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Analele Universităţii De Vest Din Timişoara ANALELE UNIVERSITĂŢII DE VEST DIN TIMIŞOARA FILOSOFIE ANNALES UNIVERSITATIS OCCIDENTALIS TIMISIENSIS PHILOSOPHIA VOL. XI 1999 ANALELE UNIVERSITĂŢII DE VEST DIN TIMIŞOARA SERIA FILOSOFIE ANNALES UNIVERSITATIS OCCIDENTALIS TIMISIENSIS SERIES PHILOSOPHIA Collège de rédaction Rédacteur en chef VIOREL COLŢESCU Membres CONSTANTIN GRECU (Logique) ALEXANDRU PETRESCU (Métaphysique) ILONA BÎRZESCU (Histoire de la philosophie) IOAN BIRIŞ (Philosophie de la science) Secrétaires de redaction GHEORGHE CLITAN CLAUDIU MESAROŞ ISSN 1224 – 9688 © Universitatea de Vest din Timişoara Les manuscrits, les livres et les publications proposés en échange du titre ci-dessus, ainsi que toute correspondance, seront adressés à la rédaction: UNIVERSITATEA DE VEST DIN TIMIŞOARA FACULTATEA DE LITERE, FILOSOFIE ŞI ISTORIE BD. V. PÂRVAN NR. 4, 1900 TIMIŞOARA [email protected] SOMMAIRE: I. ETUDES: Ilona BÎRZESCU: L’Herméneutique et la logique du double sens ................. 5 Alexandru PETRESCU: Martin Heidegger et la déduction transcendantale des categories de Kant ................................................13 Viorel COLŢESCU: Presuppositions of Kantian Transcendental Deduction of Categories ....................................................................25 Claudiu MESAROŞ: The possibility of Knowledge or The Problem of Principle in Aristotle (Analitica posteriora, 71a-77a) .....37 Florin LOBONŢ: Two Convergent Logical-Philosophical Doctrines: Eugeniu Sperantia’s and R.G. Collingwood’s.............................47 Paul KUN: Rationalisation et rationnalité .....................................................57 Rex MARTIN: On Hohfeldian Liberties ...........................................................75 Lăcrămioara CATRINA: Patientenautonomie und Ethik ..................................89 Lucian VESALON: A Game-Theory in Politics: Plato’s Republic, Book One....95 Ioan BIRIŞ: Logic of Civilisations.................................................................103 Ionel Nariţa: The Fallacious Character of Diagonal Reasoning.................... 129 Laszlo GAL: The Ontic Statute of Binary Logical Operators .........................137 Gheorghe CLITAN: Some Philosophical Aspects of Löwenheim–Skolem Theorem ......................................................................153 Emilia Guliciuc: Noica’s Philosophical School ................................................165 Viorel Guliciuc: On The Semiotic Hypercube of Philosophical Discourse......175 Laura Gheorghiu: A Possible Pattern of the Authentic Time............................179 II: LA VIE SCIENTIFIQUE ................................... 199 Discussions....................................................................................................... Livres............................................................................................................... Manifestations scientifiques................................................................................ ANALELE UNIVERSITĂŢII DE VEST DIN TIMIŞOARA SERIA FILOSOFIE ANNALES UNIVERSITATIS OCCIDENTALIS TIMISIENSIS SERIES PHILOSOPHIA VOL. XI, 1999 ISSN 1224-9688 L’HERMENEUTIQUE ET LA LOGIQUE DU DOUBLE SENS Ilona BIRZESCU L’Universite d’Ouest de Timişoara La question de l’existence humaine ne signifie pas la mort du langage et de la logique; au contraire, elle requiert un surcroît de la lucidité et de la rigueur. Ricoeur Comprendre c’est tant un mode d’être que de connaître mais cette perspective particulière à l’herméneutique de Ricoeur devient très importante en révélant la connexion intime de l’être historique de l’homme et de l’ensemble de l’être et par cela la possibilité d’une connexion plus originaire que le rapport gnoséologique de l’objet et du sujet. La démarche herméneutique de Ricoeur vise fond en comble la corrélation du plan sémantique et ontologique de sorte que toute compréhension (ontique ou ontologique) suppose le langage et toute référence du langage concerne l’existence. Conformément à ces exigences, il détermine la nature spécifique du discours sur l’existence: “c’est un genre de pensée conceptuelle, qui a ses propres règles de rigueur, son propre type de cohérence et qui requiert une logique propre”1. Comme conséquence de cette manière d’aborder, le symbole et l’interprétation deviennent des concepts corrélatifs: il y a une interprétation là où il y a un sens multiple; en plus, l’interprétation dévoile la multiplicité du sens. Dès le début, la conception de Ricoeur se distingue des autres penseurs, par exemple Cassirer, l’auteur de la philosophie des formes symboliques. Pour ce dernier, le concept de la symbolique possède une application quasitotale, c’est-à-dire une amplitude équivalente aux concepts de la réalité et de la culture. Encore que par l’utilisation très large du symbolique, Cassirer 6 ILONA BÎRZESCU suprime la différence entre les expressions uniques et les expressions multiples; toutefois c’est le premier qui détermine la définition de l’homme et de sa distinction spécifique par la capacité symbolique comme fondement du progrès de la civilisation humaine. Sans doute, la dimension rationnelle est inhérente à toutes activités humaines mais elle représente seulement une partie d’un ensemble plus vaste de sorte qu’elle seule ne peut nullement épuiser toute la richesse de l’univers culturel humain. Pour compenser ce déficit, il doit reconnaître, de pair avec Ricoeur, l’idée de la pluralité tant de la rationnalité que du langage, implicitement l’idée de la coexistence du langage logique ou scientifique (conceptuel) et du langage poétique (émotionnel). D’ailleurs, le langage à l’origine n’exprime pas les pensées ou les idées mais les sentiments, les émotions ou, comme dit Cassirer2, les espoirs et les inquiétudes, les fantaisies et les rêves de l’être humain. En vivant dans un univers symbolique, en réalisant une activité symbolique, l’homme n’agit pas proprement dit sur les choses mais sur le soi-même et ainsi la connaissance signifie en réalité la connaissance et la réflexion de soi-même, comme dit, depuis le commencement, Heraclit: “Je me suis cherché moi-même” (fr. 115) ou “La connaissance de soi-même et la sagesse sont permises à tous les hommes” (fr. 130). La compréhension du soi-même est toujours réalisée par l’entremise des signes, des symboles, des textes et leur monde implique des contextes variables, implicitement des interprétations rivales. Dans cette situation, l’intégration de la sémantique et de l’ontologie, conformément à l’herméneutique de Ricoeur, engage la réflexion en tant qu’intermédiaire indispensable de la relation de la compréhension des signes et de la compréhension de l’Ego par lui- même3. Donc, le discours herméneutique devient le moyen de la compréhension de l’Ego, par une voie détournée, en usant de subterfuges comme la compréhension de l’Autre. La philosophie de même que l’herméneutique et la réflexion détermine la position du soi-même qui existe et qui pense “en récupérant l’Ego de l’Ego cogito dans le miroir des objets, des oeuvres et des actes de celui-ci”4. En expression lapidaire, la philosophie réflexive (en valorisant les contributions de Descartes, Kant ou Fichte) est une variante herméneutique de la phénoménologie de Husserl relative à la possibilité de la compréhension du soi-même “comme le sujet des L’HERMENEUTIQUE ET LA LOGIQUE DU DOUBLE SENS 7 opérations de connaître, de vouloir, d’estimer”5. Au surplus, la connexion de la phénoménologie et de l’herméneutique n’est pas du tout accidentelle puisque toutes les deux concernent une même question fondamentale: le rapport du sens et du soi, à vrai dire, l’intelligibilité du sens et la réflexivité du soi, mais la phénoménologie évalue surtout l’aspect cognitif et perceptif du problème du sens à l’encontre de l’herméneutique qui met en valeur les dimensions de l’histoire et des sciences humaines. La réflexion, par le rapport du sens et du soi est contraire à toute intuition (psychologique, intellectuelle ou mystique) et d’autant plus à une philosophie de l’immédiat ou de l’instant. En même temps, elle présume le dépassement des limites de la philosophie critique, fixée obstinément sur la critique de la connaissance et de l’épistémologie. Or l’intérêt et la préoccupation de la réflexion concernent surtout la récupération de l’acte d’exister, la position du soi en toute épaisseur de leur oeuvre. Ainsi, la réflexion, après Ricoeur, est deux fois indirecte: premièrement par la découverte du sujet de cogito dans les témoignages de sa vie, et puis par la critique de la conscience falsifiée en signifiant l’ascension d’une mauvaise compréhension à une bonne compréhension. Parce qu’il y a une connexion originaire de l’acte d’exister et des signes de nos oeuvres, la réflexion devient inévitablement l’interprétation, à vrai dire l’acte de récupérer les signes (opaques, contingents, équivoques) des différentes cultures. Ce repli herméneutique valide au fond tant la pensée d’un langage équivoque qu’une logique du double sens. De plus, Aristote se rend compte de cette situation bizarre en affirmant l’univocité du sens au sujet de la logique mais en refusant pour la métaphysique la possibilité d’une définition unique de l’être. La perspective d’Aristote concernant les significations multiples de l’être ouvre en fait une brèche dans la théorie pure logique et ontologique de l’univocité. Ultérieurement, par cette brèche, comme dit Ricoeur, l’interprétation légitimera la compréhension des significations aux sens multiples, au cours d’un procès de longue durée et de vivante controverse. Les circonstances évoquées,
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