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a r al c s u p · H p a S a o a r n n o bi · ac rp S i la e · Le Ve s p i r s rri u r h e a u P artwig er d a e s · H e l a er os n u m o gin u H t R l r um N o a c h i s l s N S Pa upes m C po · T e r r a l o s i Gorgonum Chaos C o e –82 g NEW r B 00 D TO e N a in Arkhangelsky r · H a P c ak s i ab Montes s o ne V Cruls Bjerk s B · · · m se H e - I Loh t a F · v r u n c e . l s Hi o d iu · ppa s o l n rc i l e h a h u s e i s rr s · e · Ra l M s i A o s zkir be A Ptolem · E p · Bo lz lp r o a l aeus · udo a r Helmh heu e u · ellas M. l D xus e · K s C a H i e aiser ol s a r R le n
m av by · L a 00 s o H Ross i e 35 V a · T F s N k – Valles a an Hoo r c l o · o
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r E gin COPERN to S u L Hug ICUS V e · Roddenberry r e P · l r s + m E M · n a p y e K l e a g li AR l s r l S o s e a –2 P R s A a Reu · o a ll V t he lu C i m m e r i a T s n V l D a M ra e s e l r B l a a s k li o B u r a al s o Valli s s ch p o u · G a n h u oy · h Ty · Na F op · Green i lst o · nse m y i a ac i 40° s ip To c n a 40° alle i t Pall t · r . S i 40° H n 40° V n Eu A e Campbell iu r y · l a i . so a · L Hsin a a i i · M c e e P · Russe n n il I s a ll n lm s s s u i a a s h n u A r e G ic d o S e D g zi p fov i H F il E gai n r · a p · V arwi u to E · Ku Po i h . s · D h i s R is ov T per · rt a South Hungarian e o glass e r h e r s Pa K ik Mendel · Cla r m / 18 ou t S us ter · p 7 o s · T rk u a 7 · n D n i e a · r · e · B a m s n le U h o e r y o A l · · W as T s C M Doa P m a r h us p m i ’ V s p oniu l ght h i ar m alli e r hr y e n itu p V c C h o h m x a o * a nu r i a c i s i r l la l l r P i · r P it a s Tr a ump a Maraldi a at a e i R e · P er t s x r h a a e W a m L e r u u Wegener · l a O T C a * · p · D m W Sisyphi Terr a Pate M A lls e ok a M a us r i e s u l e y a h W · Suess ch E o it llis c a · R F L A n n * Va T e r á P · d c d v o L r gy rm t B a e yr h s re á ips a M S B · Cha s R K ill e * rn · · y rlier r up n Ph s a ein l es vo rd inl e a · · Lyell B y He um s · · r PHOTOMAP OF MARS le · nba R Jeans 1999† · C i e m x ei u ha av v M nu u W p · Rich m it a i C ia alea Pla H · e ARS ardso b · To an ph · s + M n · S e F Du D isy D Showing albedo features of the surface t r o · S A B on lin nt · o LANDER e a u r l 60° u LAR y · S 60° n s he r s 60° ro O · R ten · 60° a A u ic Lambert Transversal Equivalent y t u P eyn o S rgent ol m M gh old m ea Plan · J r · H s s i um a · S · H th l ou in ut e e th a Azimuthal Projection ton es av M es t · up L ys F M · lm er i R ius Sc. a id ri omethe Ho ilb e ot u e go . P r i R u · G Published by Eötvös Loránd University Li th n · re pe · ais e r · · s s e · C · m A Sc a o p ga h A v y m i r Parva Planum ssiz i ngu Prom Cosmic Materials Space Research Group, P d s e H t ti C the ac lanum Austr av · McMur i Pl hni P ale i do . · Vis Aust Budapest, Hungary rale Chasma 80° 80° 80° 80° http://planetologia.elte.hu S S EÖTVÖS L. UNIVERSITY Source: Viking Orbiter COSMIC MATERIALS SPACE RESEARCH GROUP Map © Henrik Hargitai 2008 BUDAPEST, HUNGARY ISBN HU 978-963-463-969-5
North North
MARS FACTS CLIMATE METEO DATA VIEW OF CHRYSE PLANITIA (Viking–1) VIEW OF UTOPIA PLANITIA (Viking–2) Lowest nighttime temperature [K] Highest daytime temperatures during one Mars year [K] Legend Change of seasons on Mars is expressed as Ls degrees (Solar Longitude: distance of the Sun from the Sol 1 61 126 193 257 317 371 421 468 514 562 612 668 1 61 126 193 257 317 371 421 468 514 562 612 668 φ °C K Solar Distance: 206–249 million km φ r
. PRESSURE [mbar] Viking–2, 47°N s e first point of Aries ). 2 u 80 80 v 303 0 30 o o i 0
Earth Distance: 54–401 million km r 10 mb
c Seasonal changes are caused not only by the tilt of axis, 2
a 70
70 20 293 . v t
r s , but also by the Solar distance, which is a major factor p 60 Southern CO -frost Southern CO frost e Equatorial Radius: 3396.2 km 60 o 10 283 2 2 r A d sublimated f precipitated u - 50 because of the highly elliptical orbit of Mars. This plays 0 mb t
50 f 0 273 i Obliquity to orbit: 25°19’ (±10°) . o g 0
0° 90° 180° 270° Ls 0° n 0 40 a major role on the actual extent of the polar (frost) 40 t -10 263 o 0 l n 2
e
Orbital Period: 668.59 Mars Day ° 30 -15 258 caps. Southern seasons are extreme: Summer is while
30 t 0 n
x u
t WIND SPEED [m/s] Viking–2, 47°N e J 20 253 a -20 Mars is close to to Sun (perihelion), Winter is while far
(668.59 Sol) (=687 Earth Day) 20
. S d x E e 10 -30 243 from the Sun (aphelion). Northern seasons are less
10 a r 20 T u
Rotational Period (1 sol): 24h:37m m s 213
S 0 -60 different: Winter is in perihelion. The basis (x axis) of a 0 e e G dust storm season h -70 203 Gravity: 0.38 g m 10 M 10 t the diagrams shown here is not Ls, but a 56-sol month.
: r 0 e a 20 o -90 183 c t e 20 The southern Summer is the season for global dust 0° 90° 180° 270° Ls 0° r
Length of Equator: 21 300 km y
s u -100 173 r
n 30 o 30 storms. The almost always cloudless sky of Mars is pale e a S
2 i f
Surface Area: 144.2 million km t . 163 TEMPERATURE [C°] Viking–2, 47°N
e -110 r 40 40 r d
a pink in colour because of the dust. During the winter,
e t
e -120 153 aily M 50 d m -20 u Atmosphere: 95% CO ; 2,6% N 50 a n CO is precipitated as frost, even at 50° lat. By summer, x 2 2 t e i 2 . i t n -125 148 60 L
a 60 o -40 l Pressure: 6 mbar [min: 0,7–Olym pus, this sublimates, adding to global atmospheric pressure g 70 -130 143 n 70 -60 i and making strong winds. r ail u d y max: 12–Hellas) 80 80 min -80 D DAILY SOLAR ENERGY . 0. Longitude: Airy-0 crater Ls 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 350 Ls 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 350 2 -100 K AT VARIOUS LATITUDES [Wh/sol·m ] da d -120 Height Datum 3396 km radius 40 40 40 40 il 40 a 313
e t dailtime max. 0° 30°S i 60°S il 1400 r m 0° 90° 180° 270° Ls 0° 20 60°N 20 30°N 20 20 e 20 t 293 u dailtime max. im 0° Distance from Earth at Light t 0 0 m 270 SPRING SUMMER AUTUMN WINTER a 0 0 a 0 e r x. 1000 e -20 -20 -20 -20 -20 m 253
p a speed : 03:02–22:19 min. -40 -40 -40 -40 -40 x 233 SOLAR DISTANCE (million km)
m -85° Duststorm→ Duststorm→ Duststorm→ Duststorm→ . e -60 -60 -60 -60 -60 213 85° 600 Solar Distance: 589.2 W/m 2 T -80 -80 -80 -80 -80 193 2 -100 -100 nighttime min. -100 nighttime min. -100 nighttime min. -100 173 45° 200 nighttime min. nighttime min. -45° Satellites: Phobos, Deimos -120 -120 -120 -120 -120 153 2,5 -140 -140 -140 -140 -140 133 0 1 2 345678910 11 12 1 2 345678910 11 12 1 2 345678910 11 12 78910 11 12 1 2 3456 78910 11 12 1 2 3456 0° 90° 180° 270° Ls 0° 0° 90° 180° 270° Ls 0° 56-sol months (1=Ls 270) 56-sol months (1=Ls 270) 56-sol months (1=Ls 270) 56-sol months (1=Ls 270) 56-sol months (1=Ls 270)