Die Folklore Südosteuropas. Eine Komparative Übersicht

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Die Folklore Südosteuropas. Eine Komparative Übersicht Open Access © 2016 by BÖHLAU VERLAG GMBH & CO.KG, WIEN KÖLN WEIMAR Walter Puchner Die Folklore Südosteuropas Eine komparative Übersicht 2016 Böhlau Verlag Wien Köln Weimar Veröffentlicht mit der Unterstützung des Austrian Science Fund (FWF) : PUB 281-G21 Open Access: Wo nicht anders festgehalten, ist diese Publikation lizenziert unter der Creative- Commons-Lizenz Namensnennung 4.0; siehe http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek : Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie ; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. © 2016 by Böhlau Verlag Ges.m.b.H & Co. KG, Wien Köln Weimar Wiesingerstraße 1, A-1010 Wien, www.boehlau-verlag.com Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Dieses Werk ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung außerhalb der engen Grenzen des Urheberrechtsgesetzes ist unzulässig. Korrektorat : Stefan Galoppi, Korneuburg Umschlaggestaltung : Michael Haderer, Wien Satz : Michael Rauscher, Wien Druck und Bindung : Generaldruckerei, Szeged Gedruckt auf chlor- und säurefrei gebleichtem Papier Printed in the EU ISBN 978-3-205-20312-4 Open Access © 2016 by BÖHLAU VERLAG GMBH & CO.KG, WIEN KÖLN WEIMAR Felix Karlinger und Leopold Kretzenbacher in memoriam Open Access © 2016 by BÖHLAU VERLAG GMBH & CO.KG, WIEN KÖLN WEIMAR Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort ........................................ 9 Einleitung ...................................... 13 Erster Teil : Gesungene Texte ............................ 17 Einleitung ..................................... 17 1. Orale Versepik und Heldenlied ......................... 19 Die Lieder um Digenes Akrites ......................... 20 Südslavische und albanische Oralepik ...................... 23 Exkurs : Universaltopos Drachenkampf 1 .................... 29 2. Historische Lamentationen und Liedchroniken ................. 31 Exkurs : Das kretische Lied der »Vienna« .................... 33 3. Kleften- und Hajdukenlieder .......................... 34 Exkurs : Mannfrau und gender-studies ...................... 37 4. Balladen und Erzähllieder ............................ 39 Exkurs 1 : Die Ballade vom Toten Bruder .................... 43 Exkurs 2 : Die Bauopfer-Ballade ........................ 45 Exkurs 3 : Das Lied vom heimkehrenden Gatten ................ 49 Exkurs 4 : Das Miorița-Syndrom ........................ 50 5. Religiöse Lieder ................................. 54 6. Coleda und regölés. Ansingelieder im Jahreskreis ................. 57 Exkurs 1 : Komparationsachse Nord-Süd – Zwölftenkalanda .......... 59 Exkurs 2 : Homöomorphe Verbreitung – dodola und perperuna ......... 63 Exkurs 3 : Vergleichsschiene Ost-West – Lazarus redivivus ........... 65 Exkurs 4 : Lokaler Diffusionssradius – das Schandlied auf Judas ......... 68 7. Lieder auf Tod und Trennung .......................... 72 Totenklagen .................................. 73 Exkurs : Bilder aus der Welt der griechischen Totenklage ............ 75 Lieder auf die Fremde ............................. 77 Hochzeitslamentationen ............................ 78 8. Liebes-, Hochzeits- und Frühlingslieder .................... 79 9. Karnevalsschwank und Sexualparodie ...................... 83 10. Kinderlied und zersungene Formen ....................... 84 11. Andere Formen ................................. 85 8 Inhaltsverzeichnis Zweiter Teil : Gesprochene Texte ......................... 87 Einleitung .................................... 87 1. Langformen .................................. 90 1. Märchen ................................... 91 Exkurs : Universaltopos Drachenkampf 2 .................... 94 Exkurs : Das sogenannte Ödipusmärchen .................... 104 2. Sage und Überlieferung ........................... 110 3. Legende und erbauliche Geschichten .................... 116 Exkurs : Des Lazarus zweites Leben in Ost und West .............. 126 4. Schwank und Anekdote ........................... 129 5. Andere Erzählformen ............................ 134 2. Kurzformen ................................... 137 1. Sprichwort und Redewendungen ....................... 137 2. Rätsel und andere Kurzformen ........................ 146 Schlußwort ..................................... 151 Bildtafeln ...................................... 157 Bibliographischer Teil ............................... 165 A Kommentierte Bibliographie .......................... 165 B Kommentierte Bibliographie zum Ersten Teil : Gesungene Texte ........ 168 C Auswahlbibliographie zum vorliegenden Band ................. 199 Anmerkungen ................................... 261 Abbildungsverzeichnis ............................... 437 Register ....................................... 439 Open Access © 2016 by BÖHLAU VERLAG GMBH & CO.KG, WIEN KÖLN WEIMAR Vorwort Vorliegender Band bildet den zweiten Teil einer Trilogie, die einer vergleichenden Über- sicht der traditionellen schriftlichen und mündlichen Kultur Südosteuropas gewidmet ist. Der erste Band war der Belletristik bis ins frühe 20. Jh. gewidmet (Die Literaturen Südosteuropas [15. – frühes 20. Jh.]. Ein Vergleich), der zweite Band behandelt die sprach- lichen Manifestationen der traditionellen Oralkultur (Die Folklore Südosteuropas. Eine komparative Übersicht), der dritte Band wird den performativen und imaginären Aspek- ten der Volkskultur gewidmet sein, in die die sprachlichen Manifestationen eingebettet sind. Auch dieser Band ist aus den Vorarbeiten zum Teilband 3 des Handbuchs zur Geschichte Südosteuropas entstanden, zu dem ich als Mitherausgeber einige Kernka- pitel beizusteuern hatte, das vom Institut für Ost- und Südosteuropaforschung in Re- gensburg und einem eigenen Editorenteam herausgegeben wird und in sechs Bänden voraussichtlich 2016–2018 erscheinen soll ; die Teilbände 3 und 4 behandeln »Sprache und Kultur«, der Halbband 3 ist der »Vormoderne« gewidmet. Auch hier, wie schon im ersten Band der Trilogie, ist in den Anfangsphasen der Vorarbeiten klargeworden, daß ein einigermaßen systematischer komparativer Überblick der vorwiegend traditionel- len Folklore Südosteuropas, von Istrien bis an die Dardanellen und von der Donau bis ins Mittelmeer, der bisher niemals vorgelegt worden ist, den zur Verfügung stehenden Raum eines Handbuchartikels um ein Vielfaches überschreiten wird, allein schon aus der Materialfülle heraus ; die Oralkultur des Balkanraums zählt zu den starken Sei- ten Südosteuropas, doch auch hier verläuft die Forschung meist in nationalen Grenzen. Sprachübergreifende und transnationale Vergleiche sind nur dann anzutreffen, wenn internationale Rahmenbedingungen, wie sie etwa die institutionalisierte vergleichende Erzählforschung bereitstellt, gegeben sind ; die in die Hunderttausende gehenden auf- gezeichneten Varianten gesungener und gesprochener Texte bilden ein unüberwindli- ches Hindernis für jegliches Vollständigkeitsstreben, was mutatis mutandis auch für die Sekundärliteratur gilt, die nicht nur thematisch überaus zersplittert ist, sondern auch aufgeteilt auf alle Kleinsprachen Südosteuropas und die Hauptsprachen Europas und ediert in einer Vielfalt von volkskundlichen und philologischen Zeitschriften nationaler oder auch regionaler Reichweite, Kongreßakten, Akademieberichten, Fakultätsjahrbü- chern usw. Zu dem Ausufern der Angaben des bibliographischen Sektors, die bei einer einiger- maßen verantwortlichen Dokumentation Erwähnung finden müssen, gerade weil sie z. T. sehr schwierig zusammenzustellen ist, tritt jedoch noch ein weiterer Faktor, der Konsequenzen zeitigt für den Umfang des Unternehmens : die Notwendigkeit, Textbei- 10 Vorwort spiele in Übersetzung (eigener oder aus einschlägigen Sammlungen und Arbeiten) zu bringen, um dem Leser Anschauungsbeispiele vor Augen zu führen, damit er sich von der Eigenart der mündlichen Überlieferung Südosteuropas eine Vorstellung machen kann, denn es handelt sich nicht um die übliche Leseliteratur, sondern mündlich ver- mittelte Texte, die je nach Kommunikationssituation und Zuhörerschaft variieren kön- nen und in eine Welt führen, die dem heutigen Leser nur wenig vertraut ist. In Form von Exkursen werden auch Durchblicke durch größere Themenkomplexe gegeben bzw. auch regionsübergreifende Vergleiche mit Weitraumbezügen angestellt, um die Teilho- mogenität dieses Kulturbereichs augenfällig zu machen. Schon im Vorwort sei darauf hingewiesen, daß sich dieser komparative Überblick auf die Texte per se beschränken muß, was keine veraltete methodische Selektion des Au- tors darstellt, sondern eine Darstellungsnotwendigkeit, die nur punktweise aufgehoben werden kann : Gesang und Musikbegleitung bei den Liedern, bzw. auch Tanzschritte und Körperbewegungen bei den Tanzliedern können nicht berücksichtigt werden, ob- wohl einige wenige Studien auch darauf eingehen ; Mimik, Gestik, Stimmverstellung, Zuhörerspannung und Kommunikationsdichte bei den Narrationen und gesprochenen Texten können ebensowenig zur Darstellung kommen, denn dies bedarf der Videoauf- zeichnung, die erst in den letzten Jahren Eingang in die Feldforschung gefunden hat. Ältere Quellen entbehren manchmal noch essentiellerer Angaben wie die Identität der Sänger/Erzähler, Aufzeichnungsdatum, Ortsangabe usw., wenn nicht auch noch glät- tend oder literarisierend in die Texte eingegriffen wird. Der Verzicht auf die vollständige Authentizität geht allerdings noch tiefer : Die Übersetzungen können nur eine ungefähre Vorstellung von der ästhetischen Seinsweise der oralen Texte geben, denn Versform, Rhythmik, Vortragskunst, Pausen, beim Lied
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