Intelligence Law and Policies in Europe

Dietrich / Sule

2019 ISBN 978-3-406-69455-4 C.H.BECK

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Bold Roman numbers refer to the main parts, bold Arabic numbers to the chapters, normal ones to margin numbers.

A Blake, George I158 Abductions, illegal IV 1 19, 41, 45 BMAD (Bundesamt für den Militärischen Ab- Able Archer 1983 I166 schirmdienst) V120, 33, 41, 49 Abu Omar – ECtHR Judgment IV 1 43 BND (Bundesnachrichtendienst) I153; V12, Abu Zubaydah – ECtHR Judgment IV 1 43 21, 26, 30, 33, 40, 50 et seq., 87, 94 et seq. Access to materials IV 4 29 Bonaparte, Napoleon I110 Accountability Bosphorus – ECtHR Judgment IV 1 53 – Theory of IV 3 3 Brexit I1136; II 1 1, 54, 59; V389 Adequate redress IV 4 44, 46 et seq., 71 Bulk data access I212 Advanced persistent threats II 3 29 Butler Review I1113 Agreed Intelligence (NATO) II 5 6 et seqq. Al Qaeda I1106 C Al-Dulimi – ECtHR Judgment IV 1 53 Caesar, Julius I15 Alliance Ground Surveillance II 5 30 I156 – Allied Command Operations (ACO/SHAPE) II Campus Oil Ltd CJEU Judgment IV 2 5 24 55 et seq. 11 Allied Activity II 5 26 Cascope I152 Allied Joint Doctrine (NATO) II 5 21 CFSP (Common Foreign and Security Police) Allied Military Intelligence Batalllion II 5 29 III 2 7 Al-Skeini – ECtHR Judgment IV 1 18, 19, 21 Charlie Hebdo Attacks I1127 Andreou – ECtHR Judgment IV 1 20 Chilcot Report I1113 Area of Freedom, Security and Justice (AFSJ) III CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) I142; IV 1 40 3 1 et seqq. Civilian Intelligence Committee II 5 10 et seqq. Area of Operations (AOO) II 4 4, 52, 54 Civilians, armed conflict IV 1 45, 55, 59, 63, Armed conflicts IV 1 23 et seq., 45, 54, 58, 65 et seq. 61 et seq. Classified information IV 4 23, 32, 43, 64, 78 Armed groups, irregular IV 1 64 Closed Material Procedures V379–81 Assistant Secretary General (NATO) II 5 41 Club of Berne IV 2 153 Asymmetric warfare IV 1 57, 64 IV 1 74, 77, 2 9, 16 Atlantic, Battle of the I132 Combatants, armed conflict IV 1 61 et seq. Attribution II 3 12 Combatants, unlawful IV 1 66, 68 et seq. Audit IV 3 49 Commission nationale de contrôle des techni- Auftragsprofil der Bundesregierung V150 ques de renseignement V242 et seqq, 52 et seqq, 60 and seqq, 80 and seqq, 97, 104, 109, B 118, 123, 127 et seqq. Banković – ECtHR Judgment IV 1 17, 20 Commissioners (Judicial) (UK) V349–51, Basic Rights V135 et seq. 63–64 Battlefield information II 2 84 Committee against Torture IV 1 44 Belmarsh – House of Lords Judgment IV 1 12 Committee for Civilian Aspects of Crisis Berlin Plus II 4 21, 5 53 et seqq. Management (CIVCOM) II 4 39 I164 Committee for State Security (KGB) I147 BfV (Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz) I185; Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) II V18, 19, 24, 32, 39, 48, 54 4 17, 18; III 1 1 et seq., 12, 14, 23, 56, 60 et BICES II 5 39 seqq., 75, 79, 83, 94, 96 Big Brother Watch – ECtHR Judgment IV 1 38, Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) II 2 59, 5 3, 39, 44, 64 4 5, 10, 32, 59, 84; III 1 16, 26, 28, 38, 44, 45, Binding decision(s) IV 4 14, 16, 17, 23, 32, 56, 58, 61 34 et seq., 42 et seq., 46, 78 Common Set of Proposals (EU/NATO) II 5 58 Black boxes V298 et seqq.

585 Index

Component Commander (CC) II 4 55 Digital Rights Ireland v Minister for Commu- Comprehensive Approach (CA) II 4 7 et seqq., nications, Ireland – CJEU judgement IV 5 10, 12 75 Comprehensive Crisis and Operations Manage- Digital Rights Ireland – CJEU Judgment IV 1 2, ment Centre (NATO) II 5 26 34 et seq. Concept of Operations (CONOPS) II 4 42, 49 Dignity, human IV 1 16, 21, 66 Conseil d’Etat V244, 53 et seqq, 59 et seqq, Direct participation in hostilities IV 1 69, 71 105, 109 et seqq, 123 Direction de la Surveillance du Territoire Conseils Constitutionnel V264, 119, 125 et (DST) I176 seqq. Direction Génerale de la Sécurité Extèrieure Construction of a Wall – ICJ Judgment IV 1 57 (DGSE) I176 Cooperation clause IV 2 89 Disappearance, enforced IV 1 19, 40 et seq. Counter-Terrorism Database V144, 114 Disarmament, Demobilisation, Re-integration Counter-Terrorism Group (CTG) II 2 27 f, 39, (DDR) II 4 6 41, 85 ff, 98, 109, 116 f. Discrimination, prohibition of IV 1 12, 39, 76 Courts IV 4 10, 15, 19, 32, 35 et seqq., 52, 54, Double Cross I132 59 et seq., 64, 71, 79 et seq. Drone killings IV 1 64, 73, 76 Criminal trials (UK) Drone war IV 1 2 – Secrecy and disclosure V382–84 Drone, unmanned IV 1 2, 3, 20, 25, 72 Crisis Management and Planning Directorate Droned, pilotless (unpiloted) IV 1 3, 20, 55, 76 (CMPD) II 4 39 Due diligence IV 1 1 Crisis Management Concept (CMC) II 4 31, 39 Due process IV 1 25, 49 et seqq., 48 Duty to protect human rights IV 1 34, 42, 44, Critical infrastructure II 3 30, 43 et seqq. 59, 75 Cryptography I119 I169 E Curveball I1109 ECHR – – Cybercriminals II 3 6 Extraterritoriality IV 3 85 86 – Cyberdefence II 3 60 Implications for oversight generally IV 3 11, Cyberespionage II 3 10 et seq 19, 81, 83, 85 Cyberintelligence II 3 62 et seqq. Effective remedies IV 4 1, 7 et seq., 15, 41, 63, Cybersecurity II 3 34 et seqq. 79, 80 Cyberspace IV 1 31 El Alamain, Battle of I132 – Cyberterrorists II 3 7 et seq. El-Masri ECtHR Judgment IV 1 19, 42 et seq. Cyberthreats II 3 4 et seqq. Emergency, times of IV 1 9, 16, 23 et seq., 60, Cyberwar II 3 46 et seqq. 77 – Cyberwarfare II 3 31 et seqq. EMPACT EU Policy Cycle III 3 25 Enigma I131 D Equipment interference (UK) V347–48 Data mining I218 Espionage, inter-state IV 1 5 et seq., 21 Data portability IV 1 21 Ethical issues of pre-emption I225 et seqq. Data protection IV 1 28 et seq., 3 61, 96, 101 EU Data protection authority(ies) IV 4 15, 21, 24, – Cybersecurity II 3 70 et seqq. 35, 38, 46, 53, 68 et seqq., 79 et seq. EU Agencies with relevance to Criminal Intel- Data retention II 2 32 ligence III 3 52 et seqq. Defence Intelligence (UK) V321 – Eurojust III 3 53 Defence Intelligence II 4 4 – European Border and Coast Guard Agency Defence Intelligence Organisation (DIO) II 4 (Frontex) III 3 52 72, 86, 87 – European Public Prosecutor’s Office III 3 54 Denial of service attack II 3 23 et seq. – OLAF III 3 52 IV 5 65 et seq EU Battle Group (EUBG) II 4 13, 29 et seqq. Deportation, unlawful IV 1 45 EU Global Strategy (EUGS) II 4 11, 34 Derogation, human rights treaties IV 1 25 EU Institute for Security Studies – III 1 66, 67 Detention IV 1 12, 25, 40 et seq. EU Intelligence Analysis Centre (EU INTCEN) Digital capabilities IV 5 6 II 4 24, 38, 71, 84 Digital intelligence (DIGINT) I218 EU Military Council (EUMC) II 4 2, 27, 28, 31, – Demands for I233 51, 58 – Law enforcement use I236 EU Military Staff (EUMS) II 4 1, 2 et seqq., 28, – Supply of I234 40, 53, 58 et seqq., 61, 63, 80 et seqq.

586 Index

EU Satellite Centre (EU SATCEN) II 4 38, 73 et Extraordinary renditions IV 1 2, 19, 40 et seq., seqq., 84 50 EU SITCEN – III 1 24, 38 et seqq., 72, 83, 86 et Extraterritorial application of human rights seqq. treaties IV 1 9, 10 et seq., 20, 41 EUMS (Intelligence Directorate) II 4 3, 63, 67 et Extraterritorial application, ECHR IV 1 seqq., 80 et seqq.; III 1 24, 25, 30 et seqq., 46, 17 et seq. 48 et seqq., 55, 59, 61, 65, 69, 84, 86, Extraterritorial application, ICCPR IV 1 90 et seq., 99, 103 14 et seq. Eurobarometer II 1 29, 37 EUROJUST II 1 18, 20, 50, 52, 55 F – European Convention on Human Rights IV 5 4, Financial Intelligence Units FIU.net II 2 12, 37 47 ff, 116 European Counter-Terrorism Centre (ECTC) at Five Eyes I148 Europol II 2 61 ff, 86, 109, 115, 117 f. Force Commander (FCdr) II 4 54, 55 European Court of Human Rights IV 5 3, 13 Force Headquarters (FHQ) II 4 54, 77, 79, 85 European Court of Justice (ECJ) II 2 33, 105, 108 France IV 5 14, 56 et seq European Criminal Intelligence III 3 7 French Intelligence Services V25 et seqq. – Operational use III 3 13 et seqq. FRONTEX II 1 3; IV 2 152; III 1 2, 14, 15, 30, – Scope III 3 14 34, 35, 58 et seqq., 73 – – Strategic use III 3 17 et seqq. Oversight of IV 3 98 European Criminal Intelligence Model II 1 54 Fuchs, Klaus I149 European Cybercrime Centre II 3 71 et seqq. G European Defence Action Plan II 4 14 G10 Commission V127, 43, 84 et seq., 93 European External Action Service (EEAS) – III 1GCHQ IV IV 5 1 2, 12, 24 et seqq., 40, 44, 47 et seqq., 58, 60, 8, 38; 18, 23, 28 – History V35, 7 63, 67, 72, 83, 94, 101 – V3 – European Intelligence Agency IV 2 156, Llegal mandate 15 16, 18, 20 V1 157 et seq. GDR (German Democratic Republic) 2 I1 European Intelligence Space III 2 13 et seqq. Gehlen Organisation 44 Gehlen, Reinhard I144 European Parliament – on ECHOLON IV 2 132 Gemeinsames Terrorismusabwehrzentrum V1 – on intelligence activities IV 2 5 (GTAZ) 115 et seq. IV 1 – Intelligence oversight role IV 3 102–107 General Data Protection Regulation 30 II 5 – on national security IV 2 23 General Intelligence Estimate (NATO) 20 I1 European Public Prosecutor’s Office III 3 54 et German High Command 20 V1 seqq. German intelligence community 13 et seq. European security II 2 35, 103 Germany 47 et seq. V1 I1 European single intelligence agency – III 1 71, Gestapo 1, 7; 27 ’ II 1 73, 75, 81 Giscard d Estaing 9 II 5 European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Global Hawk 30 Goleniewski, Michael I159 Cooperation (EUROPOL) I1114 Gordievsky, Oleg I187 European Union External Action Service I1132 Government Code and Cypher School I124 European Union Intelligence and Situation Guillaume Affair I195 Centre I1130 European Union Military Staff Intelligence Di- H rectorate I1132 Hack back II 3 61 Europol II 1 12, 17, 20, 40 et seqq., 55 et seqq.; Hacking II 3 9, 17 et seqq.; IV 5 16, 17, 19, 26, III 1 2, 12, 14, 24, 30, 35, 53 et seqq., 60, 63, 50 65, 73, 83; III 3 36 et seq.; IV 2 152 II 1 – Hague Programme 18, 19, 59 Analysis III 3 44 I1 – Harel, Isser 53 Expertise & centres III 3 45 II 1 – Helmut Kohl 9 oversight of IV 3 99 II 4 – Helsinki Headline Goal 20 et seqq. Sharing of information III 3 38 et seqq. Hitler I127 Eurosint Forum III 2 15, 18, 27, 30, 32, Honest Cooperation V270 et seqq. 34 et seq. Human Intelligence V163 et seq. Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) I184 Humanitarian law, international IV 1 2, 20, 24, EU-US Terrorist Financing Tracking pro- 25, 45, 63 et seq. gramme (TFTP) II 2 45 f, 104 Humfrey Malins II 1 17

587 Index

I Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield (IPC) ICRC (International Committee of the Red II 4 64 Cross) IV 1 69 et seq. Intelligence Production Unit (NATO) II 5 16 et Immunity, diplomatic IV 1 7 seqq., 44, 57 IMSI Catcher V174 Intelligence reforms I253 et seqq. IMS-INT II 5 19 et seqq. Intelligence service V17 Independence IV 4 14 et seqq., 40, 43, 74, 78 Intelligence sharing III 2 1 et seqq. Information Sharing III 3 38 et seqq. Intelligence Steering Board (NATO) II 5 40 – Necessity III 3 14 et seq. Intelligence Unit (NATO) II 5 16 et seqq., 44, – via Europol III 3 57 – via other databases/systems III 3 47 et seq. Intelligence-led Policing III 3 31 Information warfare II 3 31 et seqq. Internal security II 2 34 f, 69, 76 Initial Military Directive (IMD) II 4 42 International cooperation between oversight Inspectors-general bodies IV 3 73 – oversight and IV 3 28, 29, 39, 40, 49 International intelligence cooperation I273 et INTCEN II 2 41, 51, 69, 72, 85, 95, 101; III 1 seqq. 14, 24, 25, 30 et seqq., 51, 54, 55, 58 et seqq., – Oversight problems IV 3 66 65, 69, 83 et seqq., 103; III 2 4–6, 8, 15, Interoperability of databases II 2 70, 72, 95 19–22, 25, 28, 33, 39; IV 2 151 Interpretive Guidance (ICRC) IV 1 69 et seq. Integrated Approach II 4 12 Interrogation methods IV 1 2, 16, 76 Intelligence Intervention, prohibition of IV 1 2, 6, 21 – Challenges for the EU with regard to CT and Invasion of Czechoslovakia I181 intelligence II 2 37 ff Investigatory Powers Act 2016 IV 5 16, 46, 75 – Criminal intelligence/intelligence led poli- – Bulk person datasets V343–46 cing II 2 11 – Bulk powers V339–42 – EU tools in intelligence II 2 40 ff – Equipment interference V347–48 – Ggrading of IV 3 8 – Judicial approval V349–51 – Importance of intelligence II 2 12 ff – Targeted interception and examination V3 – Role of intelligence in counter-terrorism II 2 35–39 17 ff Investigatory Powers Commissioner V364–65 – Training of intelligence stuff IV 3 2 Investigatory Powers Tribunal V366–68 Intelligence activities legal assessment IOCTA II 1 40 – and currency Union IV 2 101 Iraq War – and economic policy IV 2 101 – UK intelligence dossier V39 – and employment policy IV 2 108 Irish Republican Army (IRA) I184 – and industrial policy IV 2 107 Islamic State I1126 – under EU competition law IV 2 131 et seq. Issa – ECtHR Judgment IV 1 19, 20 – under general EU law IV 2 15 et seq., 75 et seq. J – under international law IV 2 9, 10 Janabi, Rafid Ahmed Alwan al I1109 – under national law IV 2 11 Joint Analysis Center (EUCOM) II 5 27 Intelligence agencies Joint Declaration (EU/NATO) II 5 3, 58 et – different types IV 3 14 seqq. Intelligence and Security Committee I1117; V Joint Intelligence and Security Division (NATO) 3 56–62 II 5 42 et seqq. Intelligence Bureau I118 Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC) I124; V3 Intelligence Community V23, 5 et seqq, 25 et 21 seqq., 46, 75 Joint Intelligence, Survaillance and Reconnais- Intelligence cooperation sance initiative II 5 30 – EU IV 2 149 et seq. Joint Investigation Teams II 1 55, 56 – general IV 2 7 et seq., 148 et seq., 154 et seq., Joint Operations Area (JOA) II 4 31 167 JTAC V321 Intelligence cooperation – III 1 3, 6, 14, 41, Judicial cooperation in criminal matters III 3 46 et seq., 61, 69, 72, 82, 84, 97, 102 50 et seqq. Intelligence cycle I250 Jurisdiction, extraterritorial IV 1 10, 18 Intelligence Fusion Center V1115 et seq. Jurisdiction, territorial IV 1 11, 12, 22, 39 Intelligence Liaison I131 Justice and Home Affairs II 1 6, 11, 13, 18, 20, Intelligence oversight IV 5 6, 23, 46, 79 21, 23, 29

588 Index

K National Security Agency I168 Kadi – CJEU Judgment IV 1 49 et seq. National security and the courts Kennedy – ECtHR Judgment IV 1 38, 2 86 – UK V369–73 Kernbereich privater Lebensgestaltung V169 NATO II 4 1, 6, 18, 19, 21 et seqq., 57, 62, 80 Khan – Views of the Committee against Tor- – Cyber capabilities II 3 49 et seqq. ture IV 1 44 NATO intelligence Klass – ECtHR Judgment – Allied Command Operations/SHAPE II 5 – IV 2 22, 25, 58 et seq., 86 24, 46 Kommando Strategische Aufklärung V122 – Assistant Secretary General II 5 41 – Civilian Intelligence Committee II 5 10 et L seqq. Legal standing IV 4 46, 48, 52 et seqq., 64, 72, – IMS-INT II 5 19 et seqq. 76 – Intelligence Unit/Intelligence Production Unit – Liberty & Ors v GCHQ Investigatory Powers II 5 16 et seqq., 44, 57 Tribunal judgement (UK) IV 5 42 – Joint Intelligence and Security Division II 5 Life, right to IV 1 11, 16, 20, 25, 44, 58 et seq., 42 et seqq. 75 – Military Intelligence Committee II 5 10 et Lisbon Treaty II 1 20; III 2 19, 39 seqq. Loyal cooperation (principle of) IV 2 89, 99, 121 – NATO Intelligence Fusion Centre II 4 80, 89; II 5 25, 27 et seqq. M – NATO Office of Security II 5 15 et seqq., 43 Maastricht Treaty II 1 11 et seqq., 48 IV 1 Margin of appreciation 35, 42, 52 – Situation Centre II 5 23 I2 Mass surveillance 30 – Strategic Analysis Capacity II 5 45 II 5 MC 161 20 – Terrorism Intelligence Cell (NATO) II 5 44 McCann – ECtHR Judgment IV 1 58 – Terrorist Threat Intelligence Unit II 5 16 et V1 Militärisches Nachrichtenwesen 22 seqq. II 4 Military Intelligence 4, 5 NATO Intelligence Warning System II 5 22 II 5 Military Intelligence Committee 10 et seqq. NATO Office of Security II 5 15 et seqq., 43 et Military necessity IV 1 62 seqq., 48 Military Planning and Conduct Capability NATO-EU Cooperation II 4 (MPCC) 14, 35, 53, 81 et seqq., 88 – Berlin Plus II 5 53 et seqq. II 4 Military Strategic Option (MSO) 40, 48 et – Common Set of Proposals II 5 58 et seqq. seqq. – Joint Declaration II 5 3, 58 et seqq. Ministerial responsibility – Parallel and Coordinated Analyses II 5 58 – UK V352–55 – Parallel and Coordinated Exercises II 5 58 Multinational intelligence – III 1 3, 38, 50 – Participation Problem II 5 49, 52 Munaf – Views of the Human Rights Com- Nelson, Horatio I19 mittee IV 1 16, 20 Netherlands IV 5 61 et seq Mussolini I125 Nicaragua – ICJ Judgment IV 1 6 Mutual trust Nile, Battle of the I110 – between Member States IV 2 96, 103, 113, Non-Agreed Intelligence (NATO) II 5 7et 116 seqq. – between Member States and EU institutions Non-judicial bodies IV 4 17, 35, 37, 43, 46, 52, IV 2 121 et seq. 71, 73, 78 N North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) I Nada – ECtHR Judgment IV 1 53 1 46 National Intelligence Cell (NIC) II 4 79 Notification IV 4 11, 49 et seqq., 72, 76 National Intelligence Liaison Officer (NILO) II NSA (National Security Agency) IV 1 8 4 79 NSU (Nationalsozialistischer Untergrund) V1 National security II 2 3, 17, 33 ff, 80 ff, 87, 103, 17, 28, 39, 108 116 O – and Article 4 II 3 TEU IV 2 18 et seq., Ombudsmen IV 4 23, 32, 35, 38, 41, 43, 46, 71 26 et seq., 39, 43, 49, 70, 164 Operation Bravo II 1 48 – and CJEU case law IV 2 46 et seq Operation Commander (OpCdr) II 4 52, 75 – and ECtHR case law IV 2 56 et seq. Operation Enduring Freedom I1106 – Definition IV 2 18, 22 et seq. Operation Gamorrah II 1 50 – IV 2 Substantial elements of 69 Operation Gladio I161

589 Index

Operation Gold I158 R Operation Headquarters (OHQ) II 4 49, 52, 57, Rainbow Warrior I189 58, 77, 79, 85, 88 Ransomware II 3 25 et seqq. Operation Jungle I154 Red Army Faction (RAF) I184 Operation Plan (OPLAN) II 4 42, 49 Reding, Viviane (Commissioner) Operation Ryan I186 – on intelligence Activities IV 2 5, 167 Operation Samot II 1 49 Redress body(ies) IV 4 18, 26, 30 et seqq., 37, Operation Wrath of God I185 39, 46, 54, 60, 64, 67, 69, 72 et seqq. Originator rule IV 3 68 70, 74 Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 IV Osint (Open source Intelligence) III 2 2, 22 et 5 36 et seq seqq. Remedies IV 3 3, 4, 51, 61, 77, 83, 85 Oversight I246; V127, 45, 119 et seq. Right to be heard IV 1 49 et seq. Oversight body(ies) IV 4 19 et seqq., 29, 32, 35, Right to privacy and data protection IV 4 2, 4, 38, 41 et seqq., 46, 52, 64, 68, 70, 78 et seqq. 7, 9, 13 et seq., 19, 33, 43, 64, 71 Risk assessment II 2 51 ff, 95, 109 P Ritter, Nikolaus I137 Palermo Convention II 1 16 Robot weapon IV 1 3, 20 Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) I184 Roman Zakharov – ECtHR Judgment IV 2 59 Parallel and Coordinated Analyses II 5 58 Rule of Law IV 2 6, 22, 25, 70, 72, 82, Parallel and Coordinated Exercises II 5 58 85 et seq., 112, 117, 163 et seq. Parlamentarisches Kontrollgremium V127, 34, – mechanism IV 2 85 et seq. 45, 93, 123 et seq. Rule of law IV 1 35, 39, 50, 60, 76 et seq., 4 5, Parliamentary oversight V273 et seqq. 8, 14 Parliamentary Oversight Russian Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR) I157 – (UK) V356–62 Participation Problem II 5 49, 52 S Passenger Name Record (PNR) II 2 42 ff, 70, 73, Sanctions Committee (UN) IV 1 47, 50 104, 106 SATCEN II 2 54; III 1 2, 14, 15, 31, 34, 35, 36 Penkovsky, Oleg I174 et seqq.; IV 2 151 Personal Data Protection in criminal matters Schengen III Agreement I1116 III 3 33 et seqq. Schengen Information System (SIS) II 2 3, 56 ff, Personal data, protection IV 2 5, 44, 47 et seq., 70, 73 f, 84, 104, 106, 116; III 3 48 53, 76, 123, 129, 163 et seq. Schrems – CJEU Judgment IV 2 47, 5 76, 77 Personal data, protection of IV 1 27, 30 et seq. Secrecy III 2 31 et seqq.; IV 4 1, 11, 19, 45, 49, PESCO II 4 33, 34, 89 59, 74, 75 et seqq. Petersberg Missions II 4 17 Secret intelligence justification I21 Philby, Kim I156 – Human intelligence (HUMINT) I23 Political Framework for Crisis Approach – Imagery intelligence (IMINT) I215 (PFCA) II 4 38 – Location intelligence (LOCINT or DF) I210 Positive obligations, human rights IV 1 42 – Open Source intelligence (OSINT) I219 4Powers IV 8, 14, 17, er seqq., 43, 46, 52, 61, – (SIGINT) I27 et seqq. 67, 73, 76, 78 – Social Media intelligence (SOCMINT) I217 Priorized Intelligence Requirements (NATO) II Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) I117 5 26 – History V35, 7 Privacy II 2 44, 72, 80 ff, 83, 105 – Legal mandate V315–16, 18–19 Privacy rights I214 Security research II 2 75 f Privacy, right to IV 1 14, 21, 27, 31 et seq., Security Sector Reform (SSR) II 4 6 76 et seq. Security Service (MI5) I117 Private life, right to IV 1 30 et seq. – History V35–6 Procedural fairness, right to IV 1 48, 76 – Legal mandate V315–17 Property, right to IV 1 48 et seq. Security, national IV 1 12, 25, 29, 34 et seq., 50 Proportionality, principle of IV 1 30, 58, 60, 70, Serious and Organised Crime Threat Assess- 77 ment (SOCTA) III 3 20 et seqq. Prüm II 1 21, 54 Shared Values of the EU IV 2 85 et seq., 163 Public Committee against Torture – Judgment SIAC – III 1 26, 46, 48, 51, 55, 59 et seqq., 65, of the Israeli High Court of Justice IV 1 24, 89, 90 66, 68 et seq. Signals Intelligence V177 et seq. Public Interest Immunity V374–75 Single Intelligence Analysis Capacity (SIAC) II 4 Putin, Vladimir I159 71

590 Index

SITCEN Terrorism III 2 15 et seq., 26 et seqq., – Oversight of IV 3 98 33 et seq., 39 Snowden (Edward) I1118; I214 – oversight and IV 3 17, 18, 21, 23, 70, 72, 91, – Allegations V310 95, 99 – UK response V312–14, 28–32 Terrorism Intelligence Cell (NATO) II 5 44 – leaks IV 5 8, 16, 20, 40 et seq, 51, 52, 57, 76, Terrorist suspects IV 1 25, 74 81 Teufelsberg I168 Social compact 2 31 TGV Alsthom/Siemens case IV 2 133 et seq. SOCTA II 1 40 Third Reich I127 Special Advocates (UK) V376–78 Torture Special Air Service (SAS) I162 – Alleged complicity of UK agencies V310 Special Operations Executive (SOE) I134 Torture, prohibition of IV 1 16, 25, 41, Specialization IV 4 17, 36 et seqq. 43 et seq., 77 Spy IV 1 7 Trafalgar, Battle of I111 St. Malo II 4 18 Transgovernmental network III 2 1 et seqq. Stalin I128 Transparency IV 4 23, 78 V11, 65 TREVI II 1 7, 8, 10 State Aids and intelligence activities IV 2 133 et seq. U Strategic Analysis Capacity (NATO) II 5 45 UK Investigatory Powers Act 2016 I211 Strategic Autonomy II 4 11 Ultra I132 Strategic Intelligence Estimate (NATO) II 5 20 UN Security Council IV 1 2, 8, 22, 47, 49 et seq. Stuxnet II 3 28 IV 5 15, 16 Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe IV 5 22 (SHAPE) I162; II 5 24, 46 Usama bin Laden I1106 Surveillance (UK) V322 et seq. V – History V323–25 – IV 1 Surveillance of Private Homes V168 et seq. Velásquez Rodríguez IACtHR Judgment Surveillance, bulk (mass) IV 1 5, 21, 33, 41 Vertrauensgremium V127, 122 36 et seq., 76 et seq., 2 5, 57, 126, 131, 5 16 et II 1 seq, 22, 30, 42, 44 Vienna Action Plan 14 I2 Surveillance, digital (virtual) IV 1 2, 21 Virtual private networks (VPN) 11 V1 Surveillance, domestic IV 1 3, 38 et seq. V-Leute 17 Surveillance, extraterritorial IV 1 5, 14, 21, W 38 et seq. Warfare IV 1 57, 61 et seq., 68 Surveillance, inter-state IV 1 5 et seq. – IV 1 – Weber and Saravia ECtHR Judgment 6, Szabo and Vissy ECtHR Judgment IV 2 2 58 et seq. 58 et seq., 5 13 Western European Union (WEU) II 4 17, 18, 60 IV 3 T Whistleblowing 50, 80 I1 Talinn Manual II 3 52 et seq. Wolf, Markus 96 I1 Targeted killings IV 1 2 et seq., 8, 20, 54 et seq., World War I 19 I1 76 World War II 30 Targeted sanctions IV 1 2, 8, 10, 22, 47 et seq., Z 76 Zakharov – ECtHR Judgment IV 1 38 Targeted surveillance I212 – Zimmermann Telegram I120 Tele2Sverige CJEU Judgment IV 1 2, ZZ – CJEU Judgment IV 1 30, 2 46, 49 et seq., 34 et seq., 2 45, 49 et seq., 53, 112, 5 75 54

591