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Transylvanian Review RANSYLVANIAN EVIEW Vol. XXVIII T R No. 2 /REVUE DE TRANSYLVANIE Summer 2019 Contents/Sommaire ROMANIAN ACADEMY Chairman: • Paradigms Academician Ioan-Aurel Pop A High Level Political Meeting Decisive for Romania’s Neutrality 3 CENTER FOR Radu ªtefan Vergatti TRANSYLVANIAN STUDIES Constantin G. Nanu (1859–1948): Tracing the Career of a Forgotten Diplomat 12 Adrian-Bogdan Ceobanu Love in and out of Uniform: Forest of the Hanged by Liviu Rebreanu 25 Florica Bodiştean Between Abstinence and Prohibition: Actions for Combating Alcoholism in Transylvania during World War I 36 Ioana Mihaela Bonda Oana Mihaela Tãmaş National History and Ideology: The Union of 1918 As Reflected in the Work A Quarter Century after the Union of Transylvania by Silviu Dragomir 53 Sorin ªipoº • Transsilvanica The Institution of Papal Legation (12th–14th Centuries): Historical and Historiographical Benchmarks 74 Robert-Marius Mihalache Jewish Students from Transylvania at the Ludovika Military Academy 85 Nicoleta Hegedðs A Database Model for Social History: Historical Data Grinder and the Transylvanian Society of 19th and 20th Centuries 100 On the cover: Angela Cristina Lumezeanu RÃZVAN ANTON, • Literature Individual and Collectiv (2017–2018), Eminescu et l’esprit transylvain 112 blue ball pen on paper, Ovidiu Moceanu variable dimensions • Theology Transylvanian Review continues the Ecumenism in Dialogue: tradition of Revue de Transylvanie, Karl Rahner and Dumitru Stãniloae 119 founded by Silviu Dragomir, which was published in Cluj and then in Sibiu Jean Nedelea between 1934 and 1944. • Editorial Events Transylvanian Review is published quarterly by the Center for Transylvanian Iuliu Maniu As Seen by American Romanians 136 Studies and the Romanian Academy. Doru Cristian Todorescu EDITORIAL BOARD • Book Reviews CESARE ALZATI, Ph.D. Facoltà di Scienze della Formazione, Istituto ION IRIMIE, Socrate şi Isus: Personalitãþi polare di Storia Moderna e Contemporanea, (reviewed by Mihaela Mudure) 140 Università Cattolica, Milan, Italy MATHIAS BEER, Ph.D. GHEORGHE CLIVETI, România modernã şi “apogeul Europei,” Institut für donauschwäbische Geschichte 1815–1914 (reviewed by Ioan Bolovan) 142 und Landeskunde, Tübingen, Germany KONRAD GÜNDISCH, Ph.D. CONSTANTIN BÃRBULESCU, Physicians, Peasants, and Modern Bundesinstitut für Kultur und Geschichte Medicine: Imagining Rurality in Romania, 1860–1910 der Deutschen im östlichen Europa, (reviewed by Iuliu-Marius Morariu) 144 Oldenburg, Germany HARALD HEPPNER, Ph.D. ANA VICTORIA SIMA and TEODORA-ALEXANDRA Institut für Geschichte, Graz, Austria MIHALACHE, eds., Persuading Minds: Propaganda PAUL E. MICHELSON, Ph.D. and Mobilisation in Transylvania during World War I Huntington University, Indiana, USA (reviewed by Daniela Maria Stanciu) 145 MoMčilo Pavlović, Ph.D. Director of the Institute of Contemporary JOSEPH ROTH, The Hotel Years: Wanderings in Europe History, Belgrade, Serbia between the Wars (reviewed by Mihaela Gligor) 149 ALEXANDRU ZUB, Ph.D. Academician, honorary director of A. D. IMOTHY NYDER T S , Black Earth: The Holocaust as History Xenopol Institute of History, Iaºi, Romania and Warning EDITORIAL STAFF (reviewed by Mihaela Gligor) 151 Ioan-Aurel Pop Daniela Mârza Ioan Bolovan Robert-M. Mihalache ARISTINA POP-SãiLEANU, “Sã trãiascã partizanii pânã vin Raveca Divricean Alexandru Simon americanii”: Povestiri din munþi, din închisoare ºi din libertate Maria Ghitta Florian D. Soporan (reviewed by Mihai Burzo) 152 Rudolf Gräf George State Virgil Leon GHEORGHE HOBINCU, Memorii, vol. 1, Frumoasele zile Translated by din Aranjuez; vol. 2, Omul sub vremuri Bogdan Aldea—English (reviewed by Alina-Viorela Prelipcean) 155 Liana Lãpãdatu—French • Contributors 159 Desktop Publishing Edith Fogarasi Cosmina Varga Publication indexed and abstracted in the Correspondence, manuscripts and books ® Thomson Reuters Social Sciences Citation Index should be sent to: Transylvanian Review, and in Arts & Humanities Citation Index®, Centrul de Studii Transilvane and included in EBSCO’s and ELSEVIER’s products. (Center for Transylvanian Studies) 12–14 Mihail Kogãlniceanu St., Cluj-Napoca 400084, Romania. ISSN 1221-1249 All material copyright © 2019 by the Printed in Romania by COLOR PRINT Center for Transylvanian Studies and the 66, 22 Decembrie 1989 St., Romanian Academy. Reproduction or use Zalãu 450031, Romania without written permission is prohibited. Tel. (0040)260-660598 [email protected] www.centruldestudiitransilvane.ro paradigms A High Level Political Meeting Decisive R ADU ª TEFAN V E rg ATTI for Romania’s Neutrality MANY A time, maybe too often, it The Russian-Romanian has been written without justification discussions that took place that the interval between the Franco- Prussian War (1870–1871) and the in Constanþa were decisive outbreak of World War I (July–Au- as regards the neutrality gust 1914) was a period of peace. This is not true. Quietness was only status of Romania between apparent during those years but the 1914 and 1916. atmosphere was actually tense, fore- shadowing a new storm. The great powers were racing behind the Ger- man Empire in an arms race. That race could only lead to one result: testing the efficiency of the weapons on the battlefield. The tense, troubled atmo- sphere was enhanced by the existence of the two military blocks: the Triple Alliance and the Entente. Radu ªtefan Vergatti The article was issued in an abridged form: Historian, member of the Academy “Problema izbucnirii primului rãzboi mon- of Ro manian Scientists. Author, among dial: Contacte politice la cel mai înalt nivel,” others, of the vol. Populaþie. Timp. in Dobrogea în contextul primului rãzboi Spaþiu: Privire asupra demografiei mondial, eds Prof. Valentin Ciorbea, Dr. isto rice uni versale (Population. Time. Corina Mihaela Apostoleanu, and Dr. Delia Space: An outlook on world historical Roxana Cornea (Bucharest: Top Form demography) (2003). Publishing House, 2017), 30–33. 4 • TRANSYLVANIAN REVIEW • VOL. XXVIII, NO. 2 (SUmmER 2019) The Triple Alliance, made up of the German Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Italy, and also the Kingdom of Romania, was not sufficiently coagulat- ed, even threatening to fall apart. In Romania, the common people were increas- ingly discontented with the Triple Alliance: during the Balkan Wars, Vienna had strongly supported the Bulgarians against our country, whereas Berlin had done nothing to support Bucharest.1 In Saint Petersburg, Tsar Nicholas II was receiving information about the anti-German and anti-Austro-Hungarian state of mind in Romania. He knew that this attitude was enhanced by the anti-Romanian policy of persecutions against the Romanians in Transylvania, pursued by the Kálmán Tisza govern- ment in Budapest.2 The pro-Russian feelings of certain politicians like Emil Costinescu were also known.3 Under such circumstances, a matrimonial alliance was planned, between the Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna, the elder daughter of the Russian Tsar, and Prince Carol, the heir to the Romanian throne. In his memoirs, Alexandru Marghiloman confesses that on 22 February 1914, during a discussion with King Carol I, the latter declared to his interlocutor that the aforementioned marriage could be good for the family but would not have led to a shift in state KING CAROL I and Tsar NICHOLAS II on 18 July 1898, at Krasnoe Selo, near Saint Petersburg. The two monarchs were photographed as they were reviewing the maneuvers of the Tsar’s Guard. This is proof of the good relations built over time between Russia and Romania. SOURCE: Saint Petersburg Archive of the State Center for Photo-Phono-Cinemato ­­ graphic Documents. Published in Conso­ nant¸e istorice româno­ruse: Centenarul vizitei Împa˘ratului Nicolae al II-lea la Constant¸a, 1/14 iunie 1914, bilingual text, Romanian and Russian, with a historical study by Prof. Ion Bulei (Bucharest: Next Page, 2014), 70. PARADIGMS • 5 policy.4 The king did not trust the tsar’s promise that the Grand Duchess Olga would receive Bessarabia as her dowry. The tsar sought to improve the situa- tion and tip the balance in favor of Romania’s coming close to Russia. The tsar proposed, successfully, to pay a visit to the Romanian harbour of Constanþa on 1 June 1914. He was going there joyfully, because thus he could meet his cousin, Princess Mary, whom he had briefly tried to court in his youth. I. G. Duca wrote in his memoirs that, one day before the tsar’s arrival, he took a stroll towards Tuzla in the company of Princess Mary. The princess depicted Nicholas II in warm colors, rejecting the malicious words that were being spread in connection to him. One single aspect, of a purely feminine nature, Princess Mary did not omit. Her cousin, Tsar Nicholas II, was not as beautiful to her as the rest of the imperial family, full of tall, handsome men, with seducing faces, able to sustain a sparkling, thrilling conversation. However, she underlined that Tsar Nicholas was a very pleasant person.5 The next day, Tsar Nicholas II arrived in Constanþa. He was coming from the Crimean port of Yalta, aboard his sumptuous yacht, Standard, painted in black, a ship that impressed with its magnificence and elegance, escorted by six military ships (with a complement of 1,843). The tsar was accompanied by Disembarking from the luxurious Standard yacht on 1 June 1914 in Constanþa harbour, the Russian imperial family is welcomed by King CAROL I, the family and the official retinue. SOURCE: Consonant¸e istorice româno­ruse, 101. 6 • TRANSYLVANIAN REVIEW • VOL. XXVIII, NO. 2 (SUmmER 2019) his close family: Tsarina Alexandra, Tsarevitch Alexei and their four daughters. There was also a retinue of 19 persons accompanying the tsar and his family on the occasion of that visit, which was meant to return those paid by the Roma- nian royal family on several occasions, including that very year.6 The visitors were welcomed on the pier by King Carol I, dressed in a Rus- sian marshal’s uniform and holding in his hand a Russian marshal’s baton. Standing there was also the heir to the throne, Prince Ferdinand, also dressed in the Russian uniform of a colonel in the tsar’s guard, along with the king’s son, Prince Carol, wearing the uniform of a an imperial aide.
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