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INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Bell & Howell Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ASPECTS OF TIRMAGA GRAMMAR The members of the Committee approve the masters thesis of Michael Grayson Bryant Shin Ja Hwang Supervising Professor £7 0 Carol V. McKinney ^ g-^, Donald A. Burquest Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ASPECTS OF TIRMAGA GRAMMAR by MICHAEL GRAYSON BRYANT Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Arlington in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN LINGUISTICS THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT ARLINGTON May 1999 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 1395814 UMI Microform 1395814 Copyright 1999, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I sincerely appreciate Dr. Shin Ja Hwang, my supervising professor, who encouraged me and gave me many helpful insights during the process of this thesis. She and my other committee members Dr. Carol McKinney and Dr. Donald Burquest were a great assistance to me. A special thanks goes to Pete Unseth who helped me in the initial reviewing of my thesis. His encouragement to finish this project when I did not think I was able is greatly appreciated. I would also like to thank the Ethiopian Evangelical Church Mekane Yesus, the Ethiopian Ministry of Education, and the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples' Region Bureau of Culture and Information in both Mizan Teferi and Awasa for giving us the opportunity to work in the Tirmaga area. I am thankful to the Surma Wereda officials for inviting us to work in Tulge especially Ato Guldu, Ato Arebui, and Ato Mesfin. They have not only helped us in official matters but also with language analysis and orthography issues. My language teachers Bargola Dera (Olekibo) and Daniel Bambu (Kibo) were indispensable in helping me leam the Tirmaga language as well as many other Tirmaga people in the Tulge area. Bargola and Daniel have been patient with me in all of our language sessions especially when eliciting and recording language data from them time and again. Most of all I thank my wife Andrea who was very understanding of my many long hours of work while writing this thesis. Without her love and support this thesis would not have been completed. April 12,1999 iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT ASPECTS OF TIRMAGA GRAMMAR Publication No. ______ Michael Grayson Bryant, MA. The University of Texas at Arlington, 1S99 Supervising Professor: Shin Ja Hwang Tirmaga is a language spoken in Southwest Ethiopia, which is part of a dialect cluster referred to as Chai-Tirma-Mursi (Dimmendaal 1998). Some research has been done in the Chai and Mursi dialects, but little has been done in Tirmaga. The data used are from both elicited and textual material. Using a descriptive approach, an overview of the Tirmaga phonology and grammar is presented. Although many of the Tirmaga tonal phenomena have yet to be described, grammatical tone is prevalent in the language marking case, person of subject, mode and voice. The case system is of interest because while it sometimes appears to have split ergative marking, it is actually a nominative-accusative system. The verb morphology is dealt with in detail covering such areas as TAM marking, valence adjusting devices, and participant reference marking. The final chapter presents some of the subordinate and coordinate clause combinations found in Tirmaga such as relative, temporal, reason, conjoined and contrastive clauses. iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. iii ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... iv LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................viii UST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. ix Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Thesis Overview .............................................................................................. 1 1 .2 'The Tirmaga People ....................................................................................... 2 1.3 Sociolinguistic Situation ................................................................................. 7 1.4 Language Classification ................................................................................. 10 1.5 Previous Linguistic Research ......................................................................... 11 1.6 Types of Data .................................................................................................. 13 1.7 Notation ........................................................................................................... 14 2. PHONOLOGY SKETCH ......................................................................................... 16 2.1 Consonants ...................................................................................................... 16 2.1.1 Plosives .............................................................................................. 17 2.1.2 Implosives .......................................................................................... 21 2.13 Fricatives .......................................................................................... 22 2.1.4 Nasals ................................................................................................ 23 2.1.5 Liquids ............................................................................................... 24 2.1.6 Approximants .................................................................................... 24 2.2 Vowels ............................................................................................................ 24 2.3 Lengthened Vowels ........................................................................................ 25 2.4 Geminates ....................................................................................................... 26 2.5 Tone ................................................................................................................ 28 2.6 Suffixes ........................................................................................................... 30 2.7 Prefixes ........................................................................................................... 35 3. TYPOLOGY AND GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES ......................................... 37 3.1 Morphological Typology ................................................................................ 37 3.1.1 Morphological Processes ................................................................... 39 3.1.2 Head/Dependent Marking ................................................................. 41 3.2 Constituent Order Typology .......................................................................... 41 v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 33 Nouns .............................................................................................................. 43 33.1 Case .................................................................................................
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