Annual Report 2002-2003 Annual Report 1St July 2002–30 June 2003

Annual Report 2002-2003 Annual Report 1st July 2002–30 June 2003

ISSI is an international Institute of Advanced Studies located in Switzerland. Its main task is to contribute to the achievement of a deeper understanding of the results of space research missions, adding value through multi-disciplinary research in an atmosphere of international cooperation.

Contents

Who is who? ...... 2 Staff Activities ...... 31

From the President of the Board of Staff Publications ...... 35 Trustees...... 3 Visitor Publications...... 38 From the leaving Executive Director . . . . 4 Special Publications ...... 44 From the new Executive Director ...... 6 The Century of Space Science ...... 44 Interstellar Dust and From the Directors: The Eighth Year . . . . 8 the Heliosphere ...... 44

About ISSI ...... 9 ISSI Volumes ...... 45 Governing and Supporting Bodies ...... 9 Space Sciences Series of ISSI...... 45 Infrastructure ...... 10 Published Volumes ...... 45 Forthcoming Volumes ...... 46 ISSI’s Personnel...... 11 ISSI Scientific Report Series...... 47 Published Volumes ...... 47 Financial Overview...... 12 Forthcoming Volumes ...... 47 Pro-ISSI SPATIUM Series...... 48 th About Pro-ISSI ...... 13 Published in the 8 Year ...... 49 The SPATIUM Series ...... 13 Auroral Plasma Physics...... 49 The new President ...... 13 Solar System History from Isotopic Signatures of Volatile Elements...... 50 Scientific Activities: The Eighth Year . 14 The Radiometric Calibration The Programme and the Tools ...... 14 of SOHO ...... 51 Workshops and Working Groups ...... 15 Heliosperic Physics ...... 15 Impressum and Credits ...... 52 Solar-Terrestrial Physics ...... 16 Solar Wind and Solar Processes ...... 18 Astrophysics and Cosmology...... 19 Planetary Science ...... 20 Earth Sciences from Space ...... 22 International Teams ...... 23 Newly Approved Future Teams ...... 27 Visiting Scientists ...... 28

Events, Seminars, and Media ...... 29 Special Events...... 29 ISSI Scientific Seminars ...... 30 ISSI in the Media...... 30 Who is who?

Board of Trustees Directors and Staff

Hanspeter Schneiter, Industrial Ombudsman Roger Maurice Bonnet, Executive Director for ESA, Zürich, Switzerland, President from 1st January 2003 Hans Balsiger, University of Bern, Johannes Geiss, Executive Director to 31st Switzerland December 2002; Honorary Director from David Bohlin, NASA, Washington D.C., USA 1st January 2003 Lennard A. Fisk, University of Michigan, Ann Götz Paschmann, Director Arbor, USA Rudolf von Steiger, Director Heinrich Leutwyler, University of Bern, Brigitte Fasler, Secretary Switzerland Stein Håland, Junior Scientist Reimar Lüst, Max-Planck-Institut für Reinald Kallenbach, Staff Scientist Meteorologie, Hamburg, Germany Vittorio Manno, Institute Programme Hiroki Matsuo, ISAS, Kanagawa, Japan Manager Claude Nicollier, ESA/NASA, Houston, USA Anuschka Pauluhn, Junior Scientist Johannes Ortner, International Space Ursula Pfander, Editorial Assistant University, Strasbourg, France Saliba F. Saliba, Computer Engineer and Patrick Piffaretti, Swiss Space Office, Bern, System Administrator Switzerland Silvia Wenger, Secretary David Southwood, ESA, Paris, France Urs Würgler, University of Bern, Switzerland Lev M. Zelenyi, Russian Academy of Science Committee Sciences, Moscow, Russia Hansjörg Schläpfer, Contraves Space AG, Risto Pellinen, Finnish Meteorological Zürich, Switzerland, Secretary of the Institute, Helsinki, Finland, Chairman Board André Balogh, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom Marek Banaszkiewicz, Space Research Board of the Centre, Warsaw, Poland Association Pro-ISSI Angioletta Coradini, Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale, CNR, Rome, Italy Heinrich Leutwyler, University of Bern, Thérèse Encrenaz, Observatoire de Paris, Switzerland, President France Hansjörg Schläpfer, Contraves Space AG, Lennard A. Fisk, University of Michigan, Ann Zürich, Switzerland, Treasurer Arbor, USA Kathrin Altwegg, University of Bern, Bengt Hultqvist, Swedish Institute of Space Switzerland Physics, Kiruna, Sweden Hans Balsiger, University of Bern, Rosine Lallement, Institut d’Aéronomie, Switzerland CNRS, Verrières-le-Buisson, France Hansjörg Mey, Ascom AG, Bern, Switzerland Samuel Leutwyler, University of Bern, Hanspeter Schneiter, Industrial Ombudsman Switzerland for ESA, Zürich, Switzerland Gustav A. Tammann, University of Basel, Gustav A. Tammann, University of Basel, Switzerland Switzerland Toshio Terasawa, University of Tokyo, Japan Heinz Völk, Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Germany Lev M. Zelenyi, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

Status at the end of the eighth business year (30 June 2003). For a current list, please visit the ISSI website at www.issi.unibe.ch. 2 From the President of the Board of Trustees The eighth year of operation of our small but fine institute is over. Once again, we cannot but notice that it has been a dynamic one, filled with highly successful activities, convening many well-known members of the international space science community.

The most important event from an organisational point of view, was the change in ISSI’s Executive Directorate. Prof. Johannes Geiss, stepping back from this position, after having lead it so professionally since its creation in 1995, has received a me- morable farewell with the ISSI dinner on November 20th, 2002. On January 1st, 2003, Prof. Roger M. Bonnet has taken over the lead of ISSI with an extraordinary sense of assuring continuity and injecting new ideas. If changes in the top management of industry, banking and international organisations would be similarly successful, confidence of the public and stockholders would not have been lost so regrettably over the last years.

Some major changes have to be registered concerning the composition of the Board of Trustees of the ISSI foundation. Prof. A. A. Galeev, IKI, an early and active member of the board, together with Prof. B. Hauck and Dr. M. J. Waldis had expressed their desire not to be re-elected in spring 2003. Whilst Prof. Galeev will be succeeded by Prof. L. M. Zelenyi from the Russian Academy of Sciences, the representation of the international science community will be filled up by Prof. L. A. Fisk. Dr. G. Riegler from NASA is replaced by Dr. J. D. Bohlin from NASA Head Quarters because he has been appointed chief scientist at NASA’s Ames Research Center in California. Further to that, Dr. S. Berthet, representing the Swiss Federal Department of Home Affairs is replaced by Mr. P. Piffaretti, the head of the Swiss Space Office in Bern.

In ISSI’s Science Committee, some changes were due. New members replacing oth- ers have been elected at the Board meeting of June 13th, 2003. They will occupy their position immediately, i.e. with the start of ISSI’s ninth business year.

A special effort became necessary to assure continuity of financial support for ISSI by ESA. The Executive Director together with your president submitted a respec- tive request to the science directorate of the agency. ESA’s official approval reached us by the end of the eighth business year.

Last but not least, special efforts in the area of public relations have to be mentioned: Number 10 of the SPATIUM bulletin, an invitation at the occasion of the launching of ESA’s MARS EXPRESS probe and the appearance of the large book The Century of Space Science with major contributions from ISSI.

H. Schneiter July 2003

3 From the leaving Executive Director

At the end of 2002, Professor Roger Maurice Bonnet succeeded me as Executive Director of the International Space Science Institute. I am very pleased for his accepting this position. Given his outstanding reputation as a science leader, ISSI will, under his direction, further strengthen its role as an institute of advanced studies in the space sciences.

Consultations about ISSI began in the late 1980s, but the decisive year was 1994: the Association Pro-ISSI issued a brochure outlining its plans for creating in Switzerland a Space Science Institute that would be funded internationally. The role envisioned for this institute was formulated as follows:

“It is proposed to create an “International Space Science Institute (ISSI)” — along the lines of an advanced-studies institute — (…) that will enable space science experimenters, using different instruments, often flown on different spacecraft in a wide variety of orbits, to pool their data and their knowledge in order to be able to interpret their scientific results in a broader context. Theorists and modelers working at ISSI in direct contact with the experimenters would gain a greater understanding of the potential — and limitations — of the available data, enabling them to identify crucial checks on their theories or models. ISSI is also intended to foster the comparative interpretation of results from space missions with observations from the ground and with laboratory data. Perhaps the most important aim for ISSI Iies in its interdisciplinarity, pro- viding the means to draw as necessary on the methods and arguments of the appropriate branches of physics, astronomy, chemistry and earth sciences…”

Based on this brochure, the IACG supported the creation of ISSI, and the European Space Agency, the Canton of Bern and the Swiss Federal Government decided to fund it.

An Evaluation Group, established by ESA in 1998 and chaired by Martin Rees of Cambridge University, issued a very positive report about ISSI’s performance. ESA also polled the scientific community directly, yielding near-unanimous support for ISSI. Since that time, we at ISSI feel to have a strong and direct mandate from the scientific community.

We developed ISSI pretty much along the lines given in the 1994 brochure. Broad international participation and interdisciplinarity became trademarks of the institute. Space missions often yield results in more than one scientific domain. Thus, intelligent exploitation of the data of such missions will counteract specialisation and help to reveal the universality of natural laws and processes.

ISSI’s focus has been the Solar System, but we strove to build bridges between Solar System Science, Fundamental Physics, Astronomy and the Earth Sciences. The composition of ISSI Teams and many of their publications reflect our aim to bring together people of differing background. Bridge building across disciplinary boundaries is also evident in many SSSI volumes. Other volumes, more disciplinary in character, present in-depth discussions of important subjects. So far, more than 900 visitors from all over the world have worked at ISSI, and numerous papers in scientific journals, 16 SSSI volumes and 2 Scientific Reports testify to the intense working habits at the institute. The engagement of the visitors has made ISSI a success, and their dedication to science has greatly contributed to the spirit and intellectual atmosphere in the institute.

It is a pleasure to thank all those who supported ISSI’s creation and who helped me during my years as Executive Director. In particular, I thank my Co-Directors Bengt Hultqvist, Götz Paschmann and Rudolf von Steiger and the ISSI staff for years of won- 4 derful cooperation. I am obliged to the members of the Science Committee, chaired earlier by David Southwood and now by Risto Pellinen for valuable advice and active participation in ISSI projects. I thank the Chair of the Board of Trustees, Hanspeter Schneiter and the Board members for their advise and support, during Board meetings, as well as in personal contacts and negotiations.

I wish ISSI all the best for the future.

Johannes Geiss

July 2003

5 From the new Executive Director

The Board of Trustees of ISSI, under its president Mr. H. Schneiter, has appointed me Executive Director of ISSI as of January 1st 2003, succeeding Professor J. Geiss, the founding Executive Director of the Institute since its creation, back in 1995. Professor Geiss has made ISSI what it is today: an Advanced Study Institute of very high international reputation, appreciated by the scientific community not only in Europe but throughout the world.

No doubt that the early success of ISSI, which can be measured through its products, the books of the Space Sciences Series of ISSI, as well as through the very large number of the scientists who participated in its activities, is due to the high scientific profile of Professor Geiss, to the eclectic nature and breadth of his scientific interests, of his achievements in physics and particularly in space science. Succeeding such a highly internationally respected scientific figure is not easy and I certainly do not underes- timate the challenge confronting me as I take this new responsibility.

In fact, replacing Professor Geiss is impossible. He and I are very different but in a sense, we are complementary. This is the reason why I am so pleased that he accepted to stay in the Institute as Honorary Director. In this way, I can benefit from his experience and from his knowledge of the Swiss national rules and political circles that gov- ern ISSI. These differences add to the challenge of ensuring both continuity in the activities and of opening them to new areas.

Indeed, since its creation, ISSI has followed a very successful evolution and has played an increasingly important role on the scene of space science. However, we presently observe a turning point in space activities, not only in Europe, but also world wide, and it is important that the role the Institute can play at this moment in time is re- addressed. This requires a reflection on its future.

For example, the Inter-Agency Consultative Group (for space science), under whose aegis ISSI was born, is today severely challenged and even threatened of disappearing. On the other hand, new international programmes are now starting between the tradi- tional institutional partners of ISSI such as the International Living with a Star programme (ILWS). Following the progress of space sciences, new disciplines open which were not even mentioned eight years ago, such as astrobiology. A strong interest appears also in the field of Earth sciences. It is therefore of no surprise that these disciplines show up clearly as very appealing domains for ISSI.

Therefore, the first thing I undertook a few days after I took my duties was to convene a “brain storming” meeting to analyse the future orientations and ways of running of ISSI. This group included several senior advisers and science managers of ESA and NASA, as well as independent scientists from Switzerland and other parts of Europe, including the chairman of ISSI’s science committee, Professor Risto Pellinen, as well as the directors and the staff of the Institute.

The outcome of the meeting was to reconfirm the vocation of ISSI as Institute of Advanced Studies in space sciences, of the highest scientific level, at the service of the science community. The possible introduction of astrobiology, planetary sciences, Sun- Earth relations and Earth sciences was also stressed as well as the importance of opening the Institute to young visiting scientists in post doctoral positions, a necessity if new disciplines are introduced without considering an increase of the permanent staff. Furthermore, the role of the science committee in the selection of these disciplines was claimed to be reinforced as well as the necessity of introducing open competition in the selection of future activities.

As a consequence, several actions were immediately undertaken. An announcement of opportunity for new Teams was released on 14 March which resulted in the submission of 33 proposals, in due time on 2 May, from which the science committee at its 6 12–13 June meeting, selected 13, evidencing an over subscription of nearly a factor of 3, and clearly indicating that the process was indeed a success! Also, several dedicated meetings were organised in order to prospect the interest that ISSI could represent for the new disciplines, in particular with the chairman of the ILWS Steering Committee, Dr. H. Opgenoorth, the Director of ESA’s Earth Observation Programme, Dr. J. Achache and the Director of the Spanish Centre for Astrobiology, Dr. J. Perez- Mercader. The process is ongoing and I will describe its outcome in the next annual report.

2003 was also a key year for ISSI’s budget as reported in the next section. It is clear that times are more difficult now than in the past and that the efficiency of our financial and administrative procedures must be reinforced. It is therefore my intention to improve it wherever necessary. It is also my intention to stress the role that ISSI can play at the service of its “share holders”: the Swiss authorities, the University of Bern, as well as ESA and its scientific community. In that respect I intend to strengthen the links with the Ministry of Science and Education and the Swiss Space Office, after my first two successful encounters with State Secretary Ch. Kleiber and Mr. P. Piffaretti, and to analyse with them how could ISSI act better for the benefit of Science, Switzerland and Europe.

At this stage, it is for me a pleasure to express my gratitude and admiration to Prof. Geiss for his leadership of ISSI, for his role in creating such an important and unique asset for space scientists throughout the world, and in selecting a superb and fully dedicated staff. It is also my pleasure to acknowledge the friendship and excellent co-operation I had with the Board of Trustees and its chairman, Mr. H. Schneiter, as well as with the Science Committee. I thank all of them for the trust they place in me and I wish to continue working with them and the staff of ISSI, with the same positive and undertak- ing spirit in the forthcoming years.

Roger Maurice Bonnet

July 2003

From the Directors: The Eighth Year

During the 8th year of ISSI two volumes appeared in the Space Sciences Series of ISSI (SSSI): Volume 15 on Auroral Plasma Physics, an integrated volume by 32 authors resulting from a multi-workshop project, and Volume 16 on Solar System History from Isotopic Signatures of Volatile Elements, the result of a workshop in January 2002. A third volume was completed and delivered to the publisher, and it will appear as Volume 17 on Earth Gravity Field from Space — From Sensors to Earth Sciences in the fall of 2003.

Two ISSI workshops were held during the past year: In September 2002 we dislocated to the alpine village Saas Fee to hold a workshop out- side our premises for the first time. The topic was about Planetary Systems and Planets in Systems, and it was organised to celebrate the 60th birthday of our colleague Michel Mayor, discoverer of the first extrasolar planet in 1995. In March 2003 a new multi-workshop project was started with a first meeting on Magnetospheric Boundaries and Turbulence, which is making heavy use of the new type of data that ESA’s Cluster mission is delivering.

The working group dealing with the Radiometric Inter-Calibration of SOHO had concluded its activities in the previous business year, and in the fall of 2002 the resulting book appeared in the ISSI Scientific Report Series (SR) as its second volume. A new working group addressing Calibration Techniques of In-Situ Plasma Instrumentation was set up and met twice during the 8th year. It is also working towards a volume in the Report Series, which is expected to appear in 2004.

The ISSI Teams programme continued steadily, with 109 participants in 18 active teams spending a total of 162 workweeks at ISSI. Numerous publications in the refereed literature resulted from these activities (see Visitor Publications). As explained in the previous section, the procedure for proposing and selecting ISSI Teams was revised and somewhat formalised. The 11 teams that were selected last June (and possibly the two that are on hold) will now gradually replace the 7 that are still active from earlier selections, and next year this process will be repeated by issuing a new call and making a new selection.

Three important financial decisions fell during the 8th year, and all were positive: First, the contract with the University of Bern to finance one of the directors (RvS) was extended through mid-2007, then the support by the Swiss Confederation was secured through mid-2008 by agreement with the new director of the Swiss Space Office, P. Piffaretti, and finally the support from ESA will be continued for three more years (through mid-2007) by decision of the Science Programme Committee last May. We are very pleased and thankful for the continued commitment of these bodies. A decision of the Swiss National Science Foundation about the level of its support during the next three years is expected shortly.

There were no changes in the ISSI staff during the past business year other than the change of the Executive Directorship that was mentioned on the preceding pages. We thank our staff members for their dedicated work at our institute.

Roger Maurice Bonnet Johannes Geiss

Götz Paschmann Rudolf von Steiger 8 About ISSI Set up in Bern in January 1995 as a foundation under Swiss law with an endowment of Contraves Space AG, the International Space Science Institute (ISSI) is governed by three bodies: the Board of Trustees, the Directorate, and the Science Committee. A fourth important body, the association Pro-ISSI, fur- thers the idea of ISSI, especially within Switzerland.

ISSI is a nonprofit organisation and received tax-exempt status from the Canton of Bern in May 1995. www.issi.unibe.ch ISSI is funded by the European Space ISSI’s website may be found at . Agency (ESA), the Swiss Confederation, the University of Bern, and — by a grant to its Directors — the Swiss National Science Foundation.

Governing and Supporting The Directorate is in charge of the sci- Bodies entific, operational and administrative direction of the Institute. The Directo- ISSI’s Board of Trustees supervises the rate during the eighth year consisted of work of the Institute, controls the budg- three Directors, but saw a change in the et, and appoints the Directors and middle of the year: Johannes Geiss, members of the Science Committee. Executive Director until the end of 2002 Made up of representatives of the Inter- was succeeded by Roger Maurice st Agency Consultative Group (IACG) Bonnet, Executive Director from 1 member agencies (www.iacg.org), January 2003. Götz Paschmann and the scientific community, Swiss indus- Rudolf von Steiger remained in their try, and the Swiss government, the positions. Board was again presided over by Hanspeter Schneiter, Industrial Om- The Association Pro-ISSI, founded in budsman of the European Space Agency spring 1994, has nearly 100 members. (ESA). The Board met twice during the Pro-ISSI promotes the idea of ISSI by eighth business year, on 20 November organising public lectures, where inter- 2002 and 13 June 2003. nationally known space scientists intro- duce their results. Summaries of these The Science Committee is made up of talks are published about twice a year internationally known scientists active in its journal SPATIUM. Member benefits in the fields covered by ISSI and pro- include invitation to lectures and a free vides advice and support to the subscription to SPATIUM. Directorate in the establishment of the science programme. Members serve A list of the board members of ISSI’s three-year terms. Albert A. Galeev, four bodies at the end of June 2003 may Russian Academy of Sciences, Space be found on page 2. Research Institute, Moscow, Russia, gave his resignation during the eighth business year. The Science Committee met twice, on 19-20 November 2002, and on 12-13 June 2003. 9 About ISSI

Infrastructure improving the design of the front page of its website. The Institute provides a heterogeneous workstation environment with a total of One of the most important updates was thirty-eight personal computers and the development of the library website eight notebooks. The workgroup net- ISSI maintains, which lists now many work is part of the University’s local online-journals subscribed to by both area network, so that its resources ISSI and the University. It is now avail- (e.g., the SUN, Linux cluster server, able to all computers using ISSI’s license server and special peripherals) domain, while before, it was only avail- are available as well. With the locally able to ISSI staff. Therefore, our visitors installed computer peripherals, the have the opportunity to access and use Institute’s staff and guest scientists are our online-journals while they are stay- able to perform most computing tasks ing at ISSI. The library website also and access the Internet. maintains an electronic up-to-date database of all the books ISSI has avail- The network consists of the following: able in the library.

1) Three servers — Linux, Windows NT4 Also at the time of writing, wireless and Sun, network facilities are being looked into 2) Twenty-one PCs, four of which run by both ISSI’s and the University’s staff. both Linux and Windows, It is expected that such facilities will be 3) Eight Sun computers which run available at ISSI by the end of 2003. Solaris 2.5.1, 7, and 8, 4) Six Mac computers, four of which run In addition, the Institute updates soft- both Mac OS 9 and the new Mac OSX ware regularly and uses the large scien- Jaguar, tific packages (including IDL, Matlab 5) Eight laptops or portable computers. and Maple) either locally or by connect- ing to the University’s servers. The infrastructure of ISSI has undergone many changes during the eighth year. For example, new video conference capabilities and facilities were added. The following items were purchased: a new mobile projector, five new PCs and four new notebooks with Windows XP Pro and one new Mac with the new Mac OSX Jaguar. For safety reasons, new safety power boxes were bought against lightning and power surge. The old scanner was replaced with a top quality model that also supports scanning of negatives and slides. Finally the number of IP addresses ISSI uses for the DHCP server was increased to thirty.

Since ISSI had a website meeting in March 2003, there were many updates and changes done to its website (see the screenshot on the previous page). Please visit www.issi.unibe.ch. At the time of writing, ISSI is looking into

ISSI’s Personnel

Group photograph of the ISSI staff at the end of the eighth business year (from left to right): Rudolf von Steiger, Reinald Kallenbach, Anuschka Pauluhn, Brigitte Fasler, Saliba F. Saliba, Ursula Pfander, Johannes Geiss, Silvia Wenger, and Roger Maurice Bonnet (the picture was taken by Daniel Winterhalter). The persons missing in the group picture are shown on the right hand side (from top to bottom): Götz Paschmann, Stein Håland, and Vittorio Manno. Details can be found on page 2, in the section Who is who.

At the end of June 2003, ISSI’s staff was Stein Hålands Post-doc term ended with composed of twelve members, i.e. the eighth business year on June 30, three Directors and one Honorary 2003. He is now working at the Max- Director, three staff scientists (one Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische part-time), and five staff members (two Physik in Garching, Germany. We wish part-time). him all the best for the future.

The eighth business year was marked by an important change in ISSI’s Executive Directorate. Professor Johannes Geiss, one of ISSI’s founders, retired from the position of Executive Director on December 31st, 2002. Prof. Geiss was named Honorary Director and continues his research at ISSI. His position was taken over by Prof. Roger Maurice Bonnet, ESA’s former Director of Science, on 1st January, 2003. Please read the details on pages 3-7.

11 Financial Overview

Income kCHF Expenditures kCHF European Space Agency (ESA) 1470 Salaries and Related Costs* 1113 (1 M €) Swiss Confederation 770 Investments 69

Other income 37 Fixed Costs 240

Operating Costs 227 Workshops, Working Groups, Teams, and Visiting Scientists 576 (ISSI-funded) Result of the year 52 Subtotal 2277 Subtotal 2277 Workshops, Working Groups, Swiss National Science 118 Teams, and Visiting Scientists 118 Foundation (SNSF) (SNSF-funded) Total 2395 Total 2395

* It should be noted that the majority of the ISSI staff members (including directors), are scientists actively conducting research as well as taking care of organisational, editorial, and administrative tasks.

ISSI’s main sources of funding continue to was submitted by the directors in March be the European Space Agency (ESA), the 2003, and a decision is expected very Swiss Confederation, the University of shortly. Bern, and the Swiss National Science Foundation. Moreover, important contri- - Funding from the University of Bern butions “in kind” are received from the continued in the form of direct employ- University of Bern and from Contraves ment of one of the directors and there- Space AG: fore does not explicitly appear in the table above. Moreover, important “in- - Funding from ESA was received at a kind” contributions are received from constant level of 1 M €, as approved by the University such as Internet connec- the Science Programme Committee tivity, library access, etc. The total of (SPC) and the Council in 1998. This was these contributions is estimated at the last contribution under that agree- about 240 kCHF. ment, but the SPC, at its meeting in May 2003, renewed the commitment for - Contributions in kind are also received another three years at constant level, from Swiss industry for an estimated i.e. until mid-2007. amount of 80 kCHF.

- Funding from the Swiss Confederation - An exceptional contribution was re- was received at constant level from the ceived from the International Associa- Swiss Space Office (SSO) within the tion for the promotion of cooperation framework of the Swiss contribution to with scientists from the New Indepen- ESA. The agreement to continue until dent States of the former Soviet Union mid-2008 was re-negotiated in March (INTAS) for the activity described on 2003 with the SSO. page 15. Other income resulted from interest and from the ISSI apartments. - Funding from the Swiss National Science Foundation continued under a In summary, ISSI ended the 8th business grant to R. von Steiger as the principal year with a small plus of 52 kCHF. This applicant, which was approved in amount is due to the unbudgeted INTAS August 1999 and will expire in Septem- grant and the variations of the Euro/CHF ber 2003. A proposal for a new grant exchange rate in the money market. 12 About Pro-ISSI In 1994, physicists and astronomers of The new President of the Swiss Universities and representatives Association of the Swiss Space Industry founded the Association Pro-ISSI (a list of the pres- After Hermann Debrunner’s passing in ent members of its board can be found 2002, the Association was in need of a on page 2). new President. The search ended with the nomination and election of Heinrich Pro-ISSI aimed at the establishment of a Leutwyler, who had been involved with small scientific institute that would ISSI as a convenor of the Workshop on host scientists from all over the world: Matter in the Universe in 2001. The The International Space Science Insti- Institute is very happy and honored that Heinrich tute. After ISSI opened its doors in he has accepted to become President of Leutwyler 1995, Pro-ISSI continued to promote the the Association Pro-ISSI. In this capacity presides activities and the results of space sci- he will also represent the Association in Pro-ISSI ence in Europe. Presently, the associa- the Board of Trustees. since No- tion has almost 100 members. It organ- vember 2002. ises lectures from leading personalities Heinrich Leutwyler was born in 1938 in in the space sciences. Together with Bern, where he studied physics, mathe- ISSI, the association publishes SPATIUM, matics and astronomy. He completed a journal that documents the results of his Ph.D. work on General Relativity in important research fields, understand- 1962, under the supervision of John R. able to the general public. Klauder. After his postdoctoral years, which he spent at Princeton University, The SPATIUM Series at Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill and at Syracuse University, he returned to Cover of During ISSI’s eighth business year, one Bern, where he joined the faculty in 1966, teaching courses in theoretical SPATIUM issue was published: SPATIUM no. 10 no. 10. appeared in June 2003. It corresponds physics until his retirement in 2000. His to a Pro-ISSI lecture on Satellite Navi- main field of research is quantum chro- gation Systems for Earth and Space modynamics. For his work on the quark Sciences, given by Gerhard Beutler, masses he received an honorary degree Director of the Astronomical Institute of from the University of Mainz. the University of Bern, on November 12, 2002. This latest issue of SPATIUM tells the story of global navigation systems such as GPS, GLONASS and GALILEO. It provides fascinating insights into a number of scientific applications, e.g. the measurements of the polar motion, the length of the day and the plate motion velocities.

The next issue of SPATIUM is in preparation. On March 27, 2003, Erwin Flückiger, from the University of Bern, gave a Pro-ISSI lecture on Cosmic Radiation — an exciting talk, which will be published in November 2003.

A detailed list of the SPATIUM series can be found on page 48.

13 Scientific Activities: The Eighth Year

The Programme and Tools The results of their activity are custom- arily reported in scientific journals. The programme expanded considerably Until now, Teams were approved by the during this year of activity to include Directors in consultation with the other disciplines while keeping its focus Science Committee. A new procedure on Solar System Science. The spotlight has been implemented in 2003 follow- of one Workshop was put on planets ing the Beatenberg brainstorming meet- external to our Solar System and a Team ing whereby Teams are selected after was addressing pre-biotic chemistry an open call for proposals and a peer while another worked on a possible cor- review by the Science Committee. relation between earthquakes and ionospheric disturbances. The technical Individual Visitors are invited by the aspect of the programme was furthered Directors for periods of varying extent through the activity of a Working Group to pursue research and perform scien- on calibration techniques. The other tific tasks of relevance to ISSI’s agenda. areas of research, portrayed in the sec- In the year under review the interna- tions below, have experienced different tional participation among the different degrees of activity through the combi- categories of activity was distributed as nation of ISSI initiated Workshops, follows: Working Groups and external Interna- tional Teams and Visitors that remain the main tools of the Institute for its scientific activity. Workshops define the long-term activity and are selected by the Directors in consultation with the Science Commit- tee. They are generally carried out during one week (sometimes repeated) and attended by up to 45 invited scientists. The proceedings are published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in Dord- recht (NL) as titles of the Space The same number represented in per- Sciences Series of ISSI (SSSI), which are son-weeks: reprinted from Space Science Reviews. Working Groups have a smaller number of members. They follow the same selection procedure as for Workshops and can also be set up following a specific request from the external community. They operate largely in the same manner as International Teams do (below). The results of the Groups’ activities are either published as titles of ISSI Scientific Report Series (SR) under the responsibility of ESA’s Publication Division or in the scientific literature. It should be emphasised that among the 230 external participants in ISSI activi- International Teams form the flexible ties, 112 scientists (i.e. 48%) were for short-term component of the program- the first time at ISSI. Thus, the renewal me. They are proposed by external sci- of the community keeps being very sat- entists to study a specific issue within isfactory. the general scientific domain of ISSI. 14 Workshops and Working Groups

Heliospheric Physics

The activities in the field of the physics of the heliosphere continued at ISSI in two frameworks.

The INTAS/ISSI Working Group on the Physics of the Heliosheath Plasma Flow and Structure of the Termi- nation Shock assembles scientists from Institutes in Russia, Germany, and France, and is co-ordinated at ISSI by its Principal Investigator (PI) Reinald Kallenbach. The Group is concerned with large-scale models of the Solar Wind interaction with the Local Interstellar Cloud, and with theoretical and experimental studies on the micro- scopic plasma processes near the solar wind termination shock such as amplifi- cation of turbulence and particle accel- Awaiting the crossing of the solar wind termination eration. Based on their experience with shock by the Voyager 1 spacecraft, theorists develop multi-component approaches, two time-dependent kinetic models of the heliospheric Russian Group members developed a boundaries. Our heliosphere and its interface to the time-dependent kinetic theory and a surrounding interstellar medium may roughly resemble corresponding numerical code on the the bubble of the Helix Planetary Nebula. The similar- solar-cycle variation of the heliospheric ity breaks down when considering the scale — orders of interface. The present solar activity magnitude larger than the heliosphere — and the phys- maximum is associated with a higher ical cause — a single explosion rather than a continuous momentum flux in the solar wind caus- wind (Photo courtesy of David Malin). ing an outward movement of the heliospheric termination shock within the of plasma waves with energetic parti- next few years. Consequently, the cles are verified observationally by the Voyager 1 encounter with the helios- ISSI Group members using data associat- pheric termination shock will take place ed with heliospheric travelling shocks at later than originally anticipated. 1 AU measured with the SOHO/CELIAS/- STOF sensor. Lyman-alpha photons from the upwind outer heliosphere detected by the UVS In its first year of activity, the INTAS/- instrument on board Voyager 1 give evi- ISSI Working Group has already pub- dence for the time-dependent behavior lished numerous papers and conference of the heliospheric interface. Further contributions as listed later in this evidence for a location of the termina- report. tion shock outward of the previously anticipated distance comes from the The Working Group on Calibration back-reaction of the Anomalous Com- Techniques for In-Situ Plasma Instru- ponent of the Cosmic Rays (ACRs) on mentation that was established in the the solar wind termination shock, previous year, started its operation. Led where the ACRs are accelerated, and by Martin Wüest (who moved from leads to an outward shift of several Southwest Research Institute, San astronomical units. The relative accel- Antonio, TX, USA to Inficon, Balzers, eration models of the Yakutsk Group Liechtenstein) some 13 scientists with including the self-consistent interaction experience in particle instrumentation 15 Workshops and Working Groups

Solar-Terrestrial Physics

This business year the book on Auroral Plasma Physics finally appeared in print as Volume 15 of the Space Science Series of ISSI, concluding an effort that began with a first workshop in the fall of 1999. In line with the goal to create an integrated and coherent book, this volume is the first in the ISSI series where authors are not associated with individual chapters, but all 32 contribu- tors appear as contributing authors of the entire book.

A new major activity, aimed at the The position of the four Cluster spacecraft at 6 am on study of Magnetospheric Boundaries 1 July 2002. The lines through the spacecraft represent and Plasma Turbulence, began with a the magnetic field lines that connect the spacecraft first Workshop in March, attended by with the Earth, while the coloured contours shown just almost 40 scientists. This project focus- above the North Pole of the Earth are lines of constant es on the data from ESA’s Cluster mis- electric potential in the ionosphere. These voltages sion. Because Cluster consists of four range up to 100 KV, and are generated by the interac- identically instrumented spacecraft fly- tion of the Earth’s magnetic field with the solar wind ing in close formation, it provides the (picture produced by the Orbit Visualization Tool, first opportunity where one can com- http://ovt.irfu.se). pare measurements obtained at neigh- met twice for a week, reviewing and bouring locations, and thus distinguish discussing the different types of in-situ temporal from spatial variations, a plasma sensors, the calibration princi- problem that has been troubling space ples, the currently available calibration plasma physics for a long time. New facilities and capabilities, the methods insights into the physics of plasma for absolute calibration, in-flight cali- boundaries and turbulence are emerg- bration, and cross-calibration, the caus- ing from this novel approach. Integra- es and effects of instrument degrada- ting these results will now become the tion, as well as new techniques to prime goal, and this is a typical ISSI improve calibration. To round off the task. The principal objective of the first activities the group visited several insti- workshop was to identify the main open tutions with experience in calibration questions and to identify what the issues such as the Physikalisches Institut Cluster mission can contribute, or has of the University of Bern, the Paul- already contributed, to their answer. A Scherrer-Institut in Villingen, METAS in second Workshop is scheduled for Wabern, the Observatoire de Neu- November 2003. It is expected that the châtel, and TEMEX in Neuchâtel. In the results will be published in 2004 as meantime the Group has assembled another book in the Space Science much material for publication in the ISSI Series of ISSI. Scientific Reports Series, which will be Cover of SSSI edited and reviewed in two smaller In the context of this Workshop activity, Volume 15. meetings in the next business year, and staff at ISSI (Stein Haaland and Götz the resulting Report will finally appear Paschmann), together with a long-term in 2004. visitor (Bengt Sonnerup), has been working on analysing Cluster data related to the understanding of one specific magnetospheric boundary, the magne- 16 Workshops and Working Groups topause, which is a thin current sheet that keeps the solar wind and its embedded magnetic field apart from the Earth’s magnetic field and its plasma. Across the magnetopause, the plasma environment changes from a dense, weakly magnetised, solar wind plasma to a dilute, strongly-magnetised, plasma inside the magnetosphere. A spacecraft traversing this boundary will therefore observe a fairly abrupt change in both the magnetic field plasma properties. A prime goal of the Cluster mission is to measure the thickness and internal structure of the magnetopause, because they provide insight into the plasma processes controlling the transfer of energy, momentum, and mass across boundaries between colliding plasmas.

A pre-requisite for determining the Magnetic field maps for a magnetopause crossing by the magnetopause thickness and structure Cluster satellites on 5 July 2001. The top part shows the magnetic field lines (black) inferred from the is the knowledge of its orientation and measurements of the magnetic field and plasma pres- motion. This is difficult to obtain be- sure by Cluster 3 alone. Superimposed are white arrows cause in response to the varying solar that represent the actual magnetic field vectors meas- wind conditions the magnetospheric ured by all four Cluster spacecraft along their trajecto- boundaries are always in motion and ries. The agreement of the measurements by C1, C2, change their orientation constantly. and C4 with the map constructed from the C3 measure- Before Cluster, there were a variety of ments confirms the validity of the method. The back- techniques based on the application of ground colour indicates the strength of the magnetic some physical laws to the measure- field component directed out of the plane of the map, ments from single-spacecraft. With using the colour bar on the right. The change in color indicates that the magnetic field direction changes Cluster, one now can use the timing of across the magnetopause. The bottom part of the fig- the crossings by the four spacecraft to ure shows the same magnetic field map, but at this infer the orientation and motion in a time the white arrows represent the plasma flow veloc- much more direct way. There are essen- ities measured by C1, C3, and C4. The background tially two ways to use the four-space- colour now represents the change in plasma pressure craft timing: either one assumes that across the magnetopause. For details, see the text the magnetopause moves over the four (Figure from Hasegawa et al., 2003). spacecraft with constant velocity, or one assumes that the velocity varies, with some assumption on the underlying but the thickness of the boundary physics, namely that it can be described remains constant. We have compared as magnetostatic, one can actually infer all existing methods (and invented a a two-dimensional map of the magne- few new ones in the process), and have topause from the magnetic field and demonstrated that all methods need to plasma measurements obtained in each be combined to obtain a dependable such cut. Bengt Sonnerup and co-work- description of the orientation and ers for single-spacecraft measurements motion. developed this idea. With Cluster, one now has the unique opportunity to Even with four spacecraft, one only gets check these results by comparing the four cuts through the boundaries. But prediction based on measurements 17 Workshops and Working Groups

C4 overlayed (there are no such measurements on C2).

Solar Wind and Solar Processes

The Working Group on Radiometric Inter-Calibration of SOHO had concluded its work in the previous business year, but the 8th year saw the appearance of Volume 2 in the ISSI Scientific Report Series (SR), edited by Anuschka Pauluhn (ISSI), Martin C.E. Huber (then a senior visiting scientist at ISSI) and Rudolf von Steiger (ISSI) (cf. page 51). The volume summarises and documents the radiometric calibration of the SOHO vacuum-ultraviolet instruments for the first six years in orbit, including the period after SOHO’s accidental loss of One hour of a coronal mass ejection (CME) on 26–27 attitude. It is hoped that it will help to February 2000, taken by EIT 195Å. A CME blasts into ensure that the experience gained with space a billion tons of particles travelling hundreds of SOHO is being passed on to the benefit kilometres per second (Courtesy of SOHO/EIT consor- of future missions. tium. SOHO is a project of international cooperation between ESA and NASA). A Workshop on Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) was initiated at the end of the from one of the spacecraft, with what business year with a convenor’s meet- the other three are actually observing ing. Similar to the Workshop on when they cross the region covered by Corotating Interaction Regions (SSSI the map. The Figure on page 17 shows Vol. 7), this Workshop will conclude a the magnetic field map obtained from series of Meetings at Elmau Castle in the analysis of the C3 data obtained 2000 and 2003. The third Workshop in during a particular pass through the this series will be held at ISSI in March magnetopause. Overlayed on this map 2004 and is being convened by Nancy are white arrows that represent the Crooker (Boston University, USA), Horst actually measured magnetic fields Kunow (Universität Kiel, Germany), Jon (top). The alignment of the vectors Linker (SAIC, San Diego, USA) and measured by C1, C2, and C4 with the Rainer Schwenn (Max-Planck-Institut für underlying map proves that the map, Aeronomie, Katlenburg-Lindau, Ger- which was constructed from C3 meas- many). The objective of the Workshop urements only, is real. This applies in is to study in detail the origin, develop- particular to the bulge on the lower ment, and effects of coronal mass ejec- right where magnetic field lines are tions. An international team of about 60 crossing the magnetopause, implying invited experimenters, ground-based that the process known as magnetic observers, and theoreticians will be Cover of SR reconnection has occurred, and solar interpreting the observations and de- Volume 2. wind plasma can now cross the magne- velop new models for CME initiations, topause and enter the magnetosphere. development, and interplanetary prop- This is illustrated by the bottom half of agation. Under investigation are also the figure, which shows the same mag- effects on charged particles and related netic map, but now with the plasma phenomena such as energetic particle flow vectors, measured on C1, C3, and acceleration, interaction with ambient 18 Workshops and Working Groups solar wind and other CMEs, as well as the internal structure of CMEs and its time variation. Fundamental questions concerning CMEs (e.g. CME initiation) and many detailed observations are still not understood. The Workshop shall help to jointly investigate these questions with scientists from all scientific areas involved. The Workshop will start with one day of introductory talks, but then consists mainly of Working Group sessions on the following topics: A) Coronal observations; B) Solar wind and magnetic field measurements; C) Energetic particle observations; D) CME theory and models; E) The pre-CME Sun; F) CME-related coronal phenomena; G) ICMEs in the inner heliosphere; H) ICMEs in the outer heliosphere and at high latitudes. Each participant is member of two Working Groups, one from A–D and another from E–H. The specific aim of In 1995, Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz discovered the the ISSI Workshop in 2004 is to publish first planet orbiting another star like the Sun, called 51 the Workshop results in a joint publica- Pegasi b, by the so-called Doppler Wobble Method (Radial Velocity Method). Since then, over hundred tion in the Space Sciences Series of ISSI more extrasolar planets have been detected this way. (SSSI), which will consist of the intro- The picture shows an artist’s impression of extrasolar ductory papers followed by a report planets orbiting another star (Illustration by Medialab, from each Working Group and a Work- courtesy of ESA, 2003). shop summary.

Astrophysics and Cosmology quences (stability, resonances, orbital evolution, etc.). The Workshop was A Workshop dedicated to Planetary structured into five sessions of intro- Systems and Planets in Systems was ductory talks on 1) General view of held in September 2002. For the first giant planets; 2) Observations of multi- time in the history of ISSI, the Workshop planetary systems (including our own did not take place at the Institute in solar system); 3) Theory of multi-plane- Bern, but in Saas Fee in the Swiss Alps. tary systems; 4) Planets in stellar sys- The dislocation worked out amazingly tems; and 5) Future and conclusions. well, so this format may perhaps be The afternoons were dedicated to repeated on future occasions. Con- Working Group sessions on specific top- vened by Stéphane Udry (University of ics such as Detection methods, Mig- Geneva), Willy Benz (University of ration in the Solar System, Viewing for- Bern), Johannes Geiss and Rudolf von mation, and Interactions. The resulting Steiger (both ISSI) some 50 scientists volume in the Space Sciences Series of gathered to present and discuss all ISSI is currently being edited and will aspects of extrasolar planets, with par- appear in the fall of 2003. It will be ticular focus on the detection of plane- dedicated to Michel Mayor, discoverer tary systems, of planets in binary or of the first extrasolar planet in 1995, as multiple stellar systems and on the the Workshop was held on the occasion understanding of the formation and the of his 60th birthday. dynamical interactions in such systems including their observational conse- 19

Workshops and Working Groups

The solar nebula imagined by an artist: Gas, dust, and planetesimals orbit the early Sun in the accretion disk. The editors of SSSI Volume 16 on Solar System History from Isotopic Signature of Volatile Elements chose this painting as cover illustration. (Courtesy of William K. Hartmann, Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, USA).

Planetary Science tionary processes during the formation of the Sun and the planets from an During its eighth business year, ISSI interstellar molecular cloud and, in completed and pursued Planetary turn, illuminates how the isotopic com- Science studies initiated in the years positions of the present-day solar sys- before. In addition, plans for a Work- tem objects have been established. The shop on the Outer Planets to be held in book is an integrated collection of arti- the ninth business year were put in con- cles by experts in planetary science, crete terms and the organisation of this solar and plasma physics, astrophysics, international and interdisciplinary mineralogy and chemistry who met for meeting was put on track. a Workshop at ISSI in January 2002.

In spring 2003, Volume 16 of the Space The authors present analyses of isotope Sciences Series of ISSI, Solar System abundance ratios for volatile elements History from Isotopic Signatures of in the Sun, planets, satellites, comets, Volatile Elements, edited by meteorites and interplanetary dust par- R. Kallenbach (ISSI), T. Encrenaz (Obser- ticles, as well as a review of isotopic vatoire de Paris, Meudon, France), ratios in star-forming interstellar J. Geiss (ISSI), K. Mauersberger (Max- clouds. This provides insight into the Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Heidel- physical and chemical processes in the pre-solar molecular cloud that col- Cover of SSSI berg, Germany), T. Owen (University of Volume 16. Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, USA), and lapsed to form the Sun and the proto- F. Robert (Musée d’Histoire Naturelle, planetary disk. Furthermore, informa- Paris, France) was published by Kluwer tion is presented on dynamical process- Academic Publishers. This volume es and conditions in this disk, particu- focuses on isotopic signatures of lary the degree of reprocessing of inter- volatile elements as tracers for evolu- stellar solid material, the formation of 20 Workshops and Working Groups solids inside the disks, and the formation of the terrestrial and giant planets and their satellites.

The Team on Mars Magnetism, and the Interaction of Mars with the Solar Wind, that held a Workshop at ISSI in October 2001 continued its activity in preparing the publication of the results as Volume 18 of the Space Sciences Series of ISSI. The editors of this volume, Daniel Winterhalter (Jet Pro- pulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, USA), Mario Acuña (NASA-GSFC, Greenbelt, USA), and Alexander Zakharov (IKI, Moscow, Russia) held three meetings at ISSI during the eighth business year. The Cruising above southern Mars, instruments on the Mars data of the Phobos 2 (USSR/Russia) and Global Surveyor (MGS) spacecraft have revealed band- Mars Global Surveyor (USA) missions will ed magnetic field patterns of alternating polarity, indi- be combined in this volume, so that a cated in the above map by red and blue colour. The distinction between the intrinsic mag- bands run east-west, are about 100 miles wide and 600 netic field of Mars and the external miles long, and resemble those magnetic field patterns fields is achieved. Even at the present produced on Earth by plate tectonics (they should not be confused with the north-south running swaths of the time, the Mars crust is more intensely MGS orbit). The crustal magnetic fields detected by magnetised than the Earth crust, but on MGS are remnants of the magnetic dipole field whose Mars the field changes on a small spatial dynamo in the interior of Mars ceased billion years ago scale. It appears likely that the Mars (Courtesy of Jack Connerney, Mario Acuña, Carol Ladd, crust acquired its remanence in the first MGS, NASA). few hundred million years of evolution, when an active dynamo sustained an biologists to review the knowledge on intense global field. An early dynamo four major themes: era, ending in the Noachian (the earli- est epoch in Mars chronology), would 1) The study of the formation and evo- likely be driven by thermal convection lution processes of the Outer Planets in a fluid core. If crustal remanence was and their satellites, beginning with the acquired later in Mars history, a dynamo formation of compounds and planetesi- driven by chemical convection associat- mals in the solar nebula, and the subse- ed with the solidification of an inner quent evolution of the interiors of the core is likely. Thermal evolution models Outer Planets, cannot yet distinguish between these two possibilities. 2) a comparative study of the atmospheres of the Outer Planets and Titan, ISSI’s programme on interdisciplinary studies related to planetary science will 3) the study of the planetary magneto- carry on with a Workshop A Com- spheres and their interactions with the parative Study of the Outer Planets solar wind, and before the Exploration of Saturn by Cassini-Huygens. This Workshop is 4) the formation and the properties of intended to assemble representatives satellites and rings including their inte- of several scientific communities, such riors, surfaces, and their interaction as planetary scientists, astronomers, with the solar wind and the magneto- space physicists, chemists, and astro- spheres of the outer planets.

Workshops and Working Groups

cutive Director, Roger Maurice Bonnet, have invited about 30 participants to gather in Bern on 12–16 January, 2004.

Earth Sciences from Space

A Workshop entitled Earth Gravity Field from Space – from Sensors to Earth Sciences had been held at ISSI in the previous business year. The resulting volume in the Space Sciences Series of ISSI was subsequently assembled and edited by R. Rummel (Technische Uni- versität München, Germany), G. Beutler (University of Bern, Switzerland), M. Drinkwater (ESA-ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands), and R. von Steiger (ISSI).

Like the Workshop it will be divided into six sections on Precise Orbit Deter- GRACE (Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment), twin satellites launched in March 2002, are making mination and Gravity Field Modelling, detailed measurements of Earth's gravity field. This Solid Earth Physics, Ocean Circulation, Figure shows a GRACE Gravity Model for Europe and Geodesy, Sea Level, and Future Con- Africa. High points on this map, also colored red, indi- cepts. The 37 papers will deal with the cate areas where gravity is slightly stronger than usual, new insights into the global static grav- while in blue areas gravity is slightly weaker. Maps like ity field and the geoid that are expect- this help calibrate changes in the Earth's surface ed from the ESA explorer mission GOCE, including variable ocean currents and the melting of to be launched in 2005, and the U.S. glaciers (Preparation by the University of Texas Center satellite gravity mission GRACE for Space Research, as part of a collaborative data (2002–2006), that will additionally mea- analysis effort with the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory and the GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam). sure the temporal variations of the gravity field. With these data it will become possible for the first time to disentangle the intertwined problems of ultra-precision orbit determination Beyond these four topics, the implica- of satellites on the one hand and Earth tions for the prebiotic chemical evolu- gravity field modeling on the other. tion on Europa and Titan will be dis- cussed. As of this writing, the editing of the volume is concluded and the book is At the present time, the study of the expected to appear very shortly. Outer Planets is particularly motivated by the fact that the Saturn system will be investigated by the Cassini-Huygens mission from 2004 to 2008.

The convenors of this Workshop, T. Encrenaz (Observatoire de Paris, Meudon, France), R. Kallenbach (ISSI), T. Owen (University of Hawaii, Hono- lulu, USA), and C. Sotin (Université de Nantes, France), and ISSI’s new Exe- 22

International Teams

Teams are composed of up to 15 scien- Team leader and members: Vladislav tists of different nationalities, institu- Izmodenov, Moscow State University, tions and areas of expertise who join Russia, and nine members from France, together to address specific scientific Germany, Poland, Russia, the United questions. These should be interdisci- Kingdom, and the USA. plinary, foster international participation and be consistent with the scientif- Session: 4–10 August 2002 ic areas and expertise at ISSI. Teams Advanced Modelling of Comet assemble for variable periods at ISSI and Halley Nucleus Activity present results in scientific journals. Scientific rationale: It is intended to The organisation of the activity depends considerably extend the range of Halley entirely on the specific goals and mem- observations quantitatively reproduced bership of each team and is the respon- by ab-initio computations. The expect- sibility of the team leader who initiated ed result will constitute the best possi- the proposal. ISSI nominates a scientific ble validation of the new modelling contact point to each team. tools, which are being used for pre- launch studies of the Rosetta mission. The following teams met at ISSI during Team leader and members: Jean- the eighth year of activity: François Crifo, CNRS, Verrières-le- Buisson, France, and ten members from Session: 8–9 July 2002 ESTEC, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Advanced Data Analysis Methods Sweden, and the USA. Scientific rationale: To collect in a handbook material on advanced analy- Session: 12–17 August 2002 sis techniques, such as neural networks, New Physical Parameters of the wavelet analysis, principal component LIM Through Coordinated Ob- analysis, linear parametric models, servations of the Gravitational higher-order spectra, phase-space tech- Focussing Cone at 1 AU niques, and their application to space Scientific rationale: To combine com- data. plementary data sets taken during the Team leaders and members: Joachim last two passages of the Earth through Vogt, International University, Bremen, the interstellar focussing cone, previous Germany and Götz Paschmann, ISSI and data, and modelling in order to derive a Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrest- consistent set of interstellar parame- rische Physik, Garching, Germany, and ters. nine team members from France, Team leader and members: Eberhard Germany, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland, Möbius, University of New Hampshire, the United Kingdom, and the USA. Durham, USA, and 14 members from France, Germany, Poland, Russia, and Sessions: 8 July–18 August 2002, and the USA. 19 January–14 February 2003 Physics of the Heliotail Sessions: 19 August–7 September 2002, Scientific rationale: To study and/or and 23–26 March 2003 evaluate the following physical process- Identification of low Frequency es on the downwind plasma flow and its Waves in the Vicinity of Colli- diagnostics: the charge exchange pro- sionless Shocks cess; effects connected with interstel- Scientific rationale: Study of low fre- lar and heliospheric magnetic fields; quency turbulence in the upstream interstellar ionisation; diffusion across region of quasi-perpendicular and the Heliopause by micro scale plasma quasi-parallel shocks. Turbulence down- processes like wave-particle interac- stream of the shock front. Identification tions as well as by turbulences in the of plasma waves in satellite measure- Local Interstellar Medium (LISM). 23

International Teams

Team leader: Daniel Winterhalter, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, USA, met with the other editors from Russia and the USA.

Session: 25 August–3 September 2002 Mars Bolides Scientific rationale: To develop a model to address the problem of the smallest bolides to get through the atmosphere of Mars and hit the surface, which in turn controls the amount of impact erosion on Mars. This is an important question in terms of preser- vation of ancient deposits. Team leader and members: William K. Hartmann, Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, USA, and two members from Russia.

Comet Hale-Bopp photographed June 18, 1999 with the Sessions: 9–21 September 2002, and ESO NTT Telescope at La Silla, Chile. At this time, the 22 April–3 May 2003 comet was more than 8 AU away from the Sun and cor- Earthquakes’ influence on respondingly, its gas and dust production was still Ionosphere as Evident from weak. The Comet Nucleus-Coma Boundary Layer Model Satellite Plasma Density- Team studies the release of chemical species of a comet as a function of its distance from the Sun. Comets were electric Field Data also addressed by the Advanced Modelling of Comet Scientific rationale: This research is Halley Nucleus Activity Team (Photo courtesy of ESO). related to the general problem of lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere coupling and especially to seismic influence on the ionosphere plasma. ments. Non-linear process identifica- Team leaders and members: François tion in the plasma turbulence. Lefeuvre, LPCE, France, and Oleg Team members: Misha Balikhin, Molchanov, UIPE, Russia, and five mem- University of Sheffield, United King- bers from Italy, Japan, Russia, and the dom, and Oleg Pokhotelov, RAN, United Kingdom. Institute of Physics of the Earth, Moscow, Russia. Sessions: 16–20 September 2002 Solar Wind Disturbances and Editorial Sessions: 20 August–2 Septem- Properties of the Upper Iono- ber 2002, 18–22 November 2002, and sphere from INTERBALL and 2–7 March 2003 MIR Data Mars Magnetism and its Inter- Scientific rationale: The goal of the action with the Solar Wind project is to combine data from the Scientific rationale: The Phobos 2 and INTERBALL tail probe measured in the the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) have solar wind and the measurements of the produced much information about the electron density profile measured by Mars/solar wind interaction. The res- the High-Frequency-sounding experi- pective communities have produced ment onboard the MIR spacecraft. MIR is results that need comparative analysis often located near the maximum of the and integration that will lead to a F region of the ionosphere. This fact, greater understanding of the interac- apart from standard information tion process. obtained by topside sounding, gives one 24 International Teams the opportunity to estimate the degree review the known turbulent processes of ionospheric plasma turbulence from and as far as possible to provide a some particular characteristics of the framework of methods that are and can sounding signal. This turbulence usually be used for identification of the various relates to the influence of electric instabilities and turbulence processes in fields. space plasma. Team leader and members: Paul Team leader and members: Roald Gough, University of Sussex, United Sagdeev, University of Maryland, USA Kingdom, and seven members from and Russian Academy of Science, Mos- Russia and the United Kingdom. cow, Russia, and four members from Germany, Russia, and the United Sessions: 4–23 November 2002, and Kingdom. 19 May–7 June 2003 How to Quantify the Solar Session: 31 March–4 April 2003 Wind-Magnetosphere Coupling? Prebiotic Chemistry: From the Scientific rationale: The coupling of Interstellar Medium to the Solar the solar wind-magnetosphere interac- System tion is a fundamental problem of Solar- Scientific rationale: The goal is to Terrestrial Physics. The coupling param- study the question of how life originat- eter will be evaluated by comparison ed on earth and the implications with with the power that is dissipated in the respect to the possible emergence of magnetosphere and in the individual life elsewhere. The Team will review magnetosphere plasma domains during current knowledge in the subject area 10 selected magnetic storms that and recommend further experiments in occurred in 1997–98. the laboratory, at the telescope and in Team leader and members: Yasha space. Feldstein, IZMIRAN, Russia, and Urs Team leader and members: Pascale Mall, Max-Planck-Institut für Aero- Ehrenfreund, Leiden Observatory, The nomie, Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany, Netherlands, and twelve members from and six members from Brazil, Israel, France, Italy, Mexico, Spain, and the Russia, Slovakia, and the USA. USA.

Session: 23–25 March 2003 Session: 3–5 April 2003 Central Issues in Solar Flare Local Late Galactic Evolution Physics Scientific rationale: To study the Scientific rationale: To take a highly galactic evolution as a function of time critical look at the current status of solar and galactocentric distance of nucle- flare theory and re-assess both the basic osynthetically diverse species to assumptions that are currently invoked address questions such as the birthplace as well as how the major advances in of the Sun and inflow of material into acceleration physics and reconnection the disc of our Galaxy. The evolution of theory can be implemented. the isotopes of hydrogen, helium, and Team leader and members: Peter neon near the solar ring of the Galaxy is Cargill, Imperial College, London, United investigated by comparing solar system Kingdom and eight members from data from various space missions with France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Japan, the data on interstellar gas flowing the United Kingdom, and the USA. through the heliosphere obtained by SWICS/Ulysses. Session: 27–30 March 2003 Team leader and members: Johannes Non-linear Wave Turbulence in Geiss, ISSI, and three members from Space Plasma and its Identi- France, Italy, and the USA. fication Scientific rationale: The intention is to 25 International Teams

escaping coma gas, development of a dust mantle, gas effusion from the interior of the nucleus on the night side, and the physics and chemistry of short- lived chemical species (e.g., S2). Team leader and members: Walter Huebner, Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, USA, and five members from France, Germany, Israel, and Italy.

Session: 19–23 May 2003 Substorm Onset Physics Scientific rationale: Recent develop- ments in the comparison between in- situ measurements (Geotail and Inter- ball) and auroral imagers (Polar), the availability of multipoint measurements of Cluster and the advances in kinetic theory and codes open new perspec- tives in the understanding of substorms. The Team will attempt to discuss and The nebula N199 (detail) is a HII region in the Large synthesise these results. Magellanic Cloud (LMC), a dwarf galaxy relatively close Wolfgang to the Milky Way. This and other dwarf galaxies are of Team leaders and members: central interest to the Team on Local Late Galactic Baumjohann, Space Research Institute, Evolution (Photo courtesy of ESO). Graz, Austria, and Alain Roux, CETP, Vélizy, France, and 14 other members from Finland, France, Germany, Japan, Team Workshop Session: 14–16 April Russia, Sweden, and the USA. 2003 10Be, 14C, the Sun and the Session: 15–21 June 2003 Heliosphere Role of Turbulence in Solar Scientific rationale: To discuss the Physics nature of the variations in the cosmic Scientific rationale: To critically radiation over temporal scales of review the current state of the global 100–100,000 years, and to explore what variability of the Sun and Inner Helio- they tell us about the physical process- sphere, in particular concerning turbu- es in the Sun, in interplanetary space, lence and its relation with solar vari- and beyond the termination shock. ables and processes, with the purpose Team leaders and members: Ken to suggest novel ways in making sub- McCracken and Frank McDonald, Uni- stantial progress in the field. In this way versity of Maryland, USA, Len Fisk, new theoretical and modelling efforts University of Michigan, USA, and Jürg and space-observations will be initiat- Beer, EAWAG, Switzerland, and 22 inter- ed. national participants. Team leader and members: Arakel Petrosyan, IKI, Russian Academy of Session: 5–9 May 2003 Sciences, Moscow, Russia and 12 mem- Comet Nucleus-Coma Boundary bers from Denmark, France, Germany, Layer Model Hungary, Italy, Spain, Switzerland, the Scientific rationale: To investigate the United Kingdom, and the USA. expansion of gas in the innermost coma. This includes thermodynamic disequi- librium effects in the nucleus-coma boundary layer, entrainment of dust by 26

International Teams

Newly Approved Future Teams

Teams will henceforth be selected in competition on the basis of a call for proposals to be issued periodically to the scientific community. The first of such calls has been issued in early March 2003 with due date 2 May 2003. 33 proposals were received and scienti- fically evaluated by the Science Committee members. The Committee met as a whole in June 2003 for extensive discussions and to make final recommendations to the ISSI Executive. Thereupon the Directorate of ISSI approved for funding the Teams listed below.

A Collaborative Effort to Study the Diverse Space Plasma Environ- Production and Transport of 1-30 ments. Observations and Theory keV Upstream Ions Team leaders and members: Jim McKenzie, Team leader and members: Christian University of Natal, Durban, South Africa & Mazelle, CNRS, Toulouse, France, and 8 Max-Planck-Institut für Aeronomie, Katlen- members. burg-Lindau, Germany, and Gary P. Zank, The Bartol Research Institute, University of Dela- Comet Modeling ware, USA and 18 members. Team leader and members: Tamas Gombosi, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Physics of Supernova Remnants in USA, and 12 members. the XMM-Newton, Chandra and INTEGRAL Era Coordinated Determination of the Team leader and members: Andrei M. Physical Hydrogen Parameters of Bykov, Institute of Physics & Technology, the Local Interstellar Cloud from IOFFE, St. Petersburg, Russia, and 3 mem- within the Heliosphere bers, and up to 17 additional participants. Team leader and members: Eberhard Möbius, University of New Hampshire, USA, Plasma Turbulence and the Propa- and 14 members. gation of Charged Particles in the Heliosphere Coordinated Studies on Ionospheric Team leader and members: Geza Erdös, and Magnetospheric Electrodyna- KFKI Budapest, Hungary, and 7 members. mics Using Data from the Cluster Satellites and Ground-based Data Titan, a Planetary Scale Laboratory: Team leader and members: Olaf Amm, Preparing for Cassini/Huygens Ex- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Geophysical ploration Research, Helsinki, Finland, and 13 mem- Team leader and members: Gérard bers. Chanteur, CETP-NCRS, Vélizy, France, and 18 EUV Solar Irradiance at High Helio- members. graphic Latitudes Team leader and members: Frédéric Auchère, Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS, Orsay, France, and 6 members. Optional candidates, subject to funding: Local Late Galactic Evolution Observable Features of Avalanching Team leaders and members: Monica Tosi, Systems Osservatorio Astronomico, Bologna, Italy, Team leader and members: Michael and Johannes Geiss, ISSI, and 6 members. Gedalin, Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel, and 4 mem- Multiwavelength Investigation of bers. X/-gamma-ray Sources: Support of INTEGRAL Observations Search for Radio Emissions from Team leader and members: Mikhail Extra-solar Planets Pavlinsky, IKI, Russian Academy of Sciences, Team leader and members: Daniel Moscow, Russia, and 10 members. Winterhalter, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, USA, and 10 members. Non-linear Plasma Waves-solitons, Periodic Waves and Oscillitons in 27

Visiting Scientists

Individual scientists are invited for Werner Mende, Projekt Klimafor- extended periods to work on scientific schung, Berlin-Brandenburgische Aka- subjects at the forefront in areas of demie der Wissenschaften, Berlin, Ger- interest to ISSI. Their stay may include many, 115 days. periods of joint activity with other col- leagues. The results of this research are Norman Ness, Bartol Research Insti- to be published as books or in major sci- tute, University of Delaware, Newark, entific journals, with appropriate ack- USA, 41 days. nowledgement to ISSI. Michael Rycroft, International Space The following seventeen visiting scien- University, Strasbourg, France, 5 days. tists worked at ISSI during the eighth business year. Igor Tolstikhin, Polar Geophysical Institute, Kola Scientific Center of the André Balogh, The Blackett Laboratory, Russian Academy of Science, Apatity, Imperial College of Science and Techno- Murmansk Region, Russia, 15 days. logy, London, United Kingdom, 5 days. Viktor Trakhtengerts, Department of Yasha Feldstein, IZMIRAN, Troitsk, Astrophysics and Space Plasma Physics, Moscow Region, Russia, 19 days. Institute of Applied Physics RAS, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia, 32 days. Lennard A. Fisk, Department of Atmo- spheric, Oceanic and Space Sciences, Rudolf Treumann, Max-Planck-Institut College of Engineering, University of für extraterrestrische Physik, Garching, Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA, 21 days. Germany, 50 days.

Tamas Gombosi, Center for Space Daniel Winterhalter, Jet Propulsion Environment Modeling, University of Laboratory, Pasadena, USA, 9 days. Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA, 3 days. Furthermore and like already in the last Mirjam Hofer, formerly Solar System business year, ISSI had the pleasure to Division, ESA-ESTEC, Noordwijk, The host Bengt Sonnerup of Dartmouth Netherlands, 100 days. College, Hanover, USA, winner of the prestigious Alexander von Humboldt Martin C.E. Huber, Laboratory for Prize for Space Physics Research. In the Astrophysics, Paul Scherrer Institute, context of his cooperation with Götz Villigen, Switzerland, 11 days. Paschmann, Bengt Sonnerup worked at ISSI for several weeks in 2002 and 2003, Walter Huebner, Southwest Research without being funded by ISSI. Institute, San Antonio, USA, 61 days.

Bengt Hultqvist, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Kiruna, Sweden, 20 days.

Vladislav Izmodenov, Department of Aeromechanics, Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics, Moscow State Uni- versity, Moscow, Russia, 25 days.

Anatoly Levitin, IZMIRAN, Troitsk, Moscow Region, Russia, 19 days.

Events, Seminars, and Media Special Events

23 July–1 August 2002 Summer School Alpbach, 2002 on ‘Space Weather: Physics, Impacts, and Pre- dictions’. Johannes Geiss, Götz Paschmann, and Stein Haaland participated in the summer school. Silvia Wenger was again involved in the local organisation.

12 November 2002 Association Pro-ISSI Lecture ‘Satellite Navigation Systems for Earth and Space Sciences’, by Gerhard Beutler, Astro- nomical Institute, University of Bern.

19-20 November 2002 th 14 Meeting of the Science Committee. Nicolas Thomas reaching for Mars (Picture taken at ISSI on the occasion of the Mars Express Event on 2 June 20 November 2002 2003). Nicolas Thomas is lead scientist for the micro- 16th Meeting of the Board of Trustees. scope on Beagle-2, the lander of ESA’s Mars Express.

20 November 2002 Farewell festivity for Johannes Geiss, and Johannes Geiss attended the festiv- leaving Executive Director of ISSI, and ities. celebration of ISSI’s seventh anniversary at the Hotel Bellevue Palace, Bern. 27 March 2003 Hanspeter Schneiter gave the keynote Association Pro-ISSI Lecture ‘Cosmic address at the event, which was spon- Radiation’, by Erwin Flückiger, Institute sored by Contraves Space. of Physics, University of Bern.

24-26 January 2003 11 April 2003 Brainstorming Meeting at Beatenberg. Götz Paschmann was awarded the The ISSI-Directorate invited seven key Alfvén Medal of the EGS at the EGS- scientist for discussions on ISSI’s future AGU-EUG Joint Assembly in Nice, programme. France.

25 February 2003 22 May 2003 The Norwegian Ambassador to Switzer- José Achache, Director of Earth land visited ISSI. Observation, ESA, visited ISSI.

10 March 2003 2 June 2003 Informal ISSI-Farewell for Hans Balsiger, Mars Express Launch live at ISSI. ESA’s leaving Director of the Institute of live television launch-coverage was Physics, University of Bern. shown on a large screen at ISSI. About 60 invited guests attended the event. 18 March 2003 rd 3 Sun-Earth-Day at ISSI. 6 June 2003 Götz Paschmann celebrated his Alfvén 25 March 2003 Medal at ISSI. Celebration of Reimar Lüst’s 80th birthday in Bremen. Roger Maurice Bonnet 29

Events, Seminars, and Media

12-13 June 2003 of ISSI’s Executive Director. By sda, 15th Meeting of the Science Committee. Berner Zeitung, page 35.

13 June 2003 17 March 2003 17th Meeting of the Board of Trustees. Article ‘Von Hinterpommern auf den Mond. Johannes Geiss — Doyen der Schweizer Weltraumforschung’, Portrait of Johannes Geiss. By Alois Feusi, in ISSI Scientific Seminars Neue Zürcher Zeitung, No. 63, page 11.

3 December 2002 April 2003 Victoria Buch, Hebrew University, Article ‘International Space Science Jerusalem, Israel: Lecture on ‘Inter- Institute — Neuer Direktor’, informing action of “Strong” Adsorbates (HCl, about the change of ISSI’s Executive NH3) with Ice Surfaces’. Director, unilink, page 8.

17 June 2003 20 May 2003 Werner Mende, Berlin-Brandenburg- Radio Report ‘Mystery Park: Offene ische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Fragen — offene Antworten’, telling Berlin, Germany: Lecture on ‘Compa- about Rudolf von Steiger’s and Christina rison of GRIP Beryllium10-data and C14- Omlin’s visit of Erich von Däniken’s INTCAL-data from the last 9000 years Mystery Park in Interlaken, Switzerland. and Reconstruction of the historical Broadcasted on Swiss Radio DRS2. Solar Irradiance’. 3 June 2003 Television Report ‘Start Mars Express’ by Roman Banholzer, showing the Mars ISSI in the Media Express Launch live at ISSI. Broadcasted in ‘Schweiz Aktuell’, Swiss Television SF1. 17 December 2002 Article ‘Berner Pioniere auf dem Mond’, explains why Johannes Geiss and other Swiss scientists played and still play important roles in space exploration. By Alois Feusi, in Neue Zürcher Zeitung, No. 285, page 15.

27 December 2002 Article ‘Ein Cocktail von Elementen in der Milchstrasse. Beiträge von Zwerg- galaxien zum interstellaren Medium’, Summary of the results of the ISSI- LoLaGE-Team which were published in The Astrophysical Journal 578, pp. 862- 867, 2002. By Hansjörg Schläpfer, in Neue Zürcher Zeitung, No. 300, page 10.

5 February 2003 Article ‘International Space Science Institute’, informing about the change

Staff Activities Bonnet, Roger Maurice: Listed are activities in which ISSI staff scientists par- st Presentation at the Press Conference of ticipated between 1 July 2002 and 30 June 2003. This CRPS (‘Commission de Réflexion sur la includes meetings attended, presentations given, lec- Politique Spatiale’ of the French Ministry), tures held, honours received, and ongoing member- Chairman, Paris, France, 17 January 2003. ships in space science organisations maintained.

Invited Lecture on ‘Space Exploration in the Twenty-first Century’, in honour of R. Participation in the Meeting of the European Sagdeev’s 70th birthday, Moscow, Russia, 21 Union on the ESA Green Paper: Discussion January 2003. on Science, Chairman and Rapporteur, Berlin, Germany, 8 April 2003. Lecture on ‘L’Etoile Soleil vue de l’Espace’, Ecole Normale Supérieure (ENS), Paris, Presentation of ISSI at the ESA-SSAC France, 21 February 2003. Meeting: Budget Request, Paris, France, 24 April 2003. Presentation of ISSI to the Norwegian Ambassador in Switzerland, ISSI, Bern, Invited Lecture on ‘Space Science in Switzerland, 25 February 2003. Europe’, Space Forum, Kiruna, Sweden, 6 May 2003. Participation in the Meetings of the Scientific Technical Evaluation Committee Lecture on ‘Le Soleil et la Terre: Couple (STEC) of the Italian Space Agency (ASI), Tumultueux’, Museum Orléans, France, 13 Rome, Italy, 26-27 February 2003, 31 March May 2003. 2003, 12 May, and 19 June 2003. Presentation of ISSI at the ESA-SPC: Budget Participation in the ESA Green Paper Kick- Request, Paris, France, 14 May 2003. Off Meeting of the European Union, Bruxelles, Belgium, 6 March 2003. Participation in the Meeting of the EPAC (ESA Exploration Programme Advisory Meeting with State Secretary Charles Committee), Paris, France, 14-15 May 2003. Kleiber, Bern, Switzerland, 14 March 2003. Attendance of the Launch of Mars Express, Invited Lecture on ‘La Communauté Baikonur, Kazakhstan, 2 June 2003. Scientifique Française et l’Europe Spatiale’, La Colle sur Loup, France, 17 March 2003. Attendance of the COSPAR Press Confe- rence, President, Paris-Le Bourget, France, Participation in the Meeting of the IAA 18 June 2003. Board of Trustees, President Section l, Paris, France, 18 March 2003. Invited Lecture on ‘Space Science in the Green Paper’, Paris, France, 23 June 2003. Participation in the Meeting of the COSPAR Bureau, President, Paris, France, 20–21 Participation in the Meeting of the European March 2003. Union on the ESA Green Paper: Closing Meeting, Rapporteur, Paris, France, 23–24 Participation in the Conference on ‘The June 2003. Future of Space: The Next Strategic Fron- tier’, Eisenhower Institute, Paris, France, Invited Lecture at the ‘Académie Nationale 1–2 April 2003. de l’Air et de l’Espace’, Paris, France, 24 June 2003. Lecture on ‘Au Coeur du Système Solaire’, Centre Spatiale de Liège, Belgium, 3 April Member of the Scientific Technical Eva- 2003. luation Committee (STEC) of ASI (Italian Space Agency). Lecture on ‘Dix ans de Découverte avec Hubble’, Centre Spatiale de Liège, Belgium, Member of the ‘Académie Nationale de l’Air 4 April 2003. et de l’Espace’ (ANAE).

Staff Activities

Directeur de Recherches Emérite au CNRS. Paschmann, P. Puhl-Quinn, H. Remé, H. Vaith, A. Vaivads), at the Yosemite Con- President of the ‘Commission de Réflexion ference Workshop on the Dayside Magneto- sur la Politique Spatiale’, of the pause and Cusp, Yosemite National Park, French Ministry. USA, 9–14 February 2003.

Chairman and Rapporteur of the ‘Green Presentation on ‘Magnetopause Thickness Paper of the European Union’. and Geometry from Cluster Measurements: Comparison of Multispacecraft and Single- President of COSPAR. spacecraft techniques’, (with B. Sonnerup, M. W. Dunlop, A. Balogh, E. Georgescu, H. Chairman of the Basic Science Section of Hasegawa, B. Klecker, G. Paschmann, P. the International Academy of Astronautics Puhl-Quinn, H. Remé, H. Vaith, A. Vaivads), (IAA). at the EGS-AGU-EUG Joint Assembly, Nice, France, 8 April 2003. Advisor of ESA DG for the Aurora Pro- gramme. Presentation on ‘Magnetopause Orientation, Motion and Thickness from Cluster. STAMMS Professor at the Faculty of the Liège Uni- - Spatio Temporal Analysis and Multipoint versity. Measurements in Space’, (with B. Sonnerup, M. Dunlop, A. Balogh, H. Hasegawa, B. Member of the Royal Academy of Sciences, Klecker, G. Paschmann, P. Puhl-Quinn, H. Sweden. Remé, A. Vaivads), Conference on Spatio- Temporal Analysis and Multipoint Measure- Member of the Board of Trustees of the ments in Space, Orleans, France, 12–16 May International Space University. 2003.

Geiss, Johannes: Kallenbach, Reinald:

Lecture on ‘The Creation of Prodex’ at the Lecture Series on ‘Space Plasma Physics’, Meeting ‘15 Years of Prodex Activities in University of Bern, Switzerland, second Switzerland’, Thun, Switzerland, 4 October semester of the academic year 2003. 2002. Poster Presentation on ‚Suprathermal parti- Lecture on ‘Ions from Comet Hyakutake as cles of solar and interstellar origin associat- seen with Ulysses’, at the Rosetta-Rosina ed with the April 9–12, 2001, CMEs’, (with Workshop, 4–7 March 2003, Schönried, K. Bamert, R.F. Wimmer-Schweingruber, M. Switzerland. Hilchenbach, and B. Klecker), at the 34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly, Houston, USA, Lecture on ‘Fritz Houtermans, Physiker des 18 October 2002. 20. Jahrhunderts’ at the ‘Symposium in Memory of the 100th Birthday of Professor Presentation on ‘Suprathermal ions of solar F.G. Houtermans’, University of Bern, and interstellar origin associated with the Switzerland, 21 June 2002. Bastille Day CME event: Pre-acceleration processes and scattering mechanisms’, Participation in the Summer School Alpach (with K. Bamert, R.F. Wimmer-Schwein- on ‘Space Weather: Physics, Impacts, and gruber, B. Klecker, and M. Hilchenbach), at Predictions’, Alpbach, Austria, 23–26 July the 34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly, 2002. Houston, USA, 18 October 2002.

Håland, Stein: Presentation on ‘Progress on CELIAS/STOF data’, (with K. Bamert), at the 10th CELIAS Presentation on ‘Multi-Spacecraft Deter- Postlaunch Workshop and Co-I Meeting, mination of Magnetopause Orientation, Schwarzsee, Switzerland, 6–8 March 2002. Motion and Thickness: Comparison with Results from Single-spacecraft Methods’, Poster Presentation on ‘Proton beam insta- (with B. Sonnerup, M. W. Dunlop, A. Balogh, bilities upstream of a CME shock: SOHO/- E. Georgescu, H. Hasegawa, B. Klecker, G. CELIAS/HSTOF, ACE/MAG and Geotail/MGF 32

Staff Activities data’, (with K. Bamert, N.F. Ness, C.W. rence Workshop on the Dayside Magneto- Smith, T. Terasawa, M. Hilchenbach, R.F. pause and Cusp, Yosemite National Park, Wimmer-Schweingruber, and B. Klecker), at USA, 11 February 2003. the AGU-EGS-EUG Joint Assembly, Nice, France, 6–11 April 2003. Presentation on ‘Polar cap convection measurements with Cluster’, EGS-AGU-EUG Presentation on ‘Probing diffusion parame- Joint Assembly, Nice, France, 11 April 2003. ters of suprathermal and energetic ions in the Bastille day CME event’, (with K. Invited lecture on ‘Plasmakonvektion in der Bamert, N.F. Ness, C.W. Smith, M. Hilchen- Magnetosphäre’, Technische Universität bach, R.F. Wimmer-Schweingruber, and B. Braunschweig, Germany, 29 April 2003. Klecker), at the AGU-EGS-EUG Joint Assem- bly, Nice, France, 6–11 April 2003. Invited talk on ‘Open questions concerning magnetopause and cusp: Report from ISSI Presentation on ‘Acceleration and enrich- Workshop’, at the Conference on Spatio- ment of 3He in impulsive solar flares by Temporal Analysis and Multipoint Measure- electron firehose waves’, (with G. Paesold, ments in Space, Orleans, France, 15 May and A.O. Benz), AGU-EGS-EUG Joint As- 2003. sembly, Nice, France, 6–11 April 2003. Presentation on ‘Cluster convection meas- Member of the American Geophysical urements in the distant polar magnetos- Union. phere’, Conference on Spatio-Temporal Analysis and Multipoint Measurements in Member of the European Geophysical Space, Orleans, France, 15 May 2003. Society. Invited talk on ‘Plasmakonvektion in der Member of the International Astronomical Magnetosphäre’, Physikalisches Institut, Union. University of Bern, Switzerland, 21 May 2003. Manno, Vittorio: Member of the Space Science Advisory Organisation of and participation in the 22nd Committee (SSAC), ESA. meeting of IACG, Moscow, Russia, 11–12 September 2002. Fellow of the American Geophysical Union.

Member of the Expert Panel of the Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society. Eisenhower Institute Project ‘The Future of Space: The Next Strategic Frontier’, Member of the Academy of Astronautics. Participation in meetings in Paris, France, 15–16 July 2002 and 1–2 April 2003. Winner of the Alfvén Medal 2003, 11 April 2003. Executive Secretary of IACG (until 31st December 2002). Pauluhn, Anuschka:

Member of the International Academy of Participation in the 33rd Advanced Saas-Fee Astronautics and of its Peer Review Commit- Course of the SSAA, Gravitational Lensing, tee. Les Diablerets, Switzerland, 7–12 April 2003. Paschmann, Götz: von Steiger, Rudolf: Invited lecture on ‘Plasma entry into the magnetosphere’, at the Summer School Seminar talk on ‘From solar wind isotopes Alpach on ‘Space Weather: Physics, to the density of the Universe’, at the De- Impacts, and Predictions’, Alpbach, Austria, partment for Atmospheric, Oceanic and 24 July 2002. Space Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA, 4 October 2002. Invited talk on ‘Convection in the vicinity of the polar cusps’, at the Yosemite Confe- 33

Staff Activities

Presentation on ‘Ulysses SWICS Archive CD- Seminar talk on ‘Ein Sonnenzyklus mit ROM 2.0’, at the Ulysses SWT #48, San Ulysses’ at the Physikalisches Institut, Uni- Antonio, USA, 10–11 October 2002. versity of Bern, Switzerland, 28 May 2003.

Invited talk on ‘Solar wind at solar maxi- Invited talk on ‘Composition Signatures of mum’, at the 34th COSPAR Scientific Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections’, at Assembly/2nd World Space Congress, the ISCS Symposium on Solar Variability as Houston, USA, 10–19 October 2002. Input to the Earth’s Environment, 23–28 June 2003. Talk on ‘Latitude dependence of element abundances in the slow solar wind’ at the Co-chair of the COSPAR sub-commission 34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly/2nd World D2/E3 on ‘Transition from the Sun to the Space Congress, Houston, USA, 10–19 Heliosphere’ (with G. Simnett). October 2002. Corresponding member of the International Poster presentation on ‘Latitude depend- Academy of Astronautics. ence of element abundances in the slow solar wind’, at the Fall Meeting of the AGU, Member of the American Astronomical San Francisco, USA, 6–10 December 2002. Society.

Colloquium on ‘Heavy Ions in the Solar Wind Member of the American Geophysical as Diagnostic Tools for Solar Processes’, at Union. Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzer- land, 17 January 2003. Member of the European Geophysical Society. Presentation on ‘The Plasma Transport Chain’ at the 3rd Sun Earth Day, ISSI, Bern, Member of the International Astronomical Switzerland, 18 March 2003. Union.

Invited poster presentation on ‘Composition Signatures of Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections’ at the joint EGS-AGU-EUG Assem- bly, Nice, France, 7–11 April 2003.

Presentation on ‚Die wissenschaftlichen Ziele der Mission Planck’ at Contraves Space AG, Zürich, Switzerland, 12 May 2003.

Presentations on ‘HUGO hat Töne’- approaching the Human Genome Project with electronic sounds and freely impro- vised music, at the ‘Tage der Gen- forschung’, Basel, Switzerland, 20 May 2003, and Zürich, Switzerland, 23 May 2003.

Staff Publications

Balogh, A., and R. von Steiger, The heliosphere at solar minimum: Ulysses observa- Listed are all papers written or co-authored by ISSI tions during its fast latitude scan in staff that were submitted or that appeared between 1994–95, Rev. Geophys., in press, 2003. 1st July 2002 and 30 June 2003.

Baker, J.B., R.A. Greenwald, J.M. Ruoho- niemi, M. Foerster, G. Paschmann, E.F. Bonnet, R.M., and T. Pirard, Space Sciences Donovan, N.A. Tsyganenko, J.M. Quinn, and in the White Paper, The Views of the A. Balogh, Conjugate comparison of Scientific Community on the UE-ESA Green SuperDARN and Cluster EDI measurements paper on the European Space Policy, Paris, of ExB plasma drift, J. Geophys. Res., sub- 23-24 June 2003. mitted, 2003. Bonnet, R.M., F. Allest, S. Chapront, P. Bamert, K., R.F. Wimmer-Schweingruber, R. Esper, J.C. Hirel, A. Pompidou, M. Scheller, Kallenbach, M. Hilchenbach, B. Klecker, A. and C. Mathieu, Commission de Réflexion Bogdanov, and P. Wurz, Origin of the May sur la Politique Spatiale, Rapport du 1998 suprathermal particles: SOHO/- Ministère de la Recherhe et des Nouvelles CELIAS/(H)STOF results, J. Geophys. Res., Technologies, 15.1.2003. 107(A7) 10.1029, 2002. Fisk, L.A., G. Gloeckler, T.H. Zurbuchen, J. Bamert, K., R. Kallenbach, R.F. Wimmer- Geiss, and N.A. Schwadron, Acceleration of Schweingruber, M. Hilchenbach, and B. the Solar Wind as a Result of the Recon- Klecker, Suprathermal Ions of Solar and nection of Open Magnetic Flux with Coronal Interstellar Origin Associated with the April Loops, in Solar Wind Ten, edited by M. Velli, 9–12, 2001, CMEs, Adv. Space Res., in press, R. Bruno, and F. Malara, AIP Conf. Proc. Vol. 2003. 679, pp. 287-292, AIP Press, Melville, N.Y., 2003. Bamert, K., R.F. Wimmer-Schweingruber, R. Kallenbach, M. Hilchenbach, and B. Klecker, Geiss, J., and G. Gloeckler, Isotopic Compo- Charge-to-mass fractionation during injec- sition of H, He and Ne in the Protosolar tion and acceleration of suprathermal parti- Cloud, in Solar System History from Isotopic cles associated with the Bastille Day event: Signatures of Volatile Elements, edited by SOHO/CELIAS/HSTOF data, in Solar Wind R. Kallenbach, T. Encrenaz, J. Geiss, K. Ten, edited by M. Velli, R. Bruno, and F. Mauersberger, T. Owen and F. Robert, Space Malara, AIP Conf. Proc. Vol. 679, pp. 668- Sciences Series of ISSI, Vol. 16, pp. 3–18, 671, AIP Press, Melville, N.Y., 2003. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, and Space Sci. Rev., 106(1–4), 3, 2003. Bleeker, J., J. Geiss, and M.C.E. Huber (eds.), The Century of Space Science, pp. Geiss, J., G. Gloeckler, and L.A. Fisk, Inter- 3–22, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dord- stellar Gas Inside the Heliosphere, in The recht, 2001. Interstellar Environment of the Helio- sphere, edited by D. Breitschwerdt, COSPAR Bonnet, R.M., Pour une Défense Spatiale Colloquium Proc., Adv. Space Res., in press, Européenne, Défense No. 105, June 2003. 2001.

Bonnet, R.M., Les Défis à l’Horizon 2003: Geiss, J., G. Gloeckler, and C. Charbonnel, Les grands projets d’Exploration et Chemical Evolution in our Galaxy during the d’Observation, Revue du Senat, May 2003. last 5 Gy, Astrophys. J., 578, 862, 2002.

Bonnet, R.M., The ESA Experience, Gloeckler, G., and J. Geiss, Composition of Organizations and Strategies in Astronomy, the local interstellar medium as diagnosed Volume II, edited by A. Heck, in press, 2003. with pickup ions, Adv. Space Res., in press, 2003. Bonnet, R.M., Review of ‘Europe’s Space Programme, to Ariane and Beyond’ by Bryan Harvey, Physics World, in press, 2003.

Staff Publications

Gloeckler, G., T.H. Zurbuchen, and J. Geiss, Kallenbach, R., and U. Ott, Glossary, in Implications of the observed anti-correla- Solar System History from Isotopic Signa- tion between solar wind speed and coronal tures of Volatile Elements, edited by R. electron temperature, J. Geophys. Res., Kallenbach, T. Encrenaz, J. Geiss, K. 108, pp. SSH 8-1, 2003. Mauersberger, T. Owen and F. Robert, Space Sciences Series of ISSI, Vol. 16, pp. 413–422, Haaland, S., B.U.Ö. Sonnerup, M.W. Dunlop, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, A. Balogh, E. Georgescu, H. Hasegawa, B. and Space Sci. Rev., 106(1–4), 413, 2003. Klecker, G. Paschmann, P. Puhl-Quinn, H. Rème, H. Vaith, and A. Vaivads, Four- Kallenbach, R., F. Robert, J. Geiss, E. Spacecraft Determination of Magnetopause Herbst, H. Lammer, B. Marty, T.J. Millar, U. Orientation, Motion and Thickness: Compa- Ott, and R.O. Pepin, Sun and Protosolar rison with Results from Single-spacecraft Nebula-Working Group Report, in Solar Methods, Annales Geophysicae, submitted, System History from Isotopic Signatures of 2003. Volatile Elements, edited by R. Kallenbach, T. Encrenaz, J. Geiss, K. Mauersberger, T. Hasegawa, H., B.U.Ö. Sonnerup, M.W. Owen and F. Robert, Space Sciences Series Dunlop, A. Balogh, S.E. Haaland, B. Klecker, of ISSI, Vol. 16, pp. 319–376, Kluwer G. Paschmann, B. Lavraud, I. Dandouras, Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, and Space and H. Rème, Reconstruction of two-dimen- Sci. Rev., 106(1–4), 319, 2003. sional magnetopause structures from Cluster observations: Verification of Kallenbach, R., K. Bamert, M. Hilchenbach, method, Ann. Geophysicae, submitted, and B. Klecker, Probing Diffusion Para- 2003. meters of Suprathermal Ions near Helio- spheric Shocks, Adv. Space Res., in press, Hilchenbach, M., H. Sierks, B. Klecker, K. 2003. Bamert, and R. Kallenbach, Velocity dispersion of energetic particles observed by Kallenbach, R., K. Bamert, and R.F. SOHO/CELIAS/STOF, in Solar Wind Ten, edit- Wimmer-Schweingruber, Charge-to-mass ed by M. Velli, R. Bruno, and F. Malara, AIP Fractionation of Suprathermal Ions Conf. Proc. Vol. 679, pp. 106-109, AIP Press, Associated with Interplanetary CMEs, in Melville, N.Y., 2003. Solar Wind Ten, edited by M. Velli, R. Bruno, and F. Malara, AIP Conf. Proc. Vol. 679, pp. Izmodenov, V., Y.G. Malama, G. Gloeckler, 672-675, AIP Press, Melville, N.Y., 2003. and J. Geiss, Effects of interstellar and solar wind ionised helium on the interaction Matsui H., J.M. Quinn, R.B. Torbert, V.K. of the solar wind with the local interstellar Jordanova, W. Baumjohann, P.A. Puhl- medium, Astrophys. J. Lett., 594, in press, Quinn, and G. Paschmann, Electric field 2003. measurements in the inner magnetosphere by Cluster EDI, J. Geophys. Res., submitted, Kallenbach, R., T. Encrenaz, J. Geiss, K. 2003. Mauersberger, T. Owen, and F. Robert (eds.), Solar System History from Isotopic McComas, D.J., P.A. Bochsler, L.A. Fisk, Signatures of Volatile Elements, Space H.O. Funsten, J. Geiss, G. Gloeckler, M. Sciences Series of ISSI, Vol. 16, 425 pp., Gruntman, D.L. Judge, S.M. Krimigis, R.P. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Lin, S. Livi, D.G. Mitchell, E. Möbius, E.C. and Space Sci. Rev., 106(1–4), 2003. Roelof, N.A. Schwadron, M. Witte, J. Woch, P. Wurz, and T.H. Zurbuchen, Interstellar Kallenbach, R., Isotopic fractionation by Pathfinder — a Mission to the Inner Edge of plasma processes, in Solar System History the Interstellar Medium, in Solar Wind Ten, from Isotopic Signatures of Volatile Ele- edited by M. Velli, R. Bruno, and F. Malara, ments, edited by R. Kallenbach, T. AIP Conf. Proc. Vol. 679, pp. 834-837, AIP Encrenaz, J. Geiss, K. Mauersberger, T. Press, Melville, N.Y., 2003. Owen and F. Robert, Space Sciences Series of ISSI, Vol. 16, pp. 305–316, Kluwer Neugebauer, M., and R. von Steiger, The Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, and Space solar wind, in The Century in Space Science, Sci. Rev., 106(1–4), 305, 2003. edited by J. Bleeker, J. Geiss, and M. C. E.

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Huber, pp. 1115–1140, Kluwer Academic Scientific Report No. 2, edited by A. Publishers, Dordrecht, 2001. Pauluhn, M.C.E. Huber and R. von Steiger, pp. 235–247, ESA Publications Division, Noda, H., W. Baumjohann, R. Nakamura, K. Noordwijk, 2002. Torkar, G. Paschmann, H. Vaith, P. Puhl- Quinn, M. Foerster, R. Torbert, and J. Pauluhn, A., J. Lang, E.R. Breeveld, S.K. Quinn, Tail lobe convection observed by Solanki, and U. Schühle, Intercalibration of Cluster/EDI, J. Geophys. Res., submitted, SUMER and CDS on SOHO. III. SUMER and 2002. CDS GIS, Applied Optics, 42, 657, 2003.

Oestgaard, N., D.L . Detrick, T.J. Rosen- Rodriguez, L., J. Woch, N. Krupp, M. Fränz, berg, R. R. Vondrak, H.U. Frey, S.B. Mende, R. von Steiger, R. J. Forsyth, D.J. McComas, S.E. Haaland, and J. Stadsnes, High-latitude and K.-H. Glassmeier, A statistical study of dayside energetic precipitation and IMF B_Z oxygen freezing-in temperature and ener- rotations, J. Geophys. Res., 108(A4), 8013, getic particles inside magnetic clouds doi:10.1029/2002JA009350, 2003. observed by Ulysses, J. Geophys. Res, submitted, 2003. Paesold, G., R. Kallenbach, and A.O. Benz, Acceleration and enrichment of 3He in Simeonov, L., M. Hilchenbach, B. Klecker, R. impulsive solar flares by electron firehose Kallenbach, K. Bamert, and D. McMullin, waves, Astrophys. J., 582, 495, 2003. Dispersion of time-to-maximum of solar particle events: Function of charge-to-mass Paschmann, G., S. Haaland, and R. of the suprathermal ions?, Proc. of the 9th Treumann (eds.), Auroral Plasma Physics, Conf. on Contemporary problems of the Space Sciences Series of ISSI, Vol. 15, 485 Solar-Terrestrial Influences, pp. 85-88. pp., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dord- recht, and Space Sci. Rev., 103(1-4), 2002. von Steiger, R., and T.H. Zurbuchen, Temperature anisotropies of heavy solar Pauluhn, A., and S.K. Solanki, Surface mag- wind ions from Ulysses-SWICS, in Solar Wind netic fields and UV radiance of the quiet Ten, edited by M. Velli, R. Bruno, and F. Sun, in Magnet Coupling of the Solar Malara, AIP Conf. Proc. Vol. 679, pp. 526- Atmosphere, SOLMAG 2002, Proc. Euro- 529, AIP Press, Melville, N.Y., 2003. conference and IAU Colloquium 188, ESA SP- 505, pp. 521–524, 2002. von Steiger, R., and T.H. Zurbuchen, Com- position signatures of interplanetary coro- Pauluhn, A., and S.K. Solanki, Dependence nal mass ejections, in Solar Variability as of UV radiance of the quiet Sun on the solar Input for the Earth’s Environment, edited by cycle: surface magnetic fields as the cause, A. Wilson, ESA SP Series, in press, 2003. Astron. Astrophys, in press, 2003. Zhang, J., J. Woch, S.K. Solanki, R. von Steiger, and R.J. Forsyth, Interplanetary Pauluhn, A., M.C.E. Huber, and R. von and solar surface properties of coronal Steiger (eds.), The Radiometric Calibration holes observed during solar maximum, J. of SOHO, ISSI Scientific Report No. 2, 387 Geophys. Res., 108(A4), doi: 10.1029/- pp., ESA Publications Division, Noordwijk, 2002JA009538, 2003. 2002. Zurbuchen, T.H., L.A. Fisk, S.T. Lepri, and Pauluhn, A., M.C.E. Huber, and R. von R. von Steiger, The Composition of Inter- Steiger, Foreword, in The Radiometric planetary Coronal Mass Ejection, in Solar Calibration of SOHO, ISSI Scientific Report Wind Ten, edited by M. Velli, R. Bruno, and No. 2, edited by A. Pauluhn, M.C.E. Huber F. Malara, AIP Conf. Proc. Vol. 679, pp. 604- and R. von Steiger, pp. v–viii, ESA 607, AIP Press, Melville, N.Y., 2003. Publications Division, Noordwijk, 2002.

Pauluhn, A., J. Lang, U. Schühle, S.K. Solanki, K. Wilhelm, W.T. Thompson, C.D. Pike, I. Rüedi, J. Hollandt, and M.C.E. Huber, Intercalibration of CDS and SUMER, in The Radiometric Calibration of SOHO, ISSI 37

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sion of the recent seismic and volcanic Listed are all papers written or co-authored by ISSI vis- activity occurred in Southern Italy, Special itors, with some acknowledgement to ISSI, that ap- issue of Phys. Chem. Earth, in press, 2003. peared or were accepted for publication between 1st July 2002 and 30 June 2003. Bleeker, J., J. Geiss, and M.C.E. Huber (eds.), The Century of Space Science, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Alexashov, D., and V.V. Izmodenov, Modeling 2001. of the tail region of the heliospheric interface, in Solar Wind Ten, edited by M. Velli, Bleeker, J., J. Geiss, and M.C.E. Huber, the R. Bruno, and F. Malara, AIP Conf. Proc. Vol. first chapter in The Century of Space Scien- 679, pp. 218-221, AIP Press, Melville, N.Y., ce, edited by J. Bleeker, J. Geiss, and 2003. M.C.E. Huber, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 2001. Alexashov, D., V.V. Izmodenov, and S. Grzedzielski, Effects of charge exchange in Chalov, S., H. Fahr, and V.V. Izmodenov, the tail of the heliosphere, Adv. Space Res., Evolution of pickup proton spectra in the in press, 2003 inner heliosheath and their diagnostics by energetic neutral atom fluxes, J. Geophys. Balikhin, M.A., O.A. Pokhotelov, S.N. Res., 108(A6), 1266, doi: 10.1029/- Walker, E. Amata, M. Andre, M. Dunlop, and 2002JA009492, 2003. H.St.C.K. Alleyne, Minimum variance free wave identification: Application to Cluster Chalov, S.V., V.V. Izmodenov, and H.J. Fahr, electric field data in the magnetosheath. Spatial behaviour of pickup proton spectra Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(10), 1508, doi: in the inner heliosheath and fluxes of ener- 10.1029/2003GL016918, 2003. getic atoms, Adv. Space Res., in press, 2003. Balikhin, M.A., O.A. Pokhotelov, S.N. Walker, and M. Andre, Identification of low Clauer, C.R., and V.G. Petrov,.A statistical frequency waves in the vicinity of the ter- investigation of travelling convection vor- restrial bow shock, Planet. Space Sci., in tices observed by the west coast Greenland press, 2003. magnetometer chain, J. Geophys. Res., 107(7), doi: 10.10029/2001JA000228, 2002. Beloff, N., P.F. Denisenko, O.A. Maltseva, M.P. Gough, S.I. Klimov, M.N. Nozdrachev, Colangeli, L., Th. Henning, J.R. Brucato, D. H. Alleyne, and I. Bates, Use of topside Clément, D. Fabian, O. Guillois, F. Huisken, sounding with IRI model to study the elec- C. Jaeger, E.K. Jessberger, A. Jones, G. tron density in Plasmasphere and Ledoux, G. Manicò, V. Mennella, F.J. Ionosphere, Radio Sci., in press, 2003. Molster, H. Mutschke, V. Pirronello, C. Reynaud, J. Roser, G. Vidali, and L.B.F.M. Beloff, N., P.F. Denisenko, I.I. Ivanov, O.A. Waters, The role of laboratory experiments Maltseva, M.P. Gough, S.I. Klimov, M.N. in the characterization of silicon-based cos- Nozdrachev, H. Alleyne, and I. Bates, Storm mic material, Astron. Astrophys. Rev., 11, time changes in total electron content in 97-152, 2003. ionosphere measured by low orbiting topside sounder, Ann. Geophys., in press, 2003. Ehrenfreund, P., L. Becker, J. Blank, J.R. Brucato, L. Colangeli, S. Derenne, D. Berezhko, E.G., L.T. Ksenofontov, V.S. Despois,.A. Dutrey, H. Fraaije, W. Irvine, A. Ptuskin, V.N. Zirakashvili, and H.J. Völk: Lazcano, T. Owen, and F. Robert., Cosmic ray production in supernova rem- Astrophysical and Astrochemical Insights nants including reacceleration: the second- into the Origin of Life, Reports on Progress ary to primary ratio, Astron. Astrophys., in in Physics, 65, 1427-1487, 2002. press, 2003. Feldstein, Y.I., L. Dremukhina, A. Levitin, Biagi, P.F., R. Piccolo, A. Ermini, S. U. Mall, I.I. Alexeev, and V.V. Kalegaev, Martellucci, C. Bellecci, G. Perna, V. Energetics of the magnetosphere during the Capozzi, O.A. Molchanov, and M. Hayakawa, magnetic storm, J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys., Variations in a LF radio-signal on the occa- 65, 429-446, 2003. 38

Feldstein, Y.I., L. Gromova, I.I. Alexeev, and lite data, Special issue of Phys. Chem. V.V. Kalegaev, Magnetic fields of the magne- Earth, in press, 2003. tospheric current systems on the Earth’s surface in the interval of the International Hofer, M.Y., R.G. Marsden, T.R. Sanderson, Solar- Terrestrial Physics Program magnetic and C. Tranquille, From the Sun’s south to storm, Cosmic Res., 41(N4), in press, 2003. the north pole. Ulysses COSPIN/LET composition measurements at solar maximum, Feldstein, Y.I., B. Tsurutani, A. Prigancova, Ann. Geophys., 21, 1383–1391, 2003. W. Gonzalez, A. Levitin, J. Kozira, L. Alperovich, U. Mall, L. Gromova, and L. Hofer, M.Y., R.G. Marsden, T.R. Sanderson, Dremukhina, The magnetospheric response C. Tranquille, and R.J. Forsyth, Transition to a two-stream interval during solar maxi- to solar minimum at high solar latitudes: mum: a self-consistent magnetospheric energetic particles from corotating interac- model, Proc. ISCS Symposium 2003, edited tion regions, Geophys. Res. Lett., in press, by A.Wilson, ESA SP-539, in press, 2003. 2003.

Florinski, V., G.P. Zank, and N.V. Pogorelov, Hollandt, J., M. Kühne, M.C.E. Huber, and Galactic cosmic ray transport in the global B. Wende, Source standards for the radio- heliosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 108(A6), metric calibration of astronomical instru- 1228, doi: 10.1029/2002JA009695, 2002. ments in the VUV spectral range traceable to the primary standard BESSY, in The Fujii, Z., F. McDonald, and H. Moraal, Cos- Radiometric Calibration of SOHO, ISSI mic ray diffusion coefficients in the helios- Scientific Report No. 2, edited by A. phere at solar maximum, Adv. Space Res., in Pauluhn, M.C.E. Huber and R. von Steiger, press, 2003. pp. 51-68, ESA Publication Division, Noordwijk, 2002. Fuselier, S.A., J. Berchem, K.J.Trattner, and R. Friedel, Tracing ions in the cusp and low- Huebner, W.F., and D.C. Boice, A quantative latitude boundary layer using multispace- model for Comet nucleus topography, Adv. craft observations and a global MHD simula- Space Res., in press, 2003. tion, J. Geophys. Res., 107(A9), 1226. doi: 10.1029/2001JA000130, 2002. Huebner, W.F., D.C. Boice, and N.A. Schwadron, Sungrazing comets as solar Gangopadhyay, P., V.V. Izmodenov, M. probes, Adv. Space Res., in press, 2003. Gruntman, and D. Judge, Interpretation of Pioneer 10 Lyman-alpha based on helios- Hultqvist, B., Earth’s magnetosphere, The pheric interface models: methodology and Century of Space Science, edited by J. first results, J. Geophys. Res., 107(A11), Bleeker, J. Geiss, and M.C.E. Huber, pp. 1387, doi: 10.1029/2002JA009345, 2002. 1529-1558, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 2001. Gangopadhyay, P., V.V. Izmodenov, E. Quémerais, and M.A. Gruntman, Inter- Izmodenov, V.V., Models of solar wind interpretation of Pioneer 10 and Voyager 2 action with the local interstellar cloud, in Lyman Alpha data: first results, Adv. Space The Interstellar Environment of the Helio- Res., in press, 2003. sphere, edited by D. Breitschwerdt, COSPAR Colloquium Proc., Adv. Space Res., in press, Geiss, J., G. Gloeckler, and C. Charbonnel, 2002. Chemical evolution in our Galaxy during the last 5 Gy, Astrophys. J., 578, 862-867, 2002. Izmodenov, V.V., and D. Alexashov, A Model for the tail region of the heliospheric inter- Hada, T., M. Onishi., B. Lembege, and P. face, Astron. Lett., 29(1), 58-63, 2003. Savoini, Shock front nonstationarity of supercritical perpendicular shocks, J. Izmodenov, V.V, G. Gloeckler, and Y. Geophys. Res., 108(A6), 1233, 2003. Malama, When will Voyager 1 and 2 cross the termination shock? Geophys. Res. Lett., Hobara, Y., M. Parrot, F. Lefeuvre, and O.A. 30(7), doi: 10.1029/2002GL016127, 2002. Molchanov, Ionospheric turbulence associated with seismic activity from Aureol-3 satel- 39

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Izmodenov, V.V., B.E. Wood, and R. Orbital Station “MIR” measurements, Ann. Lallement, HST Lyman-alpha absorption Geophys., in press, 2003. spectra towards nearby stars as a remote diagnostic of the heliosheath plasma prop- Korotova, G. I., D.G. Sibeck, H. Singer, and erties, in Solar Wind Ten, edited by M. Velli, T. Rosenberg, Tracking transient events R. Bruno, and F. Malara, AIP Conf. Proc. Vol. through geosynchronous orbit and in the 679, pp. 63-66, AIP Press, Melville, N.Y., high latitude ionosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 2003. doi: 10.1029/2002JA009477, SMP6-1-SMP6- 18, 2002. Izmodenov, V.V., B.E. Wood, and R. Lallement, Hydrogen wall and heliosheath LaBelle, J., and R.A. Treumann, Auroral Ly-alpha absorption toward nearby stars: radio emissions, 1. Hisses, roars, and possible constraints on the heliospheric bursts, Space Sci. Rev., 101, 295-440, 2002. interface plasma flow, J. Geophys. Res., 107(A10), 1308, doi: 10.1029/- LaBelle, J., R.A. Treumann, P.H. Yoon, and 2002JA009394, 2002. M. Karlicky, A model of Zebra emission in solar type IV radio bursts, Astrophysics J., Izmodenov, V.V., P. Gangopadhyay, M. in press, 2003. Gruntman, and D. Judge, Interstellar Pioneer 10 EUV data: possible constraints on Lallement, R., J. Raymond, and J. Vallerga, the Local Interstellar parameters, in Solar Diagnostics of the Local Interstellar Medium Wind Ten, edited by M. Velli, R. Bruno, and using Particles and UV radiation, Adv. Space F. Malara, AIP Conf. Proc. Vol. 679, pp. 198- Res., in press, 2003. 201, AIP Press, Melville, N.Y., 2003. Lallement, R., J.C. Raymond, J.-L. Bertaux, Izmodenov, V.V., Y. Malama, G. Gloeckler, E. Quemerais, Y.-K. Ko, M. Uzzo, D. and J. Geiss, Effects of interstellar and McMullin, and D. Rucinski, Solar Cycle solar wind ionized helium on the interaction Dependence of the Helium Focusing Cone of the solar wind with the local interstellar From SOHO/UVCS Observations: Electron medium, Astrophys. J. Lett., 594, in press, impact rates and associated pickup ions, 2003. Astron. Astrophysics, in press, 2003.

Jovanovic, D., and P.K. Shukla, Nonlinear Lembege, B., Ph. Savoini, M. Balikhin, S. theory for Debye shielding of a dust grain by Walker, and V.V. Krasnosselskikh, Demag- orbiting ions, Phys. Lett. A, 300, 285-290, netization of transmitted electrons through 2002. a quasi-perpendicular collisionless shock, J. Geophys. Research,. 108(A6), 1256, Jovanovic, D., and P.K. Shukla, Collisionless doi:10.1029/2002JA009288, 2003. reconnection of magnetic field lines in dusty plasmas, Plasma Phys., 9(10), 4127- Levitin, A., Y.I. Feldstein, and L. 4134, 2002. Dremukhina, Energetics of the magnetosphere during the magnetic disturbance of Jovanovic, D., P. K. Shukla, L. Stenflo, and November 24, 1986, Geomagn. Aeronomie, F. Pegoraro, Non-linear Model for Electron 43(N4), in press, 2003. phase-space holes in magnetised space plasmas, J. Geophys. Res., 107(A7), doi: Liperovskaya, E.V., M. Parrot, O.A. 10.1029/2001JA900180, 2002. Pokhotelov, and M.A. Balikhin, Electro- magnetic effects of lithosphere origin in the Király, P., State and prospects of solar-helios- ionospheric F-layer, Annals of Geophysics, pheric energetic particle research, J. Phys. in press, 2003. G: Nucl. Part. Phys., 29, 953-963, 2003. Liperovskaya, E.V., O.A. Pokhotelov, Y. Klimov, S.I., M.N. Nozdrachev, N. Beloff, Hobara, and M. Parrot, Variability of spo- M.P. Gough, H.St.C.K. Alleyne, I. Bates, P.F. radic E layer semi transparency (foEs-fbEs) Denisenko, O.R. Grigoryan, V.A. Grushin, K. with magnitude and distance from earth- Kudela, and Yu. Lissakov, Substorm July 30, quake epicenters to vertical sounding sta- 1999 correlated “ACE”, INTERBALL-1 and tions, Annals of Geophysics, in press, 2003.

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Logachev, YU.I., K. Kecskemety, and M.A. dust grains, Phys. Plasmas, 10(1), 69-74, Zeldovich, Energy spectra of low-flux pro- 2003. tons in the inner Heliosphere under quiet solar conditions, Solar Physics, 208, 141- Pauluhn, A., M.C.E. Huber, and R. von 166, 2002. Steiger, Foreword, in The Radiometric Calibration of SOHO, ISSI Scientific Report Mamun, A.A., and P.K. Shukla, Electron- No. 2, edited by A. Pauluhn, M.C.E. Huber acoustic solitary waves via vortex electron and R. von Steiger, pp. v-viii, ESA distribution, J. Geophys. Res., 107(A7), doi: Publication Division, Noordwijk, 2002. 10.1029/2001JA009131, 2002. Pauluhn, A., J. Lang, U. Schühle, S.K. McDonald, F., Z.. Fujii, B. Heikkila, and N. Solanki, K. Wilhelm, W.T. Thompson, C.D. Lal, The radial distribution of cosmic rays in Pike, I. Rüedi, J. Hollandt, and M.C.E. the heliosphere at solar minimum and solar Huber, Intercalibration of CDS and SUMER, maximum, Adv. Space Res., in press, 2003. in The Radiometric Calibration of SOHO, ISSI Scientific Report No. 2, edited by A. Möbius, E., Where do we go with Solar and Pauluhn, A., M.C.E. Huber and R. von Heliospheric Physics? in Solar Wind Ten, Steiger, pp. 235-248, ESA Publication edited by M. Velli, R. Bruno, and F. Malara, Division, Noordwijk, 2002. AIP Conf. Proc. Vol. 679, pp. 799-806, AIP Press, Melville, N.Y., 2003. Pokhotelov, O.A., O.G. Onishchenko, R.Z. Sagdeev, and R.A. Treumann, Nonlinear Molchanov, O.A. , O.A. Akentieva, V.V. dynamics of inertial Alfven waves in the Afonin, E.A. Mareev, and M. Hayakawa, upper ionosphere. Parametric generation of Plasma density-electric field turbulence in electrostatic convective cells, J. Geophys. the low-latitude ionosphere from observa- Res., 108(A7), 1291, doi: 10.1029/- tion on satellites, possible connection with 2003JA009888, 2003. seismicity, Special issue of Phys. Chem. Earth, in press, 2003. Pokhotelov, O.A., I. Sandberg, R.Z. Sagdeev, R.A. Treumann, M.A. Balikhin, O.G. Molchanov, O.A., A.Yu. Schekotov, E.N. Onishchenko, and V.P. Pavlenko, Slow drift Fedorov, G.G. Belyaev, M. Solovieva, and M. mirror modes in space plasmas: Hydro- Hayakawa, Preseismic ULF effect and possi- dynamic and kinetic instabilities, J. ble interpretation, Annals of Geophysics, in Geophys. Res., 108(A3), 1098, doi: press, 2003. 10.1029/2002JA009651, 2003.

Molchanov, O.A., A.Yu. Schekotov , E.N. Pokhotelov, O.A., R.A. Treumann, R.Z. Fedorov, and M. Hayakawa, Ionospheric Sagdeev, M.A. Balikhin, O.G. Onishchenko, Alfven Resonances events from observation V.P. Pavlenko, and I. Sandberg, Linear theo- at Kamchatka, Special Phys. Chem. Earth, ry of the mirror instability in non in press, 2003. Maxwellians space plasmas, J. of Geophys. Res., 107(A10), 1312, doi: 1029/- Moretto, T., M. Hesse, A. Yahnin, A. Ieda, D. 2001JA009125, 2002. Murr, and J.F. Watermann, Magnetospheric signature of an ionospheric travelling con- Popova, O., W.K. Hartmann, I. Nemtchinov, vection vortex event, J. Geophys. Res., D. Richardson, and B. Ivanov, Crater clus- 107(A6), doi: 10.1029/2001JA000049, 2002. ters on Mars: Shedding light on Martian meteorite launch conditions, Meteoritics Oka, M., T. Terasawa, H. Noda, Y. Saito, and Planet. Sci., in press, 2003. T. Mukai, Torus’ distribution of interstellar helium pickup ions: Direct observation, Pottelette, R., R.A. Treumann, M. Bertho- Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, doi: 10.1029/- mier, and J. Jasperse, Electrostatic shock 2002GL015111, 2002. properties inferred from AKR fine structure, Nonlin. Proc. Geophys. 10, 87-92, 2003. Onishchenko, O.G., O.A. Pokhotelov, R.Z. Sagdeev, L. Stenflo, V.P. Pavlenko, and P.K. Ptuskin, V.S., and V.N. Zirakashvili, Limits Shukla, Modification of Kolmogorov spectra on diffusive shock acceleration in superno- of weakly turbulent shear Alfven waves by 41

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va remnants, Astron. Astrophys., 403, 1-10, G. Consolini , J. Fedder, S. Fuselier, H. 2003. Kawano, S. Klimov, V. Korepanov, D. Lagoutte, F. Marcucci, M. Mogilevsky, Z. Quémerais, E., and V.V. Izmodenov, Effects Nemecek, B. Nikutowski, M. Nozdrachev, M. of the heliospheric interface on the inter- Parrot, J.L. Rauch, V. Romanov, T. planetary Lyman-alpha glow at 1 AU from Romantsova, T. Russell, J. Safrankova, J. A. the Sun, Astron. Astrophys., 396, 269-281, Sauvaud, A. Skalsky, V. Smirnov, 2002. K.Stasiewicz, J.G. Trotignon, and Yu. Yermolaev, Magnetosheath-Cusp interface, Quémerais, E., J.-L. Bertaux, R. Lallement, Ann. Geophys., in press, 2003. B. Sandel, and V.V. Izmodenov, Voyager 1/UVS Lyman-alpha glow data from 1993 to Shukla, P.K., Resistive tearing mode insta- 2003: the hydrogen distribution in the bility in partially ionized dusty plasma, upwind outer heliosphere, J. Geophys. Res., Phys. Plasmas, 9, 9,4082-4084, 2002. in press, 2003. Shukla, P.K., L. Stenflo, M. Rosenberg, and Rucinski, D., M. Bzowski, and H.J. Fahr, D.P. Resendes, Dynamics of Farley-Buneman Imprints from the solar cycle on the helium fluctuations in the presence of radar atom and helium pick-up ion distributions, beams, J. Geophys. Res., 107(A10), 1311, Ann. Geophys., 21(N6), 1315-1330, 2003. doi: 10.1029/2002JA009408, 2002.

Savin, S., J. Buechner, G. Consolini, B. Shukla, P.K., L. Stenflo, A.A. Mamun, D.P. Nikutowski, L. Zelenyi, E. Amata, H.U. Resendes, and G. Sorasio, Acceleration of Auster, J. Bleck, E. Dubinin, K. H. Fornacon, dust grains by means of electromagnetic H. Kawano, S. Klimov, F. Marcucci, Z. cyclotron waves, J. Geophys. Res., Nemecek, A. Pedersen, J.L. Rauch, S. 107(A10), 1293, doi: 10.1029/2002JA0093- Romanov, J. Safrankova, J.A. Sauvaud, A. 21,2002. Skalsky, P. Song, and Yu. Yermolaev, On the properties of turbulent boundary layer over Shukla, P.K., L. Stenflo, and G.M. Morfill, polar cusps, Nonlinear Processes in Nonlinear instability of dust ion-acoustic Geophys., 9, 443–445, 2002 waves in a plasma with strongly correlated dust grains, IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., 30, in Savin, S.P., L. Zelenyi, S.A. Romanov, S.I. press, 2002. Klimov, A.A. Skalsky, A.A. Galeev, V.N. Smirnov, M.N. Nozdrachev,Yu.I. Yermolaev, Sibeck, D.G., N.B. Trivedi, E. Zesta, R.B. L.A. Avanov, E. Amata, J. Blecki, J. Decker, H.J. Singer, A. Szabo, H. Tachihara, Buechner, B. Nikutowski, E.M. Dubinin, Z. and J. Watermann, Pressure-pulse interac- Nemecek, J. Safrankova, A. Pedersen, J.L. tion with the magnetosphere and iono- Rauch, J. Rustenbach, J.-A. Sauvaud, P. sphere, J. Geophys. Res., doi: 10.1029/- Song, and K.Stasiewicz, Turbulent boundary 2002JA009675, 2003. layer at the border of geomagnetic trap, JETP Letters, 74(11), 547-551, 2001. Smith, P.L., and M.C.E. Huber, Spectro- radiometry for Solar physics in space, in The Savin, S., L. Zelenyi, N. Maynard, I. Radiometric Calibration of SOHO, ISSI Sandahl, H. Kawano, C.T. Russell, S. Scientific Report No. 2, edited by A. Romanov, E. Amata, L. Avanov, J. Blecki, J. Pauluhn, M.C.E. Huber and R. von Steiger, Buechner, G. Consolini, G. Gustafsson, S. pp. 21-36, ESA Publication Division, Klimov, F. Marcucci, Z. Nemecek, B. Noordwijk, 2002. Nikutowski, J. Pickett, J.L. Rauch, J. Safrankova, A. Skalsky, V. Smirnov, K. Sorokin, V.M., E.N. Fedorov, A. Yu. Stasiewicz, P. Song , J.G. Trotignon, and Yu. Schekotov, O.A. Molchanov, and M. Yermolaev, Multi-Spacecraft Tracing of Hayakawa, Depression of the ULF Geomag- Turbulent Boundary Layer, Adv. Space Res., netic Pulsation Related to Occurrence of 12, 2821-2830, 2002. the Ionospheric Irregularities, Annals of Geophysics, in press, 2003. Savin, S., L. Zelenyi, S. Romanov, I. Sandahl, J. Pickett, E. Amata, L. Avanov, J. Starkov, G.V., B.V.Rezhenov, V.V.Vorobjev, Blecki, E. Budnik, J. Buechner, C. Cattell, and Y.I.Feldstein, Planetary distribution of 42

Visitor Publications the auroral precipitations and their connec- Tronin, A., P.F. Biagi., O.A. Molchanov, A. tion with auroral luminosity regions, Khatkevich, and E. Gordeeev, Temperature Geomagn. Aeron., in press, 2003. variations related to earthquakes from simultaneous observation at the ground sta- Stenuit, H., M. Fujimoto, S.A.Fuselier, J.-A. tions and by satellites above Kamchatka Sauvaud, S. Wing, A. Fedorov, E. Bunik, S.P. area, Special Issue of Phys. Chem. Earth, in Savin, K.J. Trattner, V. Angelopoulos, J. press, 2003. Bonnell, T.D. Phan, T. Mukai, and A. Pedersen, Multispacecraft study on the Vorobjev, V.V., O.I. Yagodkina, G.V. Starkov, dynamics of the dusk flank magnetosphere and Y.I. Feldstein, Substorm in midnight under northward IMF: January 10-11, 1997, auroral precipitation, Ann.Geophys., in J. Geophys. Res., 107(A10), 1333, doi: press, 2003. 10.1029/2002JA009246, 2002. Wilhelm, K., U. Schühle, W. Curdt, I.E. Treumann, R.A., An attempt of formulating Dammasch, J. Hollandt, P. Lemaire, and the principles of a generalized-Lorentzian M.C.E. Huber, Solar vacuum-ultraviolet quantum mechanics. Phys. Scripta, 66, 417- Radiometry with SUMER, in The Radiometric 424, 2002. Calibration of SOHO, ISSI Scientific Report No. 2, edited by A. Pauluhn, M.C.E. Huber Treumann, R.A., and R. Pottelette, Particle and R. von Steiger, pp. 145-160, ESA acceleration in the magnetosphere and its Publication Division, Noordwijk, 2002. immediate environment, Adv. Space Res. 30, 1623-1628, 2002. Witte, M., M. Banaszkiewicz, H. Rosen- bauer, D. McMullin, Kinetic parameters of Treumann, R.A, and M. Scholer, The magne- interstellar neutral helium: Updated results tosphere as a plasma laboratory, in The from the Ulysses/GAS instrument, Adv. Century of Space Science, edited by J. Space Sci., in press, 2003. Bleeker, J. Geiss, and M.C.E. Huber, pp. 1495-1528, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 2001.

Tronin, A., O.A. Molchanov, and P.F. Biagi, Thermal anomalies and well observations in Kamchatka, Int. J. Remote Sensing, in press, 2003.

Special Publications The Century of Space Science

The Century of Space Science, edited by Johan A.M. Bleeker, Johannes Geiss and Martin C.E. Huber, and supported by ISSI, is a major two-volume collection of contributions of about 90 authors from Europe, Japan, Russia and the USA — many of them participants in ISSI’s scientific programme. In 68 chapters, the two volumes give a balanced and unique first hand account of space science during the second half of the 20th century and the impact of space science on our perception of the world around us: “The authors of these well- written and well-illustrated essays include many pioneers of space sciences, as well as many of today’s most prestigious practitioners. The result is a truly unique publishing accomplish- ment: a splendid collection of authori- tative reviews that transcends academic disciplines” (Paul Hodge in Nature, Vol. 421, p. 316, 2003).

For detailed information and free pre- view of every chapter visit: www.the- centuryofspacescience.com.

Interstellar Dust and the Heliosphere

Interstellar Dust and the Heliosphere is a special reprint volume based on an ISSI activity. It is reprinted from the Journal of Geophysical Research 105, 10,237-10,417, 2000.

Copies of this volume are available at the ISSI secretariat (please e-mail to: [email protected]).

ISSI Volumes Space Sciences Series of ISSI (SSSI): Published Volumes

These volumes may be ordered directly from Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, NL, or for a substantially reduced price through ISSI. If you are interested in buying our books, please e-mail your order to [email protected]. For more information, see the websites www.issi.unibe.ch (Publications) or www.wkap.nl/prod/s/SSSI. All prices are based on the information given on the Kluwer website.

Volume 1: The Heliosphere in the Local Interstellar Medium R. von Steiger, R. Lallement, and M.A. Lee (eds.), Proceedings of an ISSI-Workshop held in November 1995, published in October 1996. Reprinted from Space Science Reviews, Volume 78, Nos. 1–2. ISBN 0-7923-4320-4, ISSI price Euro 60.40.

Volume 2: Transport Across the Boundaries of the Magnetosphere B. Hultqvist, and M. Øieroset (eds.), Proceedings of an ISSI-Workshop held in September 1996, published in October 1997. Reprinted from Space Science Reviews, Volume 80, Nos. 1–2. ISBN 0-7923-4788-9, ISSI price Euro 61.60.

Volume 3: Cosmic Rays in the Heliosphere L.A. Fisk, J.R., Jokipii, G.M. Simnett, R. von Steiger, and K.-P. Wenzel (eds.), Proceedings of two ISSI-Workshops held in October 1996, March 1997 respectively, published in May 1998. Reprinted from Space Science Reviews, Volume 83, Nos. 1–2. ISBN 0-7923-5069-3, ISSI price Euro 52.60.

Volume 4: Primordial Nuclei and Their Galactic Evolution N. Prantzos, M. Tosi, and R. von Steiger (eds.), Proceedings of an ISSI-Workshop held in May 1997, published in August 1998. Reprinted from Space Science Reviews, Volume 84, Nos. 1–2. ISBN 0-7923-5114-2, ISSI price Euro 50.

Volume 5: Solar Composition: From Core to Corona C. Fröhlich, M.C.E. Huber, S.K. Solanki, and Rudolf von Steiger (eds.), Proceedings of an ISSI- Workshop held in January 1998, published in December 1998. Reprinted from Space Science Reviews, Volume 85, Nos. 1–2. ISBN 0-7923-5496-6, ISSI price Euro 63.60.

Volume 6: Magnetospheric Plasma Sources and Losses B. Hultqvist, M. Øieroset, G. Paschmann, and R. Treumann (eds.), Proceedings of an ISSI- Workshop held in October 1997, published in September 1999. Reprinted from Space Science Reviews, Volume 88, Nos. 1–2. ISBN 0-7923-5846-5, ISSI price Euro 70.80.

Volume 7: Corotating Interaction Regions A. Balogh, J.T. Gosling, J.R. Jokipii, R. Kallenbach, and H. Kunow (eds.), Proceedings of an ISSI-Workshop held in June 1998, published in January 2000. Reprinted from Space Science Reviews, Volume 89, Nos. 1–2. ISBN 0-7923-6080-X, ISSI price Euro 59.

Volume 8: Composition and Origin of Cometary Materials K. Altwegg, P. Ehrenfreund, J. Geiss, and W.F. Huebner (eds.), Proceedings of an ISSI- Workshop held in September 1998, published in January 2000. Reprinted from Space Science Reviews, Volume 90, Nos. 1–2. ISBN 0-7923-6154-7, ISSI price Euro 61.80.

Volume 9: From Dust to Terrestrial Planets W. Benz, R. Kallenbach, and G. Lugmair (eds.), Proceedings of an ISSI-Workshop held in February 1999, published in October 2000. Reprinted from Space Science Reviews, Volume 92, Nos. 1–2. ISBN 0-7923-6467-8, ISSI price Euro 62.60.

ISSI Volumes

Volume 10: Cosmic Rays and Earth J.W. Bieber, E. Eroshenko, P. Evenson, E.O. Flückiger, and R. Kallenbach (eds.), Proceedings of an ISSI-Workshop held in March 1999, published in December 2000. Reprinted from Space Science Reviews, Volume 93, Nos. 1–2. ISBN 0-7923-6712-X, ISSI price Euro 61.60.

Volume 11: Solar Variability and Climate E. Friis-Christensen, C. Fröhlich, J.D. Haigh, M. Schüssler, and R. von Steiger (eds.), Proceedings of an ISSI-Workshop held in June 1999, published in December 2000. Reprinted from Space Science Reviews, Volume 94, Nos. 1–2. ISBN 0-7923-6741-3, ISSI price Euro 63.60.

Volume 12: Chronology and Evolution of Mars R. Kallenbach, J. Geiss and W.K. Hartmann (eds.), Proceedings of an ISSI-Workshop held in April 2000, published in September 2001. Reprinted from Space Science Reviews, Volume 96, Nos. 1–4. ISBN 0-7923-7051-1, ISSI price Euro 71.60.

Volume 13: The Astrophysics of Galactic Cosmic Rays R. Diehl, E. Parizot, R. Kallenbach, and R. von Steiger (eds.), Proceedings of two ISSI- Workshops held in October 1999, May 2000 respectively, published in February 2002. Reprinted from Space Science Reviews, Volume 99, Nos. 1–4. ISBN 1-4020-0107-X, ISSI price Euro 57.60.

Volume 14: Matter in the Universe Ph. Jetzer, K. Pretzl, and R. von Steiger (eds.), Proceedings of an ISSI-Workshop held in March 2001, published in June 2002. Reprinted from Space Science Reviews, Volume 100, Nos. 1–4. ISBN 1-4020-0666-7, ISSI price Euro 48.40.

Volume 15: Auroral Plasma Physics G. Paschmann, S. Haaland, and R. Treumann (eds.), Proceedings of three ISSI-Workshops held in October 1999, March and December 2000, published in April 2003. Reprinted from Space Science Reviews, Volume 103, Nos. 1–4, 2002. ISBN 1-4020-0963-1, ISSI price Euro 67.60.

Volume 16: Solar System History from Isotopic Signatures of Volatile Elements R. Kallenbach, T. Encrenaz, J. Geiss, K. Mauersberger, T. Owen, and F. Robert (eds.), Proceedings of an ISSI-Workshop held in January 2002, published in July 2003. Reprinted from Space Science Reviews, Volume 106, Nos. 1–4, 2003. ISBN 1-4020-1177-6, ISSI price Euro 63.60.

Details on the recently published Volumes 15 and 16 can be found on pages 49–50.

Space Sciences Series of ISSI (SSSI): Forthcoming Volumes

Volume 17: Earth Gravity from Space — From Sensors to Earth Sciences G. Beutler, M. Drinkwater, R. Rummel, and R. von Steiger (eds.), Proceedings of an ISSI- Workshop held in March 2002, to be published in summer 2003.

Volume 18: Magnetism of Mars D. Winterhalter, M. Acuña, and A. Zakharov (eds.), Proceedings of an ISSI-Workshop held in October 2001, to be published in winter 2003.

ISSI Volumes

Volume 19: Planetary Systems and Planets in Systems S. Udry, W. Benz, and R. von Steiger (eds.), Proceedings of an ISSI-Workshop held in September 2002, to be published in winter 2003.

Volume 20: Magnetospheric Boundaries and Turbulence: Cluster Results Proceedings of two ISSI-Workshops held in March 2003 and to be held in November 2003.

Volume 21: A Comparative Study of the Outer Planets before the Exploration of Saturn by Cassini-Huygens Proceedings of an ISSI-Workshop to be held in January 2004.

Volume 22: Coronal Mass Ejections Proceedings of an ISSI-Workshop to be held in March 2004.

ISSI Scientific Report Series (SR): Published Volumes

Available from: The Bookshop, ESA Publications Division, PO Box 299, 2200 AG Noordwijk, The Netherlands, Fax: +31 71 565 5433, e-mail: [email protected]. Advanced payment by check or creditcard is requested.

Volume 1: Analysis Methods for Multi-Spacecraft Data G. Paschmann, and P.W. Daly (eds.), Results of an ISSI-Working Group, published in July 1998. Price Euro 40. (An updated PDF version is available online at www.issi.unibe.ch under „Publications“).

Volume 2: Radiometric Inter-calibration of SOHO A. Pauluhn, M.C.E. Huber, and R. von Steiger (eds.), Results of an ISSI-Working Group, published in August 2002. Price 40 Euro.

Details on the recently published Volume 2 can be found on page 51.

ISSI Scientific Report Series (SR): Forthcoming Volumes

Volume 3: Comet Nucleus-Coma Boundary Layer Model Results from an ISSI-Team, to be published in spring 2004.

Volume 4: Calibration Techniques for In-Situ Plasma Instrumen- tation Results of an ISSI-Working Group, to be published in fall 2004.

ISSI Volumes

Pro-ISSI SPATIUM Series

All SPATIUM Volumes are available from the ISSI Secretariat — please e-mail to: [email protected]. Electronic editions in PDF are available at http://www.issi.unibe.ch, under “Publications”.

While numbers 1, 2, and 4 appeared in German, all other issues appear in English.

No. 1: Die ersten Minuten und das weitere Schicksal des Universums By Johannes Geiss, published in April 1998.

No. 2: Das neue Bild der Sonne By Rudolf von Steiger, published in November 1998.

No. 3: Birth, Age and the Future of the Universe By Gustav Andreas Tammann, published in May 1999.

No. 4: Kometen als Schwerpunkt der europäischen Weltraumforschung By Kathrin Altwegg-von Burg, published in October 1999.

No. 5: Earth, Moon and Mars By Johannes Geiss, published in June 2000.

No. 6: From Dust to Planets By Willy Benz, published in October 2000.

No. 7: In Search of the Dark Matter in the Universe By Klaus Pretzl, published in May 2001.

No. 8: New Sun and Climate By Jürg Beer, published in November 2001.

No. 9: New The Fourfold Way Through the Magnetosphere: The Cluster Mission By Götz Paschmann, published in June 2002.

No. 10: Satellite Navigation Systems for Earth and Space Sciences By Gerhard Beutler, published in June 2003.

ISSI Volumes: Published in the Eighth Year

Auroral Plasma Physics edited by

Götz Paschmann International Space Science Institute, Bern, Switzerland, and Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, Garching, Germany

Stein Haaland International Space Science Institute, Bern, Switzerland, and Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, Garching, Germany

Rudolf Treumann Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, Garching, Germany

Published in April 2003, Space Sciences Series of ISSI (SSSI), Volume 15, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, hardbound, ISBN 1-4020-0963-1, 485 pp. Reprinted from Space Science Reviews, Vol. 103, Nos. 1–4, 2002.

Table of Contents

Foreword; Götz Paschmann, Stein Haaland, and Rudolf 6.2 Westward Traveling Surge Treumann 6.3 Omega Bands Contributing Authors 6.4 Auroral Streamers 6.5 Polar Cap Aurora 1. Introduction 1.1 Visible Aurorae 7. Theoretical Models 1.2 Ionospheric Framework 7.1 Static EII Models 1.3 Magnetospheric Framework 7.2 Boundary Layer Coupling to the Ionosphere 1.4 Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupling 7.3 Current and Voltage Generators 1.5 Large Scale Magnetospheric Flows and Dynamics 7.4 Resonant Alfvén Waves 1.6 An Overview of the Book 7.5 Propagating Arc Models 7.6 Transient Acceleration 2. Remote Sensing of Auroral Arcs 7.7 Large-Scale Features and Magnetospheric Sources 2.1 Quiet Auroral Arc 7.8 Essential Elements of an Integrated Theory 2.2 Diffuse and Pulsating Aurora 2.3 Proper Motion of Auroral Arcs 8. Dynamic Coupling to the Magnetosphere 2.4 Physical Characteristics 8.1 Magnetosphere as an Auroral Precipitation Source 2.5 Auroral Morphology 8.2 Magnetospheric Energy Circulation 8.3 Magnetospheric Control 3. Theoretical Building Blocks 8.4 Ionospheric Control 3.1 The Conducting Ionosphere 8.5 Open Issues 3.2 Magnetospheric Current Sources 3.3 Parallel Electric Fields 9. The Aurora as a Universal Phenomenon 3.4 Dynamic Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupling 9.1 Aurora on Other Planets 3.5 Wave-Particle Interactions 9.2 Auroral Acceleration in Astrophysical Objects

4. In Situ Measurements in the Auroral Plasma References 4.1 Upward Current Region Processes Author Addresses 4.2 Downward Current Region Processes Index 4.3 Waves and Radiation 4.4 Time-Dependent Alfvénic Processes 4.5 Specific Regions

5. Statistics and Mapping of Auroral Features 5.1 Statistical and Empirical Studies of Auroral Distributions 5.2 Mapping Auroral Features to the Magnetosphere

6. Electrodynamics of Auroral Forms 6.1 Eveningside Discrete Arcs 49

ISSI Volumes: Published in the Eighth Year

Solar System History from Isotopic Signatures of Volatile Elements edited by Reinald Kallenbach International Space Science Institute, Bern, Switzerland Thérèse Encrenaz DESPA, Observatoire de Paris, Meudon, France Johannes Geiss International Space Science Institute, Bern, Switzerland Konrad Mauersberger Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Heidelberg, Germany Tobias C. Owen University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, USA François Robert CNRS-Musée, Musée d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France Volume resulting from an ISSI Workshop held 14-18 January 2002 in Bern, Switzerland, published in July 2003, Space Sciences Series of ISSI (SSSI), Volume 16. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, hardbound, ISBN: 1-4020-1177-6, pp. 425. Reprinted from Space Science Reviews, Vol. 106, No. 1–4, 2003.

Table of Contents

Sun and Protosolar Nebula Isotopic Fractionation by Gravitational Escape; Isotopic Composition of H, He and Ne in the Protosolar H. Lammer and S.J. Bauer Cloud; J. Geiss and G. Gloeckler Isotopic Fractionation by Ion-Molecule Reactions; Oxygen Isotopes in the Solar System; R.N. Clayton E. Herbst Isotopes of Volatiles in Pre-solar Grains; U. Ott Isotopic Fractionation by Plasma Processes; Atomic Deuterium/Hydrogen in the Galaxy; J. Linsky R. Kallenbach Deuterium in Molecules of the Interstellar Medium; E. Roueff and M. Gerin Working Group Reports Deuterium Fractionation in Interstellar Clouds; T.J. Millar Sun and Protosolar Nebula; R. Kallenbach, F. Robert, The D/H Ratio in Chondrites; F. Robert J. Geiss, E. Herbst, H. Lammer, B. Marty, T.J. Millar, U. Ott and R.O. Pepin Outer Solar System Isotopic Signatures of Volatile Elements in Terrestrial Evolution of the Protosolar Nebula and Formation of the Planets; R.H. Becker, R.N. Clayton, E.M. Galimov, Giant Planets; R. Hueso and T. Guillot H. Lammer, B. Marty, R.O.Pepin, and R. Wieler Element Abundances and Isotope Ratios in the Giant Planets and Titan; T. Owen and T. Encrenaz Epilogue Isotopic Abundances in Comets; K. Altwegg and Glossary, R. Kallenbach and U. Ott D. Bockelée-Morvan List of Acronyms Isotopic Signatures of Presolar Materials in Interplanetary Dust; S. Messenger, F.J. Stadermann, C. Floss, L.R. Nittler and S. Mukhopadhyay

Earth, Terrestrial Planets, and Moon Nitrogen Isotopes on the Moon: Archives of the Solar and Planetary Contributions to the Inner Solar System; B. Marty, K. Hashizume, M. Chaussidon and R. Wieler Noble Gas Isotopes on the Moon; R. Wieler and V.S. Heber On Noble Gas Processing in the Solar Accretion Disk; R.O. Pepin Elemental and Isotopic Abundances of Carbon and Nitrogen in Meteorites; M.M. Grady and I.P. Wright Isotopic Criteria for Identification of Organic Carbon on Earth and Meteorites; E.M. Galimov

Isotopic Fractionation Processes Oxygen Isotope Processes and Transfer Reactions; K. Mauersberger, D. Krankowsky and C. Janssen 50

ISSI Volumes: Published in the Eighth Year

The Radiometric Calibration of SOHO edited by

Anuschka Pauluhn International Space Science Institute, Bern, Switzerland

Martin C.E. Huber International Space Science Institute, Bern, Switzerland

Rudolf von Steiger International Space Science Institute, Bern, Switzerland

Published in August 2002, ISSI Scientific Report SR-002, Noordwijk: ESA Publications Division, hardbound, ISSN: 1608-280X, 387 pp.

Table of Contents

Foreword; A. Pauluhn, M.C.E. Huber, R. von Steiger 15. Underflight Calibration of SOHO CDS by SERTS-97; SOHO’s Calibration Heritage R. J. Thomas 16. Intercalibration of CDS and SUMER; A. Pauluhn, I. Introduction J. Lang, U. Schühle, S. K. Solanki, K. Wilhelm, 1. Solar Variability; S. K. Solanki W. T. Thompson, C. D. Pike, I. Rüedi, J. Hollandt, 2. Spectroradiometry for Solar Physics in Space; M.C.E. Huber P. L. Smith, M.C.E. Huber 17. White Light Intercalibrations of UVCS, LASCO-C2 and 3. Spectroradiometry of Spatially-resolved Solar Plasma Spartan 201/WLC; R. A. Frazin, M. Romoli, J. L. Kohl, Structures; K. Wilhelm L. D. Gardner, D. Wang, R. A. Howard, T. A. Kucera 4. Source Standards for the Radiometric Calibration of 18. SUMER Stellar Observations to Monitor Responsivity Astronomical Instruments in the VUV Spectral Range Variations; P. Lemaire Traceable to the Primary Standard BESSY; J. Hollandt, M. Kühne, M.C.E. Huber, B. Wende IV. Atomic Physics 5. Calibration and Intercalibration of SOHO’s Vacuum- 19. The CHIANTI Atomic Database and Instrument ultraviolet Instrumentation; K. Wilhelm Calibration: a Symbiosis; H. E. Mason, G. Del Zanna, 6. 20:20 Vision and SOHO Cleanliness; R. Thomas K. P. Dere, E. Landi, M. Landini, P. R. Young 20. The Use of Atomic Data for the In-flight Calibration II. Instrument Radiometric Calibration of the CDS Spectrometers; G. Del Zanna 7. The Radiometric Calibration of the Coronal Diagnostic Spectrometer; J. Lang, W. T. Thompson, C. D. Pike, V. Working Group Reports B. J. Kent, C. R. Foley 21. Cleanliness Working Group Report: Where was the 8. The Radiometric Calibration of the Extreme SOHO Cleanliness Programme Really Effective? Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope; F. Clette, 22. CDS and SUMER Intercalibration Working Group J.-F. Hochedez, J. S. Newmark, J. D. Moses, F. Report Auchère, J.-M. Defise, J.-P. Delaboudinière 23. IrradianceWorking Group Report 9. In-flight Comparisons of Solar EUV Irradiance VI. Outlook Measurements Provided by the CELIAS/SEM on SOHO; 24. The EUV Imaging Spectrometer and its Role in the D. R. McMullin, D. L. Judge, M. Hilchenbach, Solar-B Mission; J. L. Culhane, G. A. Doschek, F. Ipavich, P. Bochsler, P. Wurz, A. Bürgi, W. T. T. Watanabe, J. Lang Thompson, J. S. Newmark 25. The Proposed Calibration of Solar-B EIS 337; J. Lang, 10. Solar Vacuum-ultraviolet Radiometry with SUMER; B. J. Kent, J. F. Seely K. Wilhelm, U. Schühle, W. Curdt, I. E. Dammasch, 26. Future Solar Irradiance Observations from the NASA J. Hollandt, P. Lemaire, M.C.E. Huber TIMED and SORCE Satellites; T. N. Woods, 11. UV Radiometric Calibration of UVCS; L. D. Gardner, G. J. Rottman P. L. Smith, J. L. Kohl, N. Atkins, A. Ciaravella, 27. The Solar Package on ISS: SOL-ACES; F. G. Wienhold, M. P. Miralles, A. Panasyuk, J. C. Raymond, J. Anders, B. Galuska, U. Klocke, M. Knothe, E. Neske, L. Strachan, Jr., R. M. Suleiman, M. Romoli, S. Fineschi W. J. Riedel, G. Schmidtke, R. Singler, U. Ulmer, 12. In-flight Calibration of the UVCS White Light H. Wolf Channel; M. Romoli, R. A. Frazin, J. L. Kohl, 28. The Solar Orbiter Mission and Design L. D. Gardner, S. R. Cranmer, K. Reardon, S. Fineschi Recommendations; U. Schühle, R. Thomas, 13. Radiometric Calibration of the SWAN Instrument; J.-F. Hochedez E. Quémerais, J.-L. Bertaux 29. New UV Detector Concepts; J.-F. Hochedez, III. Intercalibration U. Schühle, P. Lemaire 14. Comparison of CDS Irradiance Measurements with Glossary SEM and EIT; W. T. Thompson, D. R. McMullin, Authors’ Addresses J. S. Newmark 51

Cover Page Impressum Puzzle composed of six images (from the upper left to the lower right): Publisher 1. This picture taken by the Hubble Space International Space Science Institute Telescope in 1995 provides a glimpse of star Hallerstrasse 6 birth: Evaporating gaseous globules (EGGs) CH-3012 Bern are captured emerging from pillars of Switzerland molecular hydrogen gas and dust (Picture T.: +41 31 631 48 96 courtesy of the Space Telescope Science F.: +41 31 631 48 97 Institute. Images and Press Releases, Hubble Space Telescope Public Pictures at http://hubblesite.org). Editors 2. This image shows the RCW 108 complex Ursula Pfander, Vittorio Manno and of bright and dark nebulae in the southern Rudolf von Steiger association Ara OB1, a star forming region in the constellation Ara (The Altar), deep in Concept/Layout the southern sky (Courtesy of the European Ursula Pfander Southern Observatory, ESO. PR Press Photo 21b/99, 30 April 1999). Cover Design 3. Picture of an Aurora over northern Ursula Pfander Canada, photographed from Space (Picture courtesy of Don Pettit, ISS Expedition 6, Printing NASA). ESA Publications Division 4. The southern sky photographed through a ESTEC, PO Box 299 fisheye lens. The image is dominated by the Noordwijk, 2200 AG luminous band of our Milky Way Galaxy, cut The Netherlands by interstellar dust clouds. Along with the bright stars of our Galaxy, the Large Magel- Bern, August 2003 lanic Cloud is visible at the lower left. Comet Hyakutake can be seen towards the top of the image, near the bright star Arcturus (Photograph courtesy of Gordon Garradd, Loomberah, New South Wales, Australia). 5. The Sun in C IV 1548 A as observed by SUMER on 4–5 February 1996. (Courtesy of SOHO/SUMER consortium. SOHO is a project of international cooperation between ESA and NASA). 6. This digital portrait of the Earth is remi- niscent of the Apollo-era pictures of the “big blue marble” Earth from space. To create it, researchers at Goddard Space Flight Center’s Laboratory for Atmospheres combined data from a Geostationary Opera- tional Environmental Satellite (GOES), the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (Sea- WiFS), and the Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites (POES) with a USGS elevation model of Earth’s topography. The lunar image was reconstructed from GOES data and artistically rescaled for this visualisation (Courtesy of R. Stockli, A. Nelson, F. Hasler, NASA/GSFC/NOAA/USGS). 52 The ISSI Collection