same stock. I could not obtain the nrumerals in This title is explained by the circumstance that Cotoname, but in Comecrudo the majority of them Texas once formed a part of the local government of are borron-ed from Nahuatl. Coahuila, which, from the sixteenth to the eighteenth The Comecrudo Indians mentioned to ule a nun- centuries, comprised a much larger extent of terri- ber of extinct tribes, who lived in their ~iciniiy,and tory than it does now. ALBEBTS. GATSCHET. suoke their lanaua~e.or dialects clobelv related to it. " '> 1 dut left no representatives at the ti&e of nly visit. Two ethnographic maps. These were the Casas Chicluitafi, Tejones (or 'rac- coons'), Pintos or Palraw&s. &IiSlrlran, Catujanos, LIXGUISTICFA;\.IILIES OF THE GULF STATES. and the Carrizos above mentioned. The Pintos and THE annexed map represents the linguistic families the Cotonames originally belonged to the northern of Indian dialects withill the south-eastern parts of or Texan s~deof the Rio Grande. The 3IiAkkau be- the United States of America, as far as they could be longed to the Rlission de 10s Borregos, at the tomn of traced through actual remnants of tribes still linger- ~i&.,and spoke a language that has neither Coto- iug in their old hannts, or in the vicinity of these, name nor Comecrudo. and by historic research. As far as the smaller stocks Upon being informed by a French prie~tat Rio are concerned, their areas, or the probable limits of Grande City that a colony of Indians existed at Sal- the territories claimed by them, are shown by lines, tillo, the capital of Coahuila state, I resolved to visit mofitly of a rounded shape, enclosing their principal that place. One day's ride upon the railroad brought settlements, which are n~arltedby colored dots. Full me there from Laredo. The country between the ethnographic and historic particulars of these lin- Rio Grande and Saltillo can be irrigated only in a guistic families will he found in my publication, ' A fen, places, for want of running water : but if that migration legend of the Creek Indians ' (1884, vol. i. commodity was procured through artesian wells, or pp. 11-118). In the prelient article I restrict nlyself pumped by windmills to the surface, there would be to a few remarks necessary for the understanding of no land more fertile on earth. The ground luxu- the map, and begin with the family of the riantly produces the uopal, guifiaohe, mescal, palm- Timzccua. -This Floriclian stock, properly called tree, and uiLa de gat0 (or 'cat's-claw') tree. The Atimuca. extended north to a line which can be in- scenery, as soon as the mountain-ridges are reached, dicated only approximately, and seems to have ex- at Lampazas, i8 of extraordinary grandeur, the eEect tended farther north on the Atlantic side than on the being heightened by the transparency of the southern western side toward8 the Chatahutchi River. It is atmosphere. Beyond the city of Monterey the rail- very grobable that the Kal6sa and Tekesta villages road-traclr begins to wind up along the tortuous at the southern cape of Florida spoke dialects of passes of the Rinconada, once held and strongly de- Timucua. Tribes speaking Creek and Hitchiti dia- fended by the wild tribes of the Guachichile Indians : lects had intruded upon the Timucua domain since then it emerges into a wide, dry plain, in the midst 1550 (perhapfi before); and from 1706 to the present of which Saltillo (literally, 'the small water-spring') time they have inhabited its whole area, under the is situated, surrounded upon all sides by the high name of Seminoles. lnountainfi of the Sierra Madre. In this city of about ICataba. -The dialects of this family, which does 42,000 inhabitants, the Tlaslraltec Indians, said to not properly belong to the Gulf states, must have count about a thousaud souls, live in some of the occupiecl a much larger area than is indicated by the eastern thoroughfares, and in early colonial times two rings on the map. But since we possess but two were allotted the whole eastern quarter of Saltillo, vocabularies, KatBba proper and Woccon, these alone which was founded about A.D. 1575. Over a hun- could be indicated in the map, for fear of infringing dred and fifty fanlilies of these Indians mere then against historia truth. brought to this distant place from Anahuac to defend Yuchi. -From historic documents, three areas the new colony against hostile tribes, such as the could be made out for this people, which ueyer ap- Guachichiles and Borrados, who seem to have disap- pears pronlinently in history. Of these, the settle- peared entirely since the eighteenth century. The ments on Chatahutchi and upper Flint rivers were Indians, who now speak the Tlaslraltec language, the ~liostrecent. Other Puchis existed between the which is almost identical with Aztec, do not number Altarnaha River and the northern border of Florida. over two hundred. The language has adopted as In the Creek Nation, Indian Territory, they occupy many Mexican-Spanish terms as English has adopted a tract near WialSka and Deep Creek, on the south words from Norman-French, or perhaps more. Lu ~horeof the Arkansas River. plantu cle rndkshi is 'sole of the foot; ' hzcesito de Cheroki. -The settlements of this people were ndkshi, 'ankle-bone:' se chorrzto de atl, 'a cns- divided into Ot,ali or Otari ('upland' or ' overhill ') cade ;' cerca de naxkoydme, ' around the city.' towns, and Elati or Erati (or ' lowland ') villages, the Tlaskaltec has also lost many derivational endings latter in upper Georgia and Alabama. The limit be- from the old Nahuatl, as in nenCpil, for nendpilli tween the Cherolri and the Maslr6ki family is marked (' tongue'). approxirnati~,ely.The land cessions made by Cheroki It is quite probable that the linguistic family to Indians to the TJnited States government are given in which the tribes on the lower Rio Grande belong detail in C. C. Royce's ' Map of the former territorial extended once to Saltillo and t,he rest of Coahuila, limits of the Cherokee Indians,' etc., issued in the or at least to the western slope of the mountain- ' Fifth report of the bureau of ethnology,' with his chain for~iiingthe Rinconada passes. But no vocab- article on the same subject (pp. 123-378), novr in ularies of these tribes are now extant, and we have press. to expect the concluding numl~ersof a publication A~kansas,properly called l;Iig~ixpa(or ' down- ilom issued at Saltillo by Mr. E~tebanPortillo, which stream') tribe, speaks a dialect of the great Dakotan will perhaps shed more light on this subject. The or Sioux family. The subdivisions of this tribe now title of this book is ' Apuntes para la historia an- live in the north-eastern angle of the Indian Terri- tigua de Coahxiila y Texas' (Saltillo, 1886, So). tory. The Biloxi, formerly on the Gulf coast. state [VOL. IX., NO. 221

of Nississippi, speak a clialect of the saiiie Dakotan towns of the Upper Creeks on Coosa and Tallapoosa stoclr. Some of their remnants I met in November, rivers, and of the Lower Creeks on Chatahutchi 1886, on Indian Creeli, near Lecompte. La. and Flint rivers. The Koassati and Alibamlz L%skdki. -This fanlily is the largest of all repre- towns lay on Alabama River, below the Coosa- sented upon the map, and from the sixteenth to the Tallapoosa junction. TVitdmlra, at the Coosa Falls, eighteenth century extended even east of the Gnvan- which nas an Alibamu town, made an exception, nah River (T&ninssi tribe). The Tuchi were snr- being on Coosa River. On Chatahutchi River the rounded on all sicles by the Mask6ki tribes, and one upper towns spolre Creeli; the lower ones, from of these, the Seminoles, settled in Floricla in the Chiaha downward, spoke Hitchiti; Tuchi and its former domain of the Timncua, and west of it, where colonies on Flint R,iver spoke Yuchi. formerly the Apalaches lived. The ul~per and Blnny Creek towns ~uentionedin history could lower Creeks held the central parts of the area : and not be infierted here, because their location is not the Cha'hta, in three subdivisions, the xsestern parts. lcno~vnwith accuracy, like Tallipsehogy, Chuniulagi, The Biloxi, on the coast, belong to the Dakota stocli. Chatoksoflri, Koha-mntlri-kBtslra, etc. Others had to The majority of the MasB6lri tribes now live in the be omitted for want of space in crowded parts of the eastern parts of the Indian Territory. within the map. area marked vith red lineu in the north-nestern The tort7ns are described in my publication above corner of the nlap. mentioned (pp. 124-151). Names still used at pres- Tacmsa. -The historic Taensa people lvere settled ent are written in capitals on the map. All naines at two places. From their earlier settlements on the of this and the preceding map are spelled according i\Iississippi River, west side, betvreell Vicksbnrg and to iny pl~oneticsystem of alphabetic writing. Natchez City, they removed to 3Iobile Bay, threat- ALBERTS. GATSCHET. ened by an attaclc from the Chicasa Indians, early in the eighteenth century. In 1762 they went to Lou- isiana with the Alibamus, and are lnelitioned there. Specific variations in the skeletons of on Bayou Boeuf, as late as 1812, by the Rev. Mr. vertebrates. Schermerhorn (~VIass.hist col!.). ATaktcfLe. -This Iainily were the leading people in When I speak of the specific variations as they the confederacy of TheloBI, on St. Catherine Creek, occur in the slreletons of vertebrates, I refer to those near Natchez City. 3Iiss. Since the war of 1730 they apl3reciable differences in forrn which .ive find to hnve lived scattered in various countries. exist hen \ye conle to compare any two slreletons of X'oqzika, or, as they call themselves. Tiiiti~kn,a the same species, or, as for that matter, a series of people once residing at dieerent places near the loner slieletons of the sanle species. As in every thing Mississippi 12iver : So, on the lower Pazoo 1Zi1-er ; else, as me are well an-are, no two skeletons, even of 2", on the east shore of the Xissi~sippiRiver, near the same species, are exactly alike; but I have rea- the Red River junction ; 3O, in Avoyelles parish, son lo believe that it is not generally appreciatecl south of the lower Red River, Louisiana. I sii~died how great tliis degree of difference limy be some- this vocalic language, new to science, in November, times. It has alnays been one of the chief dram- 1886, and found it to be independent of all other backs to the study- of human craniology, that the North American families. slinlls in llonzo, representing the same mce, have fre- Add-i. -A small peol)le once living between Sn- cluently been found to be so thoroughly un!ilre, both bine River and Natchitoches, La., which is still re- in measurement and in general characteristics. We luembered as belonging to the Caddo confederacy. would come across slr~l!lsof Caucasians, with monder- Caddo of north-western Loui~iana,and the Sssinai fully low cranial capacit,ies, a slliall facial angle, or Cenis of middle Texafi, spolre dialects closely re- aud, indeed, having perhaps many of the racial lated to each other. and, with six or seven other characters as they might occur in the skull of a. tribes, formed a confederacy, the remnants of nrhich Malay. It will be uny object in the present letter to now live near TVashita River, on the Kiowa, Apache. shorn that these differences are quite as niarked aud Comanche reservation, Indian Territory. aillong the species that go to make up the classes Sheti~nashcc.-The few Indians of this family still below Inan, ns tiley are among the skeletons of the live at one of their olcl seats, at Charenlou. St. same species of men : and I will also present a num- Mary's parish, La., while others are farther north on ber of esnrr~pleschouen from the lower vertebrates Placluelnine Bayou. to illustrate this point. Atulcupcc. -This language seems to have had a People nho have given no special thought to this pretty extensive area in earlier centuries, for Dr. matter are led to believe that when they have care- Sibley stated in 1805 that the I