Index

accountability, 348 Arctic region, 189 achondrites, 20-21, 44, 46 Argand, E., 185 acmite, 104 Argentina, 294 acritarchs, 12, 297-298, 303,304, 306 argon-argon dating, 259, 261 actualism, 246 arid regions, 45, 244 Africa, 42, 106, 221,223, 233 Arizona, 22, 28, 29-30, 31,245 palynology, 281,285, 287, 290, 293, 298, 300, 302 Arkhangelsky, A. D., 242 Agelopoulos, J., 297 armalcolite, 35 Ager, D. V., 254, 255,258, 259, 261 Armstrong, G., 82 A~rali, B., 285 Arrhenius, G., 245 Agterberg, E P., 79, 80 artificial intelligence, 80 Ahlburg, J., 70 Artyushenkov, E. V., 194 Aitchison, J., 79 Asilomar Conference (1969), 201,202 Alabama, 290 Aslanyan, A. T., 194 Alaska, 206,207 Association of GCR Contributors, 335 Albertao, G. A., 266 asteroids, 18, 20, 21, 22-25, 245, 259, 261-262 Alberti, G., 295-296 Aston, F., 177 albite, 102, 106 astrogeology, 10, 31 Alfv6n, H., 25 astronomic analysis, and climatic variations, 245 algae, 281,284, 285,296, 301,304 Atlantic Ocean, 219-221,224-225, 242, 243 Algeria, 129 atlases, 64 algorithms, 77 atomic absorption spectrometry, 245 alkali-alumina silicate system, 106 Atwater, T., 201,202, 203 Alkins, W. E., 75 Aubry, M.-P., 258, 261,266 All6gre, C., 80 augite, 104 Allen, E. T., 109 aurora polaris, 229, 236 Allen, J. R. L., 243, 244 Australia, 42, 45, 50, 262, 341 Allen, P., 75 palynology, 287, 292, 294, 295,296, 299, 301,302 almandine, 133 Austria, 289 Alpern, B., 289 autofluorescence intensity, 293 Alps, 117-118, 135, 149, 186, 207,242 Althaus, E., 128 alumina-silica system, 103 Babbitt, B., 340 Alvarez, L., 41,246 B~ickstr6m, H., 100 Alvarez, W., 42, 246, 261,265,266 Backus, G. E., 236 American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists, bacterial life, 48--49, 50 303-304, 305,306 baddeleyite, 34 American Geological Institute, 340 Bagnold, R. A., 243, 244 ammonites, 12, 254-255, 256, 265,266, 267 Bahamas, 243 Ampere, A-M., 235 Bailey, E., 206 amphibolite, 103, 127, 128, 129, 133, 154 Bailey, R. J., 266 anchimetamorphosis, 244 Bailly, L., 68 andalusite, 118, 128, 146, 150 Baker, H. A., 74 Andersen, O., 109 Baldwin, R. B., 26-28, 29, 31, 40 Anderson, R. Y., 80 Balme, B. E., 287 andesite, 103 Balte~, N., 289, 297 anellotubulates, 302 Baltic regions 283,284, 285,301, see also Scandinavia annealing, simulated, 86 Baltic Sea, 242 Anning, M., 335 Banks, R., 236 anorthite, 34, 48, 101, 102, 103 bar-chart, 68-70 anorthosites, 34, 35, 129 bar-code effect, 257 Antarctica, 22, 129, 187, 258 bar-graph, 64 meteorite recovery, 44-45, 46-48, 264 Baranov, B. V., 192 apatite, 34 Barbados, 284 apophyllite, 64 Barents Sea, 243 Arabian Gulf, 242, 243 Barghoorn, E. S., 302 Archaean Eon, 50, 190 Barnett, S. J., 235 archaeology, 80, 86, 258 Barr-Andlau granite, 116-117, 145-146 354 INDEX

Barrande, J., 68-70 Boltwood, B. B., 169 Barrell, J., 172 Boneham, R. F., 301 Barringer, D. M., 30 Bonham-Carter, G. E, 77, 81, 85 Barrow, George, 118, 124, 127, 128, 129, 146-7, 159, Borda, J. C., 233 160 Borissyak, A., 185 Barss, M. S., 287 boron, 244 Bartels, J., 232, 233-234, 236-237 Borukayev, C., 190 Barth, T. E W., 124 Boswell, P. G. H., 4 Bartlett, H. H., 281 Bouch6, P. M., 300 basalts, 103, 104 Bout, A., 115, 144 basalt-andesite-rhyolite series, 103 Bowen, N. L., 7, 99-111,120, 128, 129, 132, 153, 160 basaltic cycles, 173 Bowie, W., 5,177 basaltic lunar rocks, 34, 35, 37 Boynton, W. V., 41 magmas, 104, 106, 107 Bozhko, N. A., 188, 190 meteorites, 20, 46 brachiopods, 254, 256 basin analysis and modelling 6, 81,245,246, see Bragg, W. L., 172, 242 also multiring basins Bratsheva, G. M., 289 Bauer, L. A., 231,233 Brauns, R., 148, 156, 158 Baur, E., 155, 156 Bravais, A., 59 Bayesian methods, 85-86 Brazil, 266, 280, 287, 293,299, 300, 341 Beals, C. S., 26 Breislak, S, 116 Becke, F., 118, 122, 147,148-149, 153,155, 158, 159, 160 Breithaupt, F., 147 Becker, G. F., 100, 103,160-161 Brett, R., 253-254 Becker, H., 70 Bretz, J. H., 4%50 Beju, D., 300 Briden, J., 345 Bekker, H., 301 Briggs, L. I., 81 belemnites, 264 Brinkmarm, R., 75 Belgium, 285, 297, 298 British Association for the Advancement of Science, Beloussov, V. V., 9, 186, 187, 188, 193, 195 170, 171-172, 177 Bemmelen, W. van, 231 British Geological Survey (BGS), 343-344, 345 Bennie, J., 279 British Institute for Geological Conservation Bentall, R., 281,284 (BIGC), 335 Benton, M. J., 336, 337 British Museum (Natural History) 342, see also bentonites, 259 Natural History Museum Bequerel, H., 168 BrOgger, W. C., 100, 101,109, 121,147, 162 Berann, H., 221 bronzite, 44 Bering Sea, 243 Brosius, M., 298 Bertrand, P., 281 Brower, J. C., 80 Berwerth, F., 149 Brown, A. C., 301 Bharadwaj, D. C., 287 Brzozowska, M., 289 Birmey, E. W., 278 Bucher, W. H., 223 biostratigraphy, 7-8,254-256, 259, 261,264, 266-267, Buckman, S. S., 252, 262, 264, 265, 267 306 Bulgaria, 297 use of mathematic methods, 70, 80, 86 Bull, A. J., 176 Biot, J. B., 66 Bullard, E. C., 201,229, 234, 235-236 biotite, 118, 120, 129, 146, 151 Bunsen, R., 100 Bird, J., 201,202, 203,206 Burbridge, P. P., 290 Bischof, C. G, 146, 162 Burchfiel, C., 201,206, 207 Bitterli, P., 298 Burger, D., 292 Bitzer, K., 81 Burma, B. H,, 75 Black, G. P., 334, 337 Burtman, V., 189 Black Sea, 242 Busk, G., 66 Blackburn, K., 285 Butler, R. F., 211 Blackett, P. M. S., 229, 234, 235 Butler, Sir C., 345 Blake, C., 201,206, 207 Butterworth, M. A., 285 Bloxham, J., 236 Bocharova, N. YU., 191 Boeke, H. E., 156, 161 Caby, R., 131 Bogatikov, O. A., 190, 192 Cagniard, L., 236 Bogdanov, N. A., 186, 191,194 calcite, 151 Bohemia, 62 calcium aluminium-rich inclusions (CAIs), 19 Boisse, A. A., 23, 37 California, 129, 201-202, 205-206, 210, 243 Bolivia, 280 Callomon, J. H., 255,264, 267 Bolkhovitina, N. A., 289 Camargo, Z. A., 41-42 INDEX 355

Cambrian, 255,256 chronostratigraphy, 80, 252, 254, 259-262 Camerarius, R. J., 274 Churchill, D. M., 296 Cameron, A. G. W., 43, 44 CIPW norm, 75, 108, 152-153 Campau, D. E., 300 Clarke, R. F. A., 288, 297 Canada, 244, 341 classifications palynology, 280, 281,287,298, 302 acritarehs, 297 plate tectonics, 204-205,206-207 metamorphic rocks, 149-150, 152-153 carbon isotopes, 258 oil and gas basins, 192 carbonaceous chondrites, 18-19, 44 clathrates, 246 carbonados, 20 clays, 62, 242, 244 carbonate formations, 242, 244, 245 Clayton, R. N., 37 Carboniferous, 255 cleavage, 149 carbonization measurement, 293 Clemens, J., 133 carborundum, 20 Clements, R. G., 342 Carey, S. W., 223 Clendening, J. A., 290 Caribbean, 223 climate change, 346 Carle, S. F., 86 climatic variations, and astronomic analysis, 245 Carnegie Institution Department of International clinopyroxenite, 20, 131 Research into Terrestrial Magnetism (DTM), coalification, 244 230, 231,233, 234, 236 coals, and palynology, 278, 280, 281,285, 305 Carpathians, 186 coastal environments, 244 carpholite, 131 coesite, 127, 131,246 Carruthers, W., 278 cold seeps, 246 Carson, R., 331 collecting, 12-13, 333-342 cartography, oceanographic 215-226, see also Collinson, C., 300-301 mapping Colombia, 293 Castaing, R., 125 Colorado, 79, 298 catastrophism, 7 compaction of sediments, 244 Catell, R. B., 77 computational mineralogy, 86 Cayeux, L., 241,242, 302 computers, 76--80 Cenozoic, base of, 265 computer-generated images, 84--85 cephalopods, 254, 264 programs for mineral equilibration, 130-131 Chalk, 62 simulation 79, 81-82, 86, see also models Chalmers, N., 343 Computers & Geosciences, 79, 83 Chamberlin, T. C., 5, 74, 76, 79, 170 Coney, P. J., 201,207, 212 Channel Tunnel, 62 conservation, 12-13,327-346 Channeled Scablands, Washington State, 48-50 contact metamorphism, 115-118, 122-123, 144-146, Chao, E. T., 31 148, 150, 159 chaotic processes, 83-84 contaminant transport, computer-based models, Chaperon, G., 100 81--82, 86 Chapman, S., 231-232, 233-234, 236-237 continental drift, 4-5, 171-176, 180, 181,185-187, Charmouth, Dorset, 336, 340 199-200, 203,223, 224, 226 chassignites, 20-21 continental environments, 244 Chayes, F., 79 continental geology, and terrane theory, 199-212 chemical equilibrium see mineral equilibrium continuous reflection seismics, 245 chemo-stratigraphy, 258, 261 convection currents, 175-176, 187, 191-192, 223 cherts, 50, 205, 206, 207, 208, 244, 284 Conway Morris, S., 261 Chesnokov, B. V., 131 Cookson, I. C., 292, 295 chi-squared test, 75 Cooley, J. W., 77 chiastolite, 146 Coombs, D. S., 128 Chicxulub Crater, Mexico, 7, 8, 20, 41-42, 246, 261, Cooper, C. L., 285 262 Cordier, L., 115 Childress, S., 236 cordierite, 118, 146, 150 China, 76, 189, 261,331,343 Cordillera, North America, 204-205, 206-207, 208 palynology, 289, 301,302 correlation 252, see also stratigraphy chitinozoans, 285,300, 306 Correns, C. W., 124, 242 chlorite, 118, 120, 127, 129, 151 Cotta, B. von, 146 chondrites, 18-20 Couper, R. A., 294 chondrules, 18 Courtillot, V., 211,266 Chopin, C., 131 Cowling, T., 235 Chree, C., 231 Cox, A., 207, 229 Christakos, G., 86 Cox, B. M., 254 Christiansen, T., 299 Craig, J. H., 300 Chronic, J., 302 Cramer, F. H., 298 356 INDEX

Crawford, S. L., 86 Delesse, A., 116, 133 Creager, J. S., 77 deltaic environments, 244 Creer, K., 234 Den Tex, E., 129, 133-134 Cressie, N. A. C., 83, 85 Denmark, 262, 264, 265 Cretaceous, 255,256, 258, 260 density plot, 76 Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary see K/T boundary depth-zones see zonography cristobalite, 34, 105 desert facies, 244 Croatia, 278 Dettman, M., 294 Croll, J., 245,257 Deunff, J., 298 Croneis, C., 284 deuterium, 27 Cropp, E W., 290 Deutsch, C. V., 86 Cross, A. T., 290, 291 Devonian, 255 Cross, W., 75 Dewey, J. F., 201,202, 203,207, 209, 212 crystallization-differentiation, 99-110 diagenesis, 242, 244-245 crystallography, use of mathematical methods, 70, 75 diagrams, 68, 70 Cubitt, John M., 80 diamond-anvil techniques, 127 cultural change, 13, 328-329 diamonds and microdiamonds, 20, 22, 131 Curie, M. and P., 168 Dickinson, W. R., 201,202, 206, 211 Curtis, C., 244 Dieterich, J. H., 81 Cushman, J. A., 242 Dietz, R. S., 31,246, 252 cyclicity and cyclo-stratigraphy, 80, 243,245, 246, 257 differential heating, 175 Czechoslovakia, 285,289 diffusion, 103 Dijkstra, S. J., 285 dinoflagellates, 279-280, 281-284, 294-298, 303,304, Daemon, R., 293 305, 306 Dale, B., 297-298 Dinosaur Coast Project, 338 Dalrymple, B., 229 dinosaurs, 7, 8, 41,246, 255-256, 265-266 Daly, R. A., 29, 100, 101,103, 108, 170, 180, 243 and conservation, 340, 341,342, 343 Dana, J. D., 5, 62 DinoSys database, 304 Danian, 265 diogenites, 20, 22 Danner, W. R., 204 diopside, 102, 103,150 d'Aoust, V., 133 Dobretsov, N. L., 190, 191,194 Darcy, H., 75-76 Dodekova, L., 297 Darwin, C., 4, 108 Doel, R. E., 229, 230 Darwin, George H., 24-25 Doelter, C., 104, 158 Daubr6e, G. A., 113, 115-116, 117, 127 Dollfus, G. F., 62 Daugherty, L. H., 281 dolomites, 244 Dausse, B., 64 Dott, R. H. Jr, 256, 257, 258, 260, 266 Davey, R. J., 298 Doubinger, J., 300 David, M., 82 Doughty, P. S., 341-342, 343 Davidson, S. E., 297 Douglas, A. G., 301 Davis, G., 201,206, 207 Downie, C., 296-297, 298, 299 Davis, J., 77 Doyle, J. A., 291 Dawson, J. W., 280 Drew, L. J., 79 Day, A. L., 101,103,104,107, 109-110,158-159, 161 drilling, 243,245 De Coninck, J., 297 Drugg, W. S., 291 De Haas, J., 235 Du Toit, A., 4, 180, 200 De Jersey, N. J., 292 Dubinin, E., 187 De Lapparent, A., 62, 117 Duff, K. L., 334 De Launay, L., 66 Duisburg, H. von, 278 De Roever, W. P., 131,133 Dulhunty, J. A., 287 De Solla Price, D. J., 1, 2, 3, 13 dune environments, 244 D6ak, M. H., 302 dunite, 21, 35, 103 Deane, H., 281,301-302 Dunn, D. L., 301 deep-Earth dynamics, 191 Dunoyer de Segonzac, G., 244 deep-Earth magnetic phenomena, 231 Dupain-Triel, J. I., 59 Deep-Sea Drilling Project, 245, 246, 257-258, 259, Durocher, J., 100, 116, 146 304 dynamometamorphism, 117 deep-sea fans and sands, 243, 245 deep-sea hot vents, 246 deep-sea troughs, 223 Earth deep-seated faults, 186 age of, 19, 167-171,178-180, 254 Deflandre, G., 283, 294, 295,301,302, 304 core, 187 Degens, E. T., 246 core-mantle boundary, 229 INDEX 357

Earth - continued errors, theory of, 71 crust, 188, 190, 193, 194, 199 Eskola, P., 121, 122-123, 124, 131, 147, 153, 154 crust-mantle boundary, 42 Eslinger, P. W., 86 crustal conductivity, 229, 232, 236 Estonia, 280, 301 eras of Earth history, 42--43, 51 eucrites, 20, 22 expansion hypothesis, 9, 194, 223, 225, 226 eustasy, 6 first life on, 50-51 eutectics, 100, 102, 106 first viewed from space, 34, 329 Evans, J. W., 172 giant impact hypothesis, 43-44 Evans, P. R., 301 interior, Boisse's "onion shell"model, 23 evaporites, 81,243,244 layering, 187 event stratigraphy 255,258-262, see also extinction lithosphere, 190, 191, 193-194 events main magnetic field 231,232, 235-236, see also Evitt, W. R., 296, 297, 301,303 geomagnetism Ewing, M., 215, 218, 223 mantle, 131,173-174, 187, 188, 191 Explorer 1, 23 oldest dated microfossils, 50 exponential growth-curve, 68 oldest dated minerals, 19 extinction events, 7, 8, 41--42, 246, 261,262 oldest dated rock outcrops, 19 orbit, cyclic variations, 245 thermal history, 173 fabric, 242, 245 upper atmosphere, 229, 236 facies studies, 76-77, 244, 245 earth science, major branches, 8 factor analysis, 77 earthquake-induced turbidity currents, 215, 223 Faegri, K., 303 earthquakes, 60, 74, 86, 192, 221 fast Fourier transform (FFT), 77, 80 eclogites, 120, 122, 127, 134-135, 194 faulting, 186,191,225 econometric data, graphical portrayal, 64, 70 fayalite, 106 ectinite, 125 Fedynsky, V., 187, 192 Efron, B., 85 Feistmantel, O., 278 Efroymson, M. A., 77 feldspars, in lunar rocks, 34, 35, 38 Ehlers, E., 281 feldspathization, 116-118, 120, 148 Ehrenberg, C. G., 276-280 Felix, C. J., 290 Eichwald, E., 280 Fenner, C. N., 104-105,106 Einsele, G., 245 fergusonite, 168 Einstein, A., 235 fieldwork, 333, 334, 335 Eisenack, A., 284, 285,295, 297, 299, 301,302, 303, Finland, 154, 162 304 Fischer, A. G., 257 Eisenhart, C., 75 Fischer, C. A. H., 275 Eitel, W., 144, 158 Fischer, W., 144 electron microprobe, 125, 245 fish fossils, 258, 262, 264, 335-336, 337-338 Elie de Beaumont, L., 115-116 Fisher, O., 25, 75 Ellenberger, F., 7 Fisher, Sir R. A., 75 ellenbergerite, 131 Fletcher, C. J. N., 259 Eller, E. R., 284-285 flints, 278, 281,283, 285,294 Elsasser, W. M., 229, 234, 235 flood deposits, 48-50 Elsik, W. C., 291 fluids, role in metamorphism, 128, 131-133, 159 Emery, J. R., 75 flysch, 243 Emery, K. O., 243 fold development, modelling, 81,185, 189, 194 Emiliani, C., 245 foliation, 114, 115, 133 Emmons, W. H., 62 Folk, R. L., 243 energetics, 159 foraminifera, 242, 281,301-302 Engelhart, W. von, 243 Formery, P., 82 England, P. C., 134 forsterite, 102, 106 English Channel, 62 FORTRAN, 76, 77 English Nature, 339-340, 342, 343 Fouqu6, F., 117 enstatite, 44, 102, 104 Fournet, J., 116 environmental contamination, 81-82, 86 Fournier, J., 115 environmental geology, 86 fractal processes, 83-84, 193 environmental issues, 8, 11, 51-52, 329 fractional crystallization, 99, 100, 101,103, 106, 108 environmental reconstruction, 242, 243 fracture zones, ocean basins, 215,217, 220, 224, 225 Eocene, 262, 266 France, 115-116, 117, 244 epidote, 148 palynology, 283, 285,289, 292, 297, 298, 300, 305 Erdtman, O. G. E., 277, 303,305 Francheteau, J., 201 Eriksson, J. V., 75 Franciscan Formation, 129, 205-206, 207 Ernst, G., 206 Frankel, C., 262, 265,266 358 INDEX

Frankel, H., 5, 7 Germany - continued Fraser, G. S., 85 metamorphism, 116-118, 144-162, 296 frequency distributions, 74 palynology, 278, 279, 281,284, 287, 289, 295,297, Fresenius, G., 278 302 Friedman, G. M., 243 Ries Kessel multiring basin, 20, 31, 35, 41,246 Frisi, P., 75 giant impact hypothesis, 43-44 Fritsche, C. J., 275 Gibbs, J. W., 149,159 Fuchs, T., 280 Gilbert, G. K., 27, 28-30, 42, 243 FUchtbauer, H., 243,244 Gilbert, W., 235 Fuhrmann, S., 85 Ginsburg, R. N., 244 fusilinids, 204-205 Girard, P., 64 Glass, B. P., 262 glasses, 37, 38, 41, 46, 103, 175 gabbroic magmas, 100 Glassley, W., 81 gabbros, 35, 103, 122 glaucophane, 120, 131,133, 194 Gabrielse, H., 205 Glen, W., 5, 7, 209, 212, 258, 267 Gafford, E. L., 301 Glennie, K. W., 244 Gala hypothesis, 5 global change, 346 Galileo, 24 global crustal conductivity, 229, 232, 236 Galison, P., 160 global geodynamics, 191, 195 gallium, 22 Global Ocean Floor Analysis Research (GOFAR) Galushkin, Y., 187 expedition, 218 garnet, 114, 118, 128, 129, 132, 148, 151,159 global positioning systems (GPS), 4 Garrels, R., 5-6 Global Stratigraphic Sections and Points (GSSPs), Garrett, R. G., 85 256, 258, 265 Gault Clay, 62 gneisses, 19, 62, 120, 146, 156 Gault, D. E., 27 Gocht, H., 295-296 Gauss, C. F., 71,230, 231,232, 233 G6czfin, F., 289, 302 Geikie, A., 2 Goethe, J. W. von, 143, 144 Geinitz, F. E., 276 Gohau, G., 144 Gellibrand, H., 232 golden spikes, 256 General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO) Goldenberg, F., 278 maps, 220, 221 Goldschmidt, H., 153 Gentleman, W. M., 77 Goldschmidt, V. M., 108, 118, 121,122, 124, 128, Genton, M. G., 85 147-148, 150-162 geoblocks concept, 193-194 Goncharov, M. A., 191-192 GEOCALC, 131 Gondwana, 173, 174, 176, 187, 287 geochemical map analysis, 84 goniatites, 255 geochemistry, 62, 127, 135,211-212, 244 Good, G., 7 use of mathematical methods, 62, 64-66, 68, 75 G6ppert, H. R., 278 geochronology, 126, 135, 190, 236 Gordienko, I., 189 geodynamo, 235-236 Goriachev, A., 186 geofluxes, 246 G6rka, H., 297 geographical atlases, 64 Goubin, N., 293 geographical information systems (GIS), 85 Gough, I., 236 Geological Conservation Review Unit (GCRU), 333, Gould, S. J., 257, 265 337 Gouy, L. Y., 100 Geological Curators' Group (GCG), 333-334, 337, Grabau, A. W., 241 344 Grachev, A., 191 Geological Society, 4, 336, 337 Graham, J. W., 234 Geological Society of America, 206-207, 225 grain size, 120, 242 Geologists' Association, 335,339 Graindor, M. J., 302 geomagnetism, 4, 229-237 granites, 35, 103, 174 Geophysical Laboratory (Washington), 100-110, 127, origins, 114, 116, 120, 124-125, 127, 128-129, 158, 153, 160-161 194 GeoRefliterature database, 83, 87 granitic magmas, 100, 103, 106, 108, 125 Geoscience Data Index, 344 granulites, 114, 120, 123, 125, 129, 132-134 geostatistical techniques, 82-83, 84, 85 graph, history and development of, 63-68 geosyncline concept, 4, 205 graphic correlation, 80, 255,266 geothermobarometry, 123, 127-131,135, 147-148, 159 graphics, statistical, 59-70 Gerlach, E., 297 graphite, 20, 22 Gerling, E. K., 179 graptolites, 255,259, 301,302 germanium, 22 gravitative differentiation, 100, 103 Germany, 338, 343 gravity anomalies, 223, 233 INDEX 359

Grayson, J. F., 302 Hildebrand, A. R., 41 Greenland, Skaergaard Intrusion, 106 Hillhouse, J., 207-208 Greenleaf, J., 70 Hillier, J., 125 Greenough, G. B., 115 Hinde, G. J., 281 Greig, G. W., 103, 109 Hjulstrom curve, 243 Gressly, A., 243 Ho, C. H., 86 Grew, N., 273-274 Ho-kwang Mao, 127 Griffiths, J. C., 75, 79 Hoeken-Klinkenberg, P. M. J. van, 293 Grim, R. E., 242 Hoffmeister, W. S., 290 Gripenberg, S., 242 HoUister, C. D., 218 grossular, 150 Holm, G., 280 Groth, P., 146 Holmes, A., 1, 4, 5, 9, 70, 108, 127, 167-183, 234 Grout, F. F., 70, 108 Hoist, N. O., 276 growth of science, 1-3 Hooker, J. D., 278,280 Gruas-Cavagnetto, C., 292 Hopkins, W., 75 Grubenmann, U., 118, 144, 147, 149-150, 159, 162 hornfelses, 122, 124, 128, 146, 150, 152, 153, 155 Gubbins, D., 236 hot fields, 190, 191 Guennel, G. K., 291 hot spots, 190, 191 Guinier, R., 125 Houlding, S. W., 85 Gulf of Aden, 223 House, M. R., 257 Gulf of Mexico, 242, 243,246 Houtermans, F. G., 179 Gupta, V. J., 255 Hovasse, R., 302 Gutjahr, C. C. M., 293 Howard, E. C., 18, 21 Guy-Ohlson, D., 292 howardites, 20 Guyana, 293 Howell, D. G., 208, 209, 211 Gzovsky, M., 186 Hsti, K. J., 5, 258-259 Hubbert, M. K., 76 Huber, P. J., 85 Habib, D., 290, 304 Hudson, J. D., 265-266 Hackman, R. J., 31 Hughes, N. F., 294, 295, 297 Hacquebard, P. A., 287 Hulshof, O. K., 303 Hadean Eon, 42-43 Humboldt, A. von, 60, 64, 230, 233, 234 Hager, D., 30 Humboldt Current, 280 Haidinger, W., 144, 162 Hungary, 289, 299 Haiti, 262 Hunt, R., 66 Hall, Sir J., 3, 115, 127, 149 Hutton, J., 114-115, 133, 136 Hallam, A., 4, 5 hydrocarbon generation, 192 Halley, E., 60, 232, 235 hydrogeochemistry, 86 Hamilton, W. B., 201,202, 206, 207, 210 hydrogeology, 62, 68, 75-76, 81, 83, 86 Hansteen, C., 232 hydrology, 64, 76 Haq, B. U., 245 hydrothermal experiments, 128, 131-133 Harbaugh, J. W., 81 hypersthene, 150 Harker, A., 100, 108, 118, 124, 127, 147, 159, 161 hystrichospheres, 283,284, 294, 297, 298 Harness, H., 62 Hart, G. F., 285, 287 Hartmann, W. K., 40, 43 Ibrahim, A. C., 281 Haughton, S., 74 ichor, 121, 125, 129, 133 HaPly, R-J., 127 Iddings, J. P., 66, 68, 70, 75, 100, 108 Hays, J., 245 Iggers, G. G., 330 heavy minerals, 242 igneous petrology, 11, 99-111 HED achondrites, 20 Illing, L. V., 243, 245 Hedberg, H., 192 Illinois, 290, 300-301 hedenbergite, 105 illite, 244 Hedlund, R. W., 290 ilmenite, 34, 35 Heezen, B. C., 2154226 image-processing techniques, 84-85 Heim, A., 3 Imbrie, J., 77, 80 helium, 168, 177 impact breccias, 34 Herder, M. von, 68 impact events, 258-259, 261-262 heritage, 335,339-340, 343 impact generated tsunami deposits, 246 H~ron de Villefosse, A. M., 64 impact hypothesis for Moon's origin, 43--44 Herschel, Sir J. F. W., 64 impact scars, 51 Herzenberg, A., 236 impact-generated fireballs, 20 Hess, H., 8, 223,246 impact-generated multiring basins, 38-42, 46, Hide, R., 236 245-246 360 INDEX impactites 246, see also shock metamorphism Kansas, 77-79, 83,301 India, 281,287, 293,303, 331 Kar, R. K., 293,294 Indian Ocean, 221,223,226, 243 Karasik, A. M., 189 Inman, D. L., 74 Karaulov, V. B., 189 instrumentation, 84 Karczewska, J., 289 International Association for Mathematical Geology Kawai, N., 127 (IAMG), 79 Kay, M., 4 International Commission on Stratigraphy, 256 Kazmin, V. G., 189, 191 International Geological Congresses, 79, 30, 31,186, Kedves, M., 289 189, 193 Keilhau, B. M., 153 International Geological Correlation Programme Kelvin, Lord, 167, 254 (IGCP), 80, 262 Kennedy, W. Q., 104 International Geophysical Year (IGY), 221,230 Keondjian, V. P., 187 International Indian Ocean Expedition (1964), 221, Keppen, A. de, 62 226 Kerchman, V., 192 ionosphere, 4, 236 Kerguelen Archipelago, 292 Iowa, 261,301 kerogen alteration, 244 iridium, 7, 8, 41, 42, 246, 261,262, 264-265 Khain, V. E., 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191,192, 193, iron, 18, 21-23, 34, 104-106 194 Irving, E., 211,234 Khlonova, A. F., 288 Irwin, P., 206, 207 Khramov, A. N., 189 isoline maps, 59-62 Kidston, E. J., 301 isostasy, 5 Kidston, R., 278-279, 281 isotopes, 169, 177 Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., 299 dating 18, 19, 35, 86, 125-127, 135, 258, see also kimberlites, 192 radiometric dating kinematic models, 81 tracing, 127 King, C., 167 Italy, 261,262, 265, 280-281 King, P. B., 205-206 Iversen, J., 277, 303 Kirdyashin, A., 191 Kirk, G., 181 Klaus, W., 289 Jacobs, J. A., 236-237 Klement, K. W., 296 Jaggar, T. A., 101, 109 Klenova, M. V., 243 Jameson, R., 115 Kleshev, K. A., 192 Jansonius, J., 297, 298, 300, 301,305 Klumpp, B., 297 Japan, 44, 129, 134, 294 Knipper, A. L., 187, 189 Javandrel, I., 81 Knowles, J., 68 Jaworowska, Z., 299 Koeberl, C., 261 Jeffrey, E. C., 281 Koenigsberger, J., 156, 159 Jeffreys, Sir H., 258 Kolk, S. van der, 62 Jenkins, W. A. M., 301 Koopman, B., 79 Jizba, Z. V., 79 Koronovsky, N. V., 188, 189, 190 Jodry, R. I., 300 Koroteev, V., 189 Johnson, E. A., 234 Kosanke, R. M., 281,290 Johnston, A. W., 244 Kossygin, Y. U., 186 Johnston, J., 153, 158 Kovalev, A. A., 187, 192 Joly, J., 173 Kozlowski, R., 299, 301 Jones, D. L., 202, 206, 207-208, 209 Kozur, H., 299, 300 Jones, W., 236 Krasny, L. I., 193 Journel, A., 82 Kr/iusel, R., 284 Joy, S., 85 Kravchinsky, A., 189 Judd, J. W., 100, 132 KREEP, 34-35 Jukes-Browne, 251 Kremp, G. O. W., 285,303,304 Jung, J., 125 Krige, D. G., 82 Jupiter, 23, 40 kriging, 82 Jurassic, 254-255,256 Kring, D. A., 41 Jurassic Coast Project, 340 Krishtofovich, A., 185 Jux, U., 299 Kropotkin, P. N., 185, 186, 188, 194 Kruit, C. K., 244 Krumbein, W. C., 68, 74-75, 76-77, 79, 80, 242 K/Tboundary, 7, 20, 41-42, 246, 255, 258, 261,262, Kucheruk, E. V., 192 264,265,266 Kuenen, P. H., 243, 246 Kalibov~-K~serov~,M.,289 Kuhn, T. S., 4, 195, 224 kamadte, 21 kukersite, 301 INDEX 361

Kullenberg, B., 245 Loewinson-Lessing, F. Y., 7, 100, 103 Kfitzing, F. T., 281 logratio transformation, 79 Kuzrnin, M. I., 187, 191,192 Lohmann, H., 280 kyanite, 118, 128, 148 Lombard, A., 246 Lomize, M., 187 Longacre, A., 235 labradorite, 34 Longwell, C., 174 Lagerheim, G., 276 lonsdaleite, 20 Lagorio, A., 100 Love, L. G., 285, 302 Lahiri, B. N., 236 Lowell, P., 45 Lakatos, I., 5 Lucas, J., 62 Lallemand, C., 62 Lucas, S. G., 255-256 Lamb, C. L. E., 133 L~ick, H., 279 Lambert, J. H., 64 Ludlow Bone Bed, 265 Lamont Geological Observatory, 215, 217-218, 223, Ludwig, R., 281 225 Lyell, Sir C., 2, 5, 68, 70, 115, 144 land bridge theory, 173, 180 Lyman, B., 62 Lange, F. W., 299, 300 Lyme Regis, Dorset, 336, 340 Lapworth, C., 3 Larmor, J., 235 Larsen, G., 244 Ma Xingyan, 189 Laudan, L., 5 McArthur, J. M., 258, 259, 266 lava flows, time-lapse mapping, 62-63 McCall, J., 259 Lawson, R., 169, 171,174 McCammon, R. B., 77 Le Chatelier, H. R., 148, 149 MacDonald, G. J. F., 25 Le Grand, H. E., 5 McDougall, I., 229 Le Pichon, X., 189, 200 McDougall, K. A., 208 lead isotopes, 177-178 Maceachren, A. M., 85 least squares method, 71 McGee, W. J., 168 Leeder, M., 260 McGregor, D. C., 287, 305 Lef6vre, M., 284 Mclntyre, D. B., 77 Leffingwell, H. A., 291 Mclntyre, D. J., 294 Legendre, A. M., 71 McKay, D. S., 48 legislation for conservation, 334-335,338 McKee, E. D., 244, 302 Legler, V. A., 188 McKenzie, D. P., 200, 203 leiospheres, 284, 297 Mack6, S., 289, 302 Leitch, D., 75 MacLeod, N., 266 Lejeune-Carpentier, M., 283,294 Madagascar, 293 Lentin, J. K., 304 M~idler, K., 289, 297, 299 Leonhard, G., 158 Madsen, B. M., 31 Leopold, E. B., 302 magma, lunar, 38 Leschik, G., 287 magmatism, 99-110, 114, 116, 120,127-129, 132-135, Levet-Carette, J., 292 175, 190 L6vy, A. M., 64, 68, 70 magnesiowt~stites, 106 Lewis, G. N., 101 magnesium-carpholite, 131 Lewis, H. P., 284 magnesium-rich troctolite, 35 Liabeuf, J.-J., 289 magnetic anomalies, 189, 233 Lichkov, B., 185 magnetic reversal, 180-181, 199, 207, 229, 233-234, 236 lignites, 62, 278, 305 magnetic storms, 231 limestones, 62, 244, 261 magnetism, terrestrial, 230-231,232, 235-236 Lindberg, H., 276 magnetization, lunar, 35 Lindgren, W., 101 magneto-stratigraphy, 257-258 line-graphs, 64-68 magnetohydrodynamic wave hypothesis, 236 linolotubulates, 302 magnetometers, 234 Liou, J. C., 131 magnetosphere, 229, 236 liquid immiscibility, 99, 100, 103-104 magnetotellurics, 236 Lisitsin, A. P., 190, 192, 243 Maier, D., 297 Lister, R. J., 298 Maliavkina, V. S., 288 literature see publication rates; research literature Mallet, R., 60 lithostratigraphy, 80, 264 Malpighi, M., 274 Lithuania, 285 Manchester Museum, England, 266 Liuber, A. A., 281 Mandelbrot, B. B., 84 Lobeck, A. K., 215,219 Mantell, G. A., 279 Lobkovsky, L. I., 190, 192, 193 Manten, A. A., 303,304 362 INDEX mapping meteorites, 18-23, 27 computer, 76-77 isotopic dating, 18 lithofacies, 76-77 parent bodies, 18, 19, 22-23 Moon, 30-31, 32 terrestrial impact craters, 7, 8, 26, 30, 31, 40-42, ocean floor, 215-226 127, 245 palinspastic, 189 terrestrial recovery expeditions, 44--45, 46-48 statistical, 59-70 meteorology, 63-64, 229 terranes, 208 methane gas hydrates, 243,245,246 marginal seas, 191 Mexico, 7, 8, 20, 41-42, 246, 261,262, 266 marine palynomorphs, 304, 306 Meyerhoffer, W., 148 marine sedimentation, 81,242, 243 Miall, A. D., 260-261 Markov schemes, 79-80, 83, 86 micas, 128, 146 Mars, 10, 23, 45-50 Michel-Lrvy, A., 117, 120 atmosphere, 46 Michigan, 301 flood deposits, 48-50 micropalaeontology 242-243,245,256, 273, see also impact craters, 46 palynology life on, 48-50 microscopy, 116, 125, 144, 146, 245,274, 303, 304 meteorites from, 45, 46-48 microtektites, 262 moons, 24 Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 217-221,224, 225,226 multiring basins, 40, 46 Miesch, A. T., 79 soils, 46 migmatites, 121,124-125, 129, 132 Marschallinger, R., 85 Mikhaylov, A., 193 Marshall, A. E., 301 Milankovich cycles, 80, 245, 246, 257 Martin, F., 298 Milanovsky, E. E., 188, 191,194 Martinet, J. F., 274-275 Miller, H., 68 Marvin, U. B., 5, 261 Miller, T. H., 301 Mascart, E., 232 Millman, P. M., 26 Mason, B., 33 Millot, G., 242 Mason, S. L., 144 Milne, S., 74 mass spectrometry, 23, 125, 177, 245 Minard, C. J., 62, 70 Massalongo, A., 281 mineral deposits and plate tectonics, 192 Mathematical Geology, 79, 83 mineral equilibrium of metamorphic rocks 128-133, mathematical geology, 59-97 143, 147, 150, see also phase rule mathematical modelling, 75-76, 81 mineral facies, 123, 124, 125, 129-131,154, 160 mathematical morphology, 84 mineralogy, 11, 64, 66, 68, 86, 245 Mather, K. F., 144 mining, 64, 66-68, 75, 82, 85, 86 Matheron, G., 82, 84 Mints, M. V., 190 Matsushita, S., 237 Mirchink, G., 185 Maunder, A., 231 Mirlin, E., 191 Maxwell, J. C., 132, 231,232 Mississippi, 290 Mazarovich, O. A., 189 Mississippi delta, 244 Meinzer, O. E., 76 Missoula, Lake, 50 melanosclerites, 285, 302 Mitscherlich, E., 149 melt rocks, 20, 34, 129, 246 Miyashiro, A., 113, 128, 131,134, 135, 143, 144, 159 melting temperatures (granite/gabbro), 103 mobilism see continental drift; plate tectonics Menard, H. W., 3-4, 5,225,258 models, 79, 81--82, 86, 245 Men~ndez, Cc. A., 294 basin analysis, 6, 81,245, 246 Menlo Park see US Geological Survey fold development, 81,185, 189, 194 Mercanton, P. L., 235 mathematical, 75-76, 192 Mercury, 24 plate tectonics, 190-192, 193,203, 205 Merriam, D. F., 77-79 'modes' of science, 13 Merrill, G. P., 30 molasse, 242 Merrill, J. A., 280 Molengraaf, G. A. F., 172 mesosiderites, 22 Molnar, P., 203 metallogeny, 192 molybdenum carbide, 20 metamorphic gradient, 129 moments, method of, 74 metamorphic parameters, 129 Monger, J. W. H., 204-205, 206, 207 metamorphic petrology, 13, 133-135 Monin, A. S., 187, 190, 192 metamorphism, 108, 113-136, 143-162 Montana, 265, 266 defined, 113-114 Monte Carlo modelling, 75, 86 histories of, 144 Moon and Hutton, 114-115 before Apollo, 23, 24-32 and plate tectonics, 190 craters and maria/mare, 24, 26, 27-29, 32, 34-40, metasomatism, 132 245 INDEX 363

Moon - continued Nernst, W., 149 data from Apollo and other missions, 32-40, 331 Netherlands, 11, 62, 133-134, 160, 244, 266 density, 24 palynology, 285,290, 292 first images of far side, 28 Neves, R., 285 geologic periods, 42-43 New Guinea, 299 hmar samples, 32-38 New Jersey, 102 magma ocean, 38 New Mexico, 45 magnetization, 35 New York (state), 259 mapping, 30-31, 32 New York Times literature survey, 52 meteorite impacts on, 32, 38-40, 245 New Zealand, 284, 294 meteorites from, 45, 48 Newton, R. C., 128, 133 moonquakes, 32 Nichols, D. J., 291 orbit and rotation, 24, 32 nickel in meteorites, 21, 22, 23, 30 origin, 24-5, 43-44 nickel stockmarket bubble, 4 present day laser reflectors, 32 Nield, T., 343 moons in Solar System, 24 Nier, A. O., 178-179 Moore, L. R., 285, 296 Niggli, P., 118-120, 122, 125, 144, 153-154, 156, 158, Moos, N. A. F., 231 159, 160, 161 Moralev, V. M., 187, 192 Nininger, H. H., 22 Moreau-Benott, A., 285 nomenclature Morey, G. W., 103, 109 contact metamorphic rocks, 152 Morgan, J., 193 geomagnetism, 231-232, 234 Morgenroth, P., 297 migmatites, 121-122 Morris, J., 278 palynology, 273,281,304 Moscow Geo-exploration Institute, 189 stratigraphy, 251-252 Mossakovsky, A., 189 terranes, 206, 208, 209-210 Muir Wood, R., 5, 9, 252 norites, lunar, 34, 35 Mtiller, G., 243 normal probability plots, 74 Muller, J., 293 Norman, D. B., 342 multiring basins, 38-42 Norris, G., 297 multivariate statistical methods, 75, 79, 83 North Dakota, 265 multivariate symbols, 70 North Sea, 13,242, 244, 245 Muratov, M., 186 Norway, 62, 108, 121,122, 124, 129, 147, 153, 155, 156, Murchison, R. I., 251 159 muscovite, 120, 127, 146, 148 Novo Urei, Russia, 20 museums, 13,343-348 Noyes, A. A., 101,171 nuclear materials transport, 81 nuclear mineralogy, 125-126 Nagata, T., 233 numerical models, 75-76, 81 Nagy, E., 289 nakhlites, 20-21 nannoplankton, 242 ocean floor data, and plate tectonics, 200 nappes 3,185, 186, 187, 194, see also fold ocean floor mapping, 215-226 development Oceanic Anoxic Events (OAEs), 258, 259 NASA, 23, 25, 28 oceanographic cartography, 215-226 Apollo missions, 32-34, 245,331 octahedrites, 21 Lunar Rangers and Surveyors, 30, 31 odontograms, 66 Shoemaker and, 31-32 Ogg, J. G., 258 Natapov, L. M., 189 Ohio, 290 Nathorst, A. G., 280 oil industry National Geosciences Database, 348 computer-based models, 81 National Scheme for Geological Site Documentation, geostatistics-based techniques, 82-83, 85 334 and palynology, 281,284, 285,290, 293,300, 301, Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), 304, 305 345-347 and sedimentology, 12, 242, 244, 245, 246 Natural History Museum, 345, 346, 348 use of mathematical methods, 62, 68, 70, 76, 79 Nature Conservancy Council (NCC), 332-339, 342, see also petroleum geology 343,345, 347 Oklahoma, 290, 301 Naumann, C. F., 62 Oliver, D. S., 86 Naumova, S. N., 281,289, 298 Oliver, J. E., 5 nautiloids, 254, 264 olivine, 102, 103, 104, 106, 246 neo-catastrophism, 7 in lunar rocks, 32, 35 nepheline, 101,106, 109 in meteorites, 21, 22, 44 Neptunism, 114-116 Open University, 332 364 INDEX ophiolites, 135, 187, 194 Penfield, G. T., 41--42 Ordovician, 259 Pennsylvania, 290 Oreskes, N., 5 Penrose (Asilomar) Conference, 201,202 organic compounds in meteorites, 19 Peppers, R. W., 290 organic matter, in sedimentology, 242 percentaged data analysis, 79 orientation data analysis, 79 Perchuk, L. L., 133 Orinoco delta, 244 Perfiliev, A., 189 Orlowska-~wolinska, T., 289 peridotites, 20, 129, 131,173 orogenies, 6, 173-174, 175, 201 Perrey, A., 74 and metamorphism, 128, 133-135, 143 Perrin, R., 125, 129 orthoclase, 103 Persian Gulf, 242, 243 Orton, E., 62 Peruggia, M., 86 Orville, P., 131 Petermann, A., 60, 62 Osann, C., 68 petrogenic grid, 128 ostracods, 256 petrogeny's residual system, 106 Ostwald, W., 159 petroleum geology 188, 216, 344, see also oil industry osumilite, 129 petrology 7, 64-66, 70, 74, 75, 79, see also igneous Ouyang Shu, 289 petrology; metamorphic petrology; Owens, B., 285 sedimentology; structural metamorphic oxide compositions, 64q56, 79 petrology oxygen isotopes, 37, 245 Pettijohn, F. J., 243,252 Pfefferkorn, H. W., 290 Phanerozoic, 189 P-T-t paths, 133-134 phase rule, 122, 127, 148, 150, 153, 155-158, 161 Pacific Ocean, 221,225 phi scale, 74 Pacific Rim, 208 Philipsbom, H. von, 68 Pacltov& B., 289 Phillips, J., 70, 251 palaeobotany, 185 Phillips, W., 64 palaeoceanography, 245 phonolite, 106 palaeoclimatology, 12, 187, 245 phosphates, 35, 244 palaeoenvironmental reconstruction, 242, 243, 244 phyllites, 64, 120, 146 palaeomagnetism, 186-187, 189, 211,223,229, Physical Atlas of Natural Phenomena, 64 232-235 physiographic maps and diagrams, 215-216, 217-218 Palaeontological Society, 337, 338 Pichler, R., 302 palaeontology, 7~8, 303 pie diagrams, 70 plate tectonics and terranes, 204-205, 208 Pi~rart, P., 285 use of mathematical methods, 66, 68-70, 74, 75, 80, pigeonite, 104 81 Pinder, G. F., 81 see also biostratigraphy; fish fossils; palynology; Pirsson, L. V., 75 and names of fossils plagioclase, 101,103, 104, 109, 150, 246 palaeosalinity, 244 in lunar rocks, 34, 35, 38 palinspastic reconstructions, 189 planning permission, 331 Palisades Sill, New Jersey, 102 plate tectonics, 4, 5, 8-9, 31,223, 224 pallasites, 22, 23 and metamorphism, 133-135, 143 PalSys database, 304 Russian viewpoints, 185-195 palynology, 12, 273-306 and terrane theory, 199-212 Pangaea, 187, 191 two-layer model, 190-191,193 Papua New Guinea, 295 Playfair, J., 64, 75, 115 paragenesis, 147, 155 Playfair, W., 64, 68, 70 Paraguay, 294 Playford, G., 294 parameter estimation methods, 35 Pleistocene, 245 Pardee, J. T., 50 Plot, R., 63 Parfenov, L., 189 plumes, 190, 191 Parker, E., 229, 236 Pluto, 24 Parker, R., 229 Plutonism, 114-116 Pastiels, A., 294 Pocock, S. A. J., 296, 297 Patterson, C., 19, 179, 181 point-symbol maps, 62--63 Pavlov, A., 185 Pojeta, J., 340 Pearson, K., 74, 75 Pokrovskaya, I. M., 288, 289 peats, 276 Poland, 281,289, 297, 299-300, 302 Pechersky, D. M., 189 polar co-ordinate paper, 74 pegmatites, 178 polar substorms, 229, 236 Peive, A. V., 186, 187, 189, 193 polar wandering, 211,234 petites, 116 politics and conservation, 342-346 INDEX 365 polychaetes, 280-281,284-285,300, 302 recrystallization, 114, 116, 123, 131 polymetamorphism, 156 red giant stars, 20 Poncet, J., 300 Red Sea, 223,246 Popova, S. V., 127, 131 regional metamorphism, 115, 117, 118-120, 129, 152, Postma, H., 244 159 potassium, 174-175, 178 Regionally Important Geological/Geomorphological potassium-argon dating, 259 Sites (RIGS), 339 Pothe de Baldis, E. D., 294 regression analysis, 75, 76, 77, 85 Potoni6, R., 281,285,293,304 Reineck, H. E., 244 Powell, R., 85 Reinsch, P. F., 280, 281 prasinophytes, 280, 284, 298-299, 304, 306 Reinsche, P. R., 278 Pratje, O., 242 Rekstad, J., 156 Precambrian Era, 127, 131,245 remote sensing, 20, 84 and lunar science, 19, 40, 43 Renard, P., 85 and plate tectonics, 189, 190 Renault, B., 281 Prehistoric Time-Scale, 252 resampling techniques, 85 prehnite-pumpellyite, 128 research presolar grains, 19-20 cross-disciplinary approach, 4, 13,246 pressure, temperature and metamorphism 123, specialization, 2-3, 4, 243, 246 127-131,147-150, 159, see also research literature 1, 3, 4, see also publication rates geothermobarometry; P-T-t paths Reyer, E., 66, 70 Prestwich, J., 251 Reynolds, D., 125, 177, 178 Price, A., 236 Rhodes, F. H. T., 301 Price, G. D., 86 rhyolite, 103, 104, 106 Prickett, T. A., 81 Richardson, J. B., 285,290 Priestley, J., 68 Richardson, S. W., 128 probabilistic modelling, 75 Richardson, W. A., 74 Prokoph, A., 80 Richter, R., 244 proportions, mathematical representation, 62, 64, 68, Riecke principle, 148 70 rifting, 106, 191, 192, 194, 221-223 Proterozoic, 190 Ringwood, A. E., 131 Prothero, D. R., 260 Ripley, B. D., 83 publication rates 52, 83, 87, see also research risk assessment, 86 literature Roberts, G., 236 pulsation hypothesis, 194 Roberts, P. H., 236 pumpellyite, 128 Robinson, G. M., 76 Pushcharovsky, YU., 189, 191,193 robust techniques, 85 pyritospheres, 302 rock deformation modelling, 81 pyropes, 131 rock magnetism, 232-235 pyroxenes, 34, 35, 102, 106, 114, 128, 132 Roedder, E., 132 pyroxenite meteorite, 48 Rogalsk~i, M., 289 Rogers, H. and W., 3 Rolfe, W. D. I., 302, 335-336, 337 quartz, 104, 146, 151 Romania, 294, 297, 300 monzodiorites, 35 Roques, M., 125 quartz-sapphirine, 129 Rosenbusch, K. H. F., 100, 108, 116-118, 120, 121, shocked, 20, 30, 41,246 132, 144, 148, 162 see also silicates Ross, C. A., 205,207 quench method, 101, 102, 103, 109 Rossignol, M., 297 Quetelet, A., 71-74 Roth, J., 146 Roubault, M., 125, 129, 133 Rouse, G. E., 291 radioactivity, 23, 168-181 Rousseeuw, P. J., 85 radiolarian cherts, 205, 206, 207, 208 Rowley, J., 304 radiometric dating 5, 12, 168, 178-181,259, see also Royal Geographical Society, 172 isotopes Royal Society, 330 Raistrick, A., 281 Ruchin, L. B., 241,243 Ramanujam, C. F. K., 293 Runcorn, K., 234, 235 Ramberg, H., 128 Russell, H., 177 Ramsay, W., 66 Russia, 41, 62, 76, 77 Ramson, I., 81 M. Lomonosov Moscow University, 187, 188, 189, Raup, D. M., 81 191, 193, 195 reaction principle, 103 palynology, 278, 281,284, 288-289, 297, 298, Read, H. H., 125, 133 302 366 INDEX

Russia - continued sea-floor magnetics, 202 plate tectonics revolution, 9, 185-195 sea-floor spreading, 31, 175, 180-181,194, 199, 207, space exploration, 23, 28, 33, 37-38, 40, 46 229, 246 Rutherford, E., 168, 178, 266 sea-level changes, 260 Ruzhentsev, S., 189, 193 search theory, 79 Ryabukhin, A. G., 188 Sederholm, J. J., 121-122, 129, 133, 146, 149, 156, 162 sedimentology, 5-6, 241-246 cross-disciplinary/international approaches, 246 Sabatier, E, 129 diagenesis, 244-245 Sabine, E., 230 mathematical methods, 62, 68, 74, 77, 79, 80, 242 Sadovsky, M. A., 193 modelling, 81,245 Salomon, W., 152 publications explosion, 243,246 Samoilovich, S. R., 288 reconstructions, 244 Sander, B., 74, 125 sedimentation processes, 81,190, 192, 243,264 Sanders, J. E., 243 single grain approach, 242 Sanigin, S., 189 specialization, 243,246 Sarauw, G. F. L., 276 Segroves, K. L., 287 Sarjeant, W. A. S., 296-297, 298, 301,302, 303, 304 seismic techniques, 245, 254, 259-260 Saturn, 40 seismicity in subduction zones, 192 Saudi Arabia, 299 Sekiya, S., 74 Savelieva, G. N., 187 Selley, R. C., 243 Savostin, L. A., 187, 191 Semenova, E. V., 289 Sawlowicz, Z., 265 Sengor, A. M. C., 6-7, 210 Scandinavia 11,120-124, 161,162, 276-277, see also sequence stratigraphy, 6, 12, 245, 254, 259-261 Baltic regions; Finland; Norway; Sweden Serra, J., 84 scatter-plots, 64, 68 Shakhvarostova, K., 186 Schairer, J. F., 104-106, 109 shales, 242, 261,301 Scheerer, T., 116 Shanmugam, G., 245 Scheuchzer, J., 132 Shap granite, 147 Scheuring, B. W., 289-290 Sharaskin, A., 191 Schimper, P. W., 278 Shatsky, N. S., 186 Schindel, D. E., 264 Shaw, A. B., 80, 255 schistosity, 114, 133 Sheehan, P. M., 265 schists, 120, 129, 131,133, 146, 148, 153, 156-158 Shemenda, A. I., 187, 191,192 Schlumberger, C. and M., 243 Shepard, F. P., 242, 243 Schmidt, A., 230-231 Shepherd, E. S., 160 Schmidt, J. F. J., 62-63 shergottites, 20-21, 46-48 Schmidt, W., 74 shock metamorphism, 31,246, 261 Schmucker, U., 236 shocked quartz, 20, 30, 41,246 Schoenbein, C. F., 127 shockwave diamonds, 22 Schopf, J. M., 281,284, 303 Shoemaker, E. M., 26, 27, 28, 30-32 Schopf, J. W., 302 Silberling, N. J., 207-208 Schreyer, W., 131,144 silicates, 22, 23, 35, 104-106, 108, 127, 155, 158 SchrOter, J. H., 29 silicon nitride, 20 Schuchert, C., 5, 172, 174, 175, 176 sillimanite, 118, 128, 146, 148 Schuiling, R. D., 128 silts, 242 Schultz, G., 301 Silurian, 255,256, 258, 259, 265 Schulze, F., 278 Simpson, J., 331 Schuster, A., 230, 231,235,236 Simpson, S. Jr, 76 Schwab, K. W., 299 site conservation, 329-348 Schwarzacher, W., 80 Skibitzke, H. E., 76 science and social change, 331-332, 347-348 slates, 12, 144, 146 scolecodonts, 280-281,284-285,299-300, 306 Sloss, L. L., 77, 260, 266 Scotland Smirnov, S., 192 collecting and fieldwork, 334, 335-338, 339, 340, 343 Smirnov, V. I., 188 Dob's Linn basal Silurian GSSP, 258 Smith, A. H. V., 285 metamorphism, 118, 129, 146-147, 161 Smith, D. C., 131 palynology, 279, 298 Smith, W., 75,251 terrane identification, 211-212 SNC meteorites, 20-21, 46-48 Scott, H. W., 284 Snider, A., 180 Scott, S., 236 Sobolev, N. V., 131 Scunthorpe, Lincolnshire, 340 social change, 331-332 sea bridge theory, 204 Society of Economic Paleontologists and sea level changes, 245 Mineralogists (SEPM), 242, 243,293 INDEX 367

Society of Vertebrate Paleontologists (SVP), 341-342 Sundborg, A., 243 Soddy, F., 168, 169 supernovae, 20 soil breccias, lunar, 35 sustainability, 333,340 Sokolov, B. A., 188, 192 Sutton Stone, 259 Sokolov, S., 189 Svalbard, 287, 294, 299 Solar System, 19, 24, 27, 40, 43-44, 191 Swann, W. F. G., 235 solar wind, 229, 236 Sweden, 280, 281,292, 301 solar-terrestrial relationships, 231 Switzerland, 290, 298 Sollas, W., 170 Szaniawski, H., 299 Sollas, W. J., 279 Solow, A. R., 35 Sommer, F. W., 299 taenite, 21 Sorby, H. C., 18, 74, 116, 132, 149, 241 Tappan, H., 302 Sorer effect, 100,103 Tarling, D. H., 229 Sorokhtin, O. G., 187, 190, 192 tasmanitids, 280, 284, 299, 303 South Dakota, 261 Taugourdeau, P., 300, 301 space exploration, 4, 23, 30-52 taxonomic range-charts, 68, 70 Spain, 129, 298,300, 305 taxonomy, numerical, 77 Spear, E S., 129 Te Punga, M. T., 294 Spearman, C., 77 Teall, J. J. H., 100 Spector, D. L., 305 temperature measurement, thermoelectric methods, Sphaerula, 262 100, 109 spinel, 20, 35 temperature and pressure in metamorphism see Spinner, E. G., 285 pressure Sputnik 1, 23 Tennessee, 290 SSSIs (Sites of Special Scientific Interest), 333,334, Termier, P., 117, 133 335 ternary diagrams, 68 Stanley, E. A., 291 terrane theory and practice, 199-212 Staplin, F. L., 297 Tertiary, 68, 70 Stassfurt salt, 148 Tetayev, M., 185-186 statistical graphics, 59-70 Tethys Ocean, 7 statistical methods, 70-75, 242 tetrahedral diagrams, 68 Staub, R., 185 Texas, 280 Stauffer, C. R., 284 textbooks, 193,302-303, 305 staurolite, 118, 146 texture-analysis instrumentation, 84 stereoscan microscopy, 242 Tharp, M., 215-226 Stetson, H., 243 Thatcher, Margaret, 332 Stiff, H. A. J., 70 Theis, C. V., 76 stishovite, 127, 246 theoretical chemistry, 153, 154, 160, 161 Stockmans, F., 298 theory of errors, 71 Stone, L. D., 86 thermal spas, 116 Stone, P., 211-212 THERMOCALC2.7, 131 stony-iron meteorites, 18, 22-23 thermodynamics, 149, 151-152, 154-156, 161,167 storm events, 258, 259 thermoelectric methods of temperature Straaten, L. M. J. U. van, 244 measurement, 100, 109 Strakhov, N. M., 241 Thiergart, F., 284 stratification, 243 Thiessen, R., 281,284, 285 stratigraphy, 7-8, 12, 80, 245,251-267 Thomas, H. H., 281 International Stratigraphic Guide, 251,256 Thompson, A. B., 133, 134 use of mathematical methods, 62, 68, 70, 74, 77, 79, Thompson, J. B., 128 80 Thompson, M. L., 204 see also biostratigraphy; sequence stratigraphy Thompson, W. (Guiglielmo), 21-22 Strauss, D., 86 thorium, 34, 169 Streel, M., 285 Thoulet, J., 68 stress and anti-stress minerals, 118, 124, 127, 159, 161 three-dimensional distributions, 74 strike-bar symbol maps, 62 three-dimensional spatial interpolation techniques, strontium-isotope stratigraphy, 258, 259, 266 82-83 structural metamorphic petrology, 133-135 Thurstone, L. L., 77 structure contour maps, 62 tidal fiats, 244 Strutt, R, 168 tidalites, 246 Stuart, A., 75 Tikhonov, A. N., 236 subduction zones, 192 Tilley, C. E., 118 suevite, 31 time, geological 10, 12, 173, 252-253, see also Earth, Sullivan, H. J., 285 age of; stratigraphy 368 INDEX time-lapse maps, 62-63 USA time-lines, 12, 68-70 conservation, 338, 340-342, 346 time-resolutions, 255 palynology, 279-280, 281,290-291,297, 298, 299, time-series analysis, 66-68, 70, 80 300-301,305 Timofeyev, B. V., 297, 298, 301,302 terrane mapping, 206-208 titanium, 20, 35 see also names of states Todd, Lord, 332 Ushakov, S. A., 187, 190, 192 Tomkeieff, S. I., 7 Usov, M., 186 tonalite, 190 Uyeda, S., 201 Touret, J. L. R., 13, 133, 144 TPF, 131 trachytes, 106 Vail, P., 6, 260 Trager, E. A., 70 Valensi, L., 294--295 Tralau, H., 292 Valentine, J. W., 77 transform faults, 191,225 Valley, J. W., 133 Trask, P. D., 74, 242 Van Allen belts, 23 Traverse, A., 291,301 Van Andel, T. H., 244, 266, 267 trench gravity data, 223 Van der Hammen, T., 293 trend-surface analysis, 76, 77, 83 Van Gijzel, P., 293 tridymite, 102, 105, 106 Van Hise, C. R., 118, 146, 149, 159,160 Trifonov, V., 193 Van Valen, L. M., 261 trilobites, 255,296, 339 Van Veen, F., 302 troctolites, 34, 35 Vanguestaine, M., 298 troilite, 19 Van't Hoff, J. H., 148, 149, 153, 159, 243 trondhjemite, 190 variation diagrams, 64--66, 104 Trubitsyn, V. P., 191 Variukhina, L. M., 289 Trtimpy, R., 186, 256 Varma, C. P., 293 Trybom, F., 276 Venezuela, 293 Tschermak, G., 70 Vening-Meinesz, E, 4, 223 Tschudy, R. H., 290, 303 Venkatachala, B. S., 294 tsunami deposits, 41,246 Venozhinskene, A. I., 285 tsunamigenic earthquakes, 192 Venus, 40 Tunisia, 265 Verdier, J.-P., 297 turbidites, 190, 246 Verhoogen, J., 131 turbidity currents, 5, 215, 223,243,245,246 Vernadsky, W., 127, 148, 159 Turkey, 285 Vesta (asteroid), 20 Turner, F. J., 131 vesuvianite, 150 Turpin, C. R., 279 Vigran, J. O., 287 Tuttle, O. F., 107, 109, 132 Virkki, C., 281 Twenhofel, W. H., 242 Vissher, H., 290 TWQ, 131 Vistelius, A., 75, 77, 80 Tyler, M. A., 302 Vogelsang, H., 132 Tylor, A., 74 Vogt, J. H. L., 100, 101,109, 121,127, 158 Vogt, T., 156 volatiles, 104, 127 Udden, J. A., 74 volcanic ash-layers, 259 Udintsev, G. B., 243 volcanism, 173 UHP metamorphism, 131,143, 144 Volger, G. H. O., 60, 74 ultramafic rocks, 103, 192 Volkheimer, W., 294 Umpleby, J. B., 70 Volkova, N. A., 302 UNESCO, 343 Volobuev, M., 188 uniformitarianism, 5 Von Mohl, H., 275 universities and conservation, 334, 336, 347 Von Post, E. J. L., 276-277 Upshaw, C. F., 290, 291 Vonhof, H. B., 262 uranium, 34, 168 Voronov, P. S., 185,187 uranium-lead decay scheme, 168-169, 177 Vozzhennikova, T. E, 297 ureilites, 21 Vyalov, O., 186 Urey, H. C., 25, 26, 27-28 US Air Force Chart and Information Center, 30 US Environmental Protection Agency, 329 Waddington, C. H., 75 US Geological Survey, 30, 31, 62, 76, 79, 216, 290, Walcott, C. D., 167-168 342, 346, 347 Wales, 259, 280, 281,284, 290, 301,339 Menlo Park, and terrane theory, 205,206, 207, 208 Walker, D., 46 INDEX 369

Walker, E,, 232 Wimbledon, W. A., 332, 337,338, 339 Walker, R. G., 245 Winchell, A., 168 Wall, D., 297, 299 wind action, 243 Wallace, M. W., 265 Winkler, H. G. F., 129, 130, 132, 144 Walsh power spectra, 80 Winslow, M. A., 290 Waltershausen, S. von, 100 Witham, H. T. M., 278 Walther, J., 5,241,243, 244 Wodehouse, R. P., 281,303 Warner, J., 63 wollastonite, 151 Washington, H. S., 75 women in geology, 9, 216, 217, 289 Washington (state), 48-50 Wood, C. A., 40 Wasson, J. T., 46 Wood, R. M., see Muir Wood, R. Watson, G. S., 79 Wood, S., 336, 343 wavelet analysis, 80 Woods, R. D., 292 Weaver, J., 236 Woodward, H. B., 2 Webb, J. S., 62 Woodward, S. P., 68 Weber, C. A., 276 World Data Centres, 230 Weber, W., 233 World Geophysics Congress (1963), 188 Weedon, G. P., 80 World Ocean, 190 Wegener, A., 4, 5, 172, 180, 200, 234 World Ocean Floor Panorama, 216, 221 Wegmann, C. E., 121,122, 125 Wrangellia terrane, 207-208 Weidelt, P., 236 Wright, F. E., 23 well-log data 77, 80, see also drilling Writhlington, Somerset, 340 Weller, J. M., 243 Wyart, J., 129 Wentworth, C. K., 74 Wybergh, W., 66 Werner, A. G., 114, 115, 131,136 Wyllie, P. J., 200 West Virginia, 290 Westbroek, P., 5 Wethered, E., 280 X-ray diffraction, 31,242 Wetherell, E. W., 279-280 X-ray fluorescence, 77 Wetherill, G. W., 46 xanthidia, 279-280, 283,306 Wetzel, O., 281-283,284, 285, 295, 299, 302 Wetzel, W., 281,295,297, 299 Wheeler, H. E., 204-205 Yah~iman, K., 285 Whillans, I., 48 Yarus, J. M., 85 WHIRLWIND I, 76 Yasamanov, N. A., 187 whistlers, 229 Yoder, H. S., 7, 127, 159 White, D., 284 Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository, 81-82, 86 White, M. C., 279 whitlockite, 34 Whitten, E. H. T., 77, 79, 80 Zakariadze, S., 191 Widmanst~itten patterns, 21-22 Zaklinskaya, E. D., 288 Wignall, P. B., 256 Zalessky, M., 281,285, 301 Wildlife and Countryside Act (1981), 334-335 zap-pits, 39 Wilkinson, Sir W., 343 Zebera, K., 285 Williams, D. B., 298 Zeiller, R., 278 Williams, G. E., 245 Zeller, E. J., 266 Williams, G. L., 298, 304 Zen, E-An, 128 Williams, H. S., 252 zeolites, 114, 128 Williamson, W. C., 278 zircon, 19, 34, 35 Willi~re, Y., 298 zirconium carbide, 20 Willis, B., 5 Zirkel, F., 116, 132, 144, 146, 148 Wills, L. J., 279 Zittel, K. von, 2, 8 Wilson, H. A., 235 Zonenshain, L. P., 9, 187, 188, 189, 191,192, 195 Wilson, J. T., 5, 187, 188,199, 201,204, 225, 226 zonography, metamorphic rocks, 120, 124, 125, 127, Wilson, L. R., 281,284, 290-291,293 128, 129,144, 146, 149 Wilson, R. C. L., 260 Zwart, H., 134, 135 Wiman, C., 280