the values in the future, the following actions will be carried out: (i) law-abiding Access to IT management; (ii) diffusion of protection signs; (iii) set • 3 sets of Apple computers with the Internet and up of organizations; (iv) enhancement of public email access. awareness on protection; (v) adoption of reward and • No use of GIS. punishment systems and better surveyance and archiving; (vi) increased attention to research work Visitor Management on preservation and maintenance. • Visitor statistics available, with I.46 million visitors in

2001 and a total income of 3.875 billion Yuan (US$

468 million) in 2000, more than 3,5 times that of 1991. • Even though there are 16 visitors’ facilities (service centres, post office, etc), 20 restaurants and 5 star rated hotels, still, there is a need to provide convenient public facilities for visitors. • The Plan for public use is the Plan on Tourism Development of Shanhaiguan District. • Communication of heritage

Shanhaiguan District Bureauof Cultural Relics values through: TV, broadcasting,  briefings, brochures, ceremonies, exhibitions and trade fairs. • Education already included in curricula and students regularly visit the site. View of Shanhaiguan from the See • Role of the inscription to the List of World Heritage: increase in numbers of visitors, research plan Present State of Conservation substantiated, academic research, exchanges • From 1984 onwards; large-scale repairs have been conducted and increasing. carried out since the inscription to the World Heritage List, Linlu Tower, Muying Tower and II.5 Factors Affecting the Property Jingbian Tower have been rebuilt from their original

Ming Dynasty ruins. The Chenghai Tower has been Threats and Risks repaired, and a total of 3,300 meters of the Great Wall have also been repaired. • Impact of oceanic climate on brick-stone structure, the Old Dragon Head section, bricks and stone Staffing and Training Needs vulnerable to erosion and weathering, wooden structures vulnerable to • Staff total number: 306 including 87 decay. scholars and 26 professionals. This “Since 1998, 3 protection plans, 1 • The 1976 earthquake, seems to be sufficient to monitor the Short, 1 Medium and 1 Long affected Shanhaiguan site. Term Development Plan, and in greatly; sections of walls • The staff need training in Management 2000, the Plan for Tourism cracked and became knowledge and skills. Development of Shanhaiguan slanting - the Zhendong were developed." tower badly cracked. Financial Situation • Stamping and walking • Sources of funding: separate damages surface bricks of walls. Protective management of revenues and expenditure, from measures have been taken - regular replacement, fiscal appropriation. Amount: 8.1 million Yuan (US$ repair and restrictions of the number of visitors. 978,000) each year. Routine: 1.5 million Yuan as maintenance and repair fee, 300,000 Yuan for • Population increases in the buffer zones: In the greening, 300,000 Yuan for publicity. Guancheng tower, 17,100 residents; in Dongluo tower population amounts to 2,552. Bad impact of residents on management and protection. Plans to

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gradually relocate them. But no serious threat to the site yet. * State of Conservation Reports

Counteractive Plans • No real contingency plan or risk prevention plans, 1990 Committee - 90/CONF.004/3 Following a but description of Surveys, measuring, recording. US$146,000 donation by the International Committee photographing, videotaping survey reports, archives for the Safeguarding of Venice and the Great Wall of of 13-kilometer Great Wall. China in November 1988, the authorities • Architectural structure: backgrounds on communicated a plan for the restructuring of constructions and repairs, protection status and Mutianyu pass. The works concern the platforms, location on map. several of them having partially collapsed, and should be completed in 1992.

II.6 Monitoring 1994 Bureau - WHC-94/CONF.001//3b State of

conservation at the request of the authorities: Aerial Monitoring Arrangements reconnaissance recently identified another 300 km. of • A monitoring system is in place. Wall in the Ning Xia area. The mission monitored • Since 1997, Shanhaiguan District Bureau Mutianyu, 300m. of Wall restored in 1990-92. At established, to strengthen protection, repair, Badaling, 3,720m. of the restored Wall were open to maintenance, research and law enforcement. the public and at Mutianyu, 5,700m. Visitors come in • A complete system for monitoring exists: (i) millions, so tourist pressure is considerable. At monitoring walls and building, damage, Badaling tourist facilities encroach on the Wall and a maintenance, repair, protection, maintenance plans, cable car was installed against the advice of a quality control; (ii) construction facilities, UNESCO/ICOMOS/ICCROM mission and the State greening/beautifying environment and quality; (iii) Bureau of Cultural Relics. security protection of heritage; (iv) publicity and promotion. Recent conservation works are of a higher standard than earlier ones. Recommendation of a training Monitoring Indicators workshop on masonry repair techniques specific to • No indicators or quotas described. Description of the ruined stone monuments and about tourist facilities quality and safety of wooden structure buildings control, particularly at Badaling. (leakage, cracks, etc) and brick walls (weathering) provided. Monitoring of the Han-dynasty Great Wall in Gansu • The problems listed are studied and in the process Province, including mud-built forts. The arid desert of being solved. An anti-decaying and reinforcement conditions resulted in the astonishing survival of project of large wooden parts of Zhendong tower these 2000 years old fragile materials. Fortunately, completed from 1998 to 1999 is however mentioned. the number of tourists is very low, but any rise in numbers would seriously increase pressures on this II.7 Conclusions and Recommended monument. Actions

Conclusions and Proposed Actions

• There have been no changes to the values of this World Heritage Property. • Management and factors affecting property: better management, resolution of scientific and standardized problems. • Future actions: better and more complete plans, compilation of a new plan for Shanhaiguan and implementation of the 7 plans as scheduled. • Timetable for the implementation of the Plans: a list without precise schedule.

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