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Chapter 5 Sinicization and Indigenization: the Emergence of the Yunnanese
Between Winds and Clouds Bin Yang Chapter 5 Sinicization and Indigenization: The Emergence of the Yunnanese Introduction As the state began sending soldiers and their families, predominantly Han Chinese, to Yunnan, 1 the Ming military presence there became part of a project of colonization. Soldiers were joined by land-hungry farmers, exiled officials, and profit-driven merchants so that, by the end of the Ming period, the Han Chinese had become the largest ethnic population in Yunnan. Dramatically changing local demography, and consequently economic and cultural patterns, this massive and diverse influx laid the foundations for the social makeup of contemporary Yunnan. The interaction of the large numbers of Han immigrants with the indigenous peoples created a 2 new hybrid society, some members of which began to identify themselves as Yunnanese (yunnanren) for the first time. Previously, there had been no such concept of unity, since the indigenous peoples differentiated themselves by ethnicity or clan and tribal affiliations. This chapter will explore the process that led to this new identity and its reciprocal impact on the concept of Chineseness. Using primary sources, I will first introduce the indigenous peoples and their social customs 3 during the Yuan and early Ming period before the massive influx of Chinese immigrants. Second, I will review the migration waves during the Ming Dynasty and examine interactions between Han Chinese and the indigenous population. The giant and far-reaching impact of Han migrations on local society, or the process of sinicization, that has drawn a lot of scholarly attention, will be further examined here; the influence of the indigenous culture on Chinese migrants—a process that has won little attention—will also be scrutinized. -
Making the State on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier: Chinese Expansion and Local Power in Batang, 1842-1939
Making the State on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier: Chinese Expansion and Local Power in Batang, 1842-1939 William M. Coleman, IV Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Columbia University 2014 © 2013 William M. Coleman, IV All rights reserved Abstract Making the State on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier: Chinese Expansion and Local Power in Batang, 1842-1939 William M. Coleman, IV This dissertation analyzes the process of state building by Qing imperial representatives and Republican state officials in Batang, a predominantly ethnic Tibetan region located in southwestern Sichuan Province. Utilizing Chinese provincial and national level archival materials and Tibetan language works, as well as French and American missionary records and publications, it explores how Chinese state expansion evolved in response to local power and has three primary arguments. First, by the mid-nineteenth century, Batang had developed an identifiable structure of local governance in which native chieftains, monastic leaders, and imperial officials shared power and successfully fostered peace in the region for over a century. Second, the arrival of French missionaries in Batang precipitated a gradual expansion of imperial authority in the region, culminating in radical Qing military intervention that permanently altered local understandings of power. While short-lived, centrally-mandated reforms initiated soon thereafter further integrated Batang into the Qing Empire, thereby -
Spatiotemporal Evolution of Lakes Under Rapid Urbanization: a Case Study in Wuhan, China
water Article Spatiotemporal Evolution of Lakes under Rapid Urbanization: A Case Study in Wuhan, China Chao Wen 1, Qingming Zhan 1,* , De Zhan 2, Huang Zhao 2 and Chen Yang 3 1 School of Urban Design, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; [email protected] 2 China Construction Third Bureau Green Industry Investment Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430072, China; [email protected] (D.Z.); [email protected] (H.Z.) 3 College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-139-956-686-39 Abstract: The impact of urbanization on lakes in the urban context has aroused continuous attention from the public. However, the long-term evolution of lakes in a certain megacity and the heterogeneity of the spatial relationship between related influencing factors and lake changes are rarely discussed. The evolution of 58 lakes in Wuhan, China from 1990 to 2019 was analyzed from three aspects of lake area, lake landscape, and lakefront ecology, respectively. The Multi-Scale Geographic Weighted Regression model (MGWR) was then used to analyze the impact of related influencing factors on lake area change. The investigation found that the total area of 58 lakes decreased by 15.3%. A worsening trend was found regarding lake landscape with the five landscape indexes of lakes dropping; in contrast, lakefront ecology saw a gradual recovery with variations in the remote sensing ecological index (RSEI) in the lakefront area. The MGWR regression results showed that, on the whole, the increase in Gross Domestic Product (GDP), RSEI in the lakefront area, precipitation, and humidity Citation: Wen, C.; Zhan, Q.; Zhan, contributed to lake restoration. -
A List of Achievement Tion of the Grand Canal As an Example
18 | Thursday, July 29, 2021 HONG KONG EDITION | CHINA DAILY LIFE | WORLD HERITAGE uanzhou has been added system and pursuit of the harmony to the UNESCO World between people and their environ- Heritage List, marking Inclusion of Quanzhou as a UNESCO World Heritage Site shows China’s ment, Lyu Zhou, director of Tsing- the end of a long-awaited hua University National Heritage Q process. Preparation of long, concerted efforts in cultural conservation, Wang Kaihao reports. Center, said at a side event on con- the city’s bid for World Heritage sta- servation and sustainable develop- tus was launched in 2001. ment of historic urban landscapes Talking about the selection pro- held at the ongoing 44th Session of cess of World Heritage candidates in the World Heritage Committee in China, President Xi Jinping said in Fuzhou, capital of Fujian province. 2016 that the work should highlight “The effort of seeking World Heri- the historical and cultural values of tage status is just a channel to Chinese civilization, reflect Chinese enhance the protection of old cities, people’s spiritual pursuit, and show which is a challenge commonly a complete and real image of China faced across the world in urban in both ancient and modern times to development,” Lyu said. the rest of the world. “Many of our experiences, includ- With the inscription of “Quan- ing comprehensive conservation of zhou: Emporium of the World in cultural heritage sites, the timely Song-Yuan China”, China now has 56 drafting of plans and people-centric UNESCO World Heritage sites, of ideas (in site protection), can be ref- which 38 are cultural, 14 natural and erential for the international com- four a mix of cultural and natural munity.” sites — higher than most other coun- In China, there are about 70 local tries in each category. -
The Great Wall of China the Great Wall of China Is 5,500Miles, 10,000 Li and Length Is 8,851.8Km
The Great Wall of China The Great Wall of China is 5,500miles, 10,000 Li and Length is 8,851.8km How they build the great wall is they use slaves,farmers,soldiers and common people. http://www.travelchinaguide.com/china_great_wall/facts/ The Great Wall is made between 1368-1644. The Great Wall of China is not the biggest wall,but is the longest. http://community.travelchinaguide.com/photo-album/show.asp?aid=2278 http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Is_the_Great_Wall_of_China_the_biggest_wall_in_the_world?#slide2 The Great Wall It said that there was million is so long that people were building the Great like a River. Wall and many of them lost their lives.There is even childrens had to be part of it. http://www.travelchinaguide.com/china_great_wall/construction/labor_force.htm The Great Wall is so long that over Qin Shi Huang 11 provinces and 58 cities. is the one who start the Great Wall who decide to Start the Great Wall. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China http://wiki.answers.com/Q/How_many_cities_does_the_great_wall_of_china_go_through#slide2 http://wiki.answers.com/Q/How_many_provinces_does_the_Great_Wall_of_China_go_through#slide2 Over Million people helped to build the Great Wall of China. The Great Wall is pretty old. http://facts.randomhistory.com/2009/04/18_great-wall.html There is more than one part of Great Wall There is five on the map of BeiJing When the Great Wall was build lots people don’t know where they need to go.Most of them lost their home and their part of Family. http://www.tour-beijing.com/great_wall/?gclid=CPeMlfXlm7sCFWJo7Aod- 3IAIA#.UqHditlkFxU The Great Wall is so long that is almost over all the states. -
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Between Shanghai and Mecca: Diaspora and Diplomacy of Chinese Muslims in the Twentieth Century by Janice Hyeju Jeong Department of History Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Engseng Ho, Advisor ___________________________ Prasenjit Duara, Advisor ___________________________ Nicole Barnes ___________________________ Adam Mestyan ___________________________ Cemil Aydin Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History in the Graduate School of Duke University 2019 ABSTRACT Between Shanghai and Mecca: Diaspora and Diplomacy of Chinese Muslims in the Twentieth Century by Janice Hyeju Jeong Department of History Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Engseng Ho, Advisor ___________________________ Prasenjit Duara, Advisor ___________________________ Nicole Barnes ___________________________ Adam Mestyan ___________________________ Cemil Aydin An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, in the Department of History in the Graduate School of Duke University 2019 Copyright by Janice Hyeju Jeong 2019 Abstract While China’s recent Belt and the Road Initiative and its expansion across Eurasia is garnering public and scholarly attention, this dissertation recasts the space of Eurasia as one connected through historic Islamic networks between Mecca and China. Specifically, I show that eruptions of -
GREAT WALL of CHINA Deconstructing
GREAT WALL OF CHINA Deconstructing History: Great Wall of China It took millennia to build, but today the Great Wall of China stands out as one of the world's most famous landmarks. Perhaps the most recognizable symbol of China and its long and vivid history, the Great Wall of China actually consists of numerous walls and fortifications, many running parallel to each other. Originally conceived by Emperor Qin Shi Huang (c. 259-210 B.C.) in the third century B.C. as a means of preventing incursions from barbarian nomads into the Chinese Empire, the wall is one of the most extensive construction projects ever completed… Though the Great Wall never effectively prevented invaders from entering China, it came to function more as a psychological barrier between Chinese civilization and the world, and remains a powerful symbol of the country’s enduring strength. QIN DYNASTY CONSTRUCTION Though the beginning of the Great Wall of China can be traced to the third century B.C., many of the fortifications included in the wall date from hundreds of years earlier, when China was divided into a number of individual kingdoms during the so-called Warring States Period. Around 220 B.C., Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of a unified China, ordered that earlier fortifications between states be removed and a number of existing walls along the northern border be joined into a single system that would extend for more than 10,000 li (a li is about one-third of a mile) and protect China against attacks from the north. -
Seasonal Succession of Bacterial Communities in Three Eutrophic Freshwater Lakes
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Case Report Seasonal Succession of Bacterial Communities in Three Eutrophic Freshwater Lakes Bin Ji, Cheng Liu, Jiechao Liang and Jian Wang * Department of Water and Wastewater Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China; [email protected] (B.J.); [email protected] (C.L.); [email protected] (J.L.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-27-68893616 Abstract: Urban freshwater lakes play an indispensable role in maintaining the urban environment and are suffering great threats of eutrophication. Until now, little has been known about the seasonal bacterial communities of the surface water of adjacent freshwater urban lakes. This study reported the bacterial communities of three adjacent freshwater lakes (i.e., Tangxun Lake, Yezhi Lake and Nan Lake) during the alternation of seasons. Nan Lake had the best water quality among the three lakes as reflected by the bacterial eutrophic index (BEI), bacterial indicator (Luteolibacter) and functional prediction analysis. It was found that Alphaproteobacteria had the lowest abundance in summer and the highest abundance in winter. Bacteroidetes had the lowest abundance in winter, while Planctomycetes had the highest abundance in summer. N/P ratio appeared to have some relationships with eutrophication. Tangxun Lake and Nan Lake with higher average N/P ratios (e.g., N/P = 20) tended to have a higher BEI in summer at a water temperature of 27 ◦C, while Yezhi Lake with a relatively lower average N/P ratio (e.g., N/P = 14) tended to have a higher BEI in spring and autumn at a water temperature of 9–20 ◦C. -
CHINA VANKE CO., LTD.* 萬科企業股份有限公司 (A Joint Stock Company Incorporated in the People’S Republic of China with Limited Liability) (Stock Code: 2202)
Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Limited and The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited take no responsibility for the contents of this announcement, make no representation as to its accuracy or completeness and expressly disclaim any liability whatsoever for any loss howsoever arising from or in reliance upon the whole or any part of the contents of this announcement. CHINA VANKE CO., LTD.* 萬科企業股份有限公司 (A joint stock company incorporated in the People’s Republic of China with limited liability) (Stock Code: 2202) ANNOUNCEMENT OF UNAUDITED RESULTS FOR THE SIX MONTHS ENDED 30 JUNE 2020 The board of directors (the “Board”) of China Vanke Co., Ltd.* (the “Company”) is pleased to announce the unaudited results of the Company and its subsidiaries for the six months ended 30 June 2020. This announcement, containing the full text of the 2020 Interim Report of the Company, complies with the relevant requirements of the Rules Governing the Listing of Securities on The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited (the “Hong Kong Stock Exchange”) in relation to information to accompany preliminary announcement of interim results. The printed version of the Company’s 2020 Interim Report will be delivered to the holders of H shares of the Company and available for viewing on the websites of the Hong Kong Stock Exchange (www.hkexnews.hk) and of the Company (www.vanke.com) in September 2020. Both the Chinese and English versions of this results announcement are available on the websites of the Company (www.vanke.com) and the Hong Kong Stock Exchange (www.hkexnews.hk). In the event of any discrepancies in interpretations between the English version and Chinese version, the Chinese version shall prevail, except for the financial report, of which the English version shall prevail. -
Mountain Resort and Its Outlying Temples, Chengde
II State of Conservation of the World Heritage Properties in the Asia-Pacific Region CHINA (PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF) Chengde Mountain Resort and its Outlying Temples II.1 Introduction UNESCO Year of Inscription 1994 II.3 Statement of Authenticity/Integrity Organisation Responsible for the Report • Cultural Relics Bureau of the Chengde City Status of Authenticity/Integrity No.1 Bifeng Road, • Values and authenticity/integrity well preserved. Chengde City 067000, • Changes to the authenticity/integrity: demolition of Hebei Province buildings that are not cultural relics within the resort PRC has enhanced the integrity and authenticity of the Tel: (0314) 2023275 heritage and the actual environment of the resort. Fax: (0314) 2024311 Email: [email protected] II.4 Management II.2 Statement of Significance Administrative and Management Arrangements • National Laws are not sufficient and the Inscription Criteria C ii, iv “Administrative Methods for the Protection of Chengde Mountain Resort and Its Outlying Temples” Statement of Significance are under preparation since 1999. • Proposed as follows: • In terms of management arrangements, the “Chengde Mountain Resort and its outlying temples Government of Chengde city is responsible for the represent the great achievements of art in ancient WH site and the arrangements are considered architecture and garden building. It is a typical sufficient. example of perfect combination of royal palace and • In co-operation with the Getty Conservation Institute, royal temples in ancient China. The site embodies an “Overall Planning for the Protection and the ruling ideology of the emperors of the Qing Management”, a “Management Plan of Daily Dynasty (1644-1911) and relevant practices, and Operation of the Heritage” and an “Expenses for thus they are of social, political and historic Protection and Management Plan” are being significance. -
Chinese Extravaganza Package Starts From* 173,953
Chinese Extravaganza Package starts from* 173,953 11 Nights / 12 Days - Summer Dear customer, Greetings from ThomasCook.in!! Thank you for giving us the opportunity to let us plan and arrange your forthcoming holiday. Since more than 120 years, it has been our constant endeavour to delight our clients with the packages which are designed to best suit their needs. We, at Thomascook, are constantly striving to serve the best experience from all around the world. It’s our vision to not just serve you a holiday but serve you an experience of lifetime. We hope you enjoy this holiday specially crafted for your vacation. Tour Inclusions Flights Included* Places Covered 3 Nights 1 Night 1 Night 3 Nights 3 Nights Beijing Luoyang Xian Yangtze Shanghai River Cruise www.thomascook.in Daywise Itinerary Welcome to China - "The land of dragons and emperors". Arrive in Beijing, the Capital City of China! Welcome to China - "The land of dragons and emperors". On arrival at airport in Beijing, you will be greeted by the Thomas Cook Tour Day 1 Manager/local representative outside the baggage hall area. Proceed to the hotel and Check in (check in time after 15.00 hrs). Tonight enjoy a delicious Indian dinner at a local Indian restaurant. Today after Breakfast, visit the Jade Factory (Compulsory Government Stop). Later we proceed towards the UNESCO World heritage site, The Ming tombs the location of 13 imperial tombs or burial site chosen for its Feng-Shui in the arc-shaped valley at the foot of Jundu Mountains. Later experience local Chinese lunch. -
8 Days Beijing / Chengde Tour Day 1: Singapore – Beijing
HEARTLINK HOLIDAYS PTE LTD 32 Seletar Terrace, Singapore 806933, Tel: 65-68755563, Fax: 65-68812302 www.heartlinkholidays.com Registration No: 201100061N TA02039 8 Days Beijing / Chengde Tour Day 1: Singapore – Beijing. Assemble at Changi Airport for your flight to Beijing. Upon arrival, meet the local representative and transfer to hotel for check-in. After that, free at your leisure time. Day 2: Beijing (B/L) Visit the Tiananmen Square- the largest square in the world. Where you can visit Tiananmen Tower, Monument to the People's Heroes, and Great Hall of the People, Mao Zedong Memorial Hall and see the national flag raising ceremony. Thousands of people come to the Square every day. It is the must place to visit in Beijing City. Then proceed to the Forbidden City, residence of the Emperors of Ming and Qing Dynasties. There are 6 main places and many small buildings, containing over 9000 rooms. After lunch process to Temple of Heaven, a place of prayer for Ming, Qing Emperors and a masterpiece of 15th century architecture. The Temple of Heaven is the most holy of Beijing's Imperial temples. For this is where the Emperor came every winter solstice to worship heaven and to solemnly pray for a good harvest. Since his rule was legitimised by a mandate from heaven, a bad harvest could be interpreted as his fall from heaven's favour and threaten the stability of his reign. So, it was not without a measure of self-interest that the Emperor fervently prayed for a very good crop. Day 3: Beijing (B/L) Morning highlight is the Great Wall - Mutianyu.