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Home , 1998 WW31, 90377 Sedna, Bartels (crater), Explorer 10, Mariner 2

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(50000) Quaoar, see Quaoar Mission Science Reports 114 (90377) , see Sedna Apollo samples 114, 115, 122, 1992 QB1 267, 268 ap-value, 3-, conversion from Kp 10 1996 TL66 268 arcade, post-eruptive 24–26 1998 WW31 274 Archimedian spiral 11 2000 CR105 269 Arecibo observatory 63 2000 OO67 277 , ice 256–257 2003 EL61 270, 271, 273, 274, 275, 286, astrometric detection, of extrasolar – mass 273 190 – satellites 273 230, 242, 244 – water ice 273 Bartels, Julius 4, 8 2003 UB313 269, 270, 271–272, 274, 286 – 271–272 , Antoine Henry 3 – orbital parameters 271 Biermann, Ludwig 5 – satellite 272 biomass, from chemolithoautotrophs, on 169 – spectroscopic studies 271 –, – on 169 2005 FY 269, 270, 272–273, 286 9 bombardment, late heavy 68, 70, 71, 77, 78 – 273 Borealis basin 68, 71, 72 – methane 272–273 ‘ Dwarf Desert’ 181, 188 – orbital parameters 272 brown dwarfs, deuterium-burning limit 181 51 Pegasi b 179, 185 – formation 181

Alfvén, Hannes 11 197, 198, 199, 200, 204, 205, 206, ALH84001 (martian meteorite) 160 207, 211, 213 Amalthea 198, 199, 200, 204–205, 206, 207 – 206, 207 – bright crater 199 – compared with 204, 207 – density 205 – composition 204 – discovery by 205 – geology 213 – discovery of icy nature 200 – ice thickness 204 – evidence for icy composition 205 – internal structure 197, 198, 204 – internal structure 198 – multi-ringed impact basins 205, 211 – 205 – partial differentiation 200, 204, 206, 213 – physical properties 198 – physical properties 198 Ap*-index 8 – surface 200, 204, 213 – variation 8 – water layer 204 Ap-index, daily 6, 8 Caloris basin 57, 61, 68–69, 70–71, 73, 75, Apollo 14 121 77 Apollo 15 116 carbon dioxide ice, sublimation in vacuum Apollo 17 112, 116, 117, 300 318 Index carbon monoxide ice, sublimation in vacuum –, –, – surface 297 300 –, –, – water loss rate 306, 308 Carrington, Richard 2, 19 –, – periodic nature of 295 Cassini-Huygens, at 217–249, 289 – 2P/Encke 296 Cassini, Jean Dominique 217, 218, 238 – 9P/Tempel-1 297, 300, 303, 304, 311–312 Cassini orbiter, scientific investigations 218, –, – nucleus, composition 312 220 –, –, – density 300 – observations 235–238 –, –, – dust layer 311, 312 Cassini , at 221 –, –, – ejection plume from 311, 312 – at 87, 96 –, –, – mass 311 Celsius, 2 –, –, – shape 303, 311 Centaurs 268, 281, 282, 283, 285, 286, 287, –, –, – size 297, 303, 311 288 –, –, – spin period 311 – colours 281, 282, 283, 288 –, –, – surface properties 303, 311 – orbital elements 268 –, –, – temperature 304 – surface composition 287 – 19P/Borrelly 297, 298, 309, 310 – with water ice detected 285, 286 –, – nucleus, 298 Chapman, Sydney 4 –, –, – jets 298, 310 269, 271, 273, 274, 275, 279 –, –, – shape 298, 309, 310 – density 271 –, –, – size 297, 298, 310 – mass 271 –, –, – surface properties 298 – radius 271 – 55P/Tempel-Tuttle 296 chemical reactions, supplying metabolic – 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko 32, 312 energy 168, 170 – 81P/Wild-2 297, 298, 301, 302, 309, chemolithoautotrophs 167–169, 170, 171 310–311, 313, 314 – habitats 168–169, 170, 171 –, – nucleus 297, Chryse Planitia 138, 140 –, –, – jets 302 circumstellar disks 182, 186, 187 –, –, – shape 301, 309, 310 CIRs, see co-rotating interaction regions –, –, – size 297, 298, 301, 310 Clementine mission 115 –, –, – surface properties 301, 302, 311, CMEs, see coronal mass ejections 313–314 , 1P/Halley 296, 297, 299, 301, 305, –, –, – topography 313–314 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311 –, –, – water loss rate 302 –, – CHON particles from 305 –, – orbit 313 –, – gas and dust, composition 296 – 109P/Swift-Tuttle 296 –, – lifetime 309 – dirty snowball nucleus model 296 –, – streams 308 – Hale-Bopp 295, 298, 308 –, – nucleus 296, 297 –, – nucleus, size 298 –, –, – activity 296, 297, 306, 307, 310 –, –, – water loss rate 308 –, –, – albedo 296, 306 – Hyakutake 295 –, –, – jets 296, 306 – Lexell 296 –, –, – mass loss rate 308 – Lyttleton model 296 –, –, – mass 308 – nucleus, active region, rate of retreat 300 –, –, – retreat of surface 308, 309 –, – composition 298 –, –, – shape 296, 297, 301, 310 –, – crater density 309 –, –, – size 296, 297, 310 –, – density of 300 –, –, – snows, composition 299 –, – dust 296, 300, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, –, –, – spin mode 305, 310 307, 315 –, –, – surface area 306 –, – dust layer equation 306 –, –, – surface properties 297 –, – dust layer, thickness 306 Index 319

–, – formation 298 coronal holes 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 14, 19, –, – gas 296, 300, 304, 305, 306, 307, 315 35–36, 38, 40 –, – gas production rate 300 – fast streams 8, 10 –, – ices 299 coronal mass ejection, 1998 June 11 21–22 –, – illumination 301 – 1999 August 5 20 –, – incident radiation 300 – 2000 February 25 –, – interior 299, 302 – 2000 July 14 32–34 –, –, – temperature 299, 301–302 – 2002 January 4 23 –, – mass loss rate 300, 308 – halo 24, 25, 38, 41 –, – model of 301–307 coronal mass ejections 16, 19–35, 38–42, 45 –, – outbursts 309–310 – acceleration 20 –, – precession 301 – and flares 21 –, – schematic model 305 – development of 21 –, – shape 299, 301 – kinetic energy 19–20 –, – size 298 – mass 19–20 –, – snow to dust mass ratio 299, 305, 307 – occurrence rate 19–20 –, – snows, chemical composition 299 – source regions 38–39, 40 –, – spin 301, 304, 309 – speed 19–20, 41 –, – splitting 301, 307, 309 – structure 20–22 – Shoemaker-Levy 9 307 coronal transients, see coronal mass ejections co-rotating interaction regions 11–12 , activity of 307–310 cosmo-chemistry, primordial 299 – activity, intermittent 299 cryovolcanism 271 – decay 296 – on Ganymede 203, 212 – dust particles, densities 303 – on Titan 232 –, – masses 306 – great 295, 298, 308 Darwin mission 193 – Halley type 296 de Marian, Jean Jacques d’Ortous 2 – intermediate period 296 declinometer 2 – Jupiter family 288 Deep Impact mission 297, 303, 304, 309, – long period 296 311 – mass loss, factors affecting 314 Deep Space 1 spacecraft 297, 298, 310 – missions to 310–315 differential direct detection 191 – nature of 295–316 differentiation, of 200, 204 – non-gravitational effects 296 – of Ganymede 202, 203, 210, 213 – origin in 288 – partial, of Callisto 200, 204, 206, 213 – short period 296 218, 242, 244 –, – colours 288 Doppler spectral separation 191 – spectroscopic observations 299 – of 296 Earth, biomass 161, 169 – surface colours 288 – diversity of life 160 – tails, direction 5 – life 160, 161, 162, 167, 172–173 Cordelia 256 – micro-organisms, extreme environments core accretion model (theory) 177, 186, 188 161, 162 , solar, see solar corona earth-like planets 188, 192, 193 coronagraph 19 Earth- system, angular momentum coronagraphic imaging 192 112, 113, 116, 119 coronal ‘bubbles’, see coronal mass eccentricity of orbit, extrasolar planets, ejections pumping 182 coronal heating 21 – known extrasolar planets, distribution 182 320 Index eclipse, total solar 4 –, – transit 183–185, 189–190 EGPs, see extrasolar giant planets – earth-like 188, 192, 193 electrojet currents 9 – ‘Hot ’ 177, 179, 184, 185, 187 Elysium Planitia 144 –, – 184, 185 240–242 –, – masses 187 – and E ring 240 –, – orbital distance 179, 185, 187 – fountain-like sources 241 –, – orbital periods 179, 185 energy sources, for life 167–169 –, – surface temperature 179, 185 equatorial ring current, magnetospheric 9 – inclination of orbit 179 Europa 197, 198, 199, 200–202, 204, 206, –Mp sin i 179–180, 182 207, 208, 209–210, 211, 214, 215 –, – as function of orbit radius 182 – composition 200–202 –, – distribution 180 – differentiation 200, 204 – multiple systems 180, 182 – evidence for liquid water 197, 201 –, – orbital resonances 182 – geology 209–210 – naming convention 179 – ice thickness 197, 201 – optical detection 179, 190–192 – internal structure 197, 198, 200–202 –, – coronagraphic imaging 192 – 197, 201, 202, 210, 211 –, – differential direct detection 191 – physical properties 198 –, – Doppler spectral separation 191 – possible life 214, 215 –, – interferometric imaging 191–192 – resurfacing 209, 210 – , distribution 182 – surface 197, 209–210 –, – pumping 182 – tidal heating 201, 202, 207 – orbital radius, distribution 181 – volcanism 214 – parent stars, metallicity 182, 187 EUV observations, of solar corona 1, 5, 6, 7, – radial velocity detection 179–183, 189 13–14, 16, 21, 24, 26, 38 – searches, around brown dwarfs 179 exoplanets, see extrasolar planets –, – around dim stars 179 Explorer 10 5 –, – around white dwarfs 179 extrasolar giant planets 178, 180, 181, 182, – transit detection 183–185, 189–190 185, 187, 189, 190, 191 – transit spectroscopy 184–185 – Class I 185 – Class V 185 – classification 185 F (Fraunhofer)-corona 19 – in Extrasolar Planets Encyclopedia 180 Fabricius, Johannes and David 2 extrasolar , 51 Pegasi b 179, 185 Ferraro, Vincent 4 – HD 209458 b 183, 184, 185, 189 filaments, disappearing, see prominences, – transit detection, first 183, 184 eruptive Extrasolar Planets Encyclopedia 180 – magnetic field structure 40 extrasolar planets, around pulsar 193 Fitzgerald, George Francis 3 – astrometric detection 190 flare, white , first observation 1, 2, 19 – atmospheres 184, 185, 192, 193 flares, solar 1, 2, 3, 19, 20–21, 26, 27, 28, – detection, astrometric 190 34, 42 –, – microlensing 192 –, – optical 179, 190–192 GAIA spacecraft 190 –, –, – coronagraphic imaging 192 Galilean satellites, amount of water 200 –, –, – differential direct detection 191 – orbital resonances 200, 207–209 –, –, – Doppler spectral separation 191 – tidal heating 207, 208 –, –, – interferometric imaging 191–192 , observation of Saturn’s rings 228 –, – radial velocity 179–183, 189 Galileo spacecraft, at Venus 87, 92, 95, 96 –, – selection effects 188–189 Gamma Ray Spectrometer 137, 155, 156 Index 321

Ganymede 197, 198, 199, 200, 202–204, habitats for life, on Mars, past 171–172 205, 206, 207, 208, 210–213, 214 –, – present 170–171 – composition 202–204 Hale, George Ellery 4 – cryovolcanism 203, 212 Halley, Edmond 295 – differentiation 202, 203, 210, 213 Halley’s comet, see comet 1P/Halley – geology 210–213 HD 209458 b 183, 184, 185, 189 – ice thickness 202 Helios 1 spacecraft 27 – internal structure 197, 198, 202–204, 208 , structure 11–13 – magnetic field 197, 202 Hellas Basin 144, 145 – physical properties 198 Herschel, William 256 – resurfacing 199, 203, 204, 208 Hill radius, of planet 185, 187 – surface 198, 208, 210–213 Hiorter, Olof 2 – tidal heating 202, 207, 208 Hodgson, Robert 2 – volcanism 203 ‘Hot Jupiters’, see extrasolar planets, ‘Hot gas giants, in , see Jupiter, Saturn Jupiters’ Gauss, Carl Friedrich 2 ‘hot roasters’, see extrasolar planets, ‘Hot geomagnetic activity index, see Kp Jupiters’ geomagnetic activity, 27- recurrence rate hot springs, thermal (volcanic) 160, 168, 3, 4 169 – and solar rotation rate 4 183, 184, 185, 252, 253, 254, 255, 261, 263, 270, 271, – physical origins 9 274, 277 geomagnetic storm 2, 8 Huggins, Sir William 296 giant planets, in Solar System, C/H ratio 178 Huygens, Christiaan 218, 228 –, – categories 177 Huygens probe 218, 219, 222, 232–235, 237 –, – characteristics 178 – scientific investigations 218 –, – composition 177 – Titan observations 232–235 –, – D/H ratio 178 hydrogen, generation in geologic systems –, – formation 177 168, 169, 170 –, – gravitational interaction 187 hydrothermal environments 167, 168, 169, –, – gravitational shielding 177 171, 172 –, – heavy elements, abundances 178 244 Giotto spacecraft 296, 297, 299, 305, 306, 310 218, 238–239 Global Oscillations Network Group 16 ice giants, in Solar System, evolution in our Gold, Thomas 4 understanding 251 Goldstein, Eugen 3 –, – future exploration 263 Goldstone observatory 63 –, – see also , GONG, see Global Oscillations Network ICMEs, see interplanetary coronal mass Group ejections Graham, George 2 icy satellites, of Jupiter 197–216 gravitational instability model 178, 186–187 –, – colour portrait 199 greenhouse effect, on Earth 94 –, – comparative planetology 213–215 – on Mars 94 –, – differentiation, differences 206, 207 – on Venus 88, 92, 93, 94, 100, 105, 106 –, – diversity 200 Gringauz, Konstantin 5 –, – formation 206–207 groundwater, on Mars 142, 143, 163, 164, –, – Laplace resonance 207–209 165, 166, 167, 168, 170 –, – magnetic 197, 200, 201, 202, 204 GRS, see Gamma Ray Spectrometer –, – 198, 214 Gusev Crater 142, 143, 167 –, – tidal effects 207–209 322 Index induction currents, in Earth’s –, – sub-classes 270 9 –, – see also 2003 EL61, 2003 UB313, interferometric imaging 191–192 2005 FY9, Charon, interplanetary coronal mass ejections 27–32, – multiple systems 273–275 34–35, 38, 42 –, – parameters 274 200, 202, 204, 207, 208 – orbital elements 268 – tidal heating 207, 208 – origin of colour diversity 282 – volcanism 200, 207, 208 – red 280, 281, 283, 284, 285, 287 – resonant 267–268 James Webb Space Telescope 263 – scattered 268–269 Janus 242 – size distribution 277 Jupiter, formation 206 – spectra 285–287 – icy 197–216 – sub-classes, orbital elements 268 – magnetic field, variations 200, 201, 202 – surface processes 283 – magnetosphere 220 – surface properties 280–287 – physical properties 178 – total mass 277, 279 – 221 – velocity dispersion 275 – satellites, see Amalthea, Callisto, Europa, – with water ice detected 285 Ganymede, Io Jupiter-sized planet, detection 179 Large Binocular Telescope Interferometer 191 K (kontinuierlich)-corona 19 Lassell, William 256 KBOs, see Kuiper belt objects late heavy bombardment 68, 70, 71, 77, 78 Keck telescope 189, 190, 253, 254, 255, life, energy sources 167–169 260, 261 – on Earth 160, 161, 167, 172–173 Kp 9, 10 – on Europa 214, 215 KREEP 73, 121 – on Mars 135, 136, 138, 159, 160, 161, Kuiper belt, inner boundary 277 167, 168, 170–173 – missing mass 279 –, – habitats at present 170–171 – observed structure 275–279 –, – habitats in past 171–172 – origin of comets 288 – physical conditions 161 – origin of structure 278–279 Lodge, Oliver 3 – radial extent 277 Lowell, Percival 135, 159, 267 – thickness 275 lunar cataclysm 114, 122–124 Kuiper belt objects, binaries, formation models lunar history, timeline 125 275, 279 lunar samples, sampling bias 122 – classical 268 Lunik 2 5 – collisions 279 Lunik 3 5 – colour index vs 284 Lyot, Bernhard 19 – colour index vs perihelion distance 284 – colour trends 283, 285 radar orbiter 87, 89, 98, 105 – colours 280–285 magnetic carpet 17 –, – of sub-classes 281 magnetic field, of Earth, fluctuations of – detached 269 horizontal component 2, 3 – dynamical sub-classes 267–269 –, – pressure 10 – highly inclined 268, 273, 282 –, – strength 10 – inclination distribution 276 – of Jupiter, variations 200, 201, 202 – large 269–273 – solar 13–19 –, – orbital elements 270 magnetic networks 19 –, – physical properties 270 Magnetische Ungewitter 2 Index 323 magnetograms, solar 15, 16, 17 –, – habitats at present 170–171 Mariner 2 5 –, – habitats in past 171–172 Mariner 2 87 – lobate ejecta 141 135, 160 – Noachian 138, 139, 144, 152 136, 138, 156 – obliquity, variation 148, 149–151, 55, 57, 58, 60, 66, 68, 70, 71, 153–154 73, 74, 75, 76, 87, 92 – ocean, in past 164 Mars 135–175 – orbital eccentricity, variation 148, – aeolian (wind) transport 142, 144 149–150, 153 – Amazonian epoch 138 – oxygen transport 169, 170 – ancient landscape 138–142 – polar caps, carbon dioxide ice 136, 150, – atmosphere, baroclinic instability 137 153, 154, 162 –, – circulation 136, 137, 151, 153 –, – permanent 136, 146, 153 –, – dust lifting 154 –, – seasonal 136, 153, 154 –, – Hadley cell 136 –, – water ice 136, 138, 150, 162 –, – heat transport 136, 137 – polar ice cap, northern 138, –, – oxygen 169 –, – southern 137, 138, 148, 150 – ‘canali’ 135, 159 – polar layered deposits 146–148 – climate, early warm and wet 138, – polygonal ridges 140, 141 151–152, 160, 162, 165–166, 171–172 – pressure (surface) 136, 141, 142, 151, –, – present 136–138, 148–151 153, 154 – climate change, modelling 136, 151–154 – reservoirs of water near surface 141 –, – present 148–151 – rocks, aqueous alteration 142 – debris aprons 144 –, – ‘blueberries’ 143 – dust cycle 137 –, – haematite 143, 166 – energy for life 167–169 – solar insolation, variation 148, 149–150 – evidence for climate change 136, 138–151 – south polar pits 150, 151 – evidence for flowing water 143, 144, – sublimation of CO2 137, 153, 162–167 – sublimation of water 137, 141, 144, 146 – evolution of simple organisms 138 – temperature (surface) 141, 152, 153, 154 – flood outflow channels 138, 163, 164 – time of perihelion 153 – ‘frozen sea’ 144, 146, 162 – valley networks 138, 162, 163, 164 – GCMs, see Mars, General Circulation – volcanic activity 144, 152, 163, 164, 166, Models 167, 171, 172 – General Circulation Models 148, 151–154 – water ice, in equatorial regions 144–146 – groundwater 142, 143, 163, 164, 165, – water, inventory 162 166, 167, 168, 170 –, – search for 161–167 – gullies 163–164, 165 – water transport 144, 148 – Hesperian epoch 138, 139 – weather systems 137 – hydrosphere 162, 163 – winds 143 – ice covered with dust 144, 146, 162 Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and – inter-annual variability 137, 150 Ionospheric Sounding 155, 156 – interglacial cycles 150 Mars Exploration Rover, Opportunity 136, – interglacial interval 150 143–144, 155, 166 – interglacial period 144, 150 – Spirit 136, 142–144, 155, 167, – inter-hemispheric temperature contrasts Mars Exploration Rovers 136, 142–144, 153 155, 166–167 – layers of ice and dust 137, 146, 147, 148 136 – life 135, 136, 138, 159, 160, 161, 167, Mars Global Surveyor 136, 137, 140, 141, 168, 170–173 147, 148, 150 324 Index

Mars Odyssey 136 – obliquity 59 Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter 137, 140 – orbital data 56 Mars Pathfinder 136 – orbital motion 56, 59 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 136, 155 – 56 MARSIS, see Mars Advanced Radar for – orbital velocity 56 Subsurface and Ionospheric Sounding – origin 78–81 mascon basins 120, 123 – perihelion passage 59 Maunder, Edward Walter 3 – physical data 56 55–85 – polar deposits 63–64, 65 – 3:2 resonance 56, 59 – polar regions 63–64, 65 – acquisition of mass 80 –, – coherent backscatter 63 – Borealis basin 68, 71, 72 –, – ice deposits 64 – bow shock 66–67 –, – radar features 63–64, 65 – Caloris basin 57, 61, 68–69, 70–71, 73, –, – 63, 64 75, 77 – post-accretion vaporization 78, 79 – core 66, 68, 69, 76, 77, 78, 80, 81, 127 – radar-bright anomalies 71–73 –, – sulphur abundance 68, 76 – reflectance function 55 – day, length 59 – secondary craters 68 – density 64 – selective accretion 78, 79 – eccentricity 56 – semi-major axis, evolution 79–80 – ejecta deposits 68, 70 – shaded relief map 57 – exosphere 60–63 – smooth plains 68, 70, 71, 72, 74 –, – helium distribution 61 – spectra, surface 75 –, – hydrogen distribution 61 – sulfur acquisition 79 –, – potassium emissions 61 – surface, age 55 –, – pressure 60 –, – composition 73–74 –, – sodium emissions 61–62 –, – geology 68–73 – exospheric species 60–61 –, – gravity 56, 68 – FeO abundance 74 – tectonic framework 74–75 – geological history 77–78 – temperature range 59–60 – giant impact hypothesis 78, 79, 80 – thermal history 76 – Goethe basin 71, 72 – Tolstoj basin 71, 74 – graben 69 – uplands 68, 70 – ground-based observations 55, 58, 59 – ‘warm poles’ 59 – ‘hot poles’ 59, 60 Meridiani Planum 143, 144, 166, 167 – impact craters 64, 68, 71 MERs, see Mars Exploration Rovers – intercrater plains 68, 70, 71, 75, 76, 77 MESSENGER mission 81–82 – internal structure 64, 66 – scientific payload 82 –, – compared with Earth 66 metabolic reactions, relevant to Mars 168, – lava flows 70, 74 170 – lineated terrain 68, 69, 70, 77 meteoroid streams, link with comets – lobate scarps 71, 74, 75 296 – magnetic field 66–68 methane, on Pluto 270, 272 –, – compared with Earth 67 MEx, see Mars Express –, – generation 68 MGS, see Mars Global Surveyor –, – strength 67 microflares 19 – magnetopause 66–67 microlensing 192 – Mariner 10 images 55, 57, 58 migration, of planets 182, 187–188 – multi-ring basins 68, 70–71, 77 –, – Type I 187 – neutral sodium tail 61, 63 –, – Type II 187, 188 Index 325

Mimas 229, 242 moons, of Jupiter, see icy satellites of Jupiter MO, see Mars Odyssey and Jupiter, satellites MOLA, see Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter – of Neptune, see Neptune, satellites Moon 111–134 – of Saturn, see Saturn, satellites – basins 113, 114, 117, 119, 120, 121, 122, – of Uranus, see Uranus, satellites 123, 125, 126, 127 Mp sin i, for known extrasolar planets, as –, – formation 114, 120, 121, 122–126 function of orbit radius 182 – capture hypothesis 116, 118, 119, 121 –, – distribution 180 – composition of parent 116 – of extrasolar planets 179–180 – core formation 113, 114, 116, 118–120, M-Regionen 4, 5 127 MRO, see Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter – crust, far-side 114 –, – near-side 113–114 Nanedi Vallis 140 – evolution 113–115, 120–125 Neptune 258–263 –, – timeline 125 – atmospheric activity 258–260 – extremely large impacts 120–121 – clouds 258–260 – giant impact hypothesis 112–113, – Great Dark Spot 258–259 115–118, 127 – mean-motion resonance 267, 268, 269, –, – not theory 115–116 277, 278 – hafnium isotope decay 113, 116, 120 – physical properties 178 – helium-3 resources 127 – ring system 261–262 –, – ring 261 – interior below 500 km 116 –, – Le Verrier ring 261 – iron content 113, 116, 118, 119 –, – ring arcs 261–262 – late-heavy bombardment 114, 122–124 – satellites 262–263 – lower mantle 116, 118, 119 –, – new 262–263 – magma ocean 113, 114, 116, 117, 118, –, – retrograde 263 119, 124, 126 –, – see also –, – fractional crystallization 113, 114, 116, – stratospheric temperature 260 118, 126 – weak scattering 268 – magnetic field 114, 119, 120 – weather 258–260 – ‘mega-regolith’ 120, 121 Neugebauer, Marcia 5 – orbit before capture 118 Newton, Isaac 295 – origin 112–113 nucleus, of comet, see comet, nucleus –, – by capture 116, 118, 119, 121 –, – by giant impact, consequences 113 ocean, on Europa 197, 201, 202, 210, –, –, – impact angle and velocity 112 211 –, –, – impactor 112–113 oceans, on icy satellites of Jupiter 198 –, –, – problems 116–117 OGLE project 184, 192 –, –, – timing 116 Olympus Mons 139, 144, 238 – origin and evolution 111–134 277, 288 –, – debate 111 Ophelia 256 – post-capture sweeping up of satellites optical detection, of extrasolar planets 118, 121, 125 179, 190–192 – probability of capture 118 orbital radius, known extrasolar planets, – ‘punctuated cataclysm’ 124 distribution 181 – pyroclastic glass 116, 117, 119 Orbiting Solar Observatory 19 – rare earth elements 114, 117, 118 OSO, see Orbiting Solar Observatory – seismic data 116, 119, 121 oxidation-reduction reactions 167 – topographic map 115 oxygen, in martian atmosphere 169 326 Index

Pan 230, 244 prominences, eruptive 20–21 Pandora 230, 243 pyroclastic glass, on Moon 116, 117, 119 Pan-STARRS project 269, 278 Parana Vallis 139 Quaoar 286–287 Parker, Eugene 5 Quaoar, water ice on 286–287 Parker spiral 11 222, 223, 288–289 radial velocity detection, of extrasolar planets Phoenix lander 155 179–183, 189 photospheric carpet, magnetic field 17 –, – accuracy 180 photosynthesis 167, 168, 169, 171 resonance scattering 60 Pioneer Venus 87, 88, 90, 92, 94, 95, 96, resonance trapping 275 97, 98 resurfacing, on Europa 209, 210 Planck function, of planet 179 – on Ganymede 199, 203, 204, 208 Planet-C 88, 101, 103–106 218, 242 – payload 103 ring effect 60 – results expected 104–105 rings, of Jupiter, see Jupiter, ring system 186, 187 – of Neptune, see Neptune, ring system planets, FeO abundance 74 – of Saturn, see Saturn, ring system – formation models 186–188 – of Uranus, see Uranus, ring system – inner, acquisition of mass 80 Roche limit 113, 307 – irregular satellites, capture mechanisms spacecraft 32, 101, 312 288, 289 , solar 8 – migration 182, 187–188 –, – Type I 187 Sabine, Edward 2 –, – Type II 187, 188 Saturn – terrestrial, abundances of noble gases in – atmosphere 226–228 atmospheres 99 –, – cloud layers 226, 227, 228 –, – early chondritic cores 119–120 –, – storm activity 226, 227 268 –, – wind speeds 226 Pluto 267, 268, 269–271, 272, 273, 274, – aurorae 224 275, 279, 283, 286 – bow shock 222 – atmosphere 269–270 – magnetosphere 222–226, 237 – density 271 –, – charged particles 225 – discovery 267 – physical properties 178 – mass 271 – radiation belt, new 225 – methane 270, 272 – radiation belts 225 – new satellites 271 – ring system 218, 219, 222, 225, 226, – radius 271 228–232, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244 – reflectance spectroscopy 270 –, – age 231–232 – surface, composition 270 –, – A ring 228, 230, 231, 242, 243, 244 –, – features 270 –, – bending waves 229 –, – temperature 270 –, – B ring 228, 231 Pluto-Charon system, formation 269, 271 –, –, – radial spokes 230–231 – mass 269, 271 –, – Cassini Division 218, 228, 229 – mutual events 269 –, – C ring 228, 229 – synchronously-locked 274–275 –, – density waves 229, 230, 242 polar electrojet, ionospheric 9 –, – D ring 225 Polydeuces 242 –, – Encke Gap 229, 230, 231, 244 Procellarum basin 114, 121, 122 –, – E ring 240, 241 Prometheus 229, 230, 242, 243 –, – F ring 230, 242, 243 Index 327

–, – F ring, shepherd satellites 229, 230, – discovery 5 242, 243 – dynamic pressure 10 –, – Keeler Gap 242, 243 – energy transfer to magnetosphere 32 –, – particles, composition 229, 231 – fast and slow streams 5, 7, 11, 14, 27, 35 –, –, – sizes 229 – interaction with Venus atmosphere 96–97 –, – radial spokes 230–231 – speed 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 35, 37 –, – temperature variations 228 – streams, 27-day recurrence – rotation period 225 – structure, in inner heliosphere 10 – satellites, number 242 –, – near solar maximum 13 –, – see also Atlas, Dione, Enceladus, –, – near solar minimum 13 Hyperion, Iapetus, Janus, , solar-terrestrial physics, early concepts 2–4 Pan, Pandora, Phoebe, Polydeuces, Solwind coronagraph 27 Prometheus, Rhea, , Titan Sonett, Charles 5 Scheiner, Christoph 2 South Pole- basin 114, 120, 121, 122 Schiaparelli, Giovanni 135 Space Interferometry Mission 189, 190 Schwabe, Heinrich 2 space storms, consequences 34–35 Secchi, Angelo Pietro 2 space weather 27–35 secular resonances 268 – forecasting 35–42 Sedna 269, 270 SSC, see sudden storm commencement Shallow Subsurface Radar 155–156 Stardust spacecraft 297, 301, 310 SHARAD, see Shallow Subsurface Radar STEREO, see Solar TErrestrial RElations shock wave, interplanetary 27–28 Observatory SIM, see Space Interferometry Mission sudden storm commencement 2, 4 Skylab 5, 19 1–53 SMM, see Solar Maximum Mission – T-Tauri phase 177, 186 SoHO, see Solar and Heliospheric Observatory , as energy source 167 Solar and Heliospheric Observatory 6, 7, sunspot, counts, periodicity 2 13–14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 22–23, 24, – groups, and geomagnetic storms 3 25, 26, 32–33 sunspots, annual number, variation 8 solar atmosphere 1–53 solar ballerina 11 Finder 191, 192, 193 solar corona, concepts 18 terrestrial planets, crusts, clay minerals 126 – during total eclipse 4 Tethys 218, 244 – EUV observations 1, 5, 6, 7, 13–14, 16, THEMIS, see Thermal Emission Imaging 21, 24, 26, 38 System – explosive 19–26 Thermal Emission Imaging System 137, – post-eruptive waves 26 139 – structure, changing 13–14 three-body interactions 289 – X-ray observations 1, 5, 6, 14, 15, 16, 21, Tiberius, Caesar 2 24, 25, 26, 33, 42 tidal-dissipation 112 Solar Maximum Mission 19 Titan IV-B/Centaur rocket 219 solar nebula, age 112 Titan 217, 218, 224, 225, 228, 232–238, 244 – hydrogen and helium 177 – atmosphere 232, 236–237 solar rotation period 8 – Cassini orbiter observations 235–238 Solar System, beyond the planets 267–293 – cryovolcanism on 232 – how typical 178 – Huygens probe observations 232–235 Solar TErrestrial RElations Observatory 38, – radar observations 235–236 42–43 – surface, features 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, solar wind, and coronal holes 14, 35–36 238 – characteristics 5 –, – liquid layers 233, 234 328 Index

Tombaugh, Clyde 267 –, – carbon monoxide 90, 91, 102, 104 Toomre stability parameter 187 –, – carbonyl sulphide 91, 102, 104 TRACE, see Transition Region And Coronal –, – chemistry 91–92 Explorer –, – chlorine compounds 90, 91, 93, 98, transit detection, of extrasolar planet, first 102, 104 183, 184 –, – cloud layer 92–93 – of extrasolar planets 183–185, 189–190 –, – clouds, opacity 92 transit spectroscopy, of extrasolar planets –, – composition 90–91 184–185 –, – convective activity 88, 91, 96, 105 Transition Region And Coronal , –, – dynamics 95–96 17–18, 33, 45 –, – evolution 98–100 Triton 262 –, – formation 99–100 – atmosphere 262 –, – Hadley cell 88, 90, 96 – orbital evolution 262 –, – 102 – surface features 262 –, – interaction with solar wind 96–97 –, – interactions with surface 98 spacecraft 12, 13, 35 –, – lapse rate 88, 104 Uranus 251–258 –, – lightning 96, 103, 105 – apparent dormancy 251–252 –, – phosphorous compounds 93 – at equinox 252–253, 255 –, – photochemistry 91 – atmospheric activity 252–253, 255 –, – polar dipole 94, 95 – clouds 252–253, 254 –, – polar vortex 95 – ionosphere 257–258 –, – radiative effects 93–94 + –, – H3 emission 257–258 –, – solar-antisolar circulation 95 – obliquity 251 –, – sulphur dioxide 90, 91, 98, 100 – physical properties 178 –, – sulphuric acid 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 96, – polar collar 254, 255 100, 104 – ring system 255–256 –, – temperature structure 88–89 –, – asymmetries 256 –, – gases, abundances 90, 91 –, – clumps and arcs 256 –, – transparency windows 93, 94, 95, 101, –, – new ring 255–256 104 – rotation period 258 –, – water vapour 90, 91, 94, 98, 100, 102, – satellites, naming 256 103 –, – new 256 –, – winds 89, 93, 95, 96, 104 –, – number 256 –, – zonal super-rotation 95 –, – retrograde 256 – comparative planetology and climatology –, – size distribution 256 106–107 –, – see also Ariel, Cordelia, Ophelia – D/H ratio 100 – seasons 252, 255 – evolution of climate 100 – winds 253–254 – future exploration 105–106 urKREEP 114 – global resurfacing 100 – greenhouse effect 88, 92, 93, 94, 100, variation compass 2 105, 106 Vega probes 87, 95, 96 – ionosphere 96, 97, 103, 105 87, 88, 90, 92, 95, 96, 97, 98 – mesosphere 88, 90, 93, 95, 101, 102, 104 Venus 87–110 – environment 96–97 – albedo 93, 100 – present climate 100 – atmosphere, aerosols 90, 92, 93, 101, 102 – primordial ocean 100 –, – carbon dioxide 90, 93, 94, 98, 100, – seismic activity 105, 106 104, 105 – surface, temperature 88, 93 Index 329

–, – carbonates 91, 98, 100 Voyager spacecraft 217, 222, 225, 226, 227, –, – interactions with atmosphere 98 230, 251, 252, 253, 254, 256, 257, – thermosphere 89, 95, 102, 105 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263 –, – temperature 89 – troposphere, temperature profile 88, 89 water, on Callisto 204 – volcanic activity 91, 98, 104 – on Europa 197, 200, 201, 202, 207, 214 88, 89, 91, 97, 100–106, 107 – on Ganymede 202, 203, 212 – payload 101–103 – on icy satellites of Jupiter 197, 200, 214 – results expected 104–105 water ice, condensation 206 – sublimation in vacuum 300 Very Large Telescope 179, 189, 190 , Fred 296, 297 Viking experiments 159 WIND spacecraft 7, 24, 28, 29, 30, 32 Viking spacecraft 136, 137, 138, 139, 141, 156, 159, 160 X-ray observations, of solar corona 1, 5, 6, VLT, see Very Large Telescope 14, 15, 16, 21, 24, 25, 26, 33, 42 volcanism, on Europa 214 – on Ganymede 203 Yohkoh satellite 6, 14–15, 25 – on Io 200, 207, 208 Young, Charles 3 – on Venus 91, 98, 104 von Humboldt, 2 zircons 122 Printing: Mercedes-Druck, Berlin Binding: Stein + Lehmann, Berlin