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WateReuse Research Foundation Webcast Series

Achieving Goals through in Buildings and Communities

© 2013 by the WateReuse Research Foundation. All rights reserved. The mission of the WateReuse Research Foundation is to conduct and promote applied research on the reclamation, , reuse, and of water.

More Information www..org/foundation

Research Reports www.watereuse.org/foundation/publications A Few Notes Before We Get Started…

 Today’s webcast will be 75 minutes.

 You will be able download a PDF of today’s presentation when you complete the survey at the conclusion of this webcast.

 There are 1.25 Professional Development Hours available for this webcast.

 If you have questions for the presenters, please send a message by typing it into the chat box located on the panel on the left side of your screen.

 If you would like to enlarge your view of the slides, please click the Full Screen button in the upper right corner of the window. To use the chat box, you must exit full screen. The Presenters

Dr. Ben Stanford Dr. Yanjin Liu Dr. Paul Knowles Hazen and Sawyer American Water Natural Systems Utilities Achieving Sustainability Goals through Water Reuse for Buildings and Communities Presented by Ben Stanford Yanjin Liu Paul Knowles Project Team

. Ben Stanford, Ph.D. . Anni Luck, P.E.

. Rick Cisterna, P.E. . Paul Knowles, Ph.D . Lauren Shuler

. Mark LeChevallier, Ph.D. . Yanjin Liu, Ph.D.

. Special Thanks to Pentair for their Financial Funding

6 Agenda

1) Emerging “Green” Reuse Drivers Ben Stanford 2) Objective and Technical Approach

3) Case Study Database Yanjin Liu

4) Reuse Decision Support Tool Paul Knowles

7 Building / Community Scale Reuse . Capture, treat, and reuse locally . Potential and infrastructure savings . Depends on location and logistics of each community

8 Drivers for Reuse . Reducing the capital cost where a local sewer connection is unavailable or far . Reducing the total amount of potable water withdrawn from , streams, lakes, and underground . . Reducing the total pollutant load to sewers or the environment. . Beneficial reuse of the nutrients in treated for local . Urban systems: help delay capital improvements to accommodate growth or increased demand

9 Drivers for Reuse . Possibly reducing the service costs for potable and . . Supporting sustainability objectives for a project and the pursuit of green building accreditations such as LEED . Positive public image of the project . Potentially higher property value

10 LEED / Green Building Movement is an Emerging Driver for Water Reuse

11 What is LEED?

. LEED = Leadership in Energy and

. USGBC = United States Green Building Council

. Points based Certification System:

Certified Silver Gold Platinum (40‐49 pts) (50‐59 pts) (60‐79 pts) (80+ pts) 12 Previous 2009 Reuse Related LEED Points

Possible LEED Category Subcategory LEED Points

Water Efficient Landscaping 2 or 4

Water Efficiency Innovative Wastewater Technologies 2

Water Use Reduction 2to 4

Innovation and Innovation in Design 2 Design Process Total Possible Reuse LEED Points 12

13 Obstacles to Decentralized Reuse . Lack of Knowledge and Familiarity . Developers . Planners . Architects . Engineers

14 Project Objective . Develop support tools: . Case Studies . Reuse Decision Support Tool . Reuse Implementation Guidance Manual Designed for or planners, developers, and engineers to evaluate potential reuse projects

15 Technical Approach

Literature Review

Reuse System Database

Case Cost Studies Curves

Reuse Decision Tool

Guidance Manual 16 Literature Sources . Project Team Internal Database . Journal Articles . Industry Reports . EPA . EPRI . IWA . USGBC . WERF . Site Visits

17 Reuse Database Parameters

. Geographic Location . Treatment Technology Total Reuse Systems = 52 . Reuse Applications . Power Consumption . Capital Cost . Annual O&M Cost . Green Rating /Certification

18 LEED Ranking

Platinum 15% Gold

Silver 19% LEED Certified 60% 6‐Star GB

0% None* 4% 2% *Includes International Projects 19 Yanjin Liu

Case Studies

20 Reuse System Case Studies

Capacity LEED Project Name State Year Reuse System Type (gpd) Rating Gillette Stadium MA 2002 Commercial Building 250,000 ‐ Wrentham Outlet Mall MA 1996 Commercial Building 100,000 ‐ Turtle Run South MN 2002 Residential Community 86,300 ‐ The Solaire NY 2003 Residential Building 25,000 Gold The Visionaire NY 2009 Residential Building 25,000 Platinum Springs Preserve NV 2007 Commercial Building 8,400 Platinum Headquarters Park NJ 1991 Office Building 6,000 ‐ National Great Rivers IL 2010 Institution Building 5,000 Gold

Central Carolina NC 2011 School Building 5,000 Gold Community College

Port of Portland OR 2010 Office Building 5,000 Platinum Oberlin College OH 2001 School Building 2,500 ‐ Willow School NJ 2003 School Building 4,000 Platinum Jordan Lake NC 1993 Office Building 1,200 ‐ 21 Battery Park City – Urban Water Reuse

Battery Park City –New York Reuse Applications: • Flushing • Make‐Up Water • Landscape Irrigation

The Solaire 2003 Tribeca Green 2006 The Millennium 2007 The Visionaire 2009 22 The Solaire – New York, NY

Reuse System Summary Startup Year: 2003 Type of Reuse System: Residential Building Green Certification: LEED Gold Served: 560 Treatment Process: MBR; UV; System Footprint: 700 sf Design Capacity: 25,000 gpd Toilet Flushing ; Irrigation; Reuse Application: Cooling Water $560,000 Capital Cost: ($22.40/gpd capacity) Annual O&M Cost: $144,000/yr

Regulatory driver (BPC Environmental Guidelines)

Lower water demand and sewer discharge Key Drivers Reduce the volume of overflows

23 Financial incentives from NYDEP The Solaire – Battery Park City, New York City

AVERAGE Solaire Wastewater Treatment and Recycling System TREATED RECLAIMED WATER Wastewater Influent PARAMETER RECLAIMED WATER pH 7 Mixed Liquor Recycle Fecal Coliform 1 /100 mL

Total , TN* 31 mg/L Wastewater “Feed” Tank Trash Anoxic Aeration Membrane Total Suspended Trap Tank Tank Tank Tank < 1.0 mg/L Solids , TSS

Biological To Toilet Flushing < 6.0 mg/L Cooling Tower UV / Ozone Demand, BOD Irrigation Recycled Water *TN removal is not required Storage Tank

24 2 The Solaire – Battery Park City, New York City

Lack of regulations and First LEED certified green permitting system at the buildings in the US time of development

Experiences and lessons learned

Researchers are working MBR is the solution to with building mangers and provide high quality operators to look for reclaimed water with opportunities for limited space in the building improvements (e.g. energy basement optimization) NYSERDA

25 2 The Visionaire – Battery Park City, NY

Reuse System Summary Startup Year: 2009 Type of Reuse System: Residential Building Green Certification: LEED Platinum Population Served: 778 Capital Cost: $600,000 Annual O&M Cost: $122,000/yr System Footprint: 700 sf Design Capacity: 25,000 gpd Treatment Process: MBR; UV; Ozone Toilet Flushing; Irrigation; Reuse Application: Cooling Water • Other green features • Water efficient fixtures • a 48 kW photovoltaic system • High efficient air system • Other energy saving feature (e.g. low‐E glass curtain wall) 26 2 The Visionaire – Battery Park City, NY

AVERAGE WATER QUALITY Visionaire Wastewater Treatment and Recycling System TREATED RECLAIMED WATER Wastewater Influent PARAMETER RECLAIMED WATER pH 7 Mixed Liquor Recycle Fecal Coliform 1 /100 mL Wastewater Total Nitrogen, TN 24 mg/L “Feed” Tank Trash Anoxic Aeration Membrane Total Suspended Trap Tank Tank Tank Tank < 1.0 mg/L Solids , TSS To Toilet Flushing Biological Oxygen Cooling Tower < 6.0 mg/L Irrigation UV / Ozone Demand, BOD Recycled Water Storage Tank

27 Blowers Feed Pumps, Grinder GE Membrane Module2 The Visionaire – Battery Park City, NY

. Experiences and lessons learned from the Solaire and the other BPC green buildings: . The “greenest” buildings in the US . a more streamlined designed, build, and start- up and operation process . Improved design from the Solaire . Addition of grinders . High efficiency blowers . Ozone Redundancy . Spacing of membranes . Easier access for operators . is collected and treated . A showcase for

28 Wrentham Village Outlet Mall, MA

REUSE SYSTEM SUMMARY Startup Year: 1996 Location: Wrentham, MA Type of Reuse: Commercial Building Green Certification: None Capital Cost: $2,700,000 (two phases) 130 stores, an office complex, Population Served: theater, hotel, and 450‐seat restaurant Design Capacity: 100,000 gpd Average Flow: 44,000 gpd Treatment Process: MBR; UV; Ozone Toilet Flushing; Reuse Application: Recharge

Key Driver: lack of public sewer system ‐ an onsite wastewater treatment and reuse system is required 29 2 Wrentham Village Outlet Mall, MA

Wrentham Wastewater Treatment and Recycling System

AVERAGE WATER QUALITY Wastewater Influent TREATED RECLAIMED WATER Mixed Liquor Recycle PARAMETER RECLAIMED WATER pH 7.6 Wastewater Fecal Coliform < 10 /100 mL “Feed” Tank Trash Anoxic Aeration Membrane Trap Tank Total Nitrogen, TN 2 mg/L Tank Tank Tank Total Suspended 3 mg/L Solids , TSS To Toilet Flushing Biological Oxygen Cooling Tower UV / Ozone < 4.0 mg/L Irrigation Recycled Water Demand, BOD Storage Tank

• Reuse applications • 50% to 60% for toilet flushing • The rest is for

30 3 Wrentham Village Outlet Mall, MA

. Experiences and lessons learned . One of the earliest reuse system in MA . Flow equalization is critical to address the challenges in variation of flow (diurnal, weekday vs. weekend) . Two types of membrane technologies are used . GE Zenon membrane was used in phase I . Kubota membrane was later added to handle the increase of flow from the new stores . Similar performance

GE Zeeweed Hollow Fiber Membrane Kubota Flat Sheet Membrane 31 3 Gillette Stadium, MA

REUSE SYSTEM SUMMARY Startup Year: 2002 Location: Foxborough, MA Type of Reuse: Football Stadium Green Certification: None Capital Cost: $5,100,000 (two phases) Population Served: 69,000 (game day) Design Capacity: 250,000 gpd Average Flow: 90,000 gpd Treatment Process: MBR; UV; Ozone Toilet Flushing; Groundwater Reuse Application: Recharge

Key Driver: lack of water supply and sewer system which had limited the expansion of the stadium and the growth of the surrounding area

32 3 Gillette Stadium, MA

Gillette Stadium Wastewater Treatment and Recycling System

Wastewater Influent AVERAGE WATER QUALITY

TREATED RECLAIMED WATER Mixed Liquor Recycle PARAMETER RECLAIMED WATER pH 7‐8 Flow Fecal Coliform 5 /100 mL Equalization Pre-Anoxic Aeration Aeration Post-Anoxic Membrane Tank Tank Tank 1 Tank 2 Tank Tank Total Nitrogen, TN 4 mg/L Total Suspended < 1 mg/L Solids , TSS To Toilet Flushing and Groundwater UV / Ozone Biological Oxygen Recharge < 2 mg/L Recycled Water Demand, BOD Storage Tank

• Reuse applications • stadium and mall toilet flushing • 2.4 acre leach field –on site groundwater recharge

33 3 Gillette Stadium, MA

Reuse enabled the reconstruction and expansion of the stadium and provide water supply to the economic growth in the area

Wastewater equalization and reclaimed water storage capability to handle the peak flow during a game day 1.0 MG Wastewater EQ Tank On‐site wastewater treatment using MBR was the most economical option

A showcase of “green” stadium

0.5 MG Reclaimed Water Storage Tank 34 3 Willow School, NJ Reuse System Summary Startup Year: 2003 Type of Reuse System: School Building Green Certification: LEED Platinum Population Served: 200 Treatment Process: System Footprint: 3,000 sf Design Capacity: 4,000 gpd Reuse Application: Toilet Flushing $70,000 Capital Cost: ($17.50/gpd capacity) Annual O&M Cost: $30,000/yr . Also captures and treats all stormwater run-off from the site . Provides educational amenity to the school students . Emphasizes the school’s commitment to sustainability 35 Willow School Treatment System

Toilet Flushing

36 Willow School, NJ

Other “green” features at the Willow School include:

•Energy efficient building shell containing high efficient insulation materials •Energy efficient lightening and electrical systems •Energy efficient mechanical and ventilation systems • –solar panels on roof and solar heating and lighting

This facility has become an active learning center, with students surrounded by interactive facility and yet it is not using any for either irrigation or flushing

37 3 Paul Knowles

Reuse Decision Support Tool

38 Reuse Decision Support Tool (DST)

Water Reuse Decision Support Tool

Survey Engine Results

The DST captures the required user input (survey), processes the information to arrive at conclusions (engine) about system cost, area, , and provides outputs (results) so that the user can make an informed selection.

It has been designed to be usable by all and follows the LEED 2009 in terms of the questions asked. 39 Conceptual Architecture of Tool

1. SURVEY 2. ENGINE 3. RESULTS

Regional Locational Variables Variables Water Demand Database Profile and Balance

Project Specific Calculation LEED Points Variables Module

Cost, Area, Database of Carbon Metrics Technology Cost Curves 40 Survey Module . Broken-down into 6 steps with two input options: . Detailed Survey . Utilizes project-specific user inputs . Takes 5 to 20 minutes to complete pending on level of detail . Abbreviated Survey . Utilizes industry standards in place of user inputs . Takes less than 5 minutes to complete . Provides generalized results based on project type and size

Each color indicates a different type of input cell:

41 Step 1: Site Details/Project Background

Zip Code: Must be a valid 5‐digit zip code. Please ensure the state and zip code match.

Sewer Access: Provide details about the current availability of sewer access and type. This helps to determine the disposal mechanism.

Project Size: Please fill in all three values and include units.

Next Button: Runs the tool and automatically returns the results page. Press ‘Next’ when all information has been input. 42 Step 2: Population Details

Occupant Type: Up to a maximum of 7 user types/rows can be added.

Number: A new, blank, occupant line will appear each time a number of occupants is added.

Gender: Men & women have different water use profiles. Please use this option to appropriately indicate a non‐equal gender split

Frequency: Indicate how frequently the occupant type will utilize the project space.

43 Step 3: Indoor Water Demand

Fixture Flow Rates: Indicate whether or not flow for a given type of fixture is known.

NO YES

If ‘NO’ a YELLOW drop down will appear allowing the user to choose from a series of industry standards. The BLUE cell provides the flow rate for the industry standards.

If ‘YES’ a GREEN input box will appear allowing the user to input the known flow (units are fixed).

Assumptions: Flow ratings for each type of fixture including conserving and non‐conserving options are based on industry 44 standards. Step 4: Reuse Selector

Level of Insulation: Water cooled A/C systems provide a great opportunity for reuse water. Level of insulation helps to determine overall cooling load.

Types of Reuse: Provide YES/NO answers for each question to indicate the general type of reuse that is desired for the project.

Disposal Method: Indicate potential options. Note that these options are not mutually exclusive.

Reuse Applications: Indicate the desired types of reuse applications. Note that state guidelines may set requirements for different types of reuse. 45 Step 5: Cost Info

Rate: Input separate rates for regional water and sewer service. If only the combined rate is known, the user may use best judgment to split the rate into separate water and sewer components.

Cost of : Input the land cost if known.

46 Step 6: Irrigation Info

Provide details about each type of planting for the project: 1. Planting Area 2. Planting Water Needs 3. Planting Density 4. Indoor vs. Outdoor 5. Sprinkler Type

Variable descriptions for reference.

LEED multiplication factors: Used for irrigation calculations 47 Engine Module

Precipitation Regional Evapotranspiration Variables Degree Days Database Discharge Regulations Reuse Regulations

Database of CAPEX ($/gpd installed) Technology OPEX ($/1000 gal treated) Curves Power (kWh/1000 gal treated) Footprint (sq. ft/gal installed)

CALCULATIONS COMBINED WITH LOGIC ALGORITHMS 48 Engine Module – Water Balance

ENGINE

2. Treatment 3. Disposal / 1. Demand & Reuse Discharge

POTABLE PERMEATION & RUNOFF

DISCHARGE STORM WATER EVAPOTRANSPIRATION

Cooling Tower EVAPORATION

49 Water Balance verifies that “Inflows = Outflows” Reuse Treatment Systems

1) Conventional Customized  activated plants, trickling filters, rotating biological contractors

2) Conventional Package  activated package plants, sequencing batch reactors, oxidation ditches

3) Membrane Customized  membrane biological reactors (MBRs), membranes

4) Natural Systems  constructed , lagoons, and ponds

50 Capital Expenses (CAPEX) in $/gpd ($/gpd)

Cost

Capital

Flowrate (MGD) 51 Operating Expenses (OPEX) in $/1000 gal gal)

($/1000

OPEX

Flowrate (MGD) 52 CAPEX Multipliers for System Complexity

53 OPEX Multipliers for System Complexity

54 Sample Results from Reuse Decision Support Tool

55 Water Balance

56 Monthly Avg. Potable Water Consumption

57 Portion of Water Demand Supplied by Reuse

58 Capital Cost & Size of Disposal Options

Disposal Baseline Conservation Conservation Options Water Use Only and Reuse

Groundwater $ 1,485,064 $ 1,008,090 $ 639,218 Discharge Cost

Sewer Cost $ 5,280,000 $ 5,280,000 $ 5,280,000

Groundwater 3.0 acres 2.0 acres 1.3 acres Dispersal Area

59 CAPEX of Treatment Options ($/gpd)

Cost

Capital

Flowrate (MGD) 60 OPEX of Treatment Options gal)

($/1000

Cost

Operating

Flowrate (MGD) 61 Total Capital Cost ($)

Cost

Capital

Conserving + Reuse Conserving Baseline Water Use

62 Annual Operating Costs ($/yr) ($/yr)

Cost

Operating

Annual

Conserving + Reuse Conserving Baseline Water Use

63 20 Year Net Present Value (NPV)

Baseline Water Conserving + Reuse Conserving Use ($)

Value

Present

Net

Year

20

64 Physical Footprint Feet)

(Square

Footprint

Physical

Conserving + Reuse Conserving Baseline Water Use

65 Potential Achievable LEED Points

66 Environmental Performance Metrics

Equivalent Equivalent Carbon Annual Annual System Olympic Olympic Footprint of Scenario Potable Wastewater Capacity Swimming Swimming Wastewater Demand Discharge Pools Pools Technology Tons (gpd) (gal/yr) # (gal/yr) # CO2/Year Baseline 64,568 28,304,857 43 23,567,320 36 94 Water Use Conservation 43,830 20,727,710 31 15,997,950 24 77 Only Conservation 43,830 13,661,950 21 15,997,950 24 108 and Reuse

67 Results Summary Screen Shots

68 Take Home Messages . Involve regulators early in the process . Educate the public and potential clients/customers about the benefits and the expected challenges (costs) . Ensure that the selected technology can handle large variations in flow and use patterns . Use competitive bids for technologies . Consider energy along with and reuse—both impact sustainability! . Design according to principles contained in green design codes to meet sustainability goals for the project

69 Questions? Please type your questions in the chat box

A short survey and a link to download the presentation will appear in this window at the conclusion of the webcast

For more information, visit:

www.watereuse.org/foundation