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Local Development in the Central European Perspective

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Local Development in the Central European Perspective LOCAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE CENTRAL EUROPEAN PERSPECTIVE Edited by Witold JEDYNAK Henrietta NAGY Laura ARDELEAN Rzeszów 2015 Editors: Witold Jedynak, Henrietta Nagy, Laura Ardelean Reviewer: Prof., prof. h.c. Dr. László Villányi International coordination, technical editor: Jarosław Kinal Publisher: Institute of Sociology University of Rzeszów (Instytut Socjologii Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego) Print: Drukarnia EIKON ul. Wybickiego 46, 31-302 Kraków www.eikon.net.pl ISBN: 978-83-60391-73-0 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS JÓZSEF KÁPOSZTA - MAJOR COHERENCES OF THE CREATION OF SPATIAL INEQUALITIES ..................................................................................................................... 5 TAMÁS TÓTH , CSABA BÁLINT - RELEVANT METHODS AND PROCESSES IN REGGIONAL PLANNING AND TERRITORIAL DEVELOPMENT ................................21 HENRIETTA NAGY - LOCAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT WITH SPECIAL FOCUS ON LOCAL CURRENCIES .................................................................................................48 MELINDA MOLNÁR - THE SUCCESS FACTORS OF SETTLEMENTS, PARTICULARLY THE MEANS OF LOCAL GOVERNMENTS ......................................65 KRISZTIÁN RITTER - ROLE OF THE SOCIAL ECONOMY IN LOCAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT - A THEORETICAL OVERVIEW .........................................................84 WITOLD JEDYNAK - THE INFLUENCE OF CATHOLIC PARISHES ON THE EMERGENCE OF LOCAL COMMUNITIES IN RZESZÓW ..........................................104 DOROTA RYNKOWSKA - ]MIGRATIONAL FAMILIES IN THE CONTEXT OF LOCAL ACTIVITIES OF SOCIAL ASSISTANCE INSTITUTIONS ..............................113 HUBERT KOTARSKI - SOCIAL CAPITAL – AN ELEMENT OF THE CIVIL COMMUNITY STRUCTURE ............................................................................................123 JAROSŁAW KINAL, MARIOLA KINAL - CROUDSOURCING (AS A PART OF THE INFORMATION SOCIETY) AND LOCAL DEVELOPMENT. THE ANALYSIS OF THE ACTIVITIES ASSOCIATED WITH THE INTRODUCTION OF CIVIL BUDGET OF RZESZOW IN 2014-2015. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................135 KRZYSZTOF MALICKI - THE ROLE OF THE PAST AND COLLECTIVE MEMORY IN THE REGIONAL POLICY AND LOCAL DEVELOPMENT. ....................................145 SLAWOMIR WILK - ACTIVATION OF LOCAL COMMUNITIES – CHALLENGES FOR SOCIAL WORKERS..................................................................................................155 3 SORIN ȘIPOȘ - ENTRE ORIENT ET OCCIDENT: L'ESPACE ROUMAIN DANS LES RECITS DES VOYAGEURS ETRANGERS (FIN DU XVIIIE SIECLE - DEBUT DU XIXE SIECLE) ....................................................................................................................165 RADU ROMÎNAŞU, LAURA ARDELEAN, MIHAELA CIOCA, - CULTURE, LITERATURE, ARTS, AND INTERETHNIC COLLABORATION AT THE WESTERN BORDER OF ROMANIA. CASE STUDY: THE “CELE TREI CRIŞURI” ROMANIAN CULTURAL REUNION IN ORADEA (1919-1940) .........................................................186 GABRIEL MOISA - LOCAL COMMUNITIES FROM BIHOR COUNTY IN THE CONTEXT OF INTER-WAR PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS IN ROMANIA ..........223 IOAN HORGA, TÜNDE NAGY - DECENTRALIZATION, LOCAL AND REGIONAL AUTONOMY IN ROMANIA IN THE LAST 25 YEARS .................................................244 4 József Káposzta MAJOR COHERENCES OF THE CREATION OF SPATIAL INEQUALITIES Spatial differences vs. economic growth The creation of territorial differences has accompanied the history of human beings, since the migration and the concentration of the population were always due to economic, social or natural factors. Territorial differences in the early history, and later the creation of centrums due to the concentration of natural resources had significant impact on the increase of the gap between territories. Industrial revolution also gave a push to it. Economic crises and world wars deepened the existing spatial inequalities even further. Nowadays, in most of the developing and restructuring economies, spatial and regional imbalances show increasing tendencies in the mirror of economic activities, incomes as well as social indicators. Consequently, it is not surprising that politicians and economists show increasing interest on the increasing inequalities and their spatial dimensions. Increasing inequalities are naturally accompanying economic growth, however, it is debated whether it is a constant or temporary situation and what effect globalization and economic opening have in this regard. The development and economic growth of territorial units are influenced by both the natural environment and the production facilities available. We must not take out and underline only one factor or one certain group of factors (Faluvégi, 2000). In accordance, regional growth and imbalances as well as their causes are interpreted and explained by not only one theory. Agreed on it, economic growth theories have gradually come to the frontline, therefore several growth theories dealt with the factors of the creation of spatial differences. Firstly, neoclassic growth theory needs to be mentioned. Its starting thesis is that the differences between the production factors disappear due to their mobility. It means that the income differences between the regions have basically impact towards equalization. This theory was interpreted as the theory of mobility of factors between regions in the study prepared by Richardson in 1969. As a consequence of this, according to the neoclassic theories, regions become equal, since the capital move from the regions with low return to ones with high return on investments, while the move of labour is with adverse direction. It moves from regions offering lower real income to regions with higher income (Hansen et al., 1990, Prescott, 1998, McGrattan-Prescott, 2000, Boldrin-Levine, 2002). The interpretation and acceptance of these models, due to the globalization and the 5 mobility of most of the services, provide increasingly important coherences nowadays, since the economic mobility, which was defined by Richardson in his theory, is still ongoing. Due to the international spreading of global multinational companies, we can observe economic trends that lead to the gradual recession of peripheries and the gradual strengthening of economic centers, thus having adverse effects compared to the ones at the time of the creation of the theory. Regional growth theories originated from neoclassic models, therefore the restrictions and assumptions had to be necessarily adopted. While the total employment, competition and unlimited mobility of production factors can be well explained and interpreted in the closed system of the national economy, we are facing difficulty if they need to be defined in regional dimension (Boldrin-Canova, 2003). There are significant differences existing in the use of production factors in the regions. Oligopolies and monopolies operating in the regions sometimes hinder the unlimited and free movement of resources in several sectors of the economy (Schatzl, 1992). The movement of capital and labour cannot be explained only by the differences in salaries and return on capital. Nowadays, the migration of labour is not only motivated by the differences in real salaries but other factors as well, e.g. job supply, the structure of labour market, subsistence costs, level of urbanization, real estate prices, rents or potential free-time activities, achievable social positions and the quality of education. Keynes, in his study released in 1936, examined the impacts of investments on salaries. He stated that the increase in the total demand is determined by the investments in the rate of savings. The increase in the income generated by one investment or other additional investments was much higher than the amount of investment. In case these factors are lined on a certain area, the creation of economic centers can be observed later on and their exploiting effect can be measured, creating a gravity zone around the centers. Domar (1946) and Harrod (1948) linked the incomes with the capacities and stated that there is equilibrium in the economy if the total demand increases by the same extent as the production capacity. This happens if the effect of the investments on incomes and capacities is the same. Nowadays these factors cannot be described in such a way because in most of the regional developments the concentration of resources can be observed, instead of the equalizing process. Based on the abovementioned, it can be stated that there are two different hypotheses regarding economic growth. According to one of the hypotheses, technological development work under relatively unlimited competition conditions leading to economic convergence. The other statement is that due to naturally spreading modern technologies, it is inevitable to achieve imbalances and divergence in growth after a while (Boldrin-Canova, 2003). Based on all this, we can see that economic growth involves almost automatic creation of territorial differences. If such is not analyzed and monitored continuously, serious territorial inequalities may occur. As examining the territorial growth theories, the 6 complementary effect by Hirschmann also has to be mentioned. Based on his researches, he came to the conclusion that every investment has forward impacts which is due to the further processing of outputs in related sectors. However, it has other impacts as well which refer to the demand for the products and services necessary for the investment or the investment-generated production. Complementary effect may emerge in the increase of
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