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SURVEY NOTES Volume 36, Number 2 April 2004 Table of Contents Improving Our Understanding of the Earthquake Hazards in Utah UTAH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY SURVEY NOTES Volume 36, Number 2 April 2004 Table of Contents Improving Our Understanding of The Earthquake Hazards in Utah . 1 The Mapleton Megatrench . 4 Director’s New Guidelines for Evaluating Surface- Fault-Rupture Hazards in Utah . 7 Perspective New Publications . 8 Storing Carbon Dioxide Emmisions Underground — New Projects . 9 by Richard G. Allis GeoSights: Sand Dunes at Little Sahara Recreation Area . 10 Survey News . 11 his issue has geologic hazards, damage under various geologic haz- ard scenarios, estimates that a Salt Glad You Asked: Have meteorites and earthquakes in particular, or meteorite craters been found in Tas a theme. Several news Lake City area magnitude 6.5 earth- Utah? . 12 items during the past few months quake would cause between 40 and Teacher’s Corner . 13 have highlighted the need to remind 90 deaths (depending on time of day), and economic losses of over Design by Vicky Clarke Utahns of the dangers from geologic hazards and the precautions that $2.5 billion (unpublished scenario, Cover: Retrofitting the Capitol building. Photo by Mark Milligan. should be taken in the more haz- Utah Division of Emergency Ser- ardous parts of the state. In the fea- vices). Over half of the economic ture article, Gary Christenson com- losses would come from damage to State of Utah residential buildings, with 10% of Olene S. Walker, Governor pares the magnitude 6.6 earthquake unreinforced masonry structures Department of Natural Resources that devastated the city of Bam in Robert Morgan, Executive Director southeast Iran, killing over 40,000 being destroyed and 12% (30,000) of UGS Board people and damaging or destroying all buildings at least moderately Robert Robison, Chair 85% of the buildings, and the magni- damaged. These large numbers Geoff Bedell Craig Nelson tude 6.5 earthquake that shook the highlight that Wasatch Front resi- Kathleen Ochsenbein Charles Semborski Steve Church Ron Bruhn town of San Simeon in central Cali- dents cannot afford to be compla- Kevin Carter (Trust Lands Administration-ex officio) fornia. Here, two people were killed, cent. Relatively inexpensive meas- UGS Staff 40 buildings were damaged or col- ures can be taken around our offices Administration lapsed, and 10,000 homes were with- and homes that can greatly improve Richard G. Allis, Director Kimm Harty, Deputy Director out power. At the time of this writing safety and reduce damage. John Kingsley, Assoc. Director (late February), a magnitude 6.5 Recent publicity about adoption of a Daniel Kelly, Acct. Officer earthquake had just occurred in Rebecca Medina, Secretary/Receptionist geologic hazards ordinance by Drap- Morocco, killing hundreds. A major Jo Lynn Campbell, Admin. Secretary er City at the south end of the Salt Linda Bennett, Accounting Tech. factor causing the contrast in damage Lake Valley has emphasized the Michael Hylland, Tech. Reviewer between these events was the quality potential conflict caused by pressures Survey Notes Staff of the building stock – in particular Editor: Jim Stringfellow for urban growth versus the need to the abundance and performance of Editorial Staff: Vicky Clarke, Sharon Hamre inform buyers of potential geologic Cartographers: James Parker, Lori Douglas unreinforced masonry structures. Geologic Hazards Gary Christenson hazards, protect development by William Lund, Barry Solomon, These earthquakes raise the question requiring appropriate mitigation, or Francis Ashland, Richard Giraud, about what will likely happen in the in some cases to prevent develop- Greg McDonald, Lucas Shaw, Chris DuRoss urban areas of the Wasatch Front ment in unsafe locations. Develop- Energy and Mineral Resources David Tabet Robert Gloyn, Robert Blackett, Roger Bon, when a magnitude 6.5 or greater ment on pre-existing landslides is a Thomas Chidsey, Bryce T. Tripp, Craig Morgan, earthquake occurs here. On average, particular concern in the area due to J. Wallace Gwynn, Jeff Quick, Kevin McClure, Sharon Wakefield, Carolyn Olsen, Cheryl such earthquakes occur about every the possibility that they can be reacti- Gustin, Tom Dempster, Mike Kirschbaum, 120 years in the Wasatch Front area, vated by wet conditions, earth- Brigitte Hucka, Dallas Rippy, Taylor Boden and every 50 years in all of Utah. quakes, and changes to slopes and Geologic Mapping Grant Willis The Richfield magnitude 6.5 event in ground water accompanying devel- Hellmut Doelling, Jon King, Douglas Sprinkel, Janice Higgins, Kent Brown, Michael Wright, 1901 and the Hansel Valley magni- opment. At what point does the risk Bob Biek, Basia Matyjasik, Lisa Brown tude 6.6 event in 1934 are historic from geologic hazards get elevated to Geologic Information and Outreach examples. HAZUS, a computer a level that either requires mitigation Sandra Eldredge, William Case Christine Wilkerson, Mage Yonetani, model developed by FEMA that prior to development or prevents Patricia Stokes, Mark Milligan, Carl Ege, allows simulation of the potential Continued on page 3... Rob Nielson, Jeff Campbell Survey Notes is published three times yearly by Utah Geological Survey, 1594 W. North Temple, Suite 3110, Salt Lake City, Utah Environmental Sciences Michael Lowe 84116; (801) 537-3300. The UGS is an applied scientific agency that creates, evaluates, and distributes information about Utah’s James Kirkland, Charles Bishop, Janae Wallace, geologic environment, resources, and hazards to promote safe, beneficial, and wise use of land. The UGS is a division of the Martha Hayden, Hugh Hurlow, Kim Nay, Department of Natural Resources. Single copies of Survey Notes are distributed free of charge within the United States and Cana- Don DeBlieux, Matt Butler, Neil Burk da and reproduction is encouraged with recognition of source. Copies are available at http://geology.utah.gov/surveynotes ISSN 1061-7930 S URVEY N OTES 1 Improving Our Understanding of Earthquake Hazards in Utah by Gary E. Christenson Introduction Earthquakes continue to make headlines worldwide. Recent earthquakes in coastal California near San Simeon (magnitude 6.5; December 22, 2003; 2 killed) and in Bam, Iran (magnitude 6.6; December 26, 2003; more than 40,000 killed) dramatically demonstrate how earthquake risk W a depends not only on earthquake size, but also on the num- s CW a ber of people living near the epicenter and on local build- tc h ing and land-use practices. Because Utah’s population is fa BS u concentrated along the Wasatch Front in the state’s area of lt greatest earthquake hazard, wise building and land-use Alluvium and debris-flow deposits practices based on a thorough understanding of earth- debris-flow deposits quake hazards are essential. Alluvium and Earthquake hazards include a wide variety of damaging debris-flow deposits geologic effects, including strong ground shaking, surface Photo-log of a fault trench across the Provo segment of the Wasatch faulting, liquefaction, and landslides. Each of these haz- fault at Rock Canyon in Provo showing the fault and a scarp-derived ards is unique in how often and where it occurs, how colluvial wedge (CW) that was deposited following the faulting event damaging it is, and how well scientists understand it. The and that buried a soil (BS) radiocarbon dated at 550 years old, indicat- ing the approximate time of the earthquake. Utah Geological Survey (UGS) performs and supports oth- ers performing studies to better understand each hazard, grant from the USGS, and final working group plans for show it on hazards maps, and use the information to future earthquake-hazards maps are posted on the UGS reduce risks. Web site (geology.utah.gov). Earthquake Working Groups In a parallel process, the UGS established the Utah Quater- nary Fault Parameter Working Group, also partially fund- To help set priorities for earthquake studies in Utah, and ed by the USGS, to develop a consensus among paleoseis- in particular to develop a consensus among experts on mologists regarding earthquake timing, slip rates, and earthquake-hazards mapping needs, the UGS in coopera- recurrence intervals for Utah’s Quaternary faults. Quater- tion with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has estab- nary faults are those that have moved in the past 1.6 mil- lished formal Ground Shaking, Liquefaction, and Earth- lion years and thus are considered capable of producing quake-Induced Landslide Working Groups to define modern earthquakes. Fault parameters such as earth- research programs to produce new earthquake hazards quake timing, slip rates, and recurrence intervals are maps. The working groups include geologists, engineers, important in making the probabilistic earthquake ground- seismologists, and geophysicists from Utah State Universi- shaking maps used in the International Building Code ty (USU), Brigham Young University (BYU), University of (IBC) and in the design and retrofit of bridges and dams in Utah (U. of U.), UGS, USGS, and various consulting com- Utah. Fault experts from the UGS, USGS, U.S. Bureau of panies and other state agencies. Working groups met in Reclamation, other state geological surveys, and various early 2003 and agreed upon the types of maps needed, universities and consulting companies have analyzed new data required, and data-collection and mapping tech- fault-trenching data and met to develop consensus values niques. A summary of the process, funded through a for the important fault parameters. 2 S URVEY N OTES Faults Faults are the source of earthquakes, and a thorough understanding of their characteristics is necessary, both for estimating levels of ground shaking for building design and for recognizing where surface fault rupture may occur. When estimating levels of ground shaking, the fre- quency and size of past large earthquakes along each fault must be determined. To do this, geologists evaluate a fault’s history by analyzing scarps, mapping displaced surficial geologic units, and digging trenches to determine ages of geologic units. Preliminary results of such a study are described in the accompanying article in this issue on the Mapleton “megatrench.” In 2003, the UGS published a new map and database sum- marizing what is presently known about prehistoric large earthquakes and rates of earthquake activity on faults in Utah (UGS Map 193DM).
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