ENCYCLOPEDIA OF NATIVE AMERICAN TRIBES THIRD Edition CARL WALDMAN Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes, Third Edition Text copyright © 2006, 1999, 1988 by Carl Waldman Illustrations from the original edition copyright © 1999, 1988 by Molly Braun Illustrations new to the Third Edition copyright © 2006 by Infobase Publishing All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact: Checkmark Books An imprint of Infobase Publishing 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 ISBN-13: 978-0-8160-6273-7 (hardcover) ISBN-13: 978-0-8160-6274-4 (pbk) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Waldman, Carl, 1947– Encyclopedia of Native American tribes / Carl Waldman.—3rd ed., rev. ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8160-6274-9 (pbk. (checkmark books) ISBN 0-8160-6273-0 (hardcover (facts on file, inc.) 1. Indians of North America—Encyclopedias, Juvenile. I. Title. E76.2.W35 2006 970.004'97003—dc22 2006012529 Checkmark Books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755. You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfile.com Text design by Cathy Rincon Illustrations on pages 35, 90, 92, 130, 136, 146, 203, 249, 290, 314, and 319 by Dale Dyer; all others by Molly Braun Printed in China CP JM 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 This book is printed on acid-free paper. For Chloe and Devin CONTENTS INTRODUCTION vii LISTINGS OF ENTRIES xi Alphabetical List of Entries with Alternate Spellings and Alternate Names xi Entries Organized by Culture Areas xv Entries, plus Other Tribes or Groups Mentioned in Text, Organized by Culture Areas and Language Families xviii TRIBES AND PEOPLES 1 GLOSSARY 335 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 345 INDEX 350 INTRODUCTION The Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes is designed to sections are considered names of tribes. But other head- tell part of the story of Native North Americans—a sub- ings are more general cultural names: MISSION INDIANS, ject matter that, although central to the story of North MOUND BUILDERS, PREHISTORIC INDIANS, PUEBLO America, receives all-too-little emphasis in public educa- INDIANS, and SOUTHWEST CULTURES. Other headings tion. The book tries to give in an accessible format an apply to Mesoamerican civilizations: AZTEC, MAYA, overview of historical events while imparting some of the OLMEC, and TOLTEC. Still others apply to language fam- rich culture of American Indians. It also attempts to ilies: ALGONQUIANS and ATHAPASCANS, since it is help- show that the story is ongoing, with Indians a vital part ful to discuss these groupings as specific categories. The of the contemporary scene. IROQUOIS (HAUDENOSAUNEE) heading applies to a con- Any single volume covering such a vast topic has to limit federacy of tribes. itself somewhat arbitrarily as well as impose a somewhat There is another category of headings in this book: arbitrary system of organization and classification. As such, “culture areas.” A culture area is a geographic region where this book focuses its attention only on some of the hun- the various Indian peoples shared a way of life. The system dreds of North American Indian tribes, while including a of culture areas has been devised by scholars to make number of cultural groupings to give a broader picture. Native American studies easier; from them one can get a As for the concept of tribe, the term is used in many sense of cultural patterns. One can see, for example, that different ways to indicate varying kinds of social organi- the tribes of the Great Plains lived differently than those of zation. In some cases, it refers to a group of local bands the Great Basin did. The culture area entries in this book or villages with common ancestry, culture, and language. include the following: ARCTIC PEOPLES, CALIFORNIA It also sometimes refers to groups of peoples spread over INDIANS, GREAT BASIN INDIANS, NORTHEAST INDIANS, a wider area but united politically in what is called a con- NORTHWEST COAST INDIANS, PLAINS INDIANS, PLATEAU federacy. In still other cases, tribe refers to just one vil- INDIANS, SOUTHEAST INDIANS, SOUTHWEST INDIANS, lage. Furthermore, scholars do not always agree on how and SUBARCTIC INDIANS. A map showing all the culture to classify a particular people. Some may define a group areas is included in the front matter. Each culture area of people as a distinct tribe while others consider the entry is accompanied by a map showing general locations same people a band or subtribe. of those tribes in that culture area. An additional culture In addition to the word band, there are other terms area is included for clarification—PRAIRIE INDIANS— that scholars sometimes use interchangeably or as a sub- although this author uses the system of 10 culture areas grouping of tribe. The term chiefdom sometimes is used for what now is territory in the United States and Canada. in reference to Southeast Indians, and tribelet in refer- In addition to offering cross-references to those tribes hav- ence to California Indians. In Mexico and Central ing their own entries, the culture area entries mention America, some Native peoples are said to have been other tribes placed by scholars in that particular region. organized into city-states or civilizations. Many contem- Three lists follow the introduction to give the reader a porary Native Americans prefer the term nation rather frame of reference: The first is an alphabetical listing of than tribe because it implies the concept of political sov- all the entries in the book, with some alternate spellings ereignty, indicating that their people have goals and and names included parenthetically. The second is a list rights like other nations, leading to the phrase now of entries organized by culture areas (as well as by mis- applied to Canadian tribes, First Nations. In the study of cellaneous categories). The third is a listing of entries prehistoric Indians, the term culture rather than tribe is organized by culture areas and languages, including generally used for groups of people. other tribes mentioned in the text. This book lists different Indian tribes or peoples The system of language phyla, language families, and alphabetically. Most of the names that head the various language isolates as presented in this third list is based vii viii ENCYCLOPEDIA OF NATIVE AMERICAN TRIBES for the most part on a classification by C. F. Voegelin and primary names are given in the entries. (These are the F. M. Voegelin as found in Harold Driver’s Indians of pronunciations in use today and not necessarily the his- North America, with some variation. It should be kept in torical pronunciations.) In some instances, deciding mind that linguistic studies involve a certain amount of which primary name to use as the heading is problematic guesswork, so readers may encounter other language because, although a name might be the most familiar groupings in other readings. one to a reader, it possibly has fallen out of favor. Throughout the text, cross-references lead the reader (Eskimo, for example, is no longer used by Native peo- to different levels of organization (the cross-references ples although it still appears in popular culture.) To help are set in small capital letters the first time they appear in the reader find his or her way, some of the more com- an entry). For example, as stated, within each culture mon alternate names, as well as branch tribes or cultural area entry there are cross-references to all the tribes of subgroupings, are cross-referenced between entries. that culture area having entries in this book. And for The illustrations in the book convey a great deal each tribe with an entry, a culture area is cited, so that by about Native American life. Most are drawings of turning to the culture area entry, the reader can get an ancient objects; those drawn from objects made by 20th- overview of the entire geographic region and all its peo- century Indians are identified as such. Some of the ples. Moreover, other tribes are cited within the entries objects shown are reconstructions if no original has been that have a special relationship historically or culturally found or photographed. The scenes of course give hypo- with the given tribe. Serious students should follow the thetical views of Native American life. Some are based cross-references to where they lead for a better under- on early or contemporary photographs. standing of the complex information. There are many unfamiliar terms used in Native This book has space enough to cover only a selection of American studies—for cultural and political concepts, Native American tribes. South American peoples are not for natural phenomena, and for various objects. A glos- covered. Those tribes selected are especially relevant his- sary at the end of the book defines some of them. torically in relations with non-Indians or are representa- Keep in mind that each tribe has a detailed history tive of a way of life. The author has chosen at least one and culture to be further explored. Each has individuals tribe to represent every language family or language isolate who have made or who are making a contribution to for each of the culture areas. Those tribes not having their own people or to the general society through lead- entries, even extinct tribes, are no less important in Native ership and in art and literature.