50TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF EAST AFRICA (1963 – 1970) & CELEBRATION OF THE LIFE OF MWALIMU JULIUS K. NYERERE

Saturday, 29th June 2013

MAKERERE UNIVERSITY MAIN HALL

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... ii

ACRONYMS ...... iii

PREAMBLE ...... 1

BRIEF BACKGROUNDS ON THE SISTER INSTITUTIONS ...... 2

University of Nairobi (UoN) ...... 2

Makerere University (Mak) ...... 2

University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM) ...... 3

EVENTS OF THE CELEBRATIONS: ...... 4

WELCOME REMARKS BY THE MASTER OF CEREMONY ...... 4

A SYNOPSIS OF UEA INAUGURATION ...... 7

KEYNOTE ADDRESS: MAKERERE DREAMS: LANGUAGE AND NEW FRONTIERS OF KNOWLEDGE ...... 11

FUTURE PROSPECTS OF UNIVERSITY EDUCATION IN KENYA ...... 21

FUTURE PROSPECTS OF UNIVERSITY EDUCATION IN UGANDA ...... 23

FUTURE PROSPECTS OF UNIVERSITY EDUCATION IN TANZANIA ...... 27

REMARKS FROM SECRETARY GENERAL OF THE UGANDA NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR UNESCO (UNATCOM)...... 29

REMARKS FROM THE SWEDISH AMBASSADOR TO UGANDA ...... 32

AWARD CEREMONY FOR THE PROMINENT ALUMNI OF UEA ...... 34

Awardees from University of Dar-Es-Salaam ...... 34

Awardees from the University Of Nairobi ...... 37

Awardees from Makerere University ...... 38

REMARKS FROM MAMA NYERERE ...... 42

SPEECH FROM THE CHIEF GUEST H.E PRESIDENT Y.K MUSEVENI ...... 46

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ACRONYMS CAES : College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences CCNY : Carnegie Corporation of New York CEDAT : College of Engineering Design Art and Technology CEES : College of Education and External Studies CHS : College of Health Sciences CHUSS : College of Humanities and Social Sciences COBAMS : College of Business and Management Sciences COCIS : College of Computing and Information Sciences CONAS : College of Natural Sciences COVAB : College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Sciences and Bio- Security DVC(AA) : Deputy-Vice Chancellor (Academic Affairs) FTBIC : Food Technology and Business Incubation Centre FSF : Makerere University Female Scholarship GMCs : Generically Modified Crops HIV : Human Immunodeficiency Virus ICT : Information and Communication Technologies IDI : Infectious Diseases Institute IDP : Institutional development Programme Mak : Makerere University Mak@90 : Makerere University at 90 years MISR : Makerere Institute of Social Research MRC : Medical Research Council MTSIFA : Margaret Trowel School of Industrial and Fine Art NAADS : National Agricultural Advisory Services NCHE : National Council for Higher Education NPA : National Planning Authority NUFU : Norwegian Programme for Development, Research and Education NOMA : NORAD’s Programme for Masters Studies Nok : Norwegian Kroner NORAD : Norwegian Agency for International Development NORHED : Norwegian Programme for Capacity Building in Higher Education and Research for Development NTNU : Norwegian University of Science & Technology PAF : Department of Performing Arts and Film SIDA : Swedish International Development Agency SoL : School of Law SWG : School of Women and Gender Studies UBC : Uganda Broadcasting Corporation UCB : Uganda Commercial Bank UEA : University of East Africa UiB : University of Bergen UMU : Uganda Martyrs University- Nkozi UNATCOM : Uganda National Commission for UNESCO UNESCO : United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UoN : University of Nairobi UDSM : University of Dar-es-salaam VC : Vice Chancellor

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PREAMBLE

The University of East Africa (UEA) was established on 29th June 1961 and served the countries of Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania in the eastern African Great Lakes region. To avoid the duplication of professional faculties, Medicine and Agriculture were based at Makerere University; Engineering, Architecture and Veterinary Science was at University of Nairobi; and Law at University of Dar-es-Salaam making it the largest and the most distinguished university in Sub-Saharan Africa. The UEA was previously affiliated to the University of London, and gained regional capacity in 1963. In 1970, the UEA dissolved to form independent institutions as they are known today in Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda (University of Dar-es-Salaam, University of Nairobi and Makerere University) respectively. The contributions of the three Institutions to the education, social, cultural, economic and political trajectories of post independent Eastern Africa bring pride to its alumni, staff and their associates.

The emblem below was used during the times of the University of East Africa, which features at the entrance of Makerere University Main Building.

As the three East African countries celebrated their Golden Jubilees since independence, UNESCO also used that opportunity to recognise UEA’s contribution to Education, Transformation and Development, and found it a worthwhile cause to celebrate her golden anniversary. The celebrations were hosted at Makerere University Main Hall on 29th June, 2013 within the 50 years Golden Jubilee for Uganda, as part of the year long Mak@90 celebrations.

This event was used as a platform to celebrate the life of Mwalimu Julius K. Nyerere the first and only Chancellor of UEA for his contribution to women’s role. In his memory, there was unveiling of a bust, a recognition award and a launch of the English version of the Mwalimu Nyerere’s book. The English version of the Mwalimu Julius Nyerere’s book, “Women’s Freedom, Women are Eagles, Not Chickens”. The book was translated by Professor Ruth Mukama, a Professor of Linguistics at Makerere University and an Alumnus of

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the UEA. Other activities of the celebrations included a Keynote address by Professor Ngugi wa Thiongo, an exhibition, Vice Chancellors’ prospects on their respective institutions/countries, awarding prominent UEA-Alumni, and to wrap up guests were treated to a cocktail at which the Mak@90 magazine was launched. The theme of these celebrations is, “50 years of Education, Transformation and Development: Prospects for the Future”.

In Attendance were Alumni from University of London, UEA, UoN, UDSM and Mak, members of staff, as well as well-wishers, friends and students of the three institutions. The Nyerere family was represented by Hon. Charles Makongoro, and Ms. Rosemary Nyerere, and Hon. Butiku the Chairperson of the Nyerere Foundation.

BRIEF BACKGROUNDS ON THE SISTER INSTITUTIONS University of Nairobi (UoN)

Motto: Unitate et Labore (English: In Unity and Work)

The UON was established in 1956, as a Royal Technical College (soon renamed University College Nairobi), admitted its first lot of A-level graduates for technical courses in April the same year. The Royal Technical College was transformed into the second University College in East Africa on 25 June 1961 under the name Royal College Nairobi. The college was entitled to a special relation with the University of London whereupon it started preparing students in the faculties of arts, science, and engineering for degrees awarded by the University of London.

On 20 May 1964, the Royal College Nairobi was renamed University College Nairobi as a constituent college of the inter-territorial Federal University of East Africa. With the establishment of the University of East Africa in June 29, 1963, the special relationship with the University of London came to a close and degrees of the University of East Africa were instituted.

In 1970, the University College Nairobi transformed into the first national university in Kenya and was renamed the University of Nairobi.

Makerere University (Mak) Motto: We Build for the Future

Mak was established in 1922 as a technical school. In January of that year, the school, which was later renamed Uganda Technical College, opened its doors to 14 day students who began studying Carpentry, Building and Mechanics. The College soon began offering various other courses in

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Medical Care, Agriculture, Veterinary Sciences and Teacher Training. It expanded over the years to become a Centre for Higher Education in East Africa in 1935. In 1937, the College started developing into an institution of higher education, offering post-school certificate courses. In 1949, it became a University College affiliated to the University College of London, offering courses leading to the general degrees of its then mother institution. With the establishment of the University of East Africa in June 29, 1963, the special relationship with the University of London came to a close and degrees of the University of East Africa were instituted.

On July 1, 1970, Makerere became an independent national university of the Republic of Uganda, offering undergraduate and postgraduate courses leading to its own awards.

University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM)

Motto: Hekima Ni Uhuru (English: Wisdom is Freedom)

UDSM was formed in 1961 as an affiliate college of the University of London. The university became an affiliate of the University of East Africa in 1963, shortly after Tanzania gained its independence from the United Kingdom.

In 1970, University of Dar es Salaam became an independent nation University offering its own courses leading to its own awards.

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EVENTS OF THE CELEBRATIONS:

WELCOME REMARKS BY THE MASTER OF CEREMONY The Masters of Ceremony Ms. Ritah Namisango and Mr. George Piwang- Jalobo welcomed all the participants present for the Golden Jubilee celebrations. They promised participants this day has gone down the history of Makerere, when it’s celebrating 50 years of University of East Africa, it’s a memorable day considering that some of the University of East Africa (UEA) and Makerere University alumni were in the house. The celebration marks the historical moment that those who have attended would live to remember and cherish. They acknowledged the presence of all guests who spared their time to be part of the celebration.

Students from the Department of Performing Arts and Film, Makerere University lead the congregation through the various Anthems.

Eng. Dr. Charles Wana-Etyem, Chairperson Council welcomed all the participants and thanked them for being part of the celebrations that signify the continued growth of this institution which started as an affiliated school. He noted that the celebration was in recognition of a significant contribution of the University of East Africa to the transformation of society through training and building human resources for national and international levels.

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The University of East Africa comprised of Makerere University College, Nairobi University College and the Dar-es-Salaam University College)! A true East African spirit! This marriage was ideal until 1st July 1970 when the three colleges became independent national universities.

In the intellectual spirit, he took the opportunity to welcome H.E. to the celebration as an alumnus of the University of East Africa (Dar es Salaam Campus), and in a very dear way, the Makerere University Council and Senate welcome him, in the academic style as our Honorary Doctor. In a special way he welcomed Hon E. Kamuntu and requested him to extend his sincere gratitude to the Makerere University Visitor and Guest of Honour, His Excellency, The President of Uganda for the support towards higher education in general and Makerere University in particular.

The government support in Science and Technology Initiative (STI) in Makerere University can therefore become the flagship of Uganda Vision 2040, namely: “A transformed Ugandan Society from a Peasant to a Modern and Prosperous County within 30 years” which is representative of the theme of the day.

While welcoming and in recognition of the University of East Africa alumni (1963 to 1970), he noted that in addition to excelling in their respective professions, they had significantly contributed to the development of East Africa and the International community.

In a special way he also recognised the internationally celebrated writer and Guest speaker, Professor Ngugi Wa’ Thiong’o, who received a Bachelor of Arts in English from University College London in the early 1960s. He pointed out he was an exceptional student based on his achievements while still a student like writing and production of the play, The Black Hermit in 1962. This has since become an influential publication of African literature. According to the Encyclopaedia, Britannica, his popular publication, Weep Not, Child (1964) was the first major novel in English by an East African. It was therefore right and in order, that as we commemorated the University of East Africa (renewing the East African spirit), we had none other than Professor Ngugi Wa Thiong’o giving a key note address on, “50 years of Education Transformation and Development; Prospects for the Future.”

In memory of Mwalimu Julius K. Nyerere (President of the United Republic of Tanzania (1961-1985), an Alumni of Makerere College (1945-1947), and the first and only Chancellor of the University of East Africa), he expressed gratitude that a bust was to be unveiled to immortalize him in honour of his

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contribution to both the scholarly world and the independence struggle within the East African region. He was delighted that the Nyerere family had accepted to be part of the celebrations as the English version of his book; “Women’s Freedom, Women are Eagles, Not Chickens” was being launched. As the main sponsors of the Nyerere Book and facilitating the travel of our key note speaker, Prof. Ngugi Wa Thiong’o, he recognised the efforts of the Government of Sweden through their Embassy in Kampala for supporting Makerere University.

Uganda National Commission for UNESCO (UNATCOM), under the able leadership of Mr. Augustine Omare Okurut the Secretary General, was recognised for conceiving the commemoration as a true accolade worth celebration and the generous support for the event. He further commended UNESCO for encouraging the identification, protection and preservation of cultural and natural heritage in the world.

He concluded by pitching for the Grand Finale on behalf of the University Council and Senate, by extending another invitation to H.E. the President of Uganda, to preside over the Makerere@90 Grand Finale, a climax of the year-long celebrations that was scheduled to take place on Saturday 3rd August 2013.

He thanked the Management and staff of Makerere University for their efforts in organizing these commemorative events that contributed to bringing together directly and indirectly the Alumni who are spread throughout the globe to celebrate their past wherever they might be. I thank Professor Venansius Baryamureeba, the then Acting Vice Chancellor who worked tirelessly to put together the Mak@90 which culminated in its launch on the 4th August 2012. He also thanked the Chancellor of Makerere University, Professor Mondo Kagonyera, a graduate of the University of East Africa, for standing with the Council and Management at their most dire hour of need.

The MC thanked the Chairman for the worthy and befitting welcome for the guests considering that this was a very prestigious occasion. He pointed out that this event was in memory of a man that had done so much for East Africa and Africa at large. He took the opportunity to introduce Mwalimu Nyerere’s roommate in 1947, Mzee Ananiya Kerwegi Akera who had had his own commendable life achievements especially in the education and agriculture sectors.

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Hon. Makongoro and Nyerere family took on time to shake hands with the Mzee Ananiya Akera.

A SYNOPSIS OF UEA INAUGURATION By. Hon. Matthew Rukikaire

Profile: Hon. Matthew Rukikaire was Member of Parliament for Kabula County, a Member of the National Resistance Council, Minister of State for Finance in charge of Privatisation. Chairperson - Makerere University Council 2006-2010. Guild President, at the Inauguration of the University of East Africa 1963-1964)- Bachelor of Science in Economics from the University of London.

Hon. Rukikaire welcomed participants to the celebrations marking 90 years of Makerere University’s existence and 50 years since the establishment of the University of East Africa (UEA). In his capacity as then Guild President (at the time of the inauguration of the UEA), he reminded the participants that it was indeed a great opportunity to honour and celebrate the life and achievements of Mwalimu Julius Nyerere, the pre-eminent and, indeed, the departed doyen of the Makerere alumni fraternity. This was because Nyerere had been, in large a measure, a key creator and symbol of the spirit of a united East African Community over the past fifty years. He may have left the scene but the East African spirit which he championed and symbolized lives on more because the enduring spirit of UEA was a product of East Africans, just as much as the spirit of “East Africanness” is a product of UEA. The best tribute that we could render to Nyerere’s memory was to strive to ensure that the East African spirit shall be turned into reality through the establishment of the hitherto elusive East African Federation.

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Three years ago, Mwalimu Nyerere was posthumously honoured, at the Freedom Square, with an honorary Doctorate of Philosophy degree in recognition of the many things he had been to Makerere University and East Africa. As the then Chairman of Makerere University Council, that event, Hon. Rukikaire said, bestowed great honour to his term because of the achievements he had achieved in his short life.

Hon Rukikaire recalled how fifty years ago, in 1963, when the University of East Africa was created and Nyerere became its first, and indeed its last, Chancellor. On that occasion in the year 1963, he said that he proudly stood on that very platform as the elected University Guild President, surrounded by Julius Nyerere, President of Tanganyika, Milton Obote, Prime Minister of Uganda, and James Gichuru, Minister of Finance of Kenya representing Jomo Kenyatta. At that event, he reminisced how they all hailed the leap forward in their speeches and passionately hoped that UEA would lead to the “Promised Land” of a political integration of East Africa. Nyerere had attempted a short-cut to that goal but had been frustrated but he had indicated that Tanganyika would be prepared to delay its independence so that all three East Africa States could become independent simultaneously and federated at the same time. However, it was a long shot in the dark and it did not work. Consequently, East Africa lost fifty years of history. It reminds one of the famous passages from Shakespeare’s play, Julius Caesar, spoken by Brutus, which says:

“There is a tide in the affairs of men which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune; Omitted, all the voyage of their life is bound in shallows and miseries. On such a full sea are we now afloat; And we must take the current when it serves or lose our ventures.”

Hon. Rukikaire further called on participants to ponder on where East Africa would presently be had Nyerere’s vision been realized, in terms of GDP per capita, markets, regional and world power? How many regional disasters would have been averted? The institution of 1963 was brimming with the spirit of East Africa because he himself, was in 1963, elected Guild President (as their sole candidate) by a political coalition of students aligned to KANU, TANU and UPC, considered at the time to be the progressive forces.

Mak, UoN and UDSM; the seeds of UEA had now redeemed their names and standing in Africa, and were being sought within and beyond Africa for their academic and research progress, today they have endeavoured to raised steadily in terms of world education ratings. In addition to that, they have

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continued to churn out the best products in the region across the various fields like politics, education, finance, agriculture and others. One that note, he recognized Mzee Ananiya Akera from Gulu district, 99 years old, who shared a room with Mwalimu Nyerere in the 1940s.

In regard to the Nyerere book, Women’s Freedom” that was launched on the dame day, Hon. Rukikaire commended the Gender Mainstreaming Directorate which is not only enforcing a vital universal human right by further empowering women but it also complemented the Uganda Government’s commitment to create a gender level playing field. This was because gender mainstreaming was still a global challenge, unresolved even by many of the more developed nations of the world, and Makerere University’s effort in this field is of global relevance. He also commended the fact that the proceeds from Mwalimu Nyerere’s book would be used to support that effort. He further commended the new Vice Chancellor, Professor Ddumba- Ssentamu, UNESCO, Ms. Catherine Kanabahita and Ms. Florence Nakayiwa, for putting together the event.

Professor Mondo Kagonyera, the Chancellor of Makerere University, was honoured to introduce and give a brief profile of the key note speaker Professor Ngugi wa Thiong’o. He started off by thanking the organisers for taking time off to celebrate, the little known today, UEA. He mentioned that he went to the Nairobi Campus, and they lived in a community of people that were proudly East African. He hoped that the UEA would be resurrected in the near future because it untied the young generation from a very young age to work so as to ensure that the dream of resurrecting EAC is realised. In a special way, he recognised Hon. Jessica Alupo, the Minister of Education and Sports in Uganda for the continued lobbying her Ministry has been doing for higher education.

He spoke of the pride that filled him for being chosen to present a son of Makerere University who is not easy to introduce because of his long and illustrious career. Distinguished Professor Ngugi wa Thiong’o’s life started in Kamiriithu Village, near Limuru in Kiambu District in Kenya, Professor Ngugi was raised in a village 12 miles North West of Nairobi, this contributed greatly to the person he is today. Professor Ngugi’s creativity was deeply tied to this place even in his legendary, thought and practice. In fact, the events that led to his imprisonment in 1977 were hinged on Kamiriithu where he, Ngugi

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wa Mirii and the peasants of Kamiriithu staged the well-known play I will Marry when I Want. I choose to argue that his life of moving from place to place and impacting on people’s lives and thinking is intricately woven in the events of 1977 at his birthplace Kamiriithu. He then pointed out another important place in Professor Ngugi wa Thiong’o’s life, a place he talks and writes about often, the place where they were gathered and a place he called this second home - Makerere University.

Profile: Professor Ngugi wa Thiong’o was born in 1938, a distinguished Professor of English and Comparative Literature at the University of California, Irvine. He was educated at Kamandura, Manguu and Kinyogori Primary Schools; Alliance High School, all in Kenya. He then went to the then Makerere University College (then a campus of London University), in 1959 and left in 1963 as it was changing to the University of East Africa. Professor Ngugi was an outstanding student who graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in English in 1963, Upper Second Honours. His close friend and Professor, the Late David Cook always said that if Ngugi had not been involved in a number of the University literary activities he would have attained a First Class but he never regretted what Ngugi did while at the great hill. It was there that he produced his first two novels and participated in the historical 1962 Conference of African Writers of English Expression. He pursued a master’s degree at the University of Leeds, Britain. He is a recipient of seven Honorary Doctorates viz D Litt (Albright); PhD (Roskilde); D Litt (Leeds); D Litt &Ph D (Walter Sisulu University); PhD (Carlstate); D Litt (Dillard) and D Litt (Auckland University). He is also an Honorary Member of American Academy of Letters. A many-sided intellectual, he is novelist, essayist, playwright, journalist, editor, academic and social activist. (http://www.ngugiwathiongo.com/bio/bio- home.htm).

It was here at Makerere University that he produced the Play The Black Hermit that was staged at the Uganda independence celebrations in 1962. While at Makerere University, Ngugi’s creativity blossomed forth, and he produced a number of short stories and plays that later appeared in the anthologies Secret Lives and This Time Tomorrow respectively. Even though Professor Ngugi left Makerere University for a time he returned in 1969-1970 as a creative Fellow. Professor Ngugi is an author to eighteen books and numerous articles and reviews, he had been awarded numerous doctorates and visiting professorships and he was also widely acclaimed as Africa’s most prolific writer. It was on these grounds that the distinguished Professor Ngugi wa Thiong’o had been picked on as the keynote speaker of the celebrations.

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Professor Mondo Kangonyera then took to invite Professor Ngugi to make his speech.

KEYNOTE ADDRESS: MAKERERE DREAMS: LANGUAGE AND NEW FRONTIERS OF KNOWLEDGE By Professor Ngugi Wa Thiongo

Professor Ngugi thanked the organizers for honouring him with the invitation to make the keynote address at these celebrations at Makerere University, a place that brought back so many incredible memories. He then pointed out to the guests that his publishing house had come in from Nairobi to display some of his books that he would be signing at a later time in the Senior Common Room of the Main building.

Professor Ngugi then mentioned that it was a privilege for him to be in Makerere University because he believed that there is a tendency of associating success with Europe or America and it gave him great pleasure to note that he was educated in Makerere University College, an institution found in Kampala Uganda. It was on Makerere Hill that year after year, beginning in 1961, they celebrated the realization of a dream of independence on the streets of Dar-es-Salaam, Nairobi and Kampala for over sixty years. The news of the independence of Tanzania, Uganda and Kenya was received as collective victory and students collectively sang along:

Tulimtuma Nyerere Kwa Uhuru, Kenya Uganda Tanganyika, Sisi twasaidiana

He reminisced how they would then put the names of the other two leaders; Kenyatta, and Obote in turns as they celebrated the imminent East African Union. He therefore saw the anniversary as a great moment in the history of East Africans; especially for them who were on the Hill at the birth of new nations and might well say with Wordsworth’s welcome of the French revolution: Bliss was it in that dawn to be alive, But to be young was very heaven!

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At a personal level, his experience was a moment of magic transformation. He entered Makerere in July 1959; a colonial subject of white settler state, and left in 1964; a citizen of an independent black Republic. During the same period, Makerere changed from being a colonial appendage of the University College of London into an independent institution: the University of East Africa.

So to celebrate the historic moment of a transformation of an institution that boasts of, among its distinguished alumni, Presidents, Prime Ministers, Doctors, Agriculturists, professors, diplomats, writers, musicians, artists, sportsmen and women who span every region of Africa (Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, even Zimbabwe) and the globe, was to commemorate a great achievement by every measure possible. Makerere had served as a site and symbol of dreams of fighting for the dream of East African Union or better still, a politically and economically united Africa.

Professor Ngugi was privileged to be at Makerere of his time as a personal paradise since the Kenya he came from was under a state of emergency with the dead and the tortured often lying in the streets, creating a nervous condition of a colonised settler town. The tranquillity he found at Makerere opened the space of his imagination and it was there, that he wrote his first two novels, Weep not, Child and The River Between, numerous short stories and his play, The Black Hermit, to specifically celebrate Uganda’s independence. On that note he added that East African writers of his generation were largely Makerere products. He reminisced how in June 1962, the hill hosted the historic gathering of African writers of English expression from all corners of the continent: Chinua Achebe, Wole Soyinka, J. P Clark and Christopher Okigbo from Nigeria; Lewis Nkosi, Eski’a Mphahlele, Arthur Mamaine, Bloke Modisane from South Africa; with John Nagenda, Jonathan Kariara, Rajat Neogy and I representing East Africa. In attendance were also Langston Hughes from America and Arthur Drayton from the Caribbean, giving the gathering a truly Pan African dimension. There had been great gathering of black writers before but they met everywhere else but Africa, Rome in 1956 and Paris in 1959. Makerere University was the first ever gathering of black writers in Africa. Thus, if Makerere was the site and symbol of an East African intellectual community, then Makerere marked the birth of literary Pan-Africanism.

He further pointed out that it was at that conference that the questions of who we are as Africans, nationals, continentals, or even diasporics, was raised. It so happened that every single participant in that event wrote in English. The physical empire may have come to an end but the very triumph

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of that conference was the mark of the continuity of metaphysical empire, Language was at the heart of the metaphysical empire. So it was not just creative writing and literature: Scholarship in and about Africa has continued being an integral part of the European metaphysical empire. At this 50th anniversary it behoves us, the inheritors and custodians of that scholarship, to glance at the implications of that continued appendage to Europe.

On a sad note he pointed out how for centuries, cartographers conditioned people to think that Africa was smaller than Europe. Yet as some maps have shown, Africa is bigger than a combination of a number of continents put together. Scholarship perpetuated the notion of Africa-north of Sahara, including Egypt was European, and the South as being Africa proper, the horde of tribes in perpetual warfare. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel emphatically declared that history had bypassed proper Africa which remained enveloped in the dark mantle of the night, Hegel’s image is borrowed in the grandiloquent stupidity of Trevor Roper of Oxford when in the 1960’s he claimed that Africa had only darkness to exhibit prior to European colonial presence. Some of these attitudes have since changed in large part because of enlightened scholarship, but still, the nomenclature of North and South of the Sahara, and the vocabulary of warring tribes, have become enshrined in the records of scholarship and popular dialect.

On that note Prof.Ngugi zeroed down to sore issues that were affecting the African continent and its people. He picked on an article that described his coming to the celebrations that had to specify that he was from Kikuyu tribe- an issue he saw no connection to his belonging. He condemned the continued evaluation of events in Africa through the prism of the tribe, tribes and tribesmen, masks and distorts the real issues driving African realities. He questioned why a quarter million Icelanders a nation; and yet ten million Ibos, are a tribe? Or that 4 million Danes a nation; and twenty million Yorubas, are a tribe? He pointed out that even when scholars and journalists did not use the word nation in reference to European peoples, they at least referred to them by the names they call themselves. Thus they talk about the English, the Germans, the French, the Chinese, or simply, Chinese people, English people. Yet in the case of Africa, the words tribe and tribesmen must be appended to the reference. An Englishman gets a Nobel prize in chemistry, he is rightfully referred to as Mr So and so, an English man or woman. An African gets a Nobel prize in chemistry, and he is editorialized as Mr so and so, an X or Y tribesman or tribeswoman. In other continents, heads of government are referred as Presidents and Prime Ministers of their specific countries. African

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heads of state must be editorialized as President so and so yes, but an x or y Tribesman.

A recent Reuter’s news service piece even talked about tribal blood!! What colour is tribal blood or bloodshed? The word is so tainted by its colonial usage that whatever cognitive scientific meaning it might once have had, has all been but subsumed under its judgmental colonial umbrella. The word has become a code. Once the readers see it, they assume that the actors are doing whatever they are, because of an inherent tribal mark in their character. In the process the real issues of governance, democracy, patterns of property ownership and economic control, uneven regional development, corruption, get lost. It is as if a particular person is corrupt because of his genetic pool, labelled tribe. This vocabulary, permeating European studies of Africa to this day, was invented by colonial Anthropology, in its beginnings at least, the study of the insider by the outsider, for the consumption of fellow outsider. He gathered information and put it in his language and we cannot blame him for that.

What we can question is the fact that our various fields of knowledge of Africa are in many ways rooted in the entire colonial tradition of the outsider looking in, gathering and coding knowledge with the help of native informants, and then storing the final product in a European language for consumption by those who have access to that language. In other words, we still collect intellectual items and put them in European language museums and archives and people have to dig into those languages in order to access knowledge about ourselves. Our knowledge of Africa is largely filtered through European languages and their vocabulary. Is it not time that our scholarship stopped finding legitimacy in European languages in the same way that Makerere, as an institution, stopped deriving its legitimacy from appendage to London?

How many historians, African and non-African alike, who have ever written even a single document in an African language? How many researchers have even retained the original field notes in words spoken by the primary informant? At a recent conference in Leeds, in response to my question as to whether any of the more than a hundred scholars had ever written a page in an African language in their entire scholarship on Africa, only three hands were raised. For more than a page, not one hand was raised. I asked a question that I always ask. Can you imagine a Professor of French history who did not know a word of French? But in the case of Africa, either on the continent or abroad, one can get employment as an African specialist without having to demonstrate any competence in any African language. I

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have seen prizes been announced specifically for the promotion of African literature, but only on condition that the entries are not in an African language. Can you imagine the horror that it would raise if someone offered a prize for the promotion of French literature but only on condition that the participants write it in Zulu? French Literature in Zulu?

Unfortunately even within the continent we have come to accept that view that what’s African is only so if it is in English or French. Both African and non- African scholars can claim to be specialists of this or that aspect of African history, culture, society, politics, without accepting the linguistic challenge and the responsibility. There are those of course who will argue that African languages are incapable of handling complexities of social thought, that it has no adequate vocabulary, in short, African languages, like their speakers, are riddled with poverty. This objection was long ago answered by one of the brightest intellects from Africa, Cheikh Anita Diop, when he argued that no language had a monopoly of cognitive vocabulary, that every language could develop its terms for science and technology. He tried to debunk the claims of poverty of African languages, the inadequacy of words and terms. It should not be forgotten that even English and French had to overcome similar claims of inadequacy as vehicles for philosophy and scientific thought as against the then dominant Latin. African languages need is a similar commitment from African intellectuals

Some cynics will respond and assert that an African language cannot sustain a written intellectual production. Books written and published in Danish with four million speakers number thousands and fill up the shelves of many libraries. The Yoruba people number more than ten million. But intellectual production in the two languages is very different. How come that ten million Africans cannot sustain such a production whereas four million Danes can? Icelanders number about two hundred and fifty thousand. They have one of the most flourishing intellectual productions in Europe. What a quarter of a million people can do, surely ten million people can also accomplish. Today we talk of Greek and Latin intellectual heritage and forget that these productions were city in origins. The vaunted Italian renaissance and its rich and varied heritage in the arts and architecture and learning were largely from the different regions of Rome, Florence, Mantua, Venice and Genoa. What the vernaculars of these city states, principalities and regions by way of intellectual production have been able to do, can be done by any other similarly situated languages.

The question remains: what would be the place of European languages in African scholarship? No matter how we may think of the historical process by

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which they came to occupy they place the now do in our lives, it is a fact that European languages (principally English, French and Portuguese) now carry immense deposits of some of the best in literary and general African thought. They are granaries of African intellectual productions. These languages have enabled a common visibility of African presence. These languages also enable conferences like this with attendants from different regions and language groups. The latter in fact defines best the mission we should assign to French and English. Use them to enable dialogue among African languages and visibility of African languages in the community of world languages instead of their being a tool of disabling by uprooting intellectuals and their production from their original language base. Use English and French to enable and not to disable. The question of dialogue among African languages through translations directly or via a third language is vital. But currently there is a dismissive arrogance when it comes to African languages and what they have to offer. This then is the challenge of our scholarship today: How best to really connect with the African continent, in the era of globalization? For African scholars, we cannot afford to be intellectual outsiders in our own land. We must re-connect with the buried alluvium of African memory and use it as a base for the further planting of African memory on the continent and in the world. This can only result in the empowerment of African languages and cultures and make them pillars of a more self-confident Africa ready to engage the world, through give and take, but from its base in African memory. African intellectuals must do for their languages and cultures what all other intellectuals in history have done for theirs.

In nutshell: If you know all the languages of the world and you don’t know your mother tongue or the language of the culture of the community into which you are born, that is enslavement. But if you know your language and add all the languages of the world, that is empowerment. The choice for us is between intellectual enslavement and intellectual empowerment and of course I hope we choose the path of empowerment. When Makerere School of fine art was first founded, the school used to import clay from London. Good art could only come out of European soil. It was only when artists like Elimo Njau and Sam Ntiro came to the scene that they said: let the children paint. Use whatever material is around you including from Banana plants. Thus, they begun a kind of renaissance of contemporary East African art. The scholar however cannot do this alone. He or she needs a publisher. Everybody knows how frustrating it is to write manuscript and then have to put on a shelf for lack of a publisher who is even willing to look at it. But the scholar and the publisher cannot do it alone. They need enlightened

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government language policies. Unfortunately even African governments are buying into the recipe for Africa intellectual suicide. I don’t know how much the world and other monetary forces of globalization have to do with it, but African governments are turning their back on African languages. They deny them resources. This is a far cry from the days of Kwame Nkrumah who on assuming power in 1957 set up Bureau for African languages. Or of Julius Nyerere who did so much for Kiswahili in terms of policy but additionally did his bit in translating Shakespeare into Kiswahili. Julius Nyerere, a product of Makerere, was also the first and only Chancellor of the University of East Africa. I wish each and every African country would emulate the idea of setting up a Central Bureau of African languages that would see into the development and relationships of African languages in their own country.

In the particular case of East Africa, I would like to see a three language policy: strengthen mother tongue as the foundation; add Kiswahili as the common language; and then English. In terms of books, I would love to see more translations among those three and of course between African languages as a whole. Scholars of the new generation: let us extend the dream that was always Makerere and venture forth and open new frontiers of knowledge. He emphasized this by saying that If one knew all the languages of the world but that of their mother tongue then they are enslaved. But if one knew their mother language and not any of the others, then they are empowered. The challenge to us is to choose between empowerment and enslavement as a prospect of the future for all Africans.

Let Africa open new spaces in the economy, politics, and culture. Let Africa be at the forefront in the renaissance of a new more inclusive humanity. Let ourselves be the beginning of new selves. Then will our dreams merge with that millions of working people in our countries and Africa that Martin Carter, from Walter Rodney’s country, once wrote about in his poem looking at your hands: I have learnt from book dear friend, of men dreaming and living and hungering in a room without light who could not die since death was too poor who did not sleep to dream but dream to change the world and so, if you see me looking at your hands, listening when you speak, marching in your ranks you must know. He concluded that it should not be forgotten that the power for unity to control resources of the continent is the answer to development, our own strengthen should not be turned into a weakness. Unity should not be a burden but an engine towards development because this rich continent has many competing for it, except ourselves.

I DO NOT SLEEP TO DREAM BUT DREAM TO CHANGE THE WORLD

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The MC noted the message of the day was to emphasize African culture and language and at that point called on the representatives of the Department of Languages (Dr. Okello Ogwang and Dr. Susan Kiguli) to present an award to the distinguished professor, who that had just presented a touching keynote on this issue. The Chancellor handed the award to Professor Ngugi. The message on the plaque as read by Dr. Ogwang; Prof. Ngugi raising his award while Dr. Susan Kiguli, Dr. Okello Ogwang and Prof. Mondo show their joy

The MCs of the day then made a presentation which was an extract from the Inter-University Council for East Africa (IUCEA) Newsletter dated March 2010 (Vol 40). This was to give the congregation a contextual understanding of the UEA, EAC and higher Education at the event to celebrate the prestigious institution. The quoted extract was made by Secretary General of the East African Community; Ambassador Dr. Juma V. Mwapachu in a keynote paper presented at the 10th Anniversary of the EAC entitled “Harmonisation of Higher Education for Socio-Economic Development of the East African Region”.

Nyerere and the East African Consciousness

Mwalimu was the first Chancellor of the University of East Africa. In that capacity, he presided over the inauguration ceremony of the University of East Africa in Nairobi on 28th June 1963. It was at that historic ceremony that Mwalimu Nyerere spoke of the imperative for the University of East Africa to develop an “East African consciousness” and to be an active participant in what he referred to as the “social revolution” which the then East African States of Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania were engineering. There is little doubt that the highest attribute of the

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University of East Africa was indeed the achievement of an East African consciousness. Many of the products of that University remain strong advocates of the East African Federation.

But what is of particular interest about Nyerere’s speech of 1963 is its focus on the role of the University in its generic sense and not necessarily in specific reference to the University of East Africa. Nyerere underscored that role as being centered on the pursuit of what he termed as “that elusive thing”, the truth. Over time, Nyerere may appear to have veered from this central ethos about the University role given the dominance of his thrust that “a University – any University has to be relevant to the society within which it exists, it must relate its thinking and its teaching to the needs, the aspirations, and the problems of that society.”

The University of East Africa, on the other hand, was structured in such a manner that there was no exchange of students as such from the then three East African countries including during the period before establishment of the first East African Community in 1967. There were three Constituent Colleges of the University of East Africa with a division of academic labour or specialization faculties. A student who wanted to study law had to go to Dar es Salaam University College; you went to Makerere if you wanted to study Medicine, to University of Nairobi if you sought to pursue engineering and so on and so forth.

Moreover, students attending the University of East Africa enjoyed a choice to which University College they wanted to go to pursue general degrees, for example, a degree in Political Science. Thus a student named Yoweri Museveni chose to study political science at the University of Dar es Salaam because of its radicalism fame due to the presence of Marxist academics such as Walter Rodney in contrast to Ali Mazrui who was at Makerere. Such contrast of the constituent colleges speaks volumes about the nature of the University of East Africa.

Challenging the thrust of harmonisation

In the field of general degrees especially in Arts or Humanities the curricula was not harmonized. It was significantly influenced by the teaching faculty. Indeed, even the curriculum of the Faculty of Law at Dar es Salaam was not comparable to the curricula of many other African University Law schools. This situation rules even today, when you examine the curricula, for example of political science and law at the University of Dar es Salaam vis-a- vis that at Makerere and Nairobi. The pursuit of truth in these various fields of intellectual discourse is different because it is informed by varying ideological perspectives even when all the

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East African Community polities are now deemed to enjoy a great deal of convergence in social and economic policies.

Higher education institutions are viewed as critical factors in the realization of national economic competitiveness and thus of integration of national economies in the global economy. This concept has now being embraced by UNESCO which, in 2005, launched the Global Forum on International Quality Assurance, Accreditation and Recognition of Qualifications. The African Union has also adopted the idea in its Second Decade of Education for Africa Programme. The key mechanism for Africa’s operationalization of the harmonization strategy is the Arusha Convention, a UNESCO initiative for promoting Africa Cooperation of mobility of lecturers and students

Higher education institutions are viewed as critical factors in the realization of national economic competitiveness and thus of integration of national economies in the global economy. This concept has now being embraced by UNESCO which, in 2005, launched the Global Forum on International Quality Assurance, Accreditation and Recognition of Qualifications. The African Union has also adopted the idea in its Second Decade of Education for Africa Programme. The key mechanism for Africa’s operationalization of the harmonization strategy is the Arusha Convention, a UNESCO initiative for promoting Africa Cooperation of mobility of lecturers and students.

Harmonisation of Higher Education in the EAC

At the level of the East African Community, there are efforts in a similar direction as well. The Inter-University Council for East Africa is now properly constituted by a special law passed by the East African Legislative Assembly in 2008.

Professor Mary Evans in her book “Killing Thinking:” the Death of the Universities (Continuum, London, 2004) argues that “what universities have become is a distortion of the values of academy”. She goes on to point that the university has shifted “from a collective world at which independent and critical thought was valued, to a collective world in which universities are expected to fulfil not their values but those of the marketplace and the economy”. These views have also been advocated in our region by leading academics like the late Professor Chachage, Professors Issa Shivji and Mahmood Mamdani. What emerges from all these critiques is precisely the question whether the products coming out of our universities, indeed even from universities in the West, where both have become production lines that churn out commodities to suit the

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market, are able to contribute to improved economic performance or economic growth.

The Department of Performing Arts and Film (PAF) sang the anthem of the University of Nairobi (UoN) before Professor George Magoha, Vice Chancellor UoN, made his remarks.

FUTURE PROSPECTS OF UNIVERSITY EDUCATION IN KENYA By Professor George Magoha

Professor Magoha was born in 1952, Professor George A. O. Magoha, is the Vice-Chancellor, University of Nairobi (UoN) and a Professor of Surgery and Urologist Consultant, at the College of Health Sciences, UON. Prof. Magoha attended primary and secondary schools in Kenya before proceeding to the University of Lagos where he studied Medicine. He furthered his studies in Surgery & Urology at Lagos University Teaching Hospital, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin-Ireland and Royal Postgraduate Medical School Hammersmith Hospital, London Department of Urology, where he earned various academic awards. Prof. Magoha has also earned various international professional honours and awards. He then joined UoN as a Lecturer in Urological Surgery in 1988 and rose through the ranks to become full Professor of Surgery in 2000. He has served in various administrative positions at the University of Nairobi rising from Chairman of the Academic Department of Surgery in 1999 to Vice-Chancellor in January 2005. He also serves as Honorary Consultant Surgeon and Urologist at Kenyatta National Hospital. He is a member of numerous professional bodies and is actively involved in various studies in male erectile dysfunction, prostate, testicular and penile cancers, circumcision and HIV/AIDs and is married to Dr. Barbara O. Magoha and together they are blessed with a son, Michael.

Professor Magoha took the opportunity to thank the Government of Kenya for the efforts geared towards primary and secondary level education to the point of criminalizing refusal of taking children to school; he said that it was such efforts that had led to the success of higher education. In Kenya today 1.6 trillion shillings have been invested in education because holds the future of the country. He also recognised the fact that the seed for higher education in East Africa was planted in Makerere University. Although, he mentioned that the greatest challenge was that of science and technology

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Professor Magoha started off with a background for the University of Nairobi (UoN) where it started as a Royal Technical College and later became a constituent college for the University of East Africa which later become the University of Nairobi. Since then, higher education in Kenya has witnessed tremendous growth in the last 50 years with current enrolment standing at 31,000 students and the ratio of arts to sciences in UoN, is 76:24 because of their cost effectiveness in operation. The Free Day Secondary Education and pressure from the unions to increase teachers' salaries has affected the capitalization of universities. Thus universities are required to widen access to admit more students even with shrinking budgets from the government.

He further noted that the prospects for universities lay in such factors; legal and policy frameworks (access, relevance, quality, governance, cost and finance) and partnerships since all public and private universities were governed by the rule of law - Constitution. According to the Education Act, Universities in Kenya have good prospects in terms of expanding access, making access all inclusive and expanding places by establishing new universities, new colleges, and open and distance learning. The prospects lay further on removing mismatch between choices of degrees and student interests and job opportunities in the world of work. This he said required increased funding and scholarships, loans and bursaries to boost enrolments. Among the new improvements he mentioned were; Review of the University curricula every five years to adjust them to changes that often taking place in the specific disciplines. The universities play an important role of incorporating the needs of national development as envisioned in the Vision 2030 and needs of national cohesion and integration, by bringing the youth and adults, and people of different racial, ethnic, religious and socio- economic background together to learn and live as Kenyans.

Bearing in mind the constraints in the public budget, measures are being taken to diversify sources of university finances. These include; revenue generated from sale of farm produce, rent, real estate; hiring out of university facilities for community activities, funeral parlour facility, fees from short courses, research and consultancies, investment in equity shares, fixed deposit accounts and endowments.

He emphasized that Universities in East and Central Africa regions are yet to establish innovative forms of collaboration and links that aim at improving quality of university education through joint research exchange programmes, networking and benchmarking. They should also promote student and staff mobility across institutions of higher learning. Other methods for adoption could be collaboration, links and networking universities to give opportunity

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for knowledge sharing, skills and experiences, particularly in research and consultancy.

He also commended the efforts towards emancipation of the woman because it is criminal to have less than a third of the total being less of women. Nepotism is also under control because a civil servant is not allowed to have more than enough fellow tribesmen in the same office.

He concluded by further emphasizing the fact that the prospects of University Education in the East African region depended largely on three things; the legal framework, the policy regime and the actual operations within the institutions. These would ensure provision of quality education, research and community service. This is because Legal frameworks create and anchor the universities to perform their basic functions. Policy regimes indicate the terms of guidelines for their mandates and the environment in which the mandates are exercised. He then thanked the organizers for a job well done.

The Deputy Vice Chancellor (Academic Affairs)- Professor Lillian Tibatemwa-Ekirikubinza invited Professor John Ddumba-Ssentamu, the Vice Chancellor of Makerere University (Mak), to make his remarks.

FUTURE PROSPECTS OF UNIVERSITY EDUCATION IN UGANDA By Professor John Ddumba-Ssentamu

Professor Ddumba-Ssentamu received an Instrument of Appointment as Vice Chancellor Makerere University, from the Chancellor – Prof. George Mondo Kagonyera for a five year term ( September 2012-2017) and is a Professor of Economics. He has gone on to hold a number of distinguished positions within and outside Uganda as Chairman and member of numerous Governing Boards.

Professor John Ddumba-Ssentamu welcomed all the guests present and thanked them for honouring his invitation. He reminded participants that it was a day, to celebrate the great institution, the University of East Africa, which gave birth to the three leading Universities in East Africa, namely; Universities of Nairobi and Dar es Salaam as well as Makerere University, the fountain of Higher Education in Uganda.

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He cited this as important because Higher Education is the backbone of any economy, and it’s also a system through which teaching, learning, research, transfer partnerships and international cooperation and understanding are brought together. He further pointed out that during the post-independence period, African Higher Education played an important role in providing high- level human resource in areas pertaining to political, social and economic development and in promoting research. And this was indeed, true of the University of East Africa.

The political and economic upheavals that characterised many of the African Countries marked the onset of the development challenges being experienced by many of our institutions in the provision of higher education at the time. This was partly due to the paradigm shift where many key stakeholders in the provision of higher education including National Governments and International Development Cooperation Agencies focused their attention to provision of basic and secondary education in developing countries, to the disadvantage of Higher Education. This was based on the argument that social and economic returns from basic education were far greater than those from Higher Education. The World Bank, for example, reduced the proportion of funds allocated to higher education from 17% for the period 1985-89 to just 7% over the period 1995- 2000. This perception towards higher education subsequently changed at the beginning of the 21st century.

Professor Ddumba-Ssentamu stressed that Higher Education is now recognised by the International Development Cooperation Agencies as playing a very important role in political, social and economic development. The World Bank affirmed that tertiary education was essential for the promotion of greater social cohesion, inspiring confidence in social institutions, as well as encouraging democratic participation through open debate. Higher Education further brought about an appreciation of diversity in gender, ethnicity and religion, thus promoting national unity.

The Uganda Vision 2040 provided plans and strategies to transform the Ugandan society from a peasant to a modern, prosperous and competitive upper middle-income country within 30 years. To attain that projected level of development, the country would have to exploit its enormous opportunities including oil and gas, tourism, minerals, ICT business, abundant youthful labour force, strategic geographical location, fresh water resources, industries and agriculture. These opportunities can only be harnessed through strengthening the physical infrastructure; Science, Technology, Engineering

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and Innovation (STEI); and above all through concentration on human capital development.

He added that the Government of Uganda had provided an enabling environment and taken on initiatives geared towards enhancing higher education through liberalisation of the provision of higher education and offering scholarships to 4,000 students, distributed across all public universities. This however represents only 6% of total eligible candidates. To address the access and equity challenges, the FY 2013/14 national budget, proposed a Revolving Students Loan Scheme, an initiative by government that was much appreciated.

Worthwhile to note, he said, was the growing interest of the private sector in higher education. For example, the East African Breweries Limited (EABL) Foundation, Makerere University Female Scholarship Foundation (FSF), Madhvani Foundation, Tullow Oil Uganda and Vision for Africa International, among others, continue to invest in higher education through provision of scholarships to Ugandans to pursue undergraduate and post graduate education, both in Uganda and abroad.

Further still, we note that there are various International Development Cooperation Agencies investing in Higher Education in Uganda. These include the World Bank and the African Development Bank. The Higher Education, Science and Technology project of The African Development Fund is supporting six public universities and two strategic tertiary education institutions. They are seeking to make higher education more relevant to skills development and employment creation by developing partnerships with the private sector and enhancing research networks. This is expected to make Uganda well linked to other centers of excellence regionally and internationally. This model will ensure that graduates are also suited to jobs beyond the local market, thus contributing to reducing the current youth unemployment. It will promote the use of information and communication technology (ICT) in training and improving efficiency in delivery.

Professor Ddumba-Ssentamu highlighted that in its current Strategic Plan, Makerere University seeks to reposition herself to meet emerging development challenges by playing a leading role in the provision of higher education in Uganda and beyond. The University’s response has been through: innovations in Teaching & Learning; research responsive to national and international development needs; and partnerships that enhance collaboration and networking in the provision of higher education. In the

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same vein, issues of quality assurance and gender have taken centre stage in the operations of the University.

In regard to research & innovations responsive to national & international development needs, the University adopted a dynamic and broad Research Agenda (2009). It reflects national priorities which promoted both basic and applied research. The Research Agenda had been used both as the vehicle for the University’s contribution to knowledge advancement and the avenue through which the academia was linked to policy and other evidence based national development concerns.

Professor Ddumba-Ssentamu gave credit to the following agencies that have boosted the research thrust of Makerere University: Sida, NORAD, NUFFIC, USAID and the American Foundations, African Capacity Building Foundation, and the African Economic Research Consortium, among others. With them Makerere University has been able to realise its vision and goal. He further thanked the Government of Uganda for the Presidential Initiative for Science and Technology that has enhanced the research capacity in Makerere University. For a long time, the University’s research output was limited to academic purposes and did not translate into production. Makerere University is now moving towards incubation and commercialisation of innovations by taking advantage of the forward and backward linkages between our institution and the productive sectors. Incubation centres have been established particularly in technology enterprises, commercial clusters and food value chains. It is foreseen that with the theory/knowledge and practical skills imparted from the incubation centres, spin-off enterprises will emerge to provide employment not only to the University graduates but also to the wider business community.

He added that the University had established partnerships that enhanced collaboration & net workings in the provision of relevant higher education. These partnerships ensured that the knowledge generated meets existing and emerging community development needs. This included initiatives that focus on health, lifestyle and infectious diseases; agricultural innovations, which addressed issues of drought and food security; Governance, leadership and legislative challenges.

Makerere University has continued to implement its affirmative action scheme that was aimed at increasing access of girls to higher education. The Female Scholarship Foundation has supported close to 800 disadvantaged but academically gifted female students and Makerere University has been

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commended for championing gender both as a discipline and a practice at national and international levels.

Professor Ddumba-Ssentamu stressed that with increasing globalisation, economies are faced with a several challenges that the higher education sector must take into consideration in order to foster its contribution to sustainable human development these included inadequate funding, massification of higher education, inhibition of growth of tertiary institutions and increasing youth unemployment. He commended the legacy and foresight of the late Mwalimu Julius Nyerere in identifying the issues of gender equity during a period when the subject was almost a taboo.

He concluded by emphasizing Makerere University’s commitment to its Vision “To be the leading institution for academic excellence and innovations in Africa” despite the various challenges she was facing.

Professor Tibatemwa-Ekirikubinza thanked the VC for his presentation. She then invited Professor George Magoha, Vice Chancello of the University of Dar-es-Salaam to make remarks after their university anthem was sang. She noted that, UDSM was responsible for distinguished persons like Uganda’s very own Chief Justice Benjamin Odoki.

FUTURE PROSPECTS OF UNIVERSITY EDUCATION IN TANZANIA By Professor Rwekaza S. Mukandala

Prof. Rwekaza Sympho Mukandala was born in 1953, and received his primary education in Bukoba and secondary education at Tabora School and Musoma Secondary School. Thereafter, he joined the University of Dar es Salaam in the year 1973-76, where he obtained Bachelor of Arts (Hons.); (International Relations and Administration). In 1977 he was awarded a Masters degree in Development Management at the University of Dar es Salaam. In 1988 he obtained a PhD. in Political Science at the University of California, Berkeley, and a Certificate in New Institutional Economics. He was awarded Peter Odegard Prize as the Most Distinguished Candidate for the Doctorate at the same University. Upon completion of his PhD studies, he returned to the UDSM in 1988 as a Senior lecturer in Political Science and Public Administration. Since then, he has held various academic posts to the current status, a Professor of Political Science and Public Administration. He teaches organization theory, public administration,

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democracy and elections and has served in various administrative positions in varying organisations and published a number of books.

Professor Mukandala on behalf of the delegation from the University of Dar- es-salaam, expressed heartfelt thanks for the invitation to participate in this historic occasion. He said it was always a pleasure to come to Makerere University, for it is in the halls of this great University that the idea of establishing the University College of Dar-es-Salaam was given flesh and blood. Those who have read pertinent records know that some of the interviews for the pioneer office holders for the college were held here, and the vital instruments for the establishment of that institution were discussed and developed at Makerere University. It was therefore true that, in a way, Makerere University was the cradle for the birth of Dar es Salaam.

He pointed out there are a number of approaches to tackling the task of improved institutional prospects, to do this he advised, it was prudent to take a step back and appreciate the basic principles on which the institution was founded. He said that notable characteristics in line with this are; believed in education, and specifically higher education for the benefit of the region. It was also important to realize that higher education was not to be imitated because it seeks excellence and quality. Unity and regional cooperation were also valued; Makerere would, for instance train medical doctors and agricultural scientists, while UDSM trained the lawyers and UoN the engineers and business professionals. This allowed students to move and circulate throughout the region, developing relations and cementing ties. The last aspect was having a firm economic rationale. This called for value of economies of scale, shared resources and shared costs. Hence the designed cooperation modalities were therefore not only politically desirable, but also economically sensible.

Basing on these, he called on participants that as they pondered on the issue of prospects of higher education in our societies today, they had to revisit the foundations of our aspirations and the path that had brought them where they stood. He also urged them to raise questions about those principles in conjunction with the current tendencies in the development of higher education in our societies and learn from the past and gauge whether education, especially higher education had given its due value now as it was in the past? This he said would eliminate the issue of statements insinuating that although the Universities of Makerere, Dar and Nairobi were now bigger, they were not better off in quality than they were in past times.

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This then, he said, called for leaders and citizens to make sacrifices for the higher education sub-sector for education like making more investments, wise budgeting, value quality education and its products and staff. This prioritization would have no room for parochialism, narrow nationalism, and elitism? He added that the Inter University Council for East Africa (IUCEA) is doing a great job in addressing these challenges, but universities themselves still had the challenge of upholding the original ideals of cooperation for mutual support.

He said that his submission was that our regional countries could learn from the excellent example of the University of East Africa. Prospects of Higher Education would be brighter if there was renewed appreciation of higher education and re-commitment to its provision to the sons and daughters in quantity and quality that meets the needs and demands of our countries. Indeed, we shall prosper if participants provided education in planned and programmed cooperation rather than disparately and in chaotic competition. This was true for individual countries as well as the entire East African region. Only this way could they lift each other up in the event another stumbled, while at the same time strengthening and cementing unity and cherishing common humanity.

In his conclusion, he hoped that his humble submission in what he had said is that concerted efforts towards a better future for higher education in the region would benefit immensely from revitalization of the core values that were upheld by the founders of the University of East Africa.

The MC thanked the Vice Chancellor UDSM for speaking in English less he would have had the majority lost had Swahili been adopted. He then invited Chairperson to invite the Secretary General - Uganda Commission for UNESCO. Chairperson before that, he noted that governments had given liberty to University Councils but there was need to give more liberty in terms of financial collection. He further noted that it is true that the humanities were not to be side-lined in favour of the sciences as the two are very important.

REMARKS FROM SECRETARY GENERAL OF THE UGANDA NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR UNESCO (UNATCOM) By Mr. Augustine Omare-Okurut

Mr. Omare Okurut started by expressing what an honour it was for him, on behalf of the UNATCOM to welcome the participants to the memorable occasion in which was marking fifty years since the establishment of the University of East Africa (UEA).

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He shared the genesis of this event as having been first mooted at a meeting a colleague in the Africa Department of UNESCO in Paris, and himself had about three years ago. At that meeting he said that they discussed possible activities for UNESCO to engage in, in Uganda and the East African sub-region. Their discussion was guided and influenced by an agenda item of UNESCO’s governing bodies titled: “Celebration of anniversaries with which UNESCO could be associated with”. The search was narrowed to a commemoration of an anniversary which would be common to East Africa. On further scanning of the East African sub-region for appropriate events/anniversaries that met the UNESCO criteria for events or anniversaries that UNESCO could be associated with and, that would bring together several countries in the sub-region, the 50th anniversary of the University of East Africa struck a chord with all those that were involved at the time. The event was particularly pertinent given the spirit of the harmonization of education within East Africa that was high on the East African agenda as well. The Uganda National Commission for UNESCO was then tasked to follow up on the matter with relevant authorities to find a logical conclusion. The realised logical conclusion was the reason the event was made possible.

The celebration of 50th anniversary of the University of East Africa received the approval of the 36th Session of the UNESCO General Conference. It is therefore one of the events in the official calendar of events with which UNESCO was to be associated with during the 2012/2013 biennium. The Director General of UNESCO, H.E Irina Bokova, sent her blessings and continued support for the events, she was however unable to attend it in person. In confirmation of UNESCO’s support, UNESCO Assistant Director General for Education would in the second week of July 2013 attend the High Level Forum for Eastern African Ministers of Education High Level Forum on Education for All. This would provide an opportunity for them to associate UNESCO with today’s events.

He further explained that another reason the Uganda National Commission for UNESCO (UNATCOM) committed itself to this celebration was because Uganda was in a golden jubilee mode. The previous year, UNATCOM marked the golden jubilee of our independence that was still fresh in the minds of many Ugandans. Last year too, was fifty years since Uganda joined UNESCO, hence in November 2013; UNATCOM will be marking fifty years, since its establishment. On this note he mentioned that the celebration of fifty years of the UEA was only another way to continue to keep the golden jubilee era

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torch glowing in the region considering that the establishment of the UEA marked a surge of higher education in East Africa.

In regard to the presence of Professor Ngugi wa Thiong’o, a sixties product of Makerere, Mr. Omare mentioned that that made it an appropriate way to reflect on the UEA of the past as he made a home-coming to his alma mater. Professor Ngugi’s homecoming he hoped would build bridges on the rivers between East Africans and water petals of flowers loaded with petals of love in the region. On a very personal note, he expressed his pleasure of reuniting Professor Ngugi many years after the launch of Petals of Blood, the subsequent events of which directly affected some of those who were his students at the time.

He then called on the participants saying that as they marked fifty years of UEA, they should reflect on the state of higher education in the region and the current role of universities in society. He challenged them by asking is we can say, that the institutions that have been delivered from the nursery of the UEA are today anchors of intellectual discourse and bedrocks of values to common humanity? To what extent was higher education, particularly university education addressing the challenges of poverty, disease, insecurity, civil strife, environmental degradation and governance in our society today? Were universities well positioned to shape and influence the national, regional and international agenda? Too what extent had Makerere University, for example, lived up to its motto of, pro futuro eadificamus or University of Nairobi to unitate et labore? He further challenged that these and, many other questions deserved answers, not just from Mak, UoN and UDSM universities, but from all institutions of higher learning.

Making reference to a UNESCO report produced at the end of last century of the International Commission of Education for the 21st Century entitled; Learning, the Treasure Within, he identified four pillars for education for the 21st century, namely: learning to know, learning to be, learning to do, learning to live together .To these, others have added, learning to transform society. These pillars may be informative when trying to answer the questions he had earlier posed.

He rounded off his speech by congratulating all the alumni of the University of East Africa on this day and the triplets of Makerere, Dar es Salaam, Nairobi and Makerere universities for their present achievements and decision to attend in person, as well as thanked His Excellency, an alumnus of the UEA, for choosing to grace the occasion with his presence. He did not forget to thank the family of President Julius Kambarage Nyerere for gracing the

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celebration. UNESCO; for recognizing this day as one it could associate its self with and for co-funding the celebrations. Finally, he appreciated efforts by Makerere University for accepting to host the event and for the excellent organization as well as the sister universities of Dar es Salaam and Nairobi for participating in the great commemorative event.

He appealed, especially to the alumni of the UEA, particularly those in decision making positions, in the spirit of cooperation in East Africa and, upholding the spirit of Ubuntu that moved the founders then and that holds us together as humanity, to consider reviving the University of East Africa in one form or another.

REMARKS FROM THE SWEDISH AMBASSADOR TO UGANDA By Professor Katri Ponjolainen Yap

Professor Katri presented the remarks from the Swedish Ambassador to Uganda. She is the Senior Research Advisor and First Secretary, Research Cooperation at the Embassy of Sweden in Kampala, Uganda.

Professor Katri started off by informing participants that she was making the remarks on behalf of the Swedish Ambassador to Uganda, H.E. Urban Anderson, who is out of the country at the time.

She added that it was a great pleasure to be part of celebrations of the commemoration of the University of East Africa, an academic institution that paved the way for the three important independent Universities of Nairobi, Makerere and Dar es Salaam. It was furthermore a humbling experience to be part of commemorating the life of Mwalimu Julius Nyerere, an African leader which history would not forget.

She explained the Swedish engagement as having been due to their support to Makerere University which started in 2000 and especially to the Gender Mainstreaming Directorate (GMD), which was part of the event’s organizers that started benefiting from their support in 2005. She said that it was through that support, that the Swedish had supported the printing of the English version of Julius Nyerere’s book ‘Women’s Freedom: Women are Eagles, not Chickens’ which was a manuscript written by the former president of Tanzania, in 1944, while he was an undergraduate student at Makerere. The decision by the GMD to seek permission to translate and re-publish the book,

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mainly for the benefit of disadvantaged female students from East Africa, was commendable.

Professor Katri noted that Julius Nyerere’s book was an important text, just as applicable today as it was when it was composed. This was because the constraints to women’s equal rights may have taken another shape in today’s context, but the content of the message was still valid: There was no freedom and justice to all without women’s freedom.

In regard to the gender issues today she pointed out that the goal of the GMD Program, supported by the Swedish Government, was to ‘promote gender equality and women’s empowerment at the University and beyond’. She added that that was a big undertaking if the strategic presence of a gender perspective was to be maintained as a continuous task, and one taking place in multiple locations since it involved the whole society. This was based on the fact that that this success depended on the wider social change, both in institutions and in the community. Something recognized by Julius Nyerere in 1944 and a point put forward since by UNESCO and many others. For emphasis, the Professor added that social change in turn would only work with betterment in education. She quoted the late Mwalimu Nyerere; ‘In educational matters, let there be no restrictions stopping any woman from pursuing or taking any course of study she chooses”. Unfortunately, she pointed out that this was yet to be achieved.

She further noted that Makerere University research showed that although Ugandan educational policy reforms – equalizing educational opportunities – had taken place at different levels, the interplay between policies, programs and social conditions continued to work against girl’s and women’s position in education – at all educational levels despite the wide acceptance for gender equality in education.

She maintained that it was evident that policy prescriptions that do not address underlying causes of female disadvantage in education, from primary to tertiary level, were unlikely to deliver gender equality. In that context, Makerere University’s commitment to policy and research in gender relations, and its role as a pace setter, was of great importance not only for Uganda but also for the whole region. And it was for that very reason that the Swedish government reiterated its commitment for the support of such critical work.

She concluded by saying that such a commemoration in a center of Education put emphasis on the fact that the quest for knowledge is central to

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all human activity, to their culture, and who they were – their self-definition. Without knowledge our universe was limited and without education and critical thinking, we could not confront challenges and independently arrive at own solutions since education and knowledge expands our options.

She then called on the participants to remember, in this context, to expand the options for all – including every woman and ended with Mwalimu Juilus Nyerere’s instruction from the 1944 book, extending it to all women of the world; To be brave in the struggle, and straighten the wings and fly!

Dr. Martin Aliker, the then UEA Chairperson of Council and Mr. David K. Muhwezi, the current University Secretary of Makerere University, presented awards to the nominated outstanding UEA alumni

AWARD CEREMONY FOR THE PROMINENT ALUMNI OF UEA Awardees from University of Dar-Es-Salaam

H.E Gen. Dr. Yoweri Kaguta Museveni

His Excellency President Yoweri Kaguta Museveni is an alumnus of the University of East Africa. He joined the University in 1967 to pursue a Bachelor of Arts Degree in Political Science and Economics. He is one of the notable alumni of the University of Dar es Salaam who have risen to become heads of state.

President Museveni has proved to be a fervent fighter for any cause which he has in his life embraced. As a student at the University College Dar es salaam, a constituent College of the University of East Africa, he stood staunchly for the liberation struggles. He is remembered for founding the University Students’ African Revolutionary Front, which he led to the FRELIMO territory in Mozambique to receive guerrilla training.

In real life President Museveni remains a very controversial figure, attracting accolades and criticisms in almost equal proportions. However, looked at in the context of the Republic of Uganda and Africa in general, he is a very significant person. It is that significance that is proposed to be given recognition and honoured.

The Republic of Uganda was, before President Museveni came into power, suffering under repetitive decades of government mismanagement, rebel activity, civil war, as well as extreme violence and suppression. The people had not known a semblance of democratic participation in governance

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affairs. The economy was devastated and with almost lost hope to tame the hyperinflation that persisted from the Iddi Amin regime. Politically the communities were enmeshed into tribal politics that defied ideas of unification. Unfortunately, the Republic of Uganda also passed through very traumatic times when it became the most HIV/AIDS hit country in the world. The people were on course to perish. Despite criticisms, President Museveni is very significant to the Republic of Uganda in respect of the following:

1. It cannot be denied that he has been a champion of change. He took significant measures to revitalize the economy and managed to tame the hyperinflation. It is a feat that could not have been achieved without commitment and leadership. Today it is possible for the East African states to think of economic integration including the Ugandan economy. It is now a functioning economy.

2. Despite failing to solve the problems posed by the still elusive Lord’s Resistance Army, it is a fact that President Museveni has managed to secure peace and provide political stability in the Republic of Uganda. He is still required to do more on the democratization front, but under his leadership it has been possible for political opposition to exist and operate. It is an important milestone from the past dictatorship. In this respect President Museveni stands out as a stabilizer of a broken nation. The Republic of Uganda probably owes its rebirth to President Museveni.

3. When a nation becomes the worst hit by an epidemic, it needs a very innovative leader to steer it to overcome the epidemic. When the HIV/AIDS pandemic broke out President Museveni proved his innovativeness in public mobilization. His ABC programme is on records as one of the most effective national responses to HIV/AIDS in Africa. It managed to control the pandemic and rescue Ugandans from perishing.

President Museveni is also very significant in his advocacy for regional integration in both politics and economics. His passion in that respect is very significant to pan-Africanism. He is keeping the flame alive despite the inertia that still dogs the drive.

It is in the above context that the Council of the University of Dar es Salaam awarded President Museveni an honorary Doctoral Degree in Literature (Honoris Causa) at the climax of celebrating the Golden Anniversary of the University of Dar es Salaam. Similarly, the Council of the University of Dar es Salaam nominates His Excellency President Museveni for the award of a Prominent Alumni of the University of East Africa. He has distinguished himself and became one the University’s most notable alumnus.

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Prof. Emphriam Kamuntu received H.E. President Museveni’s Award and read out the write up.

Professor Issa Gulamhussein Shivji

Professor Issa Gulamhussein Shivji was born in Kilosa, Tanzania in 1946, For 36 years a distinguished professor in Constitutional Law in the University of Dar es Salaam's Faculty of Law. He is a professor of international renown, having built his reputation through the publication of over 18 books, numerous articles and book chapters is an author and academic, and one of Africa's leading experts on law and development issues. He has taught and worked in universities all over the world. He is a prolific writer and researcher, producing books, monographs and articles, as well as a weekly column printed in national newspapers.

Professor Issa Shivji earned his LL.M and PhD at the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) and the University of Dar es Salaam respectively. He also holds an LL.B from the University of Dar es Salaam in Tanzania. He is married with children. Honours and Awards are Fulbright Scholar and University of California, Berkeley and University of East London, Honorius Causa (LL.D, 1997). Professor Shivji has served as advocate of the high court and the Court of Appeal of Tanzania since 1977 and advocate of the high court in Zanzibar since 1989. He has received several national and international distinguished scholar awards, including an honorary doctorate from the University of East London, UK. Professor Shivji has devoted most of his life to addressing issues on the exploitation of Tanzanians through both the national and the international economic and legal orders. Issa Shivji presently

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occupies the Mwalimu Julius Nyerere Research Chair in Pan-African Studies of the University of Dar es Salaam. Most recently, he has been working on the political economy of economic reforms in Tanzania. While mostly based in Tanzania, he has been visiting professor in various locations: El Colegio De Mexico, the University of Zimbabwe, the University of Warwick, the National Law School of India University, the University of Hong Kong, the Centre of African Studies of the University of Cape Town, South Africa, and CODESRIA, Dakar, Senegal.

Awardees from the University Of Nairobi

Prof. (Mrs.) Florida Amakobe Karani

Professor Florida Amakobe Karani, was born in October 1945. She is a professor of Education and is currently the Chancellor of Maseno University. She was the first female Chancellor and Deputy Vice Chancellor of a Public University in Kenya. She has held a number of high profile positions including: Principal, College of Education and External Studies (CEES), University of Nairobi, (1988-1994); Commissioner, Commission for Higher Education (CHE) (1985-2004); Chairman, Board of Adult Education, (1994-2004); Chairman, Governing Council-Kenya Institute of Education, (1996-2000); Vice Chairman, The Commission of Inquiry into the Education System of Kenya, (1998-1999) and Member of Council, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology (2003-2010).

She holds an Honorary Doctor of Education (Honoria Causa) 2009, PhD in Education -University of Pittsburgh (USA), M.A. in History and Education: 1974 (University of Nairobi), Post Graduate Diploma in Education (PGDE): 1969 (University of East Africa, Nairobi), BA (1968) University of East Africa.

She has risen from the rank of Secondary school teacher in 1969 to Professor of Education and has gone on to hold a number of prestigious positions like Deputy Vice Chancellor (Academic Affairs) in the University of Nairobi, Founding Dean of the Faculty of Educational Studies, College of Education and External Studies, University of Nairobi, Acting Principal, College of Adult and Distance Education, University of Nairobi (now CEES) and Director, Institute of Adult Studies.

Eng. Austine Kitololo

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Eng. Austin Salmon Kitololo is a civil engineer by profession. He is a fellow with the Institution of Engineers of Kenya, the Architectural Association of Kenya and Association of Consulting Engineers of Kenya.

Eng. Kitololo is also a Registered Consulting Engineer (Civil and Structural Engineering) and a Licenced Qualified Water Resource Professional (Engineer). He attained his Bachelors degree of Science in Engineering from the University of East Africa –Nairobi College and graduated in 1966. He has since held a number of positions some of which include; Assistant Engineer in 1966-1968, Municipal Engineer in 1967-1972, Senior Engineer from 1972-1975, Partner in a number of establishments. He has also worked in various countries like Uganda, Lesotho, and Somalia among others. The quality of his works has enabled him manage and or undertake the civil and structural engineering designs for projects funded and or implemented by the Government of Kenya, World Bank, AFDB, US Aid, EU, Local Authorities, Parastatal Corporations, private companies and individual investors.He is currently a Chief Executive of Kitololo Consultants a company he started in 1985; he is responsible for directing all technical, quality management and administrative activities of this firm. During his career, he has worked on various projects ranging from buildings, factories, hotels, roads, institutions, housing estates among others.

Awardees from Makerere University

Professor Charles Lwanga Mark Olweny

Professor Charles Lwanga Mark Olweny is a Ugandan physician, academic and medical researcher. He is currently a Professor of medicine and Vice Chancellor at Uganda Martyrs’ University. He studied in St. Peter's College Tororo for his O-Level education (S1-S4), attended St. Mary's College Kisubi for his A-Level. He has a Bachelor of Medicine from the University of East Africa –Makerere Campus, (1966), a Master’s Degree in Internal Medicine (MMed) and a Doctor of Medicine (MD), Makerere

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University. He started his career in Makerere University.

Under his stewardship, the team of Ugandan medical researchers was the first group to demonstrate that liver cancer could be successfully treated with chemotherapy using the drug doxorubicin, which is still the mainstay of treatment for liver cancer today. They were also able to confirm that Burkitt lymphoma could be cured with a high dose of chemotherapy and showed that the same was true for childhood Hodgkin disease.

For the love he had for Makerere University he founded “Friends of Makerere University Canada” (FOMAC), a non-profit governmental charity organization where he was the founder and President.

For his work with the community, he has earned himself prestigious awards from the Uganda Medical Association 2001 and Fellowship Award by Royal Australasian College of Physicians in 1976. He is a Rotarian (Uganda and Australia).

He has served in various institutions including; Director of the Uganda Cancer Institute, Senior Director for Medical Oncology, Cancer Control Programme, Royal Adelaide Hospital ; Medical Oncologist at St. Boniface General Hospital, in Winnipeg Manitoba, Canada. Executive Board of the Association of African Universities (AAU)

Professor George Kirya receiving Professor Charles L.M Olweny’s Award

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Professor Livingstone Serwadda Luboobi

Professor Livingstone Luboobi has spent all his working life at Makerere, moving through the ranks from Teaching Assistant to Professor of Mathematics and Vice Chancellor. His love and passion for Makerere University has made him stay and serve the institution even during the most difficult times, while his peers went for greener pastures. Professor Luboobi belongs to a fast vanishing class of academics who love Makerere and try to give it their all with a religious kind of devotion. In 1967, he turned down a scholarship to study Engineering at Nairobi University and opted for Mathematics at Makerere, where he got a first class degree.

He attended Ntare School for secondary education (1961-1964), University of East Africa for Bachelor of Science degree (1967-1970), where he won the Makerere University College, Faculty of Science Archer Strurroch Prize. His Master’s Degree at the University of Toronto, Canada (1971- 1972) was under a Commonwealth Scholarship. He has a PhD from Adelaide University Australia (1978- 1980) focusing on bio mathematics.

Professor Luboobi was a Full Bright Scholar at Fulbright Scholarship at University of California, Berkeley, USA. He has an Honorary Doctorate from University of Bergen, Norway in 2008

With a career spanning over 40 years, Professor Luboobi has made commendable contribution through research and publications. His areas of research in Mathematical Epidemiology have contributed to modelling the dynamics and effects of diseases such as; HIV/AIDS, Malaria, TB, Measles, Trypanosomiasis, and Dengue fever, Polio, and Schistosomiasis.He is credited for popularizing Mathematics at lower education levels through the talent seeking Annual National Mathematics Contests.

As Vice Chancellor, he is credited for initiating collaborations with International Universities and organizations at national and international levels with the University of Bergen, greatly contributing to institutional development.

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He has served in several capacities including national and international bodies including:President, African Society for Biomathematics; Chairman of Fellows Committee of Uganda National, Academy of Sciences (UNAS) Council; Member of the International Board of Strathmore University (Kenya) Centre for Advance Researching Mathematical Sciences; and Chairman Uganda Biometric Society.

Hon. Geraldine Namirembe Bitamazire

Hon. Geraldine Namirembe Bitamazire extensive career in education has spanned over four decades from teacher to Senior Education Officer to an earlier position as Minister of Education. Hon. Bitamazire has a diploma from the University of East Africa (1964), bachelor degree from University of East Africa (1968) and Master’s degree from Makerere University (1987). She is credited for her support to promoting women’s rights and girls’ education for many years.

Hon. Bitamazire has served as the Member of Parliament (MP) representing Mpigi District Women in the Ugandan Parliament from 2001 until 2011, a member of the UN Commission on the status of Women from 1998 to 2001, the National Chairperson of the Uganda Girl Guides Association, Director of the East African Harbors Corporation, part of the first East African Community, Head teacher of Tororo Girls School from 1971 until 1974 and Senior Education Officer, in the Uganda Ministry of Education. She is also a founding member of Forum for African Women Educationalists (FA WE),

Hon. Bitamazire as a Ugandan educator and politician has dedicated most of her life in improving education. She has been the longest-serving minister of education, as the Minister of Education (1979 – 1980), as State Minister for Education (Primary education) from 1999-2005 and later as full Minister until May 2011. Despite the challenges of the education system in Uganda; Hon. Bitamazire has used her political influence to express

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her views and ideas on education as a Member of Parliament and then Minister.

Code named ‘maama UPE’ Hon. Namirembe-Bitamazire became State Minister of Education (Primary Education) at the time when UPE had just been conceived. She is credited for her policies that were proactive and responsive to the promotion of universal participation in education. She is an advocate against Female Genital Mutilation in Uganda.

The awardees received a big applaud a clear indication that their nominations were highly believed to have been rightfully earned.

The MC on that note thanked Dr. Aliker and Mr. Muhwezi and then recognised the presence of Hon. Chrysostom Muyingo, the state Minister for Higher Education in Ugandan, Ministry of Education& Sports, and Hon. Olara Otuunu, UPC Party President.

The MC then invited the Minister of Education and Sports, Ms. Jessica Alupo to invite the Nyerere family to make their remarks. Hon. Alupo welcomed the family of Nyerere for coming to grace the function, as the Nyerere name spoke volumes.

Ms. Rosemary and Hon. Charles Nyerere were then invited to address the guests, although Ms. Rosemary Nyerere had to leave to catch her flight back home for another meeting, her brother said he would ably represent the family and stay to the very end.

REMARKS FROM MAMA NYERERE By Hon. Charles Makongoro Nyerere

Hon Makongoro-Nyerere started off by communicating Mama Maria Nyerere’s appreciation, best wishes and apology, as she was unable to attend due to pre-arranged engagements. However, she was fully aware and conscious of the honour these celebrations bestowed on her late husband. She had however sent two members of the family; Hon. Makongoro Nyerere (Member of the East African Legislative Assembly) and Ms. Rosemary Nyerere to represent her.

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He then expressed his happiness at being seated at the same table with Professor Ngugi who was his childhood hero and yet he was seeing him for the very first time-in flesh.

On behalf of the family of Mwalimu Julius Kambarage Nyerere the Foundation President of Tanzania and author of the book being officially launched, Hon. Makongoro, son to the icon then welcomed the Guest of Honour and guests to a celebration to mark a milestone of his fallen father’s life.

In line with Mwalimu’s Legacy being honoured, Hon. Makongoro went on to personally thank, President Y. K. Museveni for agreeing to officiate at this function despite his numerous duties. He said that him so doing was not only honouring the late Mwalimu Julius Kambarage Nyerere as the author of the book but also honouring his intellectual contribution which focused on improving sustainably the quality of human relations. It was therefore; appropriate to say that both, His Excellency and the organizers, had indeed honoured Mwalimu and what he actually stood for including his main philosophy on human equality, dignity, justice and human respect regardless of color, gender, religious belief, ethnicity or social status.

While talking about what was meant by “Women’s Freedom”, he said that the manuscript of the book was written in 1944 some 69 years ago while his father was a student at Makerere University. Although Mwalimu’s focus was on the Wazanaki women of his own tribe, what he focused on could be applied to all women in Tanzania, Africa and the whole world generally. This was because “Women’s Freedom” was about the liberation of women, gender equality, equal respect and equal opportunities like land ownership and choice of a marriage partner. He added that it called for a change in attitude and understanding in all affairs pertaining to intellectual ability where there was no known difference between women and men. “Women’s Freedom” was about the change of men’s attitude that women were not inferior creatures and also it called on the women themselves to refuse to accept such attitude. For emphasis to this issue, he mentioned that his father cited cases like Queen Victoria of England who was able to rule well and with the same ingenuity as any man, Jane Austen of England who was able to become a famous writer just as any man in the literature world; and Joan of Arc of France who was a hero like any other male hero at the time. In comparison to the idea of Mwalimu Nyerere having written the same book in present day, his son proudly said that he would have been a long and impressive list of able women. It would have included Baroness Margaret Thatcher, best known as the “Iron Lady”, former British Prime Minister and

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famous peacetime Prime Ministers, whose leadership qualities almost matched the integrity and courage of the British wartime Prime Minister, Sir Winston Churchill. He also mentioned personalities like Mrs. Indira Gandhi, the Indian Prime Minister whose political standing compares favorably with Mr. Jawaharlal Nehru of India; Chancellor Angella Markel of the Republic of Germany, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf the Liberian President; Dilma Rousseff, the Brazilian President, Cristina Elisabet Fernandez de Kirchner, the President of Argentina, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, the former Filipino President, Getrude Mongella, First Speaker of the AU Pan African Parliament, Asha-Rose Migiro, the first woman UN Deputy Secretary General, Benazir Bhutto, the Pakistani Prime Minister, Madeleine Albright who began the succession of women US Secretaries of State including Condoleezza-Rice and Hillary Clinton not to forget his own very boss, Hon Margaret Zziwa, the Speaker of the 3rd East African Legislative Assembly.

“Women’s Freedom” is a process: it is also a long process but like any other processes such as; political and economic liberation it takes time to accomplish change. It involves change of attitudes not only of men but also of women themselves and it is encouraging to see this gaining momentum. A sustained struggle for change needs sustainability, patience, determination and courage. Therefore to carry out the process we need to remind ourselves the slogan used by the people of Zimbabwe during their independence struggle “FORWARD WITH THE LIBERATION OF ZIMBABWE; FORWARD WITH THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE”. As we all know they finally won their independence in 1980. Likewise in the case of women’s freedom we should say; Forward with the struggle for women’s freedom”; Forward with the liberation of Women. Hon. Charles Makongoro

In honour of his father’s memory, Hon. Makongoro highlighted the fact that his father’s ideas on women freedoms was an original one, documented in a manuscript written in 1944, before the end of the Second World War in 1945 and before the adoption of the United Nations Charter in 1945. The United Nations, which is the founding stone of all human rights today, proclaimed human rights after Mwalimu’s call for women freedom. His ideas on women’s were not influenced by post-World War II ideologies and UN Charter or resolution. This was several years before the World Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 the subsequent conventions. Today, women freedoms were on the global Agenda he cited examples like efforts being made by the Republic of Uganda and the Republic of Rwanda towards the implementation of policies which enhance women’s freedom and equality in areas including Parliamentary representation and in vital positions in the

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public service. Similar efforts were being made in Tanzania where the Proposed Draft for the New Constitution of Tanzania proposes a system whereby every constituency will have two members of Parliament; one female and one male.

In light of the significance with which Mwalimu attached to education, Hon. Makongoro mentioned that his father, in an Education Article that “education is a tool for liberation and freedom”. It was with such thinking that in 1958, three years before the independence of Tanzania Mainland, Mwalimu had organized the establishment of a trust fund known as the “Tanganyika Education Trust fund”, the purpose of the fund had included the establishment and the running of Kivukoni College. The College, then akin to Ruskin College in UK specialized in leadership training of men and women from all levels of society, today, he added, that the Kivukoni College is now known as Mwalimu Nyerere Memorial Academy. He said that his father having been an educationalist and held a special place for the poor, it would have made him proud to know that the proceeds from the sales of his work would be used to boost the Makerere University Female Scholarship Foundation Fund which would offer scholarships to bright but disadvantaged girls (“Nyerere Scholars”) to access higher education at Makerere University from all over the region.

He concluded by appreciating efforts by Makerere University, the Universities of Nairobi and Dar-es-Salaam; which were jointly component Colleges, UNESCO for co-sponsoring the University of East Africa celebrations which also honoured Mwalimu as the First Chancellor and presently only Chancellor of the East African University. He furthermore thanked the Mwalimu Nyerere Foundation for publishing Mwalimu’s hand written original manuscript into the Swahili version book- “UHURU WA WANAWAKE” which has now been translated into English by Makerere University with sponsorship from the Swedish Embassy.

He hoped that although he was proud, he hoped that Mwalimu Nyerere would not be the ONLY Chancellor until time in memorial as he would have liked to pass on this honour.

Hon. Alupo thanked Hon. Makongoro for giving a lively speech and asked him to pass on greetings from Uganda to Mama Nyerere. She then invited the Guest of Honour, H.E. President Y. K. Museveni who was represented by Hon. Ephraim Kamuntu, the Minister for Tourism to make his remarks.

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SPEECH FROM THE CHIEF GUEST H.E PRESIDENT Y.K MUSEVENI

By Hon. Ephraim Kamuntu

Hon. Kamuntu informed guests that President Yoweri K. Museveni would have loved to attend in person this event and he was sure he was unhappy for missing it. He contemplated that the warmth he had received on his behalf was worthy of H.E and he surely missed the memory lane as the stories allowed him to remember the institution he once loved. He further noted that Professor Ngugi’s speech was very inspiring and thanked Hon. Charles Makongoro for the enthusiasm of his speech and noted that no hard feelings were kept since in Israel he is Ephraim and yet in Palestine he is Ibrahim (referring to the fact that Hon. Charles kept referring to him as Ibrahim).

Having attended the launch of the Mak@90 celebrations, H.E said that it was a pleasure to be invited to grace another occasion that was very important as well as uniting to the EAC. He went on to congratulate and wish well the new Vice Chancellor that had taken on from Professor Baryamureeba who had initiated the umbrella celebrations. In the spirit of EAC, he welcomed all participants from Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda “karibuni kwa Uganda. Tunafurayi kuwawona”

He recalled his days as a student at the University of Dar es Salaam in the sixties when he and his contemporaries had a strong desire to move the region to new heights. They believed in that vision and he said that he was thankful to them all that today, we were slowly but steadily achieving the vision and realising East African integration. He further mentioned that there was need to move this integration to reflect in a uniform academic system and he hoped that that would soon be achieved. Efforts by the Ugandan Government in particular included the fact that he had tasked the Minister of Education to liaise with the other regional Education Ministers and lay strategies on how best the five sister countries can go about this front and preliminary findings indicated that there was good will for a uniform education system.

He reminded the participants that during the launch of ninety years of Makerere University, he laid four foundation stones for the construction of four buildings (laboratories and lecture rooms at proposed sites including; a Food

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Technology and Business Incubation Centre (FTBIC) and a multi-disciplinary research laboratory complex at the College of Natural Sciences). In regard to moving education and in particular research and innovations forward, he hoped that he soon receive feedback on how far Mak had gone in putting these sites up.

He further commended the breakthroughs the different Universities had made in Science and Technology and encouraged them to stay the course. He then re-echo his reassurance of full Government support in this, especially now that the issue of poor pay for our Scientists were being addressed by leaders of the region. He went on to encourage workable funding for students (loan scheme), to enable more people access University education. Such efforts he said were in the spirit to show that Governments had gone full circle in supporting the education sector, right from the much-appreciated Universal primary education, secondary education and now to the tertiary levels.

He said that the founders of the East African community were driven by the spirit of Pan-Africanism; the belief that Africans needed to work in solidarity irrespective of which part of the world they came from and had immense opportunities to make this ideology a reality. It was on this note that he re- emphasized his happiness that this call for unity was alive in the East Africa Community which now comprised of five states rather than the original three. He added that he looked at the East African region, as a place with limitless potential, comparable to the biblical parable of highly fertile soil. The seeds planted on this fertile ground had germinated to give raise to an expanded Free Trade Area (FTA) and that efforts were now being directed towards having a common currency and political federation given the political will amongst the leaders of the East African sister countries. Achieving this, he reminded the participants; the East Africa community was a much more formidable force and would be able to speak with a firm voice towards addressing continental affairs. On this note he pointed out that he was proud that Makerere University, an off-spring of the University of East Africa, was competing favourably in the continent. He then challenged the education leaders to utilise such positions by leading in innovations that would benefit the entire region and continent by providing practical solutions to local problems.

He challenged the academia to weigh in and advise on how best to maximise benefits from these resources the East African region was blessed with including; oil, uranium, phosphates and iron ore. He urged them to use

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academic theories to suggest practical solutions and options for these resources to achieve development.

H.E called on the sister universities to train or nurture future entrepreneurs because the principles they taught in relation to producing for local and global markets, could not be underestimated. To him, that implied that they were better placed to guide the investment trends of their countries.

He paid tribute to the late Mwalimu Julius Kambarage Nyerere, probably the greatest Makerere Alumnus who not only led Tanzania to Independence in 1961 and became Founding Father; but was also the founding spirit and mover behind the initiation of the East African Community. With accolades such as the only Chancellor of the University of East Africa which was being celebrated, it is worthy to have a Mwalimu Julius K. Nyerere Monument on the Main Campus of Makerere University, his proud alma mater! Mwalimu Nyerere’s efforts perhaps kicked off with his selflessness vision of a united Tanzania together with Sheikh Abeid Karume of Zanzibar. Unfortunately, the EAC later broke down in 1977 partly because the principled Nyerere was incompatible with then President of Uganda Idi Amin. He further mentioned that he was particularly proud that today he was honoured with the task of launching a book that was authored by a youthful Mwalimu Nyerere. He said that although he was yet to read the entire book, he was indeed quite inspired and he encouraged all participants to go home with a copy. This was because the book emphasised on the power of women in transforming societies.

He concluded by thanking all participants in their respective capacities as well as the organisers and sponsors of the event for achieving the idea of celebrating the golden jubilee of the UEA.

He then launched Mwalimu Julius Nyerere’s book by unveiling a pull-up banner and then proceeded to cut the cake together with all the distinguished guest speakers and thereafter proceeded to unveil the memorial bust that had been erected along the University Road, next to the College of Humanities and Social Sciences administration block. This was followed a cocktail at which the Mak@90 Magazine was launched as guests were given the opportunity to mingle and reflect on their UEA experiences around camp fires as they enjoyed a barbeque and entertainment from the Makerere University Performing Arts and Film (PAF) students. Launching of Mwalimu J.Nyerere’s Book Women’s Freedom by Hon. Ephraim Kamuntu

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PICTORIALS OF THE DAY

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Makerere University P.O Box 7062, Kampala Email: [email protected] Website: http://pdd.mak.ac.ug/

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