Diesel Retrofit German Perspective

Dr. Axel Friedrich Umweltbundesamt

Development of Vehicle Particle Emissions in (inner urban) between 1980 and 2020

16.000

14.000

12.000

10.000 Schwere Nutzfahrzeuge Pkw Leichte Nutzfahrzeuge 8.000 Busse t/Jahr

6.000

4.000

2.000

0 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

1 Concentration of Black Soot in Street Canyons 16,0 Konzentration [µg/m³] 14,0 1 7 12,0 3 1 Stadtautobahn 2 Frankfurter Allee 86 10,0 8 3 2 Karl-Marx-Straße 77 5 4 5 Neukölln 8,0 6 , ab 99 Buch 4 7 Karl-Marx-Straße 77gegenüber 8 Schildhornstraße 76 6,0 6 4,0

2,0

0,0 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

2 Number of scheduled Busses in the VDV - VDV-Statistic 1999 - 25 22,468

19,601 20

15 Standardbus Gelenkbus 10 Großraumbus Midibus Klein-/Minibus 5 Doppeldecker Sonstige 0 Stadtbusse Überlandbusse (53,4 %) (46,6 %)

In March 1989 the Federal Ministry for Environment started a large scale Filter test

1143 trucks and busses were equipped with filters and followed the vehicles for three years in normal operations Total government cost : 20 Million DM

3 Changes of the Bosch Number Motor-Filter-Combination Mercedes-Benz OM 427/447, 150 kW, Mann & Hummel Filter

100

80 1. Routine

60 2. Routine 3. Routine 40 4. Routine 5. Routine Summenhäufigkeit (%) 20 Vollast - 60% Nenndrehzahl 0 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2 2,2 2,4 2,6 2,8 3 SZ-Bosch

Changes of the Bosch Number IVECO-Fiat 8120.27S, Mann & Hummel Filter (M-F-Code 6)

100

80 1. Routine 2. Routine 60 3. Routine 40 4. Routine 5. Routine 20 Summenhäufigkeit (%) Vollast - 60% Nenndrehzahl 0 0 0,4 0,8 1,2 1,6 2 2,4 2,8 3,2 3,6 4 4,4 4,8 SZ-Bosch

4 Changes of the Particle Mass Difference in g/m³ between the 1st and the following Routine Measurement motor-filter-combination Mercedes-Benz OM 427/447, 150 kW, Mann & Hummel filter 0,4 2. Routine 3. Routine 4. Routine 5. Routine 0,3

0,2

0,1

0 Delta Rußmasse (g/m³) -0,1

-0,2 0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000 300000 Laufleistung (km)

Exhaust gas aftertreatment for particulate

• Discontinuous systems

• Continuous systems

(Pre cat.)

Oxidation Particulate catalytic trap converter

5 Operation Conditions for CRT Filter Systems • sulfur free fuel with max. 10 ppm • suitable profile

ð temperature window from 250-450° must be reached

ð achieved at: busses, HDV, construction machines,

• can be used with EURO I, II, and EURO III- engines

Durabilty Experience

• Today about 10.000 HDV in Europe with CRT filter in use

• more than 5 years in use

• Mileage more than 500.0000

6 Exhaust Back Pressure at rated Speed 200

150

100 back pressure [mbar] 50

0 0 40000 80000 120000 160000 mileage [km]

fuel : S- content less than 10 ppm engine: MB OM 447 hLA, 220 kW

Maintenance of CRT Systems

• The filter also collects lube oil ashes

• these ashes increase in the long term the back pressure of the filter

• depending on the lube oil consumption of the engine the filter has be washed regularly

• This washing process can be made by a washing unit.

• this washing process is offered a service by HJS

7 Emissions of a City Bus Fleet of 100 Euro II Vehicles w/o and with CRT basis with CRT 10 8 6 4 t / year 2 0

Emissions measured CO HC in a city driving cycle particle NOx / 10

Influence of the CRT- System on the Particle Size Distribution w/o CRT with CRT 100

80

60

40

particle emissions [%] 20

0 10-30 nm 30-100 nm 100-300 nm particle size

8 Yearly Additional Busses with CRT- Systems in the VDV totally: 3625 Systems until End of 2000 in about 120 City Bus Companies Plan 1800 1550 1600 1400 1200 950 1000 Paderborn 800 15.11.1995 Juni 600 1124 2000 400 600 200 363 428 150 0 10 Quelle: Fa. HJS, Menden, 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Regeneration of discontinuous Systems is supported by external Energy as Burners, Electrical Heaters, Catalysts and Additives

Requirement for additive supported systems: No additional emissions to the environment Only additives in combination with specific filters will be approved

9 exhaust aftertreatment systems for HDV particle filter system and SCR system

urea

EDC

Temperature Dp sensor NOx sensor

Oxi- cat.

NO2 Particle SCR cat. filter cat.

Design of the SCRT System

10 Emissions of a City Bus Fleet 100 Vehicles EURO II

basis with CRT with SCRT 10 8 6 4 t / year 2 0

Emissions measured in CO HC particle a city driving cycle NOx / 10

Cost of Emission Reduction

0,015 single bus Oxidation cat. 0,015 double bus 0,016 S- free fuel 0,021

0,044 CRT-system 0,049

0,072 SCRT-System 0,077

0 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08

11 Without a Soot Filter the Diesel Engine is unacceptable

Diesel Emissions with and without Particle Trap vs. Ambient Air Particle Concentrations 1,00E+07 1400 rpm/50% load without trap

1,00E+06

smoker room ambient air 2 cig. smoked in 50 m3 1,00E+05 1400 rpm/50% load clean room ambient air downstream of the trap

1,00E+04 number concentration dN/dlogDp[cm-3]

1,00E+03 10 100 1000 mobility diameter [nm]

12