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Strategic Maneuvering in the 2015 Tanzanian Presidential Election Campaign Speeches: a Pragma-Dialectical Perspective

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Strategic Maneuvering in the 2015 Tanzanian Presidential Election Campaign Speeches: a Pragma-Dialectical Perspective STRATEGIC MANEUVERING IN THE 2015 TANZANIAN PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION CAMPAIGN SPEECHES: A PRAGMA-DIALECTICAL PERSPECTIVE BY GASPARDUS MWOMBEKI Dissertation presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences at Stellenbosch University Supervisor: Professor Marianna W. Visser April 2019 Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za DECLARATION By submitting this dissertation electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the sole author thereof (save to the extent explicitly otherwise stated), that reproduction and publication thereof by Stellenbosch University will not infringe any third party rights and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. April 2019 Copyright © 2019 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved i Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za ABSTRACT The study investigates strategic maneuvering in the 2015 Tanzanian presidential campaign speeches of Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) and Chama cha Demokrasia na Maendeleo (CHADEMA)/Umoja wa Katiba ya Wananchi (UKAWA) in the Extended pragma-dialectical theory of argumentation. The study employs the Extended pragma-dialectical theory of argumentation to analyse two inaugural speeches conducted in Kiswahili language. It also analyses a part of the CCM closing campaign, that is, a response to some argumentations of the CHADEMA/UKAWA. The study evaluates argumentation structures, argument schemes, presentational devices, successful observation of rules, identification of derailments of rules, and effectiveness and reasonableness in argumentative discourse as objectives of the study. The data were collected from the Tanzania Broadcasting Corporation (TBC) and from other online sources. The audio-visual speeches were transcribed and translated from Kiswahili into English. The findings of the study reveal that the complex argumentation structure dominates the rest of the argumentation structures in the speeches. Secondly, in the perspective of Pragma-dialects, the findings indicate that the three argumentation schemes namely causal relation argumentation scheme, symptomatic argumentation schemes and argumentation by analogy are employed in the speeches. More importantly, the pragmatic and majority argumentation is the prototypical argumentative pattern in the 2015 Tanzanian presidential election campaign speeches. Thirdly, findings manifest that the three aspects of strategic maneuvering namely the topical potential, audience demand, and presentational devices, are employed accordingly. Features of persuasion mainly reflected in the study include appealing to liberal and conservative presumptions, commemorating Mwalimu Nyerere and other leaders during the time of independence. The fourth finding from the study demonstrates that critical discussion rules frequently observed are the the standpoint rule, the argument scheme rule, the relevance rule, and the freedom rule. The fifth finding from the study reavel that cmpaigners frequently violate the language rule. The findings indicate that different presentational devices and criteria for reasonableness are employed, to a large extent, in presidential campaign speeches. The study recommends further investigations in the presidential campaign speeches in Kenya where Kiswahili perhaps is not used as language of independence and unity. Furthermore, an investigation into sermon speeches in other African languages in Tanzania would give insights on how the delicate balance in ii Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za maintained in the Extended pragma-dialectical perspective. The study can be extended to investigating strategic maneuvering in presidential campaign speeches by merging monological speeches in dialectical profiles iii Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za OPSOMMING Hierdie studie ondersoek die verskynsel van strategiese maneuvrering in argumentasie diskoers in die 2015 Tanzaniese presidensiële veldtog toesprake van die partye Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) en Chama Cha Demokrasia na Maendeleo (CHADEMA) /Umoja wa Katiba ya Wananchi (UKAWA) binne die raamwerke van die uitgebreide pragma-dialektiese teorie van argumentasie in die analise van twee intreerede toesprake in Kiswahhili. Die studie onderneem ook ‘n analise van toesprake in die CCM afsluitingsveldtog wat ‘n respons gee op sommige argumentasie standpunte van die CHADEMA / UKAWA. Die studie evalueer argumentasie structure, argumentasieskemas, presentasiemiddele, die suksesvolle waarneming van reëls, die identifisering van die ontsporing van reels, en effektiwiteit en redelikheid in die argumentasie diskoers in presidensieële veldtog toesprake. Die data vir die studie is versamel van die Tanzaniese Uitsaai korporasie, asook vanaf ander aanlyn/internetbronne. Die oudio-visuele toesprake in Kiswahili is getranskribeer en in Engels vertaal. Die bevindings van die studie dui aan dat komplekse argumentasie strukture dominant is in die toesprake. Tweedens, in die perspektief van die pragma-dialektiese benadering, dui die bevindinge daarop dat die drie argumentasieskemas, naamlik die kousale relasie argumentasie skema, die simptomatiese argumentasie skema, en argumentasie deur analogie ingespan is in die toesprake. Van belang, is dat die pragmatiese en meerderheids argumentasie die prototipiese argumentasiepatrone is in die 2015 Tanzaniese presidensiële veldtog toesprake. Derdens manifesteer bevindings dat drie aspekte van strategiese maneuvrering, naamlik onderwerp potensiaal, gehoor-eise, en aanbiedingsmiddele teenwoordig is in die toesprake. Kenmerke van oorreding wat hoofsaaklik tevoorskyn kom in die toesprake sluit in die beroepdoenings op liberale en konserwatiewe aannames, en die herdenking van Mwalimu Nyerere en ander leiers gedurende die tyd van onafhanklikheid. Die vierde bevinding van die studie demonstreer dat kritiese besprekingsreëls wat dikwels in ag geneem word, insluit die standpunt reël, die argumentskemareël,die relevansiereël, en die vryheidsreël. Die vyfde bevinding van die studie dui aan dat veldtogdeelnemers dikwels die taalreël oortree. Oor die geheel, die bevindings van die studie daarop dat verskillende aanbiedingsmiddele, en kriteria vir redelikheid tot ‘n aansienlike mate ingespan word in presidensiële veldtog toeprake. Die studie bevel aan dat verdere navorsing gedoen word oor presidensiële veldtog toesprake in Kenia, waar Kiswahili moontlik nie gebruik word as taal iv Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za van onafhanklikehid en eenheid nie. Voorts sal navorsing oor preekdiens toesprake in verskillende Afrikatale ‘n aanduiding gee van hoe die delicate balans tussen effektiwiteit en redelikheid in stand gehou word. Die studie kan ook uitgebrei word deur die samestelling van strategiese maneuvrering in presidensiële veldtog toesprake wat monologies is, met die dialektiese profiele. v Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Professor Marriana Visser for her invaluable mentorship in the entire process of the study. Her challenging insights have been useful in understanding better the theory of Argumentation. I sincerely thank Surena Du Plessis for her constant administrative support during the time of my study in the Department of African languages. I would also like to thank the chair of the department, Professor Mawande Dlali for comments that have shaped my work. I extend my thanks to the PANGEA and the graduate school for awarding me a scholarship. I would like to thank the University of Dar es Salaam for granting me a three-year study permit and a research fund. My appreciation goes to the Department of foreign languages and linguistics at the University of Dar es Salaam for taking care of my responsibilities during my absence. I thank the Tanzania Broadcasting Corporation for permitting me to conduct research in their institution. I thank Wandisha Samuel for volunteering to do the Transcription of audio-visual speeches. I am grateful to Obet Mwampalile for doing the translation from Kiswahili into English. I sincerely thank Dr Michael Karani and Dr Gerald Kimambo for proofreading and editing my work. I thank all 2016 cohort Doctoral students at the University of Stellenbosch for their cooperation during the time of the study. I sincerely appreciate constant encouragement from my siblings; Alfredina, Adventina, Respecia, Edna, Lydia, Godwin and Nerius. I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to my wife Flavia Ruthahindulwa for taking care of the family during my absence. I would like to thank my children Ajuna and Rugaba for the patience during my studies. May I extend my sincere gratitude to my brother, Dr Tigdes Katunzi for the unmeasurable support during my studies. Much thanks go to my mother, Alphonsina Kokutangilira, and my late father, Gastus Mushumbusi for taking care of me in my childhood. Finally, I thank the Almighty God for granting me peace and energy during the time of the study. vi Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za TABLE OF CONTENT STRATEGIC MANEUVERING IN THE 2015 TANZANIAN PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION CAMPAIGN SPEECHES: A PRAGMA-DIALECTICAL PERSPECTIVE ........................................................................................................... 1 DECLARATION ................................................................................................................... i ABSTRACT .........................................................................................................................
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