The Renaissance spawns the Reformation of The Roman Catholic Church that THE REFORMATION grows out of Northern (Christian) Humanism
DEFINITION: REFORMATION vFinal Splitting of the Western Christian Church into 2 halves vThe 2 branches of the Church = Catholicism & Protestantism LONG TERM CAUSES ( BUILDING UP OVER TIME) ØGrowth in power of secular king> decrease in Pope’s Power ØPopular discontent with seemingly empty rituals ØMovement toward more personal ways to communicate with God ( lay piety, mysticism) ØFiscal (Money) crisis within the church over expenses incurred-building St. Peter’s, painting the Sistine Chapel, etc. ABUSES OF CHURCH POWER
§Simony- sale of Church positions led to people desiring positions based on economic motives- not religious/spiritual ones §Dispensations- payments that released one from Canon(Church) law requirements §Incelebacy- Church officials marrying, having children, having mistresses §Pluralism- Church officials holding many positions §Nepotism- Church positions controlled by family inheritance, not ability Indulgences= biggest money maker
Purchase of one : §Excused a sin that had been committed §Excused a sin when committed in the future §Made passage into the “pearly gates of heaven” easy!!! THE FOLLY OF INDULGENCES
In this woodcut from the early Reformation, the church’s sale of indulgences is viciously satirized. With one claw in holy water, another resting on the coins paid for indulgences, and a third stretched out for offerings, the church, in the form of a rapacious bird, writes out an indulgence with excrement. The creature’s head and gaping mouth represent Hell, with foolish Christians inside, others being cooked in a pot above, and a demon delivering the poplin a three-tiered crown and holding the keys to Heaven, symbol of papal authority.
Illustrations such as this, often printed as single-sheet broadsides and sold very cheaply, clearly conveyed criticism of the church to people who couldn't read. DOMINO EFFECT OF THE REFORMATION
1517: Ninety-five Theses posted- cathedral door Wittenberg Germany 1520: Luther is writing up a storm! ØAn Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation- “nobles, as well as clergy = leaders of the church”! ØOn the Babylonian Captivity- attacked the 7 sacraments- only 2 are mentioned in the Bible: baptism & the Lord’s Supper (communion) ØFreedom of the Christian Man- Political authorities have supremacy over believers ØOn Christian Liberty- “the Christian man is the most free lord of all and subject to no other man” – ( the peasants love this!) LUTHER GETS INTO “ HOT WATER”
1521: A REALLY BIG YEAR! vPope Leo X excommunicates Luther vLuther is called to the Diet of Worms by Charles V and asked to recant vLuther issues famous quote: “Here I stand. I can do no other.” vCharles V sentenced Luther to death & orders Frederick of Saxony to carry out the death sentence vFrederick of Saxony refuses & hides Luther in one of his castles for a year 1529: DIET OF SPEYER: GERMAN PRINCES “PROTEST” CATHOLIC MAJORITY DECISIONS COLLOQUY OF MARBURG: AN ATTEMPT TO UNITE ALL “PROTESTANT” OPINION FAILS 1530: Confession of Augsburg: Luther officially formulates a new “protestant” religion- Lutheranism 1555: Peace of Augsburg: Charles V officially ok’d Lutheranism: Each prince in Holy Roman Empire can determine his domain’s religion- Lutheran or Catholic NO FREEDOM OF RELIGION! RCC NO LONGER ONLY CHRISTIAN CHURCH PROTESTANT CHURCH VS. CATHOLIC CHURCH EUROPE @ 1600 DURING THE REFORMATION FOUNDATIONS OF ABSOLUTISM: FRANCE
During 2nd ½ of 16th c, France was torn by civil & religious wars: Civil wars due to lack of a strong government • armed, lawless bands plunder the countryside Religious wars due to power struggle: Catholic v. Huguenot 1572 – St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre:
• Culmination of religious wars • 3000 Huguenots killed by Catholics
• Wedding Day of Henry of Navarre ( Huguenot leader) & princess Marguerite (daughter of Catherine de Medici- Queen mother of France
• Catherine, a Catholic, feared Catholics becoming too powerful & challenge her - thought this marriage would ingratiate her to the Huguenots.
• Celebration set off religious fighting/plotting;
• At center was Charles, king of France (Catherine’s son/ Marguerite’s brother) screamed that he wanted all Huguenots killed
• New bridegroom was not killed- no one wanted to harm Catherine’s son-in- law
1574- Charles died (some say Catherine killed him)
Henry III (Catherine’s 3rd son) named king = Insane, so Catherine = real power
1587 – “War of the Three Henry’s”
1589 – * January 5th – Catherine died • a few months later both French king & leader of Catholic party assassinated
• Small group of moderates of both faiths (politiques) saved France- believed restoration of a strong monarchy could end the religious violence
• Henry of Navarre is named Henry IV (Henri Le Grand) 1593 – Henry IV converts to Catholicism; wants peace: “ Paris is worth a mass.”
1598 – Henry IV issued Edict of Nantes : grants religious toleration to Huguenots
1610 – Henry IV murdered by crazy fanatic Cardinal Richelieu becomes chief minister for child King Louis XIII
1643 – Richelieu & Louis XIII both die; Louis XIV becomes king at age 5
1643 –1661 – Cardinal Mazarin= chief Minister w/power
1648-1653 – The Fronde, an unsuccessful uprising of nobles; Louis vows to control them - 1661 – Mazarin dies – Louis shocks court -declares self own chief minister at age 23
1661-1687 – Louis builds palace at Versailles
1662-1683 – Jean Baptiste Colbert = finance minister
1685 – Louis revokes the Edict of Nantes
1715 – Louis XIV dies Reaction of Catholic Church to Protestant Reformation
I. Catholic Reformation (Church reforms itself)
Council of Trent: 1545-1563: Called by Pope Paul III to reform Church
• Banned ( forbid) Nepotism and Simony
• Controlled indulgences - later banned them
Missionary Groups Established: Attempt to get back to ideals taught by Jesus
• Establish schools to educate and convert
• Jesuits- Ignatius Loyola
• Ursuline Order - Angela Merici II. Counter Reformation (Steps taken to fight Protestants and their teachings)
Index of Forbidden Books
• List of books that Catholics could not read Inquisition: Special Church Court
• Suppress heresies ( beliefs contrary to official Church doctrine)
• Had power to arrest, imprison, execute anyone who preached "false doctrines"
• Strongest in Spain and Italy Persecution of Non-Christians
• Expelled from much of Italy
• Forced to live in ghettos
• Many Jews move east - Muslims are more tolerant